Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Experiments:
Adaptation to
Malaysian National
Curriculum
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A. Investigating the effect of the temperature of water on the solubility of sugar 10
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
2
II. Reactions of halogen with iron 23
a) Chlorine with iron **
b) Bromine with iron **
c) Iodine with iron **
III. Reactions of halogens with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution 25
a) Chlorine with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution
b) Bromine with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution.
c) Iodine with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution
CHAPTER 5
CHEMICAL BONDS
CHAPTER 6
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
D. PURIFICATION OF COPPER 47
3
E. ELECTROPLATING AN OBJECT WITH COPPER 49
CHAPTER 7
ACID AND BASES
CHAPTER 8
SALTS
4
C.PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS BY MIXING AN ACID 78
WITH AN INSOLUBLE METAL OXIDE
CHAPTER 9
5
FOREWORD
I hope that with this manual of experiments, teachers will be encouraged to view
microscale chemistry experiments as a viable alternative to conducting practical work in
chemistry. In this respect, I would like to acknowledge the authors, Prof. Norita
Mohamed, Mrs Mashita Abdullah and Assoc. Prof. Zurida Hj Ismail for their dedication
in compiling this work.
USM, through its innovative effort is proud to collaborate with any party, UNESCO in
particular, in advancing further the use of microscale chemistry.
6
The Global Microscience Experiments Project, created by UNESCO in close cooperation
with various international and national organisations, is very well known throughout the
world. Many teaching and learning materials on Microscience experiments covering
Primary Sciences, Chemistry, Biology and Physics have been prepared and are available
free on the UNESCO website. However, the key point for the successful development of
the project in a national level is the preparation of adapted versions of the existing
materials to fit the national educational needs and curricula.
Malaysian specialists have prepared the adapted version of the chemistry materials using
part of UNESCO’s learning materials with great success: 39 new experiments were tested
using the advanced Microchemistry kits and 13 experiments were adapted from
UNESCO materials.
We hope that the present adapted version of the UNESCO learning materials in
microchemistry and especially the 39 new experiments could be examined by other
interested countries and could be used totally or partially in their own educational
programs.
We would like to congratulate warmly our Malaysian colleagues for the present
publication and the excellent result which can constitute an example of best practice
within the Global Microscience Experiments Project and a good model for use by other
countries in the world.
Maria Liouliou
PROJECT COORDINATOR
UNESCO, NATURAL SCIENCES SECTOR
DIVISION OF BASIC AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES
DIRECTOR
MICROSCIENCE EXPERIMENTS PROGRAM OF
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR CHEMICAL SCIENCES IN
DEVELOPMENT (IOCD)
7
PREFACE
This manual of experiments has been prepared as a students’ learning package for Form
Four (equivalent to Grade 10) secondary school students. The experiments have been
designed using the Advanced Microchemistry Kit (Somerset Educational South Africa)
and also glassware with a smaller volume.
It comprises nine chapters which include: introduction to chemistry, the structure of the
atom, chemical formulae and equations, periodic table of elements, chemical bonds,
electrochemistry, acids and bases, salts and manufactured substances in industry.
Thirteen experiments (marked with ** in the Table of Contents) in this manual have been
adapted from experiments in the ‘UNESCO Advanced Learning Package on
Microchemistry Experiences’ prepared by the RADMASTE UNESCO Associated Centre
of the University of Witwatersrand (South Africa) in cooperation with the Committee on
Teaching of Chemistry of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC) and UNESCO. The rest of the experiments (39) have been developed
according to the Malaysian Form Four chemistry syllabus by replacing the traditional
apparatus with microscale chemistry apparatus. Our continuing work with microscale
chemistry experimentation with teachers and students through workshops held and school
trials, have shown that with this approach, there is a reduction of up to 70 percent in
chemical wastes produced and chemical costs, and a saving of up to 75 percent in time
spent in conducting the experiments.
We hope that with these experiments, teachers will be able to experience themselves the
feasibility of conducting chemistry practical work with a microscale approach.
8
List of apparatus
Advanced Microchemistry Kit (Somerset Educational)
Other components
10 cm3 beaker
25 cm3 conical flask
10 cm3 measuring cylinder
Blue litmus paper
Battery 9V
Durham tubes
Filter funnel
Microcrucible
Microtripod stand
Pencil lead
Pipe-clay triangle
Small wire gauze
Test tube
Thermometer
Universal indicator paper
W-tube
Wire gauze
9
Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemistry
Scientific Method
Figure 1.1
Procedure:
1. Fill a measuring cylinder with 10 cm3 of water and pour it into a 10 cm3 beaker.
2. Record the temperature of the water with a thermometer.
3. Fill another 10 cm3 beaker with sugar. Weigh the beaker and its contents and
record the weight as a g.
4. Add the sugar a little at a time to the 10 cm3 of water in the beaker using a
microspatula.
5. Continue adding the sugar until no more sugar dissolves in the water.
6. Weigh the beaker with the sugar again and record the weight as b g.
7. The amount of sugar that dissolves in the water at room temperature is (b-a) g.
8. Repeat the experiment using water heated to different temperatures – 40 °C,
50 °C, 60 °C and 70 °C each time. Heat the water using a microburner (refer to
setting up of the microburner below).
9. Record the results in the following table.
10
Setting up the microburner:
Fill three quarters of the microburner vial with methylated spirit. Attach the
microburner lid (with glass tube and wick) to the vial and light the microburner.
Room
Temperature (°C) 40 50 60 70
temperature
Initial mass of beaker and
A b c d e
Its contents (g)
Final mass of beaker and its
B c d e f
contents (g)
Mass of sugar dissolved (g) (b-a) (c-b) (d-c) (e-d) (f-e)
Conclusions:
Questions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. (2005). Chemistry
practical book form 4, Integrated Curriculum for Secondary Schools, Abadi Ilmu Sdn.
Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
2. Loh, W.L. & Tan, O.T. (2006). Exploring Chemistry Form 4. Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd:
Shah Alam.
11
Chapter 2: The Structure of the Atom
Apparatus: Gas collecting tube, comboplate, small sample vial and lid, big sample vial
and lid, syringe, silicone tube, propette and plasticine.
