G-5 Te

USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Affiliated with NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
Department of Electrical Engineering

B.E. Electrical (Telecommunication Engineering)
FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT
Batch-2015
SECURE COMMUNICATION OVER WIRELESS

SENSOR NETWORK USING ARDUINO
By
Madiha Yahiya Shaikh (15B -031-EL)

Asad Noor Khan (15B-149-EL)
Muhammad Mohsin Khan (15B-166-EL)
Unsa Iftikhar (15B-252-EL)
Supervised by
Engr. Muhammad Waseem Zeeshan Ashrafi
ST-13, Block 7, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Abul Hasan Isphahani Road, Opposite Safari Park, P.O. Box 75300,
Karachi, Pakistan. Phone: 34978274-5; 34994305; 34982476; http://www.uit.edu
Secure Communication Over Wireless Senor Network using Arduino
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project report is based on my original work except
for citations and quotations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that
it has not been previously and concurrently submitted for any other degree or award
at USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY or other institutions.
Student Name (Student ID): Madiha Yahiya Shaikh (15B-031-EL)
Signature: _________________________
Student Name (Student ID): Asad Noor Khan (15B-149-EL)
Signature: _________________________
Student Name (Student ID): Muhammad Mohsin Khan (15B-166-EL)
Signature: _________________________
Student Name (Student ID): Unsa Iftikhar (15B-252-EL)
Signature: _________________________
Date: _________________________
I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to all those important people who have
been a great source of guidance throughout the course of our project. We owe them a
big thank you for their unwavering support and valuable suggestions during the
implementation of our research project.
We are sincerely and deeply grateful to our honorable supervisor Engr.
Waseem Zeeshan for being the most cooperative mentor-For encouraging and
believing in us to execute our idea-For providing deep insight and great
understanding of the project. Your timely suggestions and consistent support have
helped us in providing a new perspective and has helped in enhancing our problem
solving and practical skills
Last but not the least, we want to take this opportunity to thank the Electrical
Engineering department for granting us the permission to work on our idea and
monitoring us throughout the process-To all the friends and family who appreciated
and kept us motivated through the thick and thin-To the Almighty, who made us
fortunate and capable to complete our final year project.
II
SECURE COMMUNICATION OVER WIRELESS

SENSOR NETWORK USING ARDUINO
ABSTRACT
Wireless sensor networks (WSN), being an emerging technology has attracted
a lot of attention over the last few decades. It has a wide range of applications, both
in indoor i.e. (at homes and offices) and outdoor i.e. (battlefields and military
services).Hence, promising a great future and deployment in the field of mobile and
wireless communications.
Furthermore, these sensor networks act as a vital tool in the field of healthcare
for monitoring a patient’s heartbeat, pulse rate, body temperature, blood pressure etc.
However, due to the distributed nature of the sensor nodes of this network and
wireless link, makes it vulnerable to malicious attacks at different layers of
communication protocol stack. Due to this problem, the patient would not feel safe to
share their personal information, because any one can intervene and access or destroy
the data.
Hence, this is the main focus and purpose of our project-to apply cryptography
mechanism onto the acquired data and make it secure from attacks of the intruders.
In our project, we will apply encryption and decryption mechanism on such sensitive
information of the patients to avoid leakage of data for misuse. We will make sure to
provide a technique to make the transfer of data over wireless link more reliable and
safer.
III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................... I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................. II
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ III
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................... IV
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................V
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. VI
MAPPING OF PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLOS) .................................................VII
CHAPTER#01 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Problem Statement .............................................................................................. 2
1.2. Literature Review ................................................................................................ 3
1.3. Aims and Objectives ............................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER#02 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 5

2.1. Hardware Detail .................................................................................................. 6
2.2. Software Detail ............................................................................................ …….13
CHAPTER#03 IMPLEMENTATION .............................................................................................16

3.1. Details of Hardware Implementation ................................................................ 17
3.2. Details of Software Implementation .................................................................. 17

CHAPTER#04 PROJECT CHARACTERIZATION .....................................................................29
4.1. Results ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..29
4.2. Analysis .............................................................................................................. 32
4.3. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 33
4.4. Future Recommendations ................................................................................. 35
4.5. References .......................................................................................................... 37
APPENDIX A: COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM .............................................................38

Appendix A1: Range of Resources ............................................................................ 38
Appendix A2: Innovation........................................................................................... 39
Appendix A3: Level of Interaction ............................................................................ 39
Appendix A4: Consequences to Society and Environment ....................................... 40
Appendix A5: Familiarity .......................................................................................... 41

APPENDIX B: TURNITIN REPORT ..............................................................................................42
IV
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1 ARDUINO UNO REV3 8

FIGURE 2.2 PULSE SENSOR (FRONT SIDE) 9
FIGURE 2.3 USB CABLE 2.0 A TO B 10
FIGURE 2.4 XBEE SERIES 1 PAIR 11
FIGURE 2.5 XBEE USB ADAPTER 12
FIGURE 2.6 XBEE SHIELD 13
FIGURE 2.7 ARDUINO IDE 14
FIGURE 2.8 XCTU 15
FIGURE 3.1 XCTU SOFTWARE 18
FIGURE 3.2 FLOW CHART 21
FIGURE 3.3 SELECTIVE FORWARDING 23
FIGURE 3.4 BLACK HOLE/SINKHOLE ATTACK 24
FIGURE 3.5 REPLAY ATTACK 25
FIGURE 4.1 ROUTER SIDE 30
FIGURE 4.2 ENCRYPTION SIDE 31
FIGURE 4.3 DECRYPTION SIDE 32
FIGURE 4.4 ZIGBEE MARKET TARGET 35
V
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 3-1 PULSE SENSOR PIN CONFIGURATION 17

