Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering

Volume 1 Issue 2

Effect of Shear Wall in Dual Structural System of Tall Buildings:

An Overview

Pradeep Pawar, Sarvesh K Jain

Department of Civil Engineering, MITS Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
E-mail: pradeeppawarmits@gmail.com, sarvkjain@gmail.com

Abstract
The use of dual structural system having shear wall has become prominent in earthquake
resistant design of tall buildings owing to its excellent performance during past earthquakes.
Use of basement and ground floor for parking and garage purposes has become a common
practice, which requires a structurally sound system to resist the seismic forces induced
during an earthquake or wind forces and in such situations shear wall proves to be a
promising element in resisting the lateral loads. This paper intends to present an overview of
various research works carried out on dual structural system having shear walls.

Keywords: Shear wall, tall buildings, dual structural system, base shear, story drift,
structural cost, lateral loads

INTRODUCTION of the building. However, it may also be

The necessary earthquake resistant
capacity in a tall building can be achieved
by providing adequate stiffness, strength
and ductility and shear wall provides an
optimum means of achieving the basic
criteria of design [1]. Shear wall is an
element which act as a vertical cantilever
used generally in multi storied building to
resist lateral forces like wind, storm, and
earthquake. Those walls are in general
continuous element starting from the
foundation and go up to the highest point
curtailed at intermediate height. Shear
wall is able to resist combination of shear,
moment and axial load induced by lateral
load and gravity load transferred to it
through other structural members. For
buildings over 30 stories, shear wall has
been an essential element to ensure
economy and minimize the lateral
deflection [1]. When shear wall is used
along with moment resisting frame in a
structure it is called dual structural system
and in this system the loads are resisted by

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both frame and shear wall. Contribution of
wall in resisting overturning moments,
storey shear forces and storey shear
depends upon geometric configuration,
materials used, orientation and location
within the plane of the building [1]. Shear
wall may be classified into various types
like short or tall wall and slender or squat
wall on the basis of aspect ratio;
reinforced, steel plate, plywood, mid ply
or masonry shear wall on the basis of used
material; deep straight walls, U shaped
walls or box shaped walls on the basis of
shape.
Action of Shear Wall in Resisting Loads
Use of shear wall provides an efficient
solution to stiffen a structural system of a
building as it increases the rigidity against
lateral load of the building. Shear wall
increases significantly the stiffness and
strength of the building in the direction of
its orientation. This results in marked
reduction in lateral sway of the building.
Generally, the shear wall transfers the load
to the next element below it in the load
path. It helps in reducing the side sway of
above members like roof or floor. It also
prevents the floor and roof framing
members from moving off their supports
when they are stiffened enough and also
reduces the non structural damages [2].
2 Page 1-14 © MAT Journals 2015. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
Volume 1 Issue 2
Failures in Shear Wall
Seismic response of a multi-storeyed
building generally depends upon the
distribution of mass, stiffness and strength
in horizontal and longitudinal direction of
the building. In earthquake resistant
structural design of a building the main
focus is laid upon providing structural
safety against lateral load in order to avoid
total collapse of the building during an
earthquake. As per the past experiences
following are the failures observed in RC
shear walls [1]:-
1. Failures due to plastic hinge formation
which takes place over a region
(normally at the base of the wall) due
to excessive cracking of concrete and
yielding of steel.
2. Shear failure of the wall due to
following five different modes:-
a. Shear failure from plastic hinge action.
b. Crushing due to diagonal compression.
c. Tensile failure of vertical steel.
d. Crushing of concrete due to vertical
compression.
e. Sliding shear failure along horizontal
cracks.
ANALYTICAL METHODS
In view of being critical element for
earthquake resistant design of tall
buildings, large number of studies has
been made for looking into various aspects

of shear wall and comparing it with other
alternative. N. F. El-Leithy et al. studied
various structural systems and tried to
suggest a structural system for different
building heights, suitable for limiting the
wind drift to acceptable limits considering
the economy of the structural system [3].
Design considerations were made
according to ACI 318-05(American
Code). ETAB software was used for 3D
modelling and analysis which was also
verified manually. Comparisons were
made for various structural systems viz. 1)
rigid frame (consisting of beams and
columns), 2) Shear wall/ central core
(consists of vertical stiffening element), 3)
Wall-frame interacting (combination of
shear walls and rigid frame), 4) Outrigger
System (outriggers connected directly to
core and exterior column), 5) Tubular
System (rigid diaphragm connected to
exterior and interior tubes). Comparison
was made with respect to consumption of
concrete, natural periods of structure, base
shear values and wind drift. Author
suggested increasing the size of the
member in a cost effective way if lateral
wind drift in any storey exceeds allowable
limit. They concluded that (i) rigid frame
system is suitable up to 20 stories or 70
metre height; (ii) In the case of building
with shear wall/central core, the wind drift
is slightly more than the allowable limits
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Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
Volume 1 Issue 2
in 20 stories and it is more economical
than rigid frame; (iii) Shear wall frame
interactive system is more conservative for
heights up to 20 stories and is
recommended in the range of 30 to 40
stories (105 m to 140 m); (iv) Outrigger
system is suitable in the range of 20 to 60
stories (70 m to 210 m) for which it is the
most economical structure; (v) Tubular
system is suitable in the range of 30 to 70
stories (105 m to 245 m) and it is the
stiffest system as compared to other
systems.
P.S. Kumbhare, A.C. Saoji carried out a
comparative study to find the effectiveness
of reinforced concrete shear wall in
medium rise buildings [4]. Five different
models used for the study were: - 1) Bare
frame without shear wall, 2) Dual type
structural system with one wall on each
side, 3) Shear wall at corner, 4) Interior
shear wall and 5) Shear wall at all sides in
corner. Beams and columns were
modelled as two noded beam elements
with six degree of freedom at each node.
Equivalent static analysis (or linear static
analysis) was performed on models to
obtain the values of various parameters
viz. shear force, bending moment,
displacement, storey shear and storey drift.
The authors found that dual structural
systems have lesser values for the design
 Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
Volume 1 Issue 2

parameters as compared to bare frame. made on lateral deformation and Von

They concluded that dual structural system mises stress for discrete reinforcement and
having shear wall are very effective in smeared reinforcement, the author
resisting lateral forces induced by observed that the lateral deformation and
earthquake but bare frame system can also von mises were almost matching in the
be used for medium rise buildings in high two cases. Hence, author proposed to use
seismic zones from the economical point discrete reinforcement detailing for the
of view. dynamic analysis.

N Sivakumar et al. discussed the Sangani, G.I Prajapati carried out a

possibilities of modelling reinforcement
detailing of reinforced concrete shear wall
models in practical use to describe
behaviour of composite
concrete material [5]. Shear wall was
modelled on ANSYS using solid 65
elements (Eight noded solid elements
capable of cracking and crushing) in two
ways. 1) Shear wall with
reinforcement property and 2) Shear wall
with smeared reinforcement property, both
subjected to in plane static loading. Solid
65 element capable of predicting failure of
brittle materials and LINK 8 element
(uniaxial tension-compression element),
capable of plastic deformation, stress
stiffening and large deflection were used
to investigate the stress
reinforcement. Non linear finite element
analysis of models under static loading
was carried out to obtain
deformation (or deformed shape) and Von
mises stress. On the basis of comparison
detailed analysis and design as per
provisions of IS codes for three types of
buildings having same plan, geometry and
reinforced aspect ratio namely 1) Special moment
resisting frames