Lec 5 Compression Members - Rev1

ENGR. C.
LEOBRERA
LECTURE 5
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 1

COMPRESSION MEMBERS ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

General Notes ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Crushing

Buckling ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
a mode of failure generally resulting from

structural instability (loss of stiffness) due to
compressive action on the structural member or
element involved (a straight column subjected to
axial compression suddenly undergoes bending).
a phenomena where a member has lost its ability

to carry loads although the material may not
have failed and may be still elastic.
Stability is the ability of a structural element to

support loads without undergoing (sudden)
deformations

Stable Equilibrium ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Things don’t change in the end

Normal Equilibrium ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Things change e.g. plastic deformation

Unstable Equilibrium ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Things change rapidly

Elastic (Euler) Buckling ENGR. C. LEOBRERA



Euler Elastic Buckling ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
The Euler buckling theory

defines the elastic flexural
buckling critical load, Pcr for a
hinged-end column.

Critical Load
(n=1)
Critical
Buckling Stress

Remarks:
1. Every column has an x-axis and y-axis, each with its own I, r, and L. Every
column will buckle about the axis with the highest L/r ratio.
2. Fy and Fu have no effect on buckling tendency. A36 and A992 steels

have the same modulus of elasticity (E) and will buckle at the same load
for a given column size and support condition.
3. If the Euler buckling stress exceeds the material yield stress (Fy), it is not
applicable. In other words, the maximum compressive stress should
not be greater than Fy (Fcr <= Fy).

Effective Length KL
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Effective Length KL
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
The effective length factor (K)

adjusts the Euler buckling
(equivalent pinned end) formula for
different end conditions:

Slenderness vs.
Stress Plot
Euler’s Hyperbola

Assuming a section Behaves

Perfectly Elastic:
Capacity must be cut-off at Fy!!!
Look at the value of (kL/r) at Fy

W-Shape Strong / Weak Axis ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Basic Column Strength ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
An Ideal Column assumes the following:
Material:
1. There are the same stress-strain properties throughout the section.
2. No Initial stresses exist such as those due to cooling after rolling and those due to welding.
Shape and end conditions:

3. The column is perfectly straight and prismatic.
4. The load resultant acts at the centroid of the member until it begins to bend.
5. The end conditions must be determined so that a definite equivalent pinned length may be
established.
Buckling:
6. Small deflection theory of ordinary bending and shear may be neglected.
7. Twisting or distortion of the cross section does not occur during bending.

Typical Range of Column Strength vs Slenderness Ratio


Euler’s approach was generally ignored for design of medium length

columns (ordinary length) because test results did not agree with it;
(intermediate length) columns of ordinary length were not as strong as Pcr
would indicate.
Ordinary (medium) length columns fail in Inelastic Buckling
rather than elastic Buckling.
In Short, stocky columns yielding of the entire cross section

occurs before buckling (Pn = Ag*Fy)
In Long columns (large slenderness ratio) buckling occurs

prior to yielding and tend to buckle “elastically,” thus following
Euler’s Elastic Theory.

Inelastic Buckling Theories ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Failure that occurs when part of a cross section has yielded
• Basic Tangent Modulus Theory
• Double Modulus Theory

Basic Tangent Modulus Theory
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Engesser’s modification of
Euler’s theory, 1889
Underestimates Actual Capacity
No Strain Reversal

Double Modulus Theory
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
At the extreme unloaded Fiber, Applying Hooke’s Law:
At the extreme loaded Fiber:
Stress distribution in condition of unstable equilibrium
25
Double Modulus Theory ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Double Modulus Theory ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Overestimates Actual Capacity

Shanley Concept: True Column Behaviour
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
dC > dT (actual), Double Modulus Theory did not accept this but rather only considered
equilibrium positions.
Therefore, the tangent modulus load may be treated as the critical load, i.e. the load at
which bending begins.

