TYPE 1.

아/어/여~ 계

아/어/여 offer to do something 아/어/여야겠다

드리다 for someone else
아/어/여 보다 is used to convey 아/어/여요 the informal polite
meanings such as speech style
‘someone tries doing
something (to see
how it will turn out) or
‘someone does
something to see
(how it will turn out).’
아/어/여 conveys meanings 아/어/여지다
보이다 such as likeness,
resemblance, or
similarity. when
attached directly to
the stems of
adjectives.
The past tense form of
this pattern is ‘-
아/어/여 보였다.’
아/어/여 주다 expresses the 았/었/였 is used to indicate an
speaker’s request for action which took
something place in the past or a
condition which used
to exist.
아/어/여도 `-도’ is used to 았/었/였겠다
express ‘even if, even
though’
아/어/여도 if `-도’ is used with the 았/었/였으면 is used to express the
되다 word ‘좋다, 괜찮다, 좋겠다 speaker’s hope or
되다`, this pattern is desire. Even though
used to ask for and the past tense -
giving permission. For 았/었/였- is used, this
the negative answer to pattern does not refer
a request for to the past. So, even
permission, you have when this pattern is
to use the pattern ‘- used without the past
 (으)면 안 되다.’ May tense like ‘-(으)면
do’ 좋겠다’, there is no
difference in meaning.
아/어/여서 1 is used to indicate 이/가 아니다 the negative of ‘-이다‘
cause or reason;
mostly used with
adjectives and
‘가다'(to go), ‘오다'(to
come), ‘없다'(don’t
have) etc. in
declarative and
interrogative
sentences; cannot be
used in imperative and
propositive sentence,
where another
connective ‘-(으)니까’
is used
아/어/여서 2 is used when the 이에요/예요 The informal polite
subject performs one form of ‘-입니다’
action and then a
second one; it is
attached to the first
verb and is then
followed by a second
verb
아/어/여야 is used to express
되다/하다 obligation or
necessity; tense is
expressed in the verb
‘하다’. ‘Must, have to’