Procedure:
I. Diffusion of gases
Figure 2.1
1. Put a gas collecting tube in well F1 of the comboplate in a vertical position using
plasticine at the bottom of the well.
2. Take the comboplate into the fume chamber.
3. Use a clean, dry propette to add 2-3 drops of bromine into the tube.
4. Close the tube immediately and record any observations for several minutes.
Watch Out! Liquid bromine, Br2 is toxic and corrosive. Wear gloves when
handling this substance. This activity must be carried out in a fume chamber.
12
II. Diffusion of liquids
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3
13
1. Fill a big sample vial with the hot gel solution and leave it aside to solidify.
2. Put some crystals of KMnO4 on the lid of the vial and close the vial containing the
gel. Put the vial upside down as shown in Figure 2.3.
3. Leave the vial for one day and record any changes which have occurred.
Experiments Observations
II
III
Conclusions:
Questions:
1. Why must the test tube in Section III be clamped upside down?
2. Based on your observations in Sections I, II and III, what can you conclude?
3. Based on your observations, arrange the rate of diffusion in a gas, a liquid and a
solid in ascending order. Explain your answer.
4. Based on your results, define diffusion.
5. In Section I, what will happen if you replace bromine, Br2 with a lighter gas such
as chlorine, Cl2?
6. What will you observe if you repeat the activity in Section II with boiling water?
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L. L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn.Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
14
Chapter 3: Chemical Formulae and Equations
Materials: 2 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4, granulated zinc, Zn, 1 mol dm-3
copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution, copper(II) oxide, CuO powder, and
methylated spirit.
Figure 3.1
Procedure:
15
9. Fill the syringe with 1 ml of 2 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid. Fit the nozzle of the
syringe into the syringe inlet on lid 1.
Watch Out! Be careful when you handle acids. Acids are corrosive.
10. Light the microburner (refer to pg 11, Chap 1) and place it away from the
comboplate.
11. Add the sulphuric acid very slowly from the syringe into well F1.
12. Using a propette, add slowly through the tube connector, 2 – 3 drops of
copper(II) sulphate solution into well F1.
13. When a few bubbles have come through the water in well F6, bring the flame of
the microburner to the middle of the glass tube where the copper(II) oxide
powder has been placed. Hold the microburner in this position.
Caution: Do not bring the flame of the microburner near the silicone tubes
(as they will melt) or the vent of well F1 (as hydrogen is explosive)
14. Stop heating the copper(II) oxide powder after about 2 minutes or after it has
changed in appearance. Blow out the microburner flame.
15. Continue the flow of hydrogen gas, H2, until the apparatus cools down to room
temperature.
16. Weigh the glass tube and its content and record the weight.
17. If there is water being sucked up from well F6 into the glass tube, disconnect
lid 2 from well F6.
18. Repeat heating, cooling and weighing in steps 13 to 16 until a constant mass is
achieved. Record the constant mass in your notebook.
Note: The 2 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, granulated zinc and 1 mol dm-3 copper(II)
sulphate solution can be replaced by 5.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid and zinc
powder.
16
Conclusions:
Questions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
17
Chapter 3: Chemical Formulae and Equations
Apparatus: Comboplate, glass fusion tube, silicone tube, crossarms for microstand,
microspatula, propettes, lid 2, microburner, W-tube.
Procedure:
Figure 3.2
1. Hold the fusion tube in a horizontal position. Use the narrow end of a plastic
microspatula to fill about ½ of the fusion tube with copper(II) carbonate powder.
Note its color.
2. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 3.2 (refer to pg 11, Chap 1 for setting up
of microburner).
3. Heat the copper(II) carbonate and pass the gas produced through limewater in
well F4. Observe what happens to the copper(II) carbonate and the limewater.
4. When the reaction is completed, withdraw the silicone tube.
5. Record the observations in the notebook.
18
II. Formation of ammonium chloride
Figure 3.3
Caution: Do not shake vigorously. It may cause the solutions to mix together.
4. Observe what happens in the middle of the W-tube and record your observations.
Figure 3.4
19
1. Using a propette, place the lead(II) nitrate solution until ¼ of well F1 of the
comboplate is filled up.
2. Add the potassium iodide solution until half of the well is filled up.
3. Stir the mixture using a microspatula and observe what happens.
4. Record your observations in your notebook.
II
III
Conclusions:
Questions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
20
Chapter 4: Periodic table of elements
Materials: 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, household bleach, potassium bromide,
KBr solution, potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4, iodine, I2 solid,
distilled water.
Caution: Chlorine gas, bromine gas and solid iodine are poisonous. Carry out the
experiment in the fume chamber. Wear gloves and safety goggles when
handling these halogens.
Procedure:
a) Chlorine with water
Figure 4.1
1. Pass the chlorine gas into 1 cm3 of distilled water in well F2, as shown in Figure
4.1.
2. Put a piece of blue litmus paper into the solution produced in well F2.
3. Observe any changes in colour.
4. Record the observations in a table in your notebook.
21
b) Bromine with water
Figure 4.2
1. Pass the bromine gas into 1 cm3 of distilled water in well F3, as shown in Figure
4.2.
2. Put a piece of blue litmus paper into the solution produced.
3. Observe any changes in colour.
4. Record the observations in your notebook.
Figure 4.3
1. Put a small piece of solid iodine into 1 cm3 of distilled water in well F4.
2. Stir the mixture using a microspatula until no further changes occur.
3. Put a piece of blue litmus paper into the solution produced.
4. Observe any changes in colour.
5. Record the observations in a table.
22
II. Reactions of halogens with iron
Apparatus: Comboplate, syringe, silicone tube, glass tube, propette, fusion tube,
crossarms microstand, microburner, plasticine.
Materials: 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, household bleach, iron, Fe powder,
potassium bromide, KBr, potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4, solid
iodine, I2, hot water, soda lime.
Procedure:
a) Chlorine with iron
Figure 4.4
23
b) Bromine with iron
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
24
1. Put some iodine in a fusion tube and set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 4.6.
2. Heat the iron powder in the glass tube strongly.
3. When the iron powder becomes red hot, heat the iodine crystals in the fusion tube
to sublime it.