Summary of Buckling Theories
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Euler Elastic Theory is derived with the assumption that the whole cross section experiences uniform compressive
stress and buckles elastically.
Basic Tangent Modulus Theory (Inelastic Buckling) is the modification of the Euler Elastic Theory to account for
the non-uniformity of actual compressive stress i.e., intermediate columns don’t buckle elastically as Euler’s
derivation. This theory assumes that the cross section is undergoing full compression only i.e., no strain reversal
(which is not an inelastic column’s true behavior)
Double Modulus Theory (Inelastic Buckling) is the modification of the Basic Tangent Modulus Theory, it
considered that some of the fibers in the cross section experiences loading (Compression) and unloading (Tension),
i.e., strain reversal. This theory assumes total compressive stress = total tensile stress (thus, considered only
equilibrium positions, which is still not an inelastic column’s true behavior)
Shanley Concept of Inelastic Buckling, is considered the true column behavior, the cross section experiences
greater total compressive stress than total tensile stress. This theory also proposes that the Tangent Modulus Load
may be treated as the critical load, i.e., the load at which bending begins, i.e., a bifurcation of a state from
perfectly straight to a sudden buckling (deformation) mode.

recap:
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
The load in which a compression member starts to buckle is the Critical Buckling Load:
, When Et = E the equation becomes the Euler Buckling Load
, Et < E defines inelastic Buckling (lost of stiffness)
Intermediate Length columns , the equation follows the tangent modulus theory, the
load at which bending begins
In Short columns yielding of the entire cross section occurs before buckling (Pn = Ag*Fy)
In Long columns (large slenderness ratio) buckling occurs prior to yielding and tend
to buckle “elastically”, thus following Euler’s Elastic Theory.

Tangent Modulus Critical Load ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Et = Tangent Modulus of Elasticity at Pcr / Ag

KL/r = Effective (or equivalent pinned-end) slenderness ratio
K = Effective Length Factor

Tangent Modulus Definition
for Elasto-Plastic Material ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Inelastic Material Effects ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
no initial stresses

After reaching Fp the actual “E”

(modulus) of the entire cross
section is reduced, i.e. Eactual <
Ehooke
Thus inelastic behavior (non-

linear) beyond stresses greater
than Fp.
After Fp, every increase in load

(P) that corresponds to increase
in strain (e) will have its own
tangent modulus Et = Eactual,
thus Eactual will vary depending
to the strain (e).

Inelastic material effects occur whenever axial stress in any portion of the cross section
exceeds the first yield (Fy) of the material.
In other words, parts of the cross section reached Fy. (Recall maximum stress to be
reached due to axial loads is Fy).
After some parts of the cross section reached Fy, E is reduced for every corresponding
strain brought by increase in load (P), this modulus (Et) would be the tangent modulus of
s-e curve after Fp.

Example ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Residual Stress, Fres (Initial Compressive

stress) due to uneven cooling after hot
rolling
A992 Column

The maximum compressive stress that

portion of the flange can carry (shaded) is
Fp= Fy-Fres, Fp = 50ksi-10ksi = 40ksi
Thus modulus “E” will be reduced for every

corresponding increase in load the entire x-
section would have to carry after reaching
40ksi.
i.e. for every e > e@40ksi there will be a

corresponding Et
And since the curve above Fp is non-linear Et

would be varying (thus we might be needing
test results to plot the capacity curve for a
column)

But… we can assume that the entire cross section

to have an equivalent elastic modulus Ee in terms
of Ehooke or simply E (not reduced). Provided the
following idealizations:
1. All yielded portions of x-section are no

longer effective (i.e. E=0)
2. Thus I will be reduced to (Ie) (moment of

inertia of the section remaining elastic)

In other Words:
Rigidity, Ee*I (whole section) = E*Ie (portion of x-section remaining elastic)
We may call Ee as an equivalent modulus for an inelastic cross section
Recall (Critical Buckling Load):

Thus: (we just replace Et by Ee)

Inelastic action reduces column

strength for lower values of KL/r.
The maximum possible strength

is the crushing limit, where all of
the cross section attains Fy.