TYPE 2. -(으)~ 계

-(으)ㄴ 지 this pattern ‘Verb + - -(으)ㄴ 적이 indicate one’s past

(시간) 되다 (으)ㄴ 지 + time word + 있다 experiences. The literal
되다’ is used to express meaning is ‘the
 an interval of time which experience of having
extends from a definite done something’ exists
past to the present. The ( or don’t exist )
case marker ‘-가` or ‘-
는’ can be attached
optionally after ‘지’
-(으)ㄴ/는/을 is used in the present -(으)ㄴ/는지
것 같다 tense with adjectives or 알다
‘이다’ to express the
speaker’s thought or
opinion, in the future
tense – to indicate the
speaker’s stronger
conjecture or
presumption. With
general verbs, the
pattern ‘-는 것 같다’ is
used in the present
tense, ‘(으)ㄴ in the past
tense, and (으)ㄹ in the
future tense; tense is
expressed in the final
verb ‘같다’
-(으)ㄴ후에 means ‘after having -(으)ㄴ/는데 is used to introduce a
done smth’; used with certain fact,occurrence,
the action verbs. The or event. The form `–
tense is expresses in ㄴ(은)데‘ is used for the
the main (final) verb adjectives and ‘–이다` in
the present tense. The
form ‘–는데` is used for
all other cases.
-(으)ㄹ The informal ending of -(으)니까 Indicates reason and
거예요 the future tense ‘-(으)ㄹ cause; if the main clause
겁니다‘; with a is an imperative or
3rdperson subject it propositive, only the
expresses a supposition connective ‘-니까‘ can
or presumption, with a be used in the
1 person subject – the
st dependent clause. In this
 speaker’s plan or case, ‘–
intention 아(어/여)서‘ cannot be
used
-(으)ㄹ 수 is used with verbs and -(으)ㄹ 때 ‘While’; when the two
없다/있다 indicates ability, actions happen at the
capability, possibility or same time, past tense is
permission not expressed with this
pattern. But if the action
of the `-ㄹ 때’ clause
happened before the
action of the next clause,
past tense should be
expressed in the `-ㄹ때’
clause; is used with all
verbs and adjectives but
`이다’ can be used only
in the past tense
-(으)ㄹ 줄 -(으)ㄹ 줄 is used to express the
알았다 알다/모르 knowledge or lack of
다 knowledge of a
technique or process of
doing something
-(으)ㄹ까 Means ‘I think I will (do -(으)ㄹ게요 the speaker’s intention or
하다 smth)…’ plan or promise. It is
used with action verbs as
well as with the verb
있다, but not with
adjectives.
-(으)ㄹ래요 -(으)ㄹ까요? is used to express
inquiring about
someone’s opinion, view
or appraisal on a certain
matter or fact with the
action verb.
-(으)러 is used to express the -(으)려고 used to indicate the
purpose of the purpose of the speaker
subject’s action and is (subject)’s action; can
followed by either be followed by any verbs;
‘가다'(to go), ‘오다'(to it is used in the present
 come) or their and past tense of the
compounds, or any main verb (final verb), but
verb which indicates is never used with the
movement, such as future tense. Tense and
‘다니다'(to go and negation are expressed
come regularly) in the main verb (final
verb).
-(으)려고 -(으)려고 is used with
하는데요 하다 verbs(including `있다’);
this pattern is used to
indicate a subject’s
intention; restricted to
first and second personal
pronouns
-(으)려면 -(으)면 can be used with any
verb or adjective and
indicates condition
and/or stipulation; in
Korean the dependent
clause precedes the
main clause. Sometimes,
the word `만일/만약’ is
used at the beginning of
a conditional clause
-(으)면 되다 -(으)면 안
되다
-(으)면 좋다 -(으)면서 is used to express two
simultaneous actions
done by the same
person. It attaches to the
verb directly; someone
does something while he
is doing something else
(at the same time)
-(으)ㅂ시다 to expressing the -(으)세요 implies respect of the
subject’s suggestion speaker for the subject of
with the action verbs the sentence, means
and the verb of ‘Please do something’
existence ‘있다’. It when referring to the
 cannot be used with second person
‘이다’ nor with
adjectives. In plain
speech style(반말) you
can use the form ‘-자’
instead of ‘-아/어/여’
-(으)시- the honorific form -(으)십시오 imperative verb form

TYPE 3. 자음 시작~ 계

(명사)+ ‘because of, owing to, as a (명사)+ 말고

때문에 result of, in consequence of’
-거나 [열거] and; or; [양보](even) -게 Polite form of ’에게’
though [if]; no matter how
(what／when／where／who);
whatever
-게 되다 is used to express the idea -겠- pre-ending -겠- is
that the situation has been used for expressing
arranged by certain the speaker’s
environmental facts or conjecture or
conditions. It is used with supposition or for
verbs and ‘있다’; ‘(it) turns asking intention of
out (that), It is arranged that - the person spoken
, (the situation) makes to in a polite
something to be’ request.
-고 싶다 is used to indicate the desire -고 있다 is used to indicate a
of the subject and is used kind of process or
with action verbs and ‘있다.’ continuing action; ‘Is
doing’; this pattern
can have two
different meanings
when used with
verbs dealing with
items of clothing :
입다, 쓰다, 신다; it
is often used to