4. Pass the iodine vapor over the hot iron powder until no further changes occur.
5. Record your observations in a table in your notebook.
Materials: 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, household bleach, potassium bromide,
KBr, potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4, iodine, I2 solid, 2 mol dm-3 sodium
hydroxide, NaOH solution.
Procedure:
a) Chlorine with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution
Figure 4.7
1. Pass the chlorine gas into 1 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution in well F2, as
shown in Figure 4.7.
2. Observe any changes in colour. Record your observations in your notebook.
25
b) Bromine with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution.
Figure 4.8
1. Pass the bromine gas into 1 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution in well F3 as
shown in Figure 4.8.
2. Observe any changes in colour. Record your observations in your notebook.
Figure 4.9
1. Put a small piece of solid iodine, I2 into 1 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution in
well F4.
2. Stir the mixture using a microspatula until no further changes occur.
26
3. Observe any changes in colour.
4. Record your observations in a table in your notebook.
Halogen Observation
Reactant Chlorine Bromine Iodine
Water
Iron powder
Sodium hydroxide
Construct a hypothesis for the experiment involving halogens and sodium hydroxide.
State the variables and the operational definition.
Conclusions:
Questions:
1. In Section I,
a) State the properties exhibited by each halogen when they react with water.
b) What are the products formed when chlorine, bromine and iodine react
with water?
c) Write the chemical equations for the reactions.
27
3. Why must the iron powder be heated first before these halogens are passed over it
in Section II?
4. a) What are the products for the reactions between chlorine, bromine and iodine
with iron?
b) Write the chemical equations for these reactions.
5. a) What are the products when chlorine, bromine and iodine react with sodium
hydroxide, NaOH solution?
b) Write the chemical equations for these reactions.
6. Describe the changes in reactivity of Group 17 elements when going down the
group. Explain your answers.
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
28
Chapter 4: Periodic table of elements
Chemicals: Sodium oxide, Na2O, magnesium oxide, MgO, aluminium oxide, Al2O3,
silicone(IV) oxide, SiO2, phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5, universal indicator
solution, 2 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3, and 2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide,
NaOH solution distilled water.
Procedure:
Figure 4.10
29
II. Reaction of oxides of Period 3 elements with 2 M nitric acid and 2 M sodium
hydroxide solutions
Figure 4.11
1. Use the spooned end of a microspatula to place one level spatula of sodium oxide
powder into wells F1 and E1 of the comboplate.
2. Fill the syringe with 0.5 cm3 of nitric acid and 0.5 cm3 of sodium hydroxide to the
contents in each well F1 and E1.
3. Light the microburner (refer to pg 11, Chap 1) and fully heat one end of the glass
rod in the flame.
Caution: Do not keep the rod in the flame for a long period.
4. Heat the reaction mixture in F1 by stirring with the heated glass rod.
5. Rinse and dry the rod, and repeat the heating process a few times.
6. Repeat this process to the contents of E1.
7. Record the solubility of sodium oxide in the two solutions.
8. Repeat the experiment with magnesium oxide, aluminium oxide, silicon(IV)
oxide and phosphorus(V) oxide respectively in wells F2 to F5 and E2 to E5.
Observations
I. Oxide Solubility in water pH values of solution Inference
Na2O
MgO
Al2O3
SiO2
P2O5
30
II.
Oxide Solubility in 2 mol dm-3 Solubility in 2 mol dm-3 Inference
NaOH HNO3
Na2O
MgO
Al2O3
SiO2
P2O5
Conclusions:
Questions:
1. Why are nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solution used in this experiment?
2. Write the chemical equations for all the reactions of the oxides of Period 3
elements with water, if any.
3. Write the chemical equations for the reactions of sodium hydroxide solution and
nitric acid with
a) Magnesium oxide, MgO, if any.
b) Aluminium oxide, Al2O3, if any.
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
31
Chapter 5: Chemical bonds
Procedure:
Figure 5.1
32
II. Preparation of iron(III) chloride
Apparatus: Comboplate, syringe, silicone tube, glass tube, propette and microburner.
Materials: Iron, Fe powder, household bleach, 2 mol dm-3 Hydrochloric acid, HCl
and sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution.
Figure 5.2
Procedure:
Experiment Observations
I
II
33
Conclusions:
Questions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
34
Chapter 5: Chemical bonds
Materials: Sodium chloride, NaCl, sodium sulphate, Na2SO4, diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O
and hexane, C6H14.
Procedure:
Figure 5.3
1. Use the spooned end of a microspatula to place one level spatula of sodium
chloride and sodium sulphate into wells F1 and F2 of the comboplate.
2. Use the propette to place three drops of diethyl ether and hexane into wells F3 and
F4 respectively.
3. Observe their physical states. Leave them aside for 5 minutes and then observe
what happens.
4. Make inferences regarding their melting points and boiling points.
35
Data and Observations:
Sodium chloride
Sodium sulphate
Diethyl ether
Hexane
Materials: Sodium chloride, NaCl, sodium sulphate, Na2SO4, diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O,
hexane, C6H14 and cyclohexane, C6H12.
Figure 5.4
Procedure:
36
Data and Observations:
Solubility
Compound
In water In organic solvent
Sodium chloride
Sodium sulphate
Diethyl ether
Hexane
Materials: Solid lead(II) bromide, PbBr2, glucose, C6H12O6, 1 mol dm-3 sodium
chloride solution, NaCl.
Procedure:
37
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 using glucose instead of lead(II) bromide.
7. Use the set-up of apparatus in Figure 5.6 to test the electrical conductivity of the
sodium chloride solution.
Solid
Lead(II) bromide
Molten
Solid
Glucose
Molten
Solid
Sodium chloride
Aqueous solution
Conclusions:
Questions:
1. What can you generalize about the melting point, boiling point, solubility and
electrical conductivity for both covalent and ionic compounds?
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
38
Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Materials: Lead(II) bromide, PbBr2, naphthalene, C10H8, 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium
hydroxide, NaOH solution, 0.1 mol dm-3 glucose solution and 0.1 mol
dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution.
Procedure:
I. Molten substances
Figure 6.1
39
II. Aqueous solutions
Figure 6.2
1. Use the propette to add sodium hydroxide solution into well E1. Rinse the
propette with tap water to clean it.