Piecewise curve defined at a

certain value of KL/r which
delineates Elastic Buckling and
Inelastic Buckling, thus this is a
column capacity curve.

Two classes of buckling:

1. Elastic Buckling: ET = E
No yielding of cross section fibers prior to buckling
Fe  Fy-Fres(max)
Fe = predicts buckling (EULER ELASTIC BUCKLING)
2. Inelastic Buckling:
Some yielding/loss of stiffness of cross section fibers prior to buckling
Fe > Fy-Fres(max)
Fc - predicts buckling (INELASTIC BUCKLING)

Residual Stresses ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
(Transition Region)


Therefore there are stresses locked in the

section!
Results in a reduction in the effective stiffness of

the cross section, but the ultimate squash load is
unchanged.
Reduction in effective stiffness can influence

onset of buckling.
Typical Residual Stress Patterns on

Rolled Shapes



With residual stresses, flange tips yield first at P/A + residual stress = Fy
(Gradual yielding of entire cross section)
= Yielded
Stiffness is reduced after 1st yield.
Steel
Maximum achieved load is still P=FyA ,but the load

deflection curve is very different, stiffness is
reduced.

Geometric Imperfections ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Bifurcation Theory ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Bifurcation Theory: The column is

either buckled or not

Bifurcation Theory: The column is

either buckled or not

Development of Column Strength Curves Including
Residual Stress
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Stress on fiber at distance x from axis of zero strain

due to bending

Residual Stress
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
If an idealized elastic-plastic curve is used (dotted, i.e. max allowable stress is Fy):
(1) @f < Fy ; Et = E (2) @ f > Fy ; Et = 0, plastic deformation of yielded fibers
(bending stiffness of yielded parts become zero)

Residual Stress
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
We did have this assumption in

earlier slides ☺

Residual Stress ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Case A Buckling about Weak Axis (Example)
56
Case B Buckling about Strong Axis (Example)
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
57
Structural Stability Research
Council (SSRC) Strength
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Curves: Parabolic Equation Basis for ASD (1960-2004)
inelastic
elastic 58
Structural Stability Research
Council (SSRC) Strength
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Curves: Parabolic Equation Basis for ASD (1960-2004)
59
Structural Stability Research Council (SSRC)
Strength
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Curves: Basis for AISC LRFD and ASD (2005)

Strength
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
The Nominal Pn of Rolled Shape Compression Members (AISC-E3):
inelastic
elastic
(We will treat this as a requirement)
slenderness parameter is given by KL/r

Strength
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Strength
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Strength
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Comparison of AISC Equations for Fcr for columns with data from physical tests

Strength
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Fcr vs. KL/r

Effective Length KL ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
The concept of effective length involves replacing a given column

with an equivalent pinned-end, braced column.
In other words, the Euler buckling length is equal to KL.
K = effective length factor

L = column length between supports

Effective Length KL ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
The compression member’s effective

length can be defined as either:
(1) the distance between two
consecutive inflection points, or
(2) (2) the distance between two
consecutive points of zero
moment.

Effective Length KL
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
The effective length factor (K)

adjusts the Euler buckling formula
for different end conditions:

Effective Length KL for Frames
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Braced Frame – lateral stability is

provided by diagonal bracing,
shear walls, or equivalent means.
(side-sway inhibited)

ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Effective Length KL for
Frames
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Unbraced Frame – moment resisting

frames, lateral stability depends
upon the bending stiffness of rigidly
connected beams and columns.
(side-sway uninhibited)

ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Alignment Charts ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Table C-A-7.1 provides approximate values for the effective length factor
based on idealized boundary conditions. Alignment charts evaluate the
rigidity of the joints at each end of a column segment. Column segments
are defined by rigid connections with beams.
The rotational restraint provided by beams at the end of a column are a

function of the rotational stiffnesses of the members rigidly attached to
the joint.