TABLE 3-2 PARAMETER SETTING FOR CONFIGURATION OF XBEE MODULE 18
TABLE A1 RANGE OF RESOURCES 38
VI
MAPPING OF PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLOs)
PLO-(x)-Communication
Chapters 1 through 4 and Appendix A PLO-(viii)-Ethics
& Appendix B PLO-(ix) Individual & Teamwork
PLO-(iv)-Investigation
Chapter 01- Introduction PLO-(ii)- Problem Analysis
Chapter 02- Methodology PLO-(iv)-Investigation
PLO-(iii)-Design/Development of
Chapter 03- Implementation Solution
PLO-(v)-Modern Tool Usage
VII
CHAPTER#01
INTRODUCTION
1
1. Introduction
In the recent years, wireless sensor network has contributed massively in the
field of electronic healthcare. These sensor nodes provide the facility to keep track of
Patient’s history and monitor their condition at all instances. Electronic health
care Systems keep on storing patient’s data accurately thus, saving them from the
hassle of carrying their previous medical record papers with them-reducing the risk
of lost paperwork or even data replication. But, maintaining a record can be very
risky because sensor nodes use wireless links which are easy to eaves drop.
Attackers can easily inject malicious content into the network and can exploit
the privacy of the patient’s data. Any outsider attack can lead to data loss and
unwanted leakage of information, which can be misused. Due to this problem, people
are reluctant to take full advantage of such devices. Hence, to provide greater secrecy
to sensitive data, it is quite important to overcome these security and privacy issues
in wireless applications. In such cases, encryption of the acquired information can
restrict the leakage of information and make it unreadable to the unauthorized users.
1.1. Problem Statement

In a wireless sensor network, the transportation of data over the air interface
or through an unguided medium, makes the data susceptible to vulnerable attacks.
To, overcome this challenge of the leakage of sensitive information, we are
implementing encryption and decryption techniques to add security to data. In other
words, the stored information will become unreadable and no one except the doctor
can access patient’s data. It will only be understood by the authorized user. Data
getting misused in the hands of wrong or malicious user will be reduced. Hence, the
security of data will increase.
2
1.2. Literature Review

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has gained a lot of interest in research
Community, due to its broad range of applications in fields like healthcare, smart
homes, precise agricultural production, and intelligent transportation services etc.
Such networks comprise of sensor nodes which are dispersed at a certain range of
Geographical area until communication is possible. These are capable of sensing and
detecting changes in parameters like body temperature, humidity, target tracking &
surveillance, environmental monitoring etc. and then passing on that acquired data to
the neighboring nodes over a wireless link. Hence, the risk of data getting leaked
increases due to the wireless link.
So in order to increase the reliability of data, it is important to encrypt it and
make it unreadable. Also one should be able to differentiate between correct and
incorrect examination. If the data received by sensor is faulty or incorrect because
perhaps the third party might have intervened and altered the data so, it may lead to
wrong or improper diagnosis. The integrity and reliability of the data would be at
stake. Such fabrication in the data might lead to unfitting diagnosis and user’s health
might be in some serious danger. Hence, in order to extract full advantage and
benefits out of this technology for medical usage, the degree of inaccuracy in the data
should be reduced. This technology will be successful and popular among masses if
security and privacy issues are considered.
We study following links for literature review
https://www.digi.com/
https://www.sparkfun.com/
3
1.3. Aims and Objective
The aims and objective to implement this project for the following reasons;
 To improve the security and privacy issues of wireless sensor network
in medical and healthcare department.
 To prevent altering of data and third-party intervention-increasing the
reliability and privacy of sensitive data.
 To develop algorithm and encryption mechanism to withstand
outsider attack that threatens the data integrity and security.
 To counteract the intruder invasion in order to prevent leakage of
information.
4
CHAPTER#02
METHODOLOGY
5
2.1. Hardware Detail