2. Push the lid with the current indicator into well E6.
3. Connect the battery clip of the current indicator into well E6.
4. Connect each of the crocodile clip to the carbon rod (pencil leads) as shown in
Figure 6.2.
5. Insert the carbon rod connected to the long black wire into solution in well E1.
Insert the carbon rod connected to the long end of the red wire into the same
solution in well E1. Make sure that the carbon rods do not touch in the solution.
6. Observe what happens to the red light emitting diode (LED) in the current
indicator. Wipe the carbon rods clean.
7. Repeat steps 1-6 using the copper(II) sulphate solution and glucose solution. Use
wells E2, F1 and F2.
Sodium hydroxide
solution
Glucose solution
Copper(II) sulphate
solution
40
Conclusions:
Questions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
41
Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Apparatus: 9V battery, pencil leads, current indicator (LED) with wire connection,
microcrucible, microburner, microtripod stand and small wire gauze.
Procedure:
Figure 6.3
42
Data and Observations:
Anode
Cathode
Conclusions:
Questions:
1. Name the ions that move to the cathode and the anode during electrolysis.
2. Write half equations that represent the reactions that occur at the
a) Anode
b) Cathode
3. Write the overall equation that represents the electrolysis of lead(II) bromide,
PbBr2.
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
43
Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Materials: 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH and 1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate,
CuSO4 solution.
Figure 6.4
Procedure:
44
5. Quickly turn electrode 1 the other way up and place it into the solution in the
small sample vial. Repeat this procedure for electrode 2. Return any remaining
solution in the propette to the small sample vial. Use tap water to thoroughly rinse
your fingers free of the sodium hydroxide solution.
6. Connect the end of the black wire from the current indicator to the negative (-)
terminal of the battery. Connect the end of the short black wire to electrode 1.
7. Connect the end of the red wire to the positive terminal (+) of the battery. Connect
the other end of the red wire to electrode 2.
8. Let the substance produced in electrode 1 be called substance A. Let the substance
produced in electrode 2 be called substance B.
9. Record any observation at the anode, cathode and in the electrolytes.
10. Test the gas gathered at the cathode by using a lighted splinter.
11. Test the gas gathered at the anode by using a glowing splinter.
12. Record all the results.
Electrolyte Observations
Cathode Anode Change in solution
Sodium hydroxide
Copper(II)
sulphate
45
Conclusions:
Questions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
46
Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
D. Purification of copper
Apparatus: 9V heavy duty battery, comboplate, current indicator (LED) with wire
connections, sample vial and thin stemmed propette.
Materials: 1 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution, impure copper plate, pure
copper plate.
Figure 6.5
Procedure:
47
Data and Observations:
Electrode Observation
Conclusions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
48
Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Apparatus: 9V heavy duty battery, comboplate, current indicator (LED) with wire
connections, sample vial and thin stemmed propette.
Materials: 1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution, copper electrode/plate, iron nail,
sandpaper.
Figure 6.6
Procedure:
1. Clean a piece of iron nail with sand paper. Wash the iron nail with detergent and
rinse thoroughly with water.
2. Push the current indicator into well E6 of the comboplate.
3. Remove the lid from a small sample vial and fill half of the vial with 1.0 mol dm-3
copper(II) sulphate solution. Place the vial into well E5 next to the current
indicator in well E6.
4. Set up the apparatus using the iron nail as the cathode and a copper electrode as
the anode as shown in figure 6.6.
5. Switch the current off after 2 – 3 minutes.
6. Remove the iron nail from the electrolyte and dry it. Record the change to the iron
nail.
7. Repeat steps 1 – 6 by using copper as the cathode and iron nail as the anode.
49
Data and Observations:
Conclusions:
Questions:
1. What three conditions are necessary to electroplate an iron spoon with copper?
2. A good electroplating process is one that results in an even thin layer of coating.
Suggest 2 ways on how this can be achieved.
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
50
Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Materials: 1.0 mol dm-3 Sodium chloride, NaCl solution, copper plate and magnesium
ribbon.
Figure 6.7
Procedure:
51
Data and Observations:
Magnesium/copper
(Mg/Cu)
Copper/copper
(Cu/Cu)
Conclusions:
Questions:
1. Explain how electricity is produced in a simple voltaic cell. Give the half
equations for the reactions that take place.
2. Predict what will happen if sodium chloride, NaCl solution is replaced by
potassium sulphate, K2SO4 solution. Give your reasons.
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
52
Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Materials: 1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) nitrate, Co(NO3)2 solution, 1.0 mol dm-3 zinc nitrate
Zn(NO3)2 solution, copper strip, zinc foil, potassium nitrate, KNO3, saturated
solution.
Figure 6.8
Procedure:
1. Using the E row of the comboplate, fill half of E1 and E2 with copper(II) nitrate
and zinc nitrate solution respectively.
2. Make a salt bridge from the filter paper. Cut the paper into a shape given below so
that it will form a continuous bridge between 2 wells.
53
3. To make the salt bridge complete, place the cut out filter paper into a beaker
containing a saturated solution of potassium nitrate. Remove the salt bridge and
place it into wells E1 and E2.
4. Clean up the copper plate and zinc foil with sand paper.
5. Immerse the copper plate in the copper(II) nitrate solution and zinc foil in the zinc
nitrate solution. Connect both metals to the voltmeter/multimeter using the wire
connections.
6. Observe what happens to the voltmeter, zinc foil, copper plate and copper(II)
nitrate solution.
Zinc
Copper
Copper(II) sulphate
solution
Voltmeter
Conclusions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
2. Tan, Y.T., Loh, W.L. & Tan, O.T. (2007). Success Chemistry SPM, Integrated
Curriculum for Secondary School, Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd: Shah Alam.
54
Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Materials: 1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 solution, 1.0 mol dm-3 lead(II)
nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 solution, 1.0 mol dm-3 zinc nitrate, Zn (NO3)2 solution, 1.0
mol dm-3 magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2 solution, copper strip, lead strip, zinc
strip, magnesium ribbon and sand paper.
Figure 6.9
Procedure:
1. Fill half of F1, F2, F3 and F4 wells in the comboplate with copper(II) nitrate
solution.
2. Clean a piece of copper strip, lead strip, zinc strip and magnesium ribbon
respectively with sand paper and drop into each of the wells.