-군요 is used to express surprise, -기 때문에
delight, or wonder with an
exclamation mark; adjectives
and ‘-이다’ take the ‘-군요!’
form, other verbs take the ‘-
는군요!’ form. In past tense,
verbs also take the ‘-군요’
form.
-기 쉽다
-기도 하다 -네요
-기로 하다 is used to indicate one’s 는/(으)ㄴ/(으) the ending `-는’ is
decision; the verb `- ㄹ (명사)
하다‘ can be replaced by the
verb `약속하다, 결정하다,
결심하다, 작정하다’… ‘-지
않기로 하다’ means ‘to
decide not to do’; ‘-기로
하지 않다’ means ‘do not
decide to do’
-는 중이다 습니다
express an action
which started in the
past and is still
going on
is used to express
cause and
reason; ’so,
therefore, because’
-기 위해서 Is used in complex
sentences and
indicates the action
in the second
sentence that is the
reason for achieving
the object of the first
sentence
attached to the verb
directly and is used
in the present tense;
the ending `-(으)ㄴ’
is used in the past
tense; The forms
‘예쁜, 좋은,
아름다운, 바쁜,
아픈‘ are the
present inflected
forms of the
infinitives’; `-(으)ㄹ’
is used in the future
tense
formal polite speech
style
-ㅂ/습니까? Formal style question final
ending
– / ㅂ지
-지 말아요 the pattern ‘-지 말다`
preceded by an action verb
expresses prohibition or
dissuasion. This pattern is
always used as a negative
imperative sentence or a
negative propositive
sentence.
-지 않다 ‘long type negation’; directly -지요
followes by verbs or
adjectives; ‘not, no’
– 지 마세요 ‘stop doing’
-지 맙시다 Forms a negative
suggestion
-지만 is used to join two
sentences which are
in contrast with
each other. ‘But’
is used if you
want to seek the
listener’s agreement
or to ascertain what
listener means

TYPE 4. 조사

이/가 indicates that the preceding 에서,
noun phrase is the subject of
the sentence. ‘-가’ is used
after a word which ends with a
vowel, while `-이’ is used after
a consonant
까지, expresses the finishing point 와/과,
of the action
께, to (by/for) a person; about; (으)로,
around; toward (a time); in the
vicinity (neighborhood) of;
near (a place)
께서, From (a person) 을/를,
은/는, indicates the comparison of 의,
topics. If there is no
‘at’ or ‘in’ indicating the place
where an action takes place;
‘from’, indicating a starting
point or cause.
‘and, with, along (together)
with’
Indicates a choice, shows
direction, means, status,
cause
is attached to a Noun to
indicate the direct object of a
transitive verb
is preceded by a noun and
indicates possession,
 connotation of comparison
with another subject, this
marker cannot be used.
도, means ‘also’ or ‘too’. This can (으)로,
replace the subjective marker
‘-가/이’, and the objective
marker ‘-을/를`
마다, ‘each; every; all’
만큼, ‘because (of); since; as; for’
밖에, ‘outside, in the open air +
besides’
보다, (more than) is attached to a
standard of comparison
(which is usually the second
noun) when both items of
comparison are mentioned. It
is often accompanied by ‘-더’
which means ‘more’; when
the standard of comparison is
omitted, ‘더'(‘more) is used
부터, means ‘from’, the starting
point of an action
에, indicates a destination and
that someone or something is
stationary in a place. It is
attached to nouns, and
followed by ‘있다'(to be) and
‘없다'(not to be).. meanings:
“to, in, at”.
에게, It’s a dative marker which
attaches to animate nouns; is
relationship, origin or status
location
Indicates a choice, shows
direction, means, status,
cause
만 ‘only’; can be attached to
almost any word in the
sentence
(이)나, [그러나] but; (and) yet; [한편]
while; meanwhile; […하기는
하나] though; although;
nevertheless; however; still.
(이)나 2, [정도·비교] as many [much]
as; no less [fewer] than; as
long as; nearly; about.; [선택]
either… or; or; any.
처럼, like; as; as… as; <not> so…
as; as if
하고, means ‘and’; connects words
on an equal basis
한테 is used for indicating the
receiver of an action; the
marker ‘-한테서’ is used for
indicating the source or
starting point of an action.
 often used as ‘한테’ in spoken
language

TYPE 5.접사

들, Plural form of the noun -쯤, means ‘around…o’clock’

– 씩, is used to indicate distribution 동안(명사) ‘(a space of) time; a period;
and is attached to numbers in, for, during, as (so) long
and any counting classifier; as’
‘each, respectively’

TYPE 6. 부정 부사

못, is used with action verbs, and 안 expresses the negative and

means impossibility or strong means ‘do not’. ‘안’ is put before
denial and refusal. the verb.