In this chapter we will discuss hardware components required in the
implementation of our project.
2.1.1. Arduino Uno Rev3
It is a single board microcontroller which is built on a printed circuit board.
This board offers a package of useful features which includes a microprocessor,
clock generator, I/O ports, RAM, supported ICs, built-in stored program memory.
The sole purpose is to create ease for the application developers to spend less time
and effort on designing the hardware and to gain hands on experience. These low-
cost microcontrollers prove extremely useful for education purpose.
An Arduino board contains the following specifications:
 Microcontroller-ATmega328p
 16-Megahertz Crystal oscillator/Clock speed
 Operating Voltage is 5 Volts
 Input Voltage ranges between 7 to 20 Volts
 Input and digital output pins x14 (Digital)
 Input pins x6 (Analog)
 40mA Current (DC) for every input and output pin
6
 50mA Current (DC) used for the 3.3V Pin
 ATmega328 has a flash memory of 32 KB, 0.5KB of the 32 KB is
consumed by the boot loader.
 1 Kilo Byte EEPROM (ATmega328)
Languages like C and C++ can be used to write a program or sketch in
Arduino IDE, which is later compiled to produce binary machine code for the
connected hardware.
Thus Arduino’s Integrated Development Environment (IDE) provides
language processing and its editor offer features like cutting, pasting, searching,
correcting wrong text, syntax highlighting, and tool bar, message writing area and
finally uploading the program for the output processing. These sketches are saved as
an extension file .ino.
7
Figure 2.1 Arduino Uno Rev3
2.1.2 Pulse Sensor
Pulse sensor amped designed for Arduino, solved the problem of accurately
measuring patient’s heartbeat, which previously was categorized as a tedious task to
detect. This sensor offers an opportunity to achieve live or real-time heartbeat. Its
internal design comprises of an inbuilt amplification circuitry, a noise eliminating
circuitry and a heart rate sensor (optical).Thus providing quick and reliable readings.
Being a plug and play sensor, it requires very minimal amount of current of 4mA and
an operating voltage of +5V or +3.3V. The sensor has two sides i.e front and back
side. The front side of the sensor contains an LED which needs to be placed over a
vein of either your fingertip or earlobe of a human body, while plugging the other
ends (3 pins) to the Arduino. Blood flow in these veins indicates a beating heart and
will help monitor heart rate. Its simplicity in terms of its usage makes it easier for
students, artists, athletes, gamers & mobile developers to incorporate it in their lives
to keep a check of their live heart rate for either personal use or their projects.
Pulse sensor has a wide range of applications which includes:
 Sleep Tracking
8
 Anxiety monitoring
 Remote patient monitoring/alarm system
 Health bands
 Advanced gaming consoles
Figure 2.2 Pulse Sensor (Front side)
2.1.3 USB Cable 2.0 A To B

USB 2.0 –also known as High speed USB is basically a Universal Serial Bus
Standard, having the ability to transmit data at the rate of 480 Mbps/max. Being an A
To B type connector means that one can find Type A port plugged into the host or
Laptop or PC and Type B connector inserted into the mobile, printer or hard drive.
9
These are also easily compatible with a great number of SFE designed USB boards,
just like USB Arduino board in this project.
Figure 2.3 USB Cable 2.0 A To B
2.1.4 XBEE Series 1 Pair

XBee 1mW Chip Antenna - Series 1 (802.15.4) operates within the ISM band
of 2.4GHz having a data rate of 250Kbps.This RF module was designed to meet
802.15.4 Standards and to cater the need of a low cost, minimal power, reliability of
Data between devices, flexible, low latency and for quick, robust communication. RF
Modules are ideal for applications requiring predictable communication timing. An
Xbee being a wireless component has the capacity to act both as a transmitter and
Receiver. These modules can be deployed in different network topologies like in the
Form of mesh network, multipoint/star configuration with the help of large number
of Xbees or simply a point to point, peer to peer network where data is sent between
Two Xbees. Hence it is best for serial communication between microcontrollers.
10
Figure 2.4 XBEE Series 1 Pair
2.1.5 XBEE USB Adapter

XBee Adapter can be a compact USB to serial adapter equipped with XBEE
(20pin 2.0mm) sockets. On the other hand, you'll connect
Your laptop to various wireless applications via the XBEE compatible modules.
The Adapter may support XBee interface. The key feature of this board is single chip
USB to asynchronous serial data transfer interface, Entire USB protocol handled on
The chip – want No firmware programming, 5V Single supply Operation and
Compatible with 3.3V/5V operation voltage, USB 2.0 Full Speed compatible, with
Xbee.
The usage of the adapter is:
 PC through a USB cable directly connected with XBee adapters.
 Bluetooth Bee set up or use as a data-transmission.
 Programmer for Arduino and compatible boards.
11
Figure 2.5 XBEE USB Adapter
2.1.6 XBEE Shield

The shield helps in wireless communication between Arduino boards over
XBEE module. It can directly be mounted onto your UNO board. It offers a
Range of communication of maximum 100 feet (indoor) and 300 feet (outdoor). The
DIN and DOUT, being two serial pins of XBEE can be connected to either UART
pins or any other digital pin available on the Arduino board. These are connected by
the switch, determining which connection needs to be chosen. Any digital pin on the
Arduino board i.e. D0 or D1 can be used for this connection. Multiple LEDS present
determines the level of power with respect to the activities occurring on the
DIN/DOUT pins. Some other features include 3.3V power regulation, 9x11 grid of
0.1" spaced prototyping holes, reset button, MOSFET level shifting on-board.
12
Figure 2.6 XBEE Shield
2.2. Software Detail
2.2.1. Arduino IDE
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment is an application which is
developed with the aid of JAVA programming language and is compatible with
Windows, MAC and Linux. This software is used to write sketches which are
programs that help in connecting the software and hardware of Arduino. These are
saved as text files in hexadecimal encoding with an .ino extension. This application
offers has a code editor which provides multiple features like text pasting and
cutting, searching and replacing text, syntax highlighting, identifying errors. It
further provides the advantages of automatic indenting; braces matching and has a
one-click mechanism of compiling and uploading a program. The editor where the
user writes the code contains a message area, text console and toolbar with multiple
menu functions. We can use any of the programming languages like JAVA, C, C++
keeping in consideration that a certain coding structure or pattern has to be followed.
13
The Arduino has a software library in its package which provides many basic
short, written programs for newbie’s that can be uploaded by the loader onto the
board’s firmware. It is flexible from an aspect that it supports 30 languages with
English being the default language.
Figure 2.7 Arduino IDE