For a very stiff beam

I g  I c , G = 0 K = 0.5
For a very flexible beam
I c  I g , G =  K = 

For braced frames, K ≤ 1.0

For moment frames, K ≥ 1.0

For braced frames
For unbraced frames

Alignment charts are based on assumptions of idealized conditions which

seldom exist in real structures, as follows:
In other words there is an implicit assumption that elastic buckling controls

Adjustment for Alignment Chart K
Factors for Inelastic Behavior ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
When the column is inelastic and the beam is

elastic, an adjustment must be made in the
restraint factor G for evaluating K.
𝐸𝑡 𝐹𝑐𝑟, inelastic
𝜏𝑏 = =
𝐸 𝐹𝑐𝑟, elastic
σ 𝐸𝑡 𝐼/𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = = 𝐺𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝜏𝑏
σ 𝐸𝐼/𝐿 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Note: tb is not applied to supports

Local Buckling ENGR. C. LEOBRERA



Where do we use this k values of plates?







Rolled and built-up shapes are made of

plate elements. The section plate elements
can be separated into two types,
unstiffened and stiffened.
Unstiffened Elements are supported along
only one edge parallel to the direction of
the load.
Stiffened Elements are supported along
both edges parallel to the direction of the
load.

Local Buckling
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling

Flange is restrained by the web at one edge.
Failure is localized at areas

of high stress (maximum
moment) or imperfections.

Local Buckling
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling
Web is restrained by the flanges.
Failure is localized at areas of high stress

(maximum moment) or imperfections.

Steel sections in compression either have slender or non slender-elements.

• Sections E3 address members

without slender elements.
• Section E7 addresses members

with slender elements.
• Sections E1, E2, E4, E5, E6

address all elements.


Local Buckling Capacities ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
Reading assignment, Study Section E.7

REFERENCES ENGR. C. LEOBRERA
• Salmon, C.G., Johnson, J.E. and Malhas, F.A. (2009). Steel Structures
Design and Behavior, Prentice Hall, 5th edition.
• AISC – ASD/LRFD Steel Construction Manual, 14th edition
• Project Execution Services (PES). Civil/Structural Training Course

No. CSA266. AISC Steel Design – AISC 360-05. Fluor Corporation
2009.

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ENGR. C.

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 1

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 2

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 3

a mode of failure generally resulting from

a phenomena where a member has lost its ability

Stability is the ability of a structural element to

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 4

Things don’t change in the end

Things change e.g. plastic deformation

Things change rapidly

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 8

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 9

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 10

The Euler buckling theory

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 11

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 12

2. Fy and Fu have no effect on buckling tendency. A36 and A992 steels

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 13

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 14

The effective length factor (K)

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 15

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 16

Assuming a section Behaves

Capacity must be cut-off at Fy!!!

Look at the value of (kL/r) at Fy

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 17

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 18

An Ideal Column assumes the following:

Shape and end conditions:

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 19

Typical Range of Column Strength vs Slenderness Ratio

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 20

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 21

Euler’s approach was generally ignored for design of medium length

In Short, stocky columns yielding of the entire cross section

In Long columns (large slenderness ratio) buckling occurs

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 22

Failure that occurs when part of a cross section has yielded

• Basic Tangent Modulus Theory

• Double Modulus Theory

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 23

Underestimates Actual Capacity

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 24

At the extreme unloaded Fiber, Applying Hooke’s Law:

At the extreme loaded Fiber:

Stress distribution in condition of unstable equilibrium

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 26

Overestimates Actual Capacity

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 27

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 28

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 29

, When Et = E the equation becomes the Euler Buckling Load

, Et < E defines inelastic Buckling (lost of stiffness)

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 30

Et = Tangent Modulus of Elasticity at Pcr / Ag

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 31

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 32

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 33

After reaching Fp the actual “E”

Thus inelastic behavior (non-

After Fp, every increase in load

CE 156 STEEL STRUCTURES 34

Rigidity, EeI (whole section) = EIe (portion of x-section remaining elastic)