3. Allow the reaction to proceed for five minutes.
4. Observe any changes in the colour of the solution and whether any metals are
deposited.
5. Repeat step 1 to 4 by using lead(II) nitrate solution, zinc nitrate solution and
magnesium nitrate solution respectively to replace copper(II) nitrate solution.
6. Record the results of the experiment in a table below.
55
Data and Observations:
Copper
Lead
Zinc
Magnesium
Conclusions:
Questions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
2. Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Lim, Y.C (2006).Focus excel chemistry form 4. Penerbitan
Pelangi Sdn. Bhd: Bangi.
56
Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
Materials: Glacial ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, ethanol, C2H5OH, blue litmus paper, water.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Figure 7.1
Procedure:
57
Data and Observations:
Conclusions:
Questions:
1. What is the ion responsible for changing the colour of blue litmus paper? How is
it produced?
2. Why does glacial ethanoic acid, CH3COOH not show acidic properties?
3. When ethanoic acid, CH3COOH is dissolved in propanone, CH3COCH3, it does
not change the colour of blue litmus paper. Why?
4. When ethanoic acid is dissolved in water, it turns the litmus paper red. Why?
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
58
Chapter 7: Acid and Bases
Apparatus: 10 cm3 beaker, microspatula, filter funnel, retort stand and clamp, micro
burner, 25 cm3 conical flask, test tube, filter paper, wire gauze,
microtripod stand, microcrucible, 10 cm3 measuring cylinder.
Materials: Copper(II) oxide, CuO powder, zinc powder, 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, 2
mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3, 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, calcium
carbonate, CaCO3, lime water, wooden splinter and filter paper.
Figure 7.2
59
Procedure:
1. Pour about 5 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, into a 10 cm3 beaker. Warm the
acid with a microburner (refer to pg 11, Chap 1).
2. Use a microspatula to add copper(II) oxide powder bit by bit into the acid. Stir the
mixture well.
3. Continue adding copper(II) oxide until some of it no longer dissolves.
4. Remove the unreacted copper(II) oxide by filtration.
5. Pour the filtrate into a microcrucible. Gently heat the salt solution to produce a
saturated solution.
6. Cool the saturated solution until crystals are formed.
7. Filter out the copper(II) sulphate crystals. Examine the crystals and record your
observations in your notebook.
Heating with
copper(II) oxide
Questions:
60
II. Reactions of acids with metals
Figure 7.3
Procedure:
1. Pour 5 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid into a 10 cm3 beaker. Warm the acid
with a microburner.
2. Use a microspatula to add zinc powder bit by bit into the acid. Stir the mixture
well.
3. Test the gas produced by using a lighted splinter.
4. Continue adding zinc powder until some of it no longer dissolves.
5. Remove the unreacted zinc powder by filtration.
6. Pour the filtrate into a microcrucible. Gently heat the salt solution to produce a
saturated solution.
7. Cool the saturated solution until crystals are formed.
8. Filter out the zinc sulphate crystals. Examine the crystals and record your
observations in your notebook.
61
Questions:
1. How do you know that the acid has reacted with the metal?
2. What is the lighted splinter for?
3. What is the salt and gas produced in the reaction? Write a balanced equation for
the reaction between hydrochloric acid, HCl and zinc.
4. Complete the following.
Figure 7.4
Procedure:
1. Pour 5 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 nitric acid into 10 cm3 beaker. Warm the acid with a
microburner.
2. Add calcium carbonate into the acid with a microspatula.
3. Continue adding calcium carbonate until some of it no longer dissolves.
4. Remove the unreacted calcium carbonate by filtration.
5. Pour the filtrate into a microcrucible. Gently heat the salt solution to produce a
saturated solution.
6. Cool the saturated solution until crystals are formed.
7. Filter out the calcium nitrate crystals. Examine the crystals and record your
observations in your notebook.
62
Data and Observations:
Questions:
1. Write an equation for the reaction between nitric acid and calcium carbonate.
What are the products formed?
2. Complete the following.
Conclusions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
63
Chapter 7: Acid and Bases
Material: 1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution, benzoic acid powder,
ammonium chloride, NH4Cl powder, iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution,
litmus paper.
Figure 7.5
Procedure:
1. Pour about 5 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution into a 10 cm3 beaker.
2. Use a microspatula to add benzoic acid powder bit by bit into the acid. Stir the mixture
well.
64
3. Continue adding benzoic acid until some of it no longer dissolves.
4. Remove the unreacted benzoic acid by filtration.
5. Pour the filtrate into a microcrucible. Gently heat the salt solution with a microburner
(refer to pg 11, Chap 1) to produce a saturated solution.
6. Cool the saturated solution until crystals are formed.
7. Filter out the sodium benzoate crystals. Examine the crystals and record your
observations in your notebook.
Figure 7.6
Procedure:
1. Fill one third of well F1 of the comboplate with sodium hydroxide solution.
2. Add a microspatula of ammonium chloride powder in the well.
3. Test the gas formed using moist red litmus paper.
4. Observe what happen to the litmus paper.
Procedure:
1. Add 10 drops of iron(II) sulphate solution into the well F2 of the comboplate.
2. Add 1 drop of sodium hydroxide solution into the well. Observe what happen.
65
Heating with
ammonium chloride
powder
With iron(II) sulphate
solution
Conclusions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
66
Chapter 7: Acid and Bases
Materials: Vinegar, lemon juice, soap solution, distilled water, carbonated drink, tap
water, rainwater, dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl and dilute sodium hydroxide,
NaOH solution, universal indicator solution
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Figure 7.7
Procedure:
67
10. Add 1 drop of universal indicator solution into each of the wells, A1 to A9.
11. Stir the solution in each well with a clean plastic microspatula.
12. Observe the pH of all the solutions and record your observations in the table.
A1 (Vinegar)
A2 (Lemon juice)
A3 (Soap solution)
A4 (Distilled water)
A5 (Carbonated drink)
A6 (Tap water)
A7 (Rain water)
A8 (HCl)
A9 (NaOH)
Conclusions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
68
Chapter 7: Acid and Bases
E. Determining the end point of the titration between hydrochloric acid, HCl and
sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution using an acid-base indicator.