2.2.2 XCTU
XCTU is an application designed to aid developers to interact with digital
radio frequency modules via a graphical user interface. This software contains tools
to help users to easily setup and initialize XBEE module. Configuration and testing
of XBEE modules can also be performed for the transmission of data. Thus all the
necessary tools for a developer are available to quickly setup and run the XBEE.
The XBEE’s connected to the PC with the help of XBEE explorer needs this
software XCTU for communication. It further provides amazing features like
graphical network in order to graphically represent XBEE network coupled with
signal strength of every single connection. An API frame builder helps in interpreting
API frames which are required by XBEE in API mode. Also there are more unique
attributes like several radio frequency devices can be simultaneously configured and
14
managed. The setting of the modules can be restored. Sessions can be saved and
opened later when required using XCTU.API and AT consoles are used specially for
radio device communication.
Figure 2.8 XCTU
15
CHAPTER#03
IMPLEMENTATION
16
3.1. Details of Hardware Implementation

For hardware implementation there are three stages. Firstly, XBEE USB
adapter has to be connected to the laptop and with the help of XCTU software it
needs to be configured in AT mode. Once the XBEE’s are configured, next burn the
Arduino code at both the coordinator and end device node. Next the USB adapter
will be placed at the top of XBEE shield which in turn is placed at the Arduino.
Lastly, insert the connections of pulse sensor into the XBEE shield as mentioned in
the table below. Finally wrap the sensor around your finger and note the pulse.
Table 3-1 Pulse sensor pin configuration

Pulse Arduino
Sensor Pins Pins
+ +5v
Ground
-
Pin
Arduino
S
A0
3.2. Details of Software Implementation

Following are the two stages involved in the software implementation
process:
1) Configuration of the XBEE module mesh network using XCTU
2) Development of the cryptographic code on Arduino
17
Figure 3.1 XCTU software
Three XBEE’s are used which are configured as router, coordinator and end
device using XCTU. They are arranged in a mesh topology. Following parameters
need to be set in order for the network to be functional.
Table 3-2 Parameter setting for configuration of XBEE module
Parameters Coordinator Router End device
PAN ID 3975 3975 3975
Channel C C C
DH 0 0 0
DL FFFF FFFF FFFF
Mode AT AT AT
18
Coordinator Coordinator End Device End Device

Enable
End Device 0010B ---- ----

Association
Coordinator ---- ---- 010B

Association
3.2.1 Setting the parameters for configuration of XBEE modules using XCTU
3.2.2 Pan ID
It stands for Personal Area Network Identifier. It is a unique number assigned
for the identity of a Zigbee network. This number helps in differentiating or
separating two wireless sensor networks operating in the same range. PAN ID is kept
same for the coordinator, end device and router. This will help reduce the risk of
intruders intercepting the network or eavesdropping on the conversation. AT
command can be used to assign a PAN ID to mesh network.
3.2.3 Channel
We have set the channel to ‘C’ which represents a unique frequency band
over which the data will flow in a network. Mostly XBEE operates at 2.4GHz
802.15.4 band. Every element added into the wireless sensor network must be set at
the same channel for them to operate properly.
3.2.4 Destination Addressing
DH and DL parameters represents destination high and low address. The
address of DH follows its default configuration i.e. 0. For the implementation of
mesh network, we need our XBEE modules to be in broadcast mode. The frames
would be forwarded to all nodes of a network. Hence same DL value which is FFFF
19
(16-bit address) is assigned to each node. By setting all these parameters a
coordinator can broadcast the data from the router to the end device.
3.2.5 Selection of Mode
XBEE can work in two modes. API (Application Programming interface) and
AT (Transparent) mode. In this project we will be performing simple and quick data
communication over AT mode. Users can easily configure the modules in this mode.
Unlike AT mode, for large scale WSN networks we may use API mode.
3.2.6 Coordinator Association and End Device Association
The parameters to create an auto end device association, the coordinator is set
at this address of 0010B.Similarly,Xbee end devices are set to 010B to have an auto
coordinator association. This enables proper console communication to take place
between the three XBEE’s.
3.2.7 Cryptographic Arduino code for secure WSN
In this project we are using a pulse sensor which is responsible for collecting
real time pulse data of a person. By placing and XBEE shield on top of an Arduino
board, one can retrieve data from pulse sensor chip. We will place this combination
of Arduino plus XBEE shield at both the end device and coordinator side so that we
could upload the decryption and encryption codes respectively at both ends. The
coordinator will collect real time data and will encrypt it for it to be transmitted
wirelessly over the XBEE. Moreover, the encryption code is much more complex
and lengthier than the decryption one as it is offering two functions. Firstly, it checks
whether the pulse sensor is working or not. Secondly, it detects a heartbeat and
arranges this raw data from the pulse sensor into human readable form. Later on
encryption algorithm is applied where each character is shifted forward by 10 i.e.
20
following its logical operation of XOR with ten spreading. This encrypted data is
next sent to the router, which cannot alter or manipulate data. Lastly, at the end
device decryption is done. The BPM string value which was obtained by converting
the integer data into string data is now reverted back at this node. Shifting the data
back character wise. This decrypted data is displayed serially on the output node
screen of the laptop.
Following are the flow charts involved the process of this project.
Coordinator as Encryption node
 Collects raw data k

from pulse
sensor
 Sorts raw data
 Applies Encryption
Algorithm on sorted data
Router
 Can’t decrypt data so

either drop
it or forwards it to next Wireless Sensor
module via the WSN Network
End device as Decryption node
 Sending Received data to

Arduino module
 Applying Decryption to
received data
 Sending Decrypted data to

Serial port
21
Figure 3.2 Flow Chart
3.2.8 Security Problems
Security issues are one of the major limiting elements in wireless sensor networks.
Research and studies are still being conducted related to this topic. Following are
some of the issues faced:
Observing and Eavesdropping on Patient Vital Sign:
The data and all the information referring to the patient's health is collected with the
help of a sensor. This sensor passes this information through fully completely
different connections through the web before it arrives at its final destination. This
wireless transmission raises a spread of privacy issue. A hacker or unauthorized
user will listen and will either listen or build modifications to the data being
transferred. The data is intercepted by the hacker from that they'll notice the patient
and physically damage them.
Denial of Service Threats:
It is a sort of attack that weakens or damages the approved use of the network
by overwhelming the
specified resources like central process unit, bandwidth and different relevant
resources. It will even overload the network that is undesirable.
3.2.9 Routing Threats
Attacks on the network layer are known as routing attacks or routing threats. Some
common routing threats are listed below:
Attack on Data in Transit:
22
In the specific case of a wireless sensing element network, the sensors monitor
variation occurring in applicable and relative parameters; these changes
are according to the sink node as per demand. throughout the method of sensing the
report, the knowledge that is in transfer could bear bound changes due
to being totally different, being spoofed or due to disappearing. A
Wireless sensor Network is at risk of eavesdropping, such an attack can monitor the
flow of the information traffic or the network traffic and can so realize the simplest
way to gain access to the network and may somehow interrupt, steal, alter or add
entirely new packets to the first stream.
Selective Forwarding:
This is categorized as an insider attack. A lot of refined from this attack is once the
opponent selectively forwards packets. The opponent is in a position to form routing
loops that attack or repel network traffic. They can also extend or
shorten supply routers, generate incorrect messages and try to drop sensitive info. A
malicious node will refuse to forward the packets haphazardly. For this reason, the
base station doesn't receive the total or complete message.
Figure 3.3 Selective Forwarding
23
Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Selective-Forwarding-
Attack_fig9_221864714
Black hole/Sinkhole Attack:
In sinkhole or black hole attack, the intruder can attempt to sink all
the helpful knowledge and data by attracting the neighbors. once attracting the
neighbors, it establishes a route for the attacker node. Figure 2.2 illustrates a natural
depression attack. If the intrusion is undefeated, the network is exposed to a
range of alternative threats also that is unwanted. These
attacks aren't simply detected, therefore, it's best they're avoided.
Figure 3.4 Black hole/Sinkhole Attack
Source: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Detecting-sinkhole-attack-and-
selective-forwarding-Tumrongwittayapak-
Varakulsiripunth/8cfc29f057ce21babd4586233683715149b95b6d
24
Replay attack:
A replay attack could be a variation of routing attacks, Fig 2.3 demonstrates a replay
attack during which the transmission of valid or correct knowledge is continual and
delayed maliciously. Replay attack is enforced either by the creator or is intercepted
by an intruder or attacker who after intercepting retransmits it. Moreover,
the attacker makes a replica of packet that was antecedently forwarded, the copies are
sent out over and yet again to wear out the system.
Hence, lowering the system’s overall performance.
Figure 3.5 Replay Attack
Source:
https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/pc/2008/01/mpc2008010074/13rRUxcKzX
25
3.2.10 Privacy Issues
Along with security problems, privacy in attention applications is additionally a
big issue that ought to be examined thoroughly. The health knowledge that's to be
transmitted is usually non-public. Wirelessly inflicting the patient's data from one
purpose to a special is subjected to variety of privacy threats.
The issues associated with privacy are charted into six main classes.
These problems are medical standing misuse, prescription outpouring, social
implications for the patient and patient difficulties in managing privacy. It's not able
that there's a comprehensible lack of support and contemplation given to form such
applications kind of the user's privacy.
Two of these are briefly discussed below:
Misuse of Medical Information:
As the technology being employed can use wireless transmission to transmit and
receive the info, it reveals the chances to variety of attacks and
threats like eavesdropping. As a result, the intercepted patient's info is also utilized
by an unauthorized user which may cause serious hurt to the patient.
Leakage of Prescription:
Healthcare systems are used primarily for the operate of observation the
patient's information and storing the data into
an information. while this data isn't enough to spot a patient identify, there's an
opportunity that a hacker might use this data together
with different information out there on the web to spot the person and get in touch
with them and check out and sell them unprescribed medicine.
26
Normally, a little variety of individuals are going to be accessing the data like the
doctor and nurses so limiting the users, which might be useful. Furthermore, putting
forward strict rules and guidelines on who can and cannot access the patient's data
and information may also help in reducing the risk factor regarding privacy. Just in
case of emergency it should be doable that access is often given to others so a lot
of people will facilitate the patient in want of help. The system ought to be created
versatile and therefore the users should be able to balance and compromise.
As antecedently declared, it's important that strict rules be set so the
users keep responsive to the results of mishandling the info as an alternative the users
may disregard the patient and therefore the issues which will be created within
the patient's life.
3.2.11 Implementation Challenges
In a wireless device network it's needed that the scale of the node being
employed is unbroken small. A node comes with restricted capabilities
and options thanks to that coming up with a wireless device could be
a tough task. Together with the scale of the node, a relevant routing
protocol must be enforced that furthermore are going to be in command of the
transmission of the info from one purpose to a different. Another main challenge is
that the battery, small node limits the scale of the battery of the
system, creating system energy economical is one in all the foremost tough tasks to
beat. Some of the limitations are discussed below:
Precision and Consistency:
For responsibleness, the information provided by the
27
sensors should be extremely correct. These nodes should have the ability of
providing the proper and precise info related to the patient in real time - with no
delay, failure associate in treatment do therefore might cause an
incorrect diagnosing, within the worst-case situation, might end in the patient's death.
Background Awareness:
The sensors should have the potential of modifying and upgrading themselves
according to the case of the user.
Compatibility and Effective Reply:
The main reason for pairing wireless sensor networks with tending applications
is to boost the already utilized health care services and to create it technology
that can be simply employed by the involved demographic.
For treatment, it's essential that the device responds as with efficiency as potential. If
the device isn't economical and takes plenty of time to method and reply to the
request, the patient could need to face serious issues
Power Constraints:
As expressed before, creating an energy economical device could be a serious
challenge. In healthcare applications, the nodes are needed to endlessly monitor the
patient which requires lots of battery life. This downside will be eliminated by
implementing a protocol that focuses on economical usage of energy. in step with
studies, the transmission power of a wireless radio is proportional to distance
squared or perhaps a lot of within the presence of obstacles.
Error Lenience:
It is vital that the designed network is error lenient. Just in case of failure of any one
node, the whole network must not break down.
28
CHAPTER#04
PROJECT
CHARACTERIZATION
29
4.1. Results
The main purpose of the project was to send encrypted data from source to
destination node in a mesh network topology. We created a wireless sensor network
using Xbee devices for healthcare purpose to provide pulse monitoring. Three nodes-
coordinator, router, and end device were used to achieve our desired output.
For our first node i.e. the coordinator, an Xbee shield was sandwiched
between Xbee Module and Arduino UNO R3.Real time data was collected from the
sensor and encryption was done.
For our second node i.e. the router only an Xbee shield was used since no
code was required to be uploaded. The scrambled data was as it is forwarded from
the coordinator to router.
For our third node i.e. the end device we uploaded the decryption code in
order to obtain the real numbers of patient’s pulse.
Hence, we were able to observe the desired output of receiving secure data without
any delay over this mesh network.
Figure 4.1 Router Encrypted Output
30
Figure 4.2 Coordinator Encrypted Output
31
Figure 4.3 End Device Decrypted Output
4.2. Analysis
Our project definitely holds great future potential. In the western world there is
a concept of mobile-health, where doctors can keep a track of their patient’s glucose
level, blood pressure, body temperature and weight in case the patient is unable to
pay a visit at the hospital due to their busy schedule .Both the doctor and patient can
keep in touch with each other any time, any place and the data can be collected and
sent privately via an online service system .Likewise this sensor technology can also
be deployed in Pakistan as well to make the lives of patients easier.
Secondly, these sensors can be converted into portable gadgets like vital
jackeT which has embedded detectors for ECG, heart rate, oxygen, body temperature
32
in its jacket. These wearable jackets will be responsible to transmit data regardless of
the location or busy schedule of the patient.
Moreover, there are other wearable technologies like Qardiocore and MiniMed 530G
system. If proper money is invested in the future, then these wearable technologies
can prove out to be a shortcut for patients and save them from delaying their
checkups. Like QardioCore being an ECG monitor, can be strapped around the
patient’s chest and real time monitoring is sent via an android/IOs software or
Bluetooth. Similarly, MiniMed is for the diabetic patients monitoring their glucose
level.
Hence, there is great future potential for this portable and wearable sensor
technology in the healthcare field if proper investment is done.
4.3. Conclusion
We chose the best suited technology i.e. Zigbee technology to implement a
wireless sensor mesh network. Zigbee Technology is low-cost and requires low
battery powered devices. Hence, it was the most apt option to execute this kind of
network architecture. It provided us the ease to carry out our project under an
unlicensed band of 900MHz.This packet-based radio protocol is perfect for secure,
reliable wireless mesh networks.
Moreover, at the encryption and decryption node, a low-level spreading and
shifting technique is used so as to reduce the complexity and limit the size of
encrypted data. Thus, the transmission of real time data will occur without any delay.
In this time span we did face some problems and challenges as well in our
project. For example, the biggest constraint was the limited battery power of sensor
node. The functionality of the system was directly dependent on the lifetime of the
33
battery. Amount of power supply and device energy consumption defines the
efficiency and durability of the system.
Secondly, there were limited computational power and memory size
constraints. Since limited amount of power was being received, hence fewer amounts
of data were stored on each sensor node. Thus, minimal amount of records were
maintained.
Thirdly, we needed to guarantee that the network does not stop working if in
case anyone of the devices fails to work. Network should be robust. Its performance
should not degrade, and it must carry continuous operation regardless of the
performance of other devices. The failure of one node should not impact the whole
network. The system operates in full swing when surrounding environmental
conditions are good, but the rate of failure increases as the conditions becomes worse
and harsh. Hence, the solution to this problem is to distribute the network and each
sensor should have the authority to access the network.
Lastly, there are regulatory requirements needed to be met before a medical
device is dispatched. While testing this prototype on a human being or an animal, it
should be ensured that it fulfills all the basic requirements and is not harmful in any
manner. It should be taken into consideration that these wireless sensors when
implanted or touching our skin should be safe for our body.
All in all, this project can be of great help for people who cannot go for daily
checkups. Regular monitoring of different health related parameters at your home
can provide great ease to the patients. Doctors being on the receiving end will receive
the encoded data and they can keep track of the patient’s health condition.
34
Figure 4.4 ZigBee Market Target
4.4. Future recommendations

 We can use a more complex and secure algorithm to increase the privacy
of the transmitted data.
 We need to maintain a balance between the complexity of algorithm, size
of encrypted data, time delay in its transmission while applying latest
cryptographic techniques on real time data
 It can be installed in remote areas as it is a cheaper and faster solution to
maintain communication between patient and doctors in emergency
situations.
 We can expand the storage capacity of the network by including cloud
database to maintain patient’s history.
 We can add a feature of user authentication and authorization keys to
increase the security of project.
35
 Apart from pulse monitoring, more parameters can be added like glucose
level, body temperature, blood pressure monitoring can also be included.
It will convert it into a device offering multiple features.
 This project is a small-scale version of WSN and can be implemented in
building for instant health tests.
36
4.5. References
[1] “Zigbee based wireless sensor network and performance analysis in various environments.”
Helmy Fitriawan ; Misfa Susanto ; Ahmad Surya Arifin ; Danny Mausa ; Agus
Trisanto2017 15th International Conference on Quality in Research (QiR) : International
Symposium on Electrical and Computer Engineering.
[2] “Wearable and Implantable Wireless Sensor Network Solutions for Healthcare Monitoring.”
Darwish, A. & Hassanien, A., 2011.
[3] “Zigbee network for remote patient monitoring on general hospital wards”, Yuanlong
Liu ; Reza Sahandi.
[4] “Secure Wireless Sensor Networks: Problems and Solutions.” Hu, F., Ziobro, J., Tillett, J. &
K.Sharma, N., n.d.
[5] “Performance Analysis of“Zigbee based wireless sensor network for Remote Patient
Monitoring.” Rinki Sharma ; Shreyas K. Gupta ; K.K. Suhas ; G. Srikanth Kashyap 2014
Fourth International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies.
[6] “Social Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks with Healthcare Perspective.” Kwak, K.-s. &
Ameen, M., n.d
[7] “A Survey: Security Issues and Design Challenges in Healthcare Monitoring System using
Wireless Sensor Network.” Roseline Mary J, L. & M, B., 2011.
[8] A survey on security issues and wearable sensors in wireless body area network for
healthcare system Ibrahim Abdulai Sawaneh ; Ibrahim Sankoh ; David Kanume Koroma
[9] Neves, P., Stachyra, M. & Rodrigues, J., 2008. "Application of Wireless SensorNetworks to
Healthcare Promotion." Journal of communications and software and systems, vol 4.
[10] "A Review of Wireless Sensor Networks: Applications, Challenges and Prospects in
Biomedicine.” R.Bassey, I. & P., E., n.d.
[11] "ZigBee based wireless sensor networks and their use in medical and health care domain
Zhongwei Zhang ; Xiaohu Hu
[12] “Personal wireless sensor network for mobile health care monitoring.” S. Kroc ; V. Delic.
[13] “Wireless Sensor Networks for Home Health Care.” Chris R. Baker ; Kenneth
Armijo ; Simon Belka ; Merwan Benhabib ; Vikas Bhargava ; Nathan Burkhart.
[14] “A Remote Health Care System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks. ”Peng Zhang ; Ming
Chen
37
[1] APPENDIX A: Complex Engineering Problem
[2] Appendix A1: Range of Resources
Table A1 Range of Resources
Human Resources  Dividing the work according

to the skills of every member
and defining roles and
schedule of tasks to be
achieved.
 We bought our project’s

hardware from a shop near
Sir Syed University and from
Cooperative market in
Saddar.
Technical Resources  We used Arduino IDE

software to program the
sensors to interface with
zigbee module.
 Configuration of coordinator,
router and end device.
 Testing of Zigbee Modules.
Literature Support  Books from library to learn

Arduino programming and
understanding the basics of
WSN’s have been used.
 Cryptography and Network

security by William stallings
& Arduino for dummies by
John Nussey.
38
[3] Appendix A2: Innovation
In sensor network data is send from source to destination over a protocol but
in this project, the innovation is we introduce router as a third node which act
as an attacker, intruder which is beneficial for security reasons. In wireless
communication, chances of interference are more so security, cryptography
essentials are added in this project for secure communication. It’s a wireless
health communication service which is helpful for patients who lives in
remote areas.
[4] Appendix A3: Level of Interaction
In this project our major focus was on secure communication and forming a
wireless sensor network.
Firstly, through this project, we learnt about the Zigbee radio packet protocol
which is a vital tool in telecommunication. Its range of communication and
baud rate helped us in understanding its efficiency and compatibility in
acquiring real time data from different sensor nodes.
Secondly, encryption mechanism had to be chosen wisely.8 bits can be
transferred via zigbee S1.Since; recent cryptographic algorithms like AES are
of 16 or 32 bits. So, it was a challenge for us to keep a balance between the
size of the data and the complexity of the encryption algorithm. Hence, we
selected a simpler algorithm of caeser cipher because it will fulfill both the
features of security and required size of data.
39
Thirdly, the selection of Arduino was also a technical choice because we
wanted to implement a small-scale wireless sensor mesh network which
would be compatible with zigbee.
[5] Appendix A4: Consequences to Society and Environment
This era is all about wireless communication technologies and protocols.
Similarly, the concept of E-health is also getting quite a lot attention.
In case there is no one at the home to take the patient for a checkup urgently,
then in that case secure communication via zigbee will prove helpful. It will
save the time of people from regularly going out and waiting in long queues
for their turn for a checkup. Patient and the doctor can always keep in contact
with each at every instant.
Moreover, since this interaction will be secured by encryption so chances of
people intervening their private information will be reduced. Patients can
communicate with their physician through a cheaper and faster channel.
This type of network is suitable for people living in remote areas like on
mountains, villages, forest to maintain a contact with a doctor within their
range. Also this system is wireless, so it saves people from the hassle to
deploy a huge wired network and is simple to use.
Being a low cost and low powered technology it will be convenient for the
patients to afford it and can become a high selling future product. It can
become a complete a package if various other parameters like body
temperature sensing, glucose level, blood pressure are added. Overall, body
monitoring will become possible through one device.
40
[6] Appendix A5: Familiarity
Definitely, our final year project was a gateway towards having hands on
experience about latest wireless technologies. It gave us a new level of
understanding about finding apt solutions for the proposed problem and
fulfilling the goals in required time duration.
Initially, the decision of whether we should go for a simpler and older or a
latest and stronger encryption mechanism keeping in mind that the size of
data that zigbee supports must not exceed. It was a tough decision to go for a
cryptographic mechanism that would not pile up the data more than 8 bits. As
our zigbee module is limited to transferring that size of data only.
Secondly, the selection of zigbee protocol over others was also a critical
point. We were not required extremely high data rates as we do not need to
sense after every milli or microsecond. Hence, we as team decided to select
a protocol with lower data rates.
Next step of learning was the arduino programming. Interfacing of Zigbee
modules with sensors with the aid of coding was yet another hectic task. But
our team members along with the guidance of our supervisor were able to
accomplish this task.
41
APPENDIX B: TURNITIN REPORT
42
43
44
45
46
47

G-5 Te

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

G-5 Te

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated with NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi

Department of Electrical Engineering

SECURE COMMUNICATION OVER WIRELESS

Madiha Yahiya Shaikh (15B -031-EL)

at USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY or other institutions.

Student Name (Student ID): Madiha Yahiya Shaikh (15B-031-EL)

Student Name (Student ID): Asad Noor Khan (15B-149-EL)

Student Name (Student ID): Muhammad Mohsin Khan (15B-166-EL)

Student Name (Student ID): Unsa Iftikhar (15B-252-EL)

implementation of our research project.

We are sincerely and deeply grateful to our honorable supervisor Engr.

believing in us to execute our idea-For providing deep insight and great

solving and practical skills

fortunate and capable to complete our final year project.

SECURE COMMUNICATION OVER WIRELESS

Wireless sensor networks (WSN), being an emerging technology has attracted

wireless link, makes it vulnerable to malicious attacks at different layers of

1.2. Literature Review ................................................................................................ 3

1.3. Aims and Objectives ............................................................................................ 4

CHAPTER#02 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 5

2.2. Software Detail ............................................................................................ …….13

CHAPTER#03 IMPLEMENTATION .............................................................................................16

3.2. Details of Software Implementation .................................................................. 17

4.2. Analysis .............................................................................................................. 32

4.3. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 33

4.4. Future Recommendations ................................................................................. 35

4.5. References .......................................................................................................... 37

APPENDIX A: COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM .............................................................38

Appendix A2: Innovation........................................................................................... 39

Appendix A3: Level of Interaction ............................................................................ 39

Appendix A4: Consequences to Society and Environment ....................................... 40

Appendix A5: Familiarity .......................................................................................... 41

FIGURE 2.1 ARDUINO UNO REV3 8

TABLE 3-1 PULSE SENSOR PIN CONFIGURATION 17

MAPPING OF PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLOs)

Chapter 01- Introduction PLO-(ii)- Problem Analysis

Chapter 02- Methodology PLO-(iv)-Investigation

in wireless applications. In such cases, encryption of the acquired information can

1.1. Problem Statement

or through an unguided medium, makes the data susceptible to vulnerable attacks.

To, overcome this challenge of the leakage of sensitive information, we are

implementing encryption and decryption techniques to add security to data. In other

security of data will increase.

1.2. Literature Review

homes, precise agricultural production, and intelligent transportation services etc.

increases due to the wireless link.

So in order to increase the reliability of data, it is important to encrypt it and

incorrect examination. If the data received by sensor is faulty or incorrect because

security and privacy issues are considered.

We study following links for literature review

1.3. Aims and Objective

 To improve the security and privacy issues of wireless sensor network

in medical and healthcare department.

 To prevent altering of data and third-party intervention-increasing the

reliability and privacy of sensitive data.

 To develop algorithm and encryption mechanism to withstand

outsider attack that threatens the data integrity and security.

 To counteract the intruder invasion in order to prevent leakage of

2.1. Hardware Detail

implementation of our project.

2.1.1. Arduino Uno Rev3

It is a single board microcontroller which is built on a printed circuit board.