Objective: To determine the end point of the titration between hydrochloric acid,
HCl and sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution using an acid-base indicator
Materials: 0.100 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide,
NaOH, phenolphthalein solution.
Figure 7.8
69
Procedure:
1. Assemble the microburette as shown. Push the plastic microstand into well D2 of the
comboplate. Orient the pairs of arms on the central stem of the microstand so that one
arm of each pair is directly above well F1. Clip the assembled microburette into each
arm of the microstand above well F1.
2. Put the comboplate on a piece of white paper.
3. Rinse the 2 cm3 microburette with the sodium hydroxide solution in the following
way:
(i) Set up the microburette as in Figure 7.8 by attaching the plastic
syringe to the top of the 2 cm3 microburette using silicone tubing.
Place the plastic tip at the other end of the microburette.
(ii) Rinse the microburette with sodium hydroxide. Use the syringe to fill
up the microburette through the plastic tip. Repeat this rinsing process
twice.
4. Fill the rinsed microburette with exactly 1.00 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution.
Dispense all this solution into well F1 of the comboplate. Repeat this step twice,
dispensing the 1.00 cm3 aliquots of sodium hydroxide into wells, F2 and F3.
6. Rinse the microburette at least three times with the hydrochloric acid, HCl.
7. Fill the microburette with the HCl to the 0.00 cm3 level (or there about). Read the
level of the meniscus and record this as the initial volume of HCl (titration 1).
8. Use the thin stemmed propette to add one drop of phenolphthalein solution to the
NaOH in the well F1.
9. Position the microburette above the comboplate so that the tip of the microburette is
above well F1.
Note: Do not place the microburette too close to well F1 as the plastic
microspatula may knock against it during stirring of the solution in the well. This
may cause drops of the solution to splash out of the well.
10. Push down gently on the syringe plunger and add one drop of HCl into well F1. Stir
the solution in well F1 with plastic microspatula. Be careful not to spill any solution
out of the well. Leave the microspatula in the well during the titration.
11. Continue to add HCl from the microburette one drop at a time until the indicator
changes colour from pink to colourless. Stir the solution in well F1 after each drop is
added.
12. Observe the volume of HCl in the microburette and record this as the final volume.
Calculate the volume of HCl dispensed.
70
13. Refill the microburette with the HCl and record the initial volume (Titration 2).
14. Add one drop of phenolphthalein indicator to the NaOH in well F2. Position the
microburette above well F2 by moving the plastic microstand to another small well in
the D row of the comboplate.
15. Now, that you know the approximate volume of the HCl required to titrate the NaOH,
you can add the HCl a little more quickly than before until about 0.04 cm3 before the
expected end point. Stir thoroughly.
16. Add the HCl slowly, one drop at a time with stirring, until the indicator changes from
pink to colourless. Record the final volume (Titration 3).
Note: Reject any results where the end point has been overshot.
Titration No. 1 2 3
Conclusions:
71
Questions:
1. a) What is the average volume of HCl needed to neutralize 25.0 cm3 of NaOH?
b) Write the equation for the neutralization reaction.
2. a) How is the end point of the titration determined?
b) How else could you determine the end point?
3. Explain the following:
a) A clean burette has to be rinsed with a little acid before filling it up.
b) There must be no air bubbles in the tip of the burette.
c) Burette readings must be taken at eye level.
d) There is no need to rinse the conical flask with NaOH.
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
72
Chapter 8: Salts
Objective: To study the solubility of nitrate, sulphate, carbonate and chloride salts.
Procedure:
Figure 8.1
73
Data and Observations:
Conclusions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
74
Chapter 8: Salts
Materials: 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, 2 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide,
KOH, phenolphthalein.
Procedure:
Figure 8.2
75
1. Use the microburette to transfer 2.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution to a
conical flask. Use the propette to add one or two drops of phenolphthalein.
2. Push the plastic microstand into well D1 of the comboplate. Orient the pairs of
arms on the central stem of the microstand so that one arm of each pair is directly
above the conical flask.
3. Fill the burette with hydrochloric acid, HCl and record the initial burette reading.
4. Titrate carefully by slowly adding the acid into the conical flask and shake well.
5. Continue adding the acid until the indicator just turns from pink to colorless.
Record the final burette reading.
6. Determine the volume of acid used to neutralize 2.0 cm3 of the base. (Let the
volume be V cm3).
Figure 8.3
1. Use a microburette to transfer 2.0 cm3 of the same potassium hydroxide solution
into a 10 cm3 conical flask. Do not add any indicator.
2. From the microburette, add exactly V cm3 of hydrochloric acid to the base and
shake well.
3. Pour the contents of the conical flask into a microcrucible.
4. Gently heat the solution to evaporate most of the water to produce a saturated
solution with a microburner.
5. Cool the hot saturated salt solution for crystallization to occur.
6. Filter to obtain the potassium chloride crystals.
76
4. Gently heat the solution to obtain a saturated salt solution with a microburner.
5. Cool the hot saturated solution to allow it to crystallize.
6. Filter and press the crystals with a few pieces of filter paper to dry them.
7. Study the physical properties of the crystals and record your observations in your
notebook.
Conclusions:
Questions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
77
Chapter 8: Salts
Objective: To prepare soluble salts by mixing an acid with an insoluble metal oxide
Materials: 2 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 and copper(II) oxide, CuO powder.
Procedure:
Figure 8.4
1. Pour 5 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid into a 10 cm3 beaker. Warm the acid with
a microburner (refer to pg 11, Chap 1).
2. Use a microspatula to add copper(II) oxide powder bit by bit into the acid. Stir the
mixture well.
3. Continue adding copper(II) oxide until some of it no longer dissolves.
4. Remove the unreacted copper(II) oxide by filtration.
5. Pour the filtrate into a microcrucible. Gently heat the salt solution to produce a
saturated solution.
78
6. Cool the saturated solution until crystals are formed.
7. Filter out the copper(II) sulphate crystals.
8. Carry out a crystallization to obtain pure copper(II) sulphate crystals.
9. Study the physical properties of the crystal and record your observation in your
notebook.
Conclusions:
Questions:
1. Give the equation for the reaction between HNO3 and copper(II) oxide.
2. Name another salt that can be prepared from the reaction between an acid and an
insoluble metal oxide.
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
79
Chapter 8: Salts
Apparatus: 10 cm3 beaker, microspatula, 25 cm3 conical flasks, filter funnel, filter
paper and syringe.
Materials: 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2, potassium iodide, KI, potassium
chromate(IV), K2Cr2O7, sodium sulphate, Na2SO4, and barium chloride,
BaCl2 solution.
Procedure:
Figure 8.5
1. Add about 0.5 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution and 0.5 cm3 of
0.5 mol dm-3 potassium iodide solution in a 10 cm3 beaker.
2. Stir the mixture thoroughly with a microspatula. A yellow precipitate forms
immediately.
3. Filter the mixture to obtain the yellow lead(II) iodide as the residue.
4. Rinse the residue with distilled water to remove any traces of other ions in it.
5. Dry the yellow residue by pressing it between two pieces of filter paper.
1. Add about 0.5 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution and 0.5 cm3 of 0.5 mol
dm-3 potassium chromate(VI) solution in a 10 cm3 beaker.
2. Stir the mixture thoroughly with a microspatula. A yellow precipitate forms
immediately.
80
3. Filter the mixture to obtain the yellow lead(II) chromate(VI) as the residue.
4. Rinse the residue with distilled water and dry it between two pieces of filter
paper.
1. Add about 0.5 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 barium chloride solution and 0.5 cm3 of 0.5
mol dm-3 sodium sulphate solution in a 10 cm3 beaker.
2. Stir the mixture thoroughly with a microspatula. A white precipitate forms
immediately.
3. Filter the mixture to obtain the white barium sulphate as the residue.
4. Rinse the residue with distilled water and dry it between two pieces of filter
paper.
Conclusions:
Questions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
81
Chapter 8: Salts
Materials: 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 solution, 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium
chromate, K2Cr2O7 solution.
Procedure:
Figure 8.6
1. Label seven Durham tubes of the same size from 1 to 7 and place them in the
bigger wells of the comboplate.
2. Fill the syringe 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium chromate(VI) solution. Run in 0.5 cm3 of
the potassium chromate(VI) solution into each of the seven Durham tubes.
3. Fill the microburette with 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution. Add 0.10, 0.20,
0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60 and 0.70 cm3 lead(II) nitrate to each of the seven Durham
tubes respectively.
4. Shake each Durham tube well.
5. Place all the tubes in the smaller wells of the comboplate vertically using
prestick/plasticine.
6. Leave it aside for about half an hour to allow the precipitate to settle.
7. Measure the height of the precipitate in each Durham tube.
82
8. Note the colour of the solution above the precipitate in each tube.
9. Record your readings and observations in your notebook as shown in Table
below.
10. Plot a graph of precipitate height against volume of lead(II) nitrate solution.
Durham Tube 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Volume of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium chromate
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
(VI) solution (cm3)
Volume of 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
(cm3)
Height of precipitate (cm)
Colour of solution above precipitate
Conclusions:
Questions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
83
Chapter 8: Salts
Apparatus: Comboplate, silicone tube, lid 1, lid 2, syringe, microspatula, glass rod,
W-tube, microburner, combustion and fusion tube, toothpick, propette,
forceps.
Procedure:
Figure 8.7
1. Use the spooned end of a plastic microspatula to place one leveled spatula of
manganese dioxide powder into well F1 of the comboplate.
2. Seal the well securely with lid 1.
84
3. Attach a piece of silicone tubing to the tube connector on lid 1 so that it slants
away from the syringe inlet.
4. Connect the free end of the silicone tube to the glass combustion tube as shown in
Figure 8.6.
5. Fill the syringe with 0.5 cm3 of freshly prepared 10% hydrogen peroxide solution.
6. Fit the syringe into the syringe inlet on lid 1, but do not add the hydrogen
peroxide to the well yet.
7. Light the microburner (refer to pg 11, Chap 1) and put it down away from the
comboplate.
8. Take the toothpick and hold the narrow end of the splint in the flame of the
microburner until it begins to burn.
9. While the top 1 to 2 cm of the splint is burning, slowly add the hydrogen peroxide
to the manganese dioxide in the well.
10. When the end of the splint is glowing red, put out the flame by either blowing
softly on the splint or shaking it gently.
11. Hold the glowing portion of the splint just above the open end of the glass tube
and observe what happens.
Figure 8.8
1. Using the propette, add half of well F2 with 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
2. Add 1-2 leveled spatulas (spooned end) of zinc powder in the well.
3. Light a match, hold it horizontally placing the flame at the mouth of the well and
observe what happens.
85
III. Test for carbon dioxide gas, CO2
Figure 8.9
1. Using the spooned end of the microspatula, place 2 leveled spatulas of calcium
carbonate powder into well F3.
2. Cover well F3 with lid 1.
3. Using a clean propette, fill ¾ of the well F4 with the limewater. Cover well F4
with lid 2.
4. Join well F3 to well F4 by attaching the silicone tube to the tube connectors on
lids of wells F3 and F4.
5. Fill the syringe with 1.0 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid. Fit the syringe into lid 1
on well F3.
6. Add the acid dropwise to the calcium carbonate powder in well F3. Observe what
happens.
Figure 8.10
86
1. Using the propette, add half of well F5 with dilute sodium hydroxide solution.
2. Add 1 leveled spatula of ammonium chloride into the well and stir the mixture
with a microspatula.
3. Bring a piece of moist red litmus paper to the mouth of the well. Observe what
happens to the litmus paper.
Figure 8.11
Figure 8.12
87
1. Place 1 leveled spatula of sodium chloride in well F1.
2. Using a propette, add 5-6 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid in well E1.
3. Immerse the glass rod in the concentrated ammonia solution and bring it to the
mouth of well E1. Observe what happens.
Figure 8.13
88
VIII. Test for nitrogen dioxide gas, NO2.
Figure 8.14
1. Use the narrow end of microspatula to place the lead(II) nitrate powder in a clean
glass fusion tube.
2. Hold the fusion tube using the forceps.
3. Heat the fusion tube with lead(II) nitrate slowly at first and then stronger. Test the
gases formed using moist blue litmus paper.
4. Record the colour of the gas and any changes happen to the litmus paper.
Hydrogen
gas, H2
Carbon
dioxide gas,
CO2
Ammonia
gas, NH3
Chlorine gas,
Cl2
89
Hydrogen
chloride gas,
HCl
Sulphur
dioxide gas,
SO2
Nitrogen
dioxide gas,
NO2
Conclusions:
Questions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4,Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
90
Chapter 8: Salts
Apparatus: Comboplate, silicone tube, lid 2, glass fusion tube, propettes, crossarms
for the microstand, microspatula, microburner, prestik/plasticine, forceps,
splinter.
Procedure:
I. Carbonate salts
Figure 8.15
1. Hold the fusion tube in a horizontal position. Use the narrow end of a plastic
microspatula to fill about ½ of the fusion tube with copper(II) carbonate powder.
2. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 8.13 (refer to pg 11, Chap 1 to set up
microburner).
3. Heat the carbonate salt strongly.
4. Observe any changes that occur to the lime water.
5. Observe the color of the residue when it is hot and when it is cold.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 using each of the carbonates listed in the following table to
replace the copper(II) carbonate.
7. Record all your observations in your notebook.
91
Data and Observations:
Discussion:
Figure 8.16
92
1. Use the narrow end of a microspatula to place the sodium nitrate powder in a
clean glass fusion tube.
2. Hold the fusion tube using a pair of forceps.
3. Heat the fusion tube slowly and then stronger. Test the gases formed with the
splinter and litmus paper.
4. Record the colour of the gas and any changes that happens to the solid in the
fusion tube.
5. Leave the residue in the fusion tube to cool and record its colour.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 using each of the nitrate salts listed in the table to replace
sodium nitrate.
7. Record all your observations in your notebook.
Questions:
1. Do all nitrates salts decompose to produce the same salts? Justify your answer
with your observations.
2. Write an equation for the decomposition of each nitrate salt.
93
Conclusions:
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
3. Tan, Y.T., Loh, W.L. & Tan, O.T. (2007). Success chemistry SPM, Integrated
Curriculum for Secondary School, Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd: Shah Alam
94
Chapter 8: Salts
Apparatus: Comboplate, silicone tube, lid 1, lid 2, syringe, propette and microspatula.
Materials: 1 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 solution, 1 mol dm-3 sodium
chloride, NaCl, 1 mol dm-3 sodium sulphate, Na2SO4 solution, 1 mol dm-3
sodium nitrate, NaNO3 solution, 1 mol dm-3 iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4
solution, 0.1 mol dm-3 silver nitrate, AgNO3 solution, 1 mol dm-3 barium
chloride, BaCl2, 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4, 2 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid, HCl, 2 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3, red litmus paper,
concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 and lime water.
Procedure:
Figure 8.17
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II. Test for chloride ion, Cl-
Figure 8.18
1. Using a propette, fill 1/3 of well F3 with the sodium chloride, NaCl solution.
2. Add 10 drops of nitric acid into the well F3.
3. Add 10 drops of silver nitrate solution to the mixture in well F3.
4. Stir the mixture using the microspatula and observe what happens.
Figure 8.19
1. Using a propette, fill 1/3 of the well F4 with the sodium sulphate solution.
2. Add 10 drops of hydrochloric acid into the well F4.
3. Add 10 drops of barium chloride solution to the mixture in well F4.
4. Stir the mixture using the microspatula and observe what happens.
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IV. Test for nitrate ion, NO3-
Figure 8.20
1. Using a propette, fill 1/3 of the well F5 with sodium nitrate solution.
2. Add 10 drops of sulphuric acid into the well F5.
3. Add 10 drops of iron(II) sulphate solution to the mixture. Stir the mixture using
microspatula to mix well.
4. Carefully, add 10 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid down the slide of the well
F5. Do not stir the mixture. Observe what happens.
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Conclusions:
Questions:
1. Give the ionic equation for the reaction between an acid and a carbonate ion.
2. a) What is the white precipitate formed in the test for Cl-?
b) Write the ionic equation.
3. a) What is the white precipitate formed in the test for SO42- ?
b) Write the ionic equation.
4. Why must the solutions be acidified first in the tests for Cl-, SO42- and NO3-?
5. Set up a table showing the test and results for each anion.
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4,Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
98
Chapter 9: Manufactured Substances in Industry
Materials: 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 and 2.0 mol dm-3 ammonia, NH3
solution, phenolphthalein.
Procedure:
Figure 9.1
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1. Use the microburette to transfer 2.0 cm3 of ammonia solution to a conical flask.
Use a propette to add one or two drops of phenolphthalein.
2. Push the plastic microstand into well D1 of the comboplate. Orient the pairs of
arms on the central stem of the microstand so that one arm of each pair is directly
above the conical flask.
3. Fill a clean microburette with sulphuric acid and record the initial burette reading.
4. Titrate carefully by slowly adding the acid into the conical flask and stirring well
with a microspatula.
5. Continue adding the acid until the indicator just turns from pink to colourless.
Record the final burette reading.
6. Determine the volume of acid used to neutralize 2.0 cm3 of the base. (let the
volume be V cm3).
Figure 9.2
1. Use the microburette to transfer 2.0 cm3 of the same ammonia solution into a 10
cm3 conical flask. Do not add any indicator.
2. From the burette, add exactly V cm3 of sulphuric acid to the ammonia solution
and stir well.
3. Pour the contents of the conical flask into a microcrucible.
4. Gently heat the solution with a microburner to evaporate most of the water to
produce a saturated solution.
5. Stop the heating and cool the hot saturated salt solution in order for crystallization
to occur.
6. Filter to obtain the ammonium sulphate crystals and dry it using 2 pieces of filter
paper.
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* If the salts have crystallized in the microcrucible, there is no need to filter the
solution. Just scoop out the crystals using a microspatula onto a piece of filter paper
and dry them.
Conclusions:
Questions:
1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between NH3 and H2SO4.
2. Calculate the theoretical yield of ammonium sulphate crystals you can obtain
based on your preparation.
3. The mass of ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4 crystals obtained from your
experiment will be less than the theoretical value.
References:
1. Low, S.N., Lim, Y.C., Eng, N.H., Lim, E.W. & Ahmad, U.K. & Tan, L.L. (2005).
Chemistry practical book form 4, Abadi Ilmu Sdn. Bhd: Petaling Jaya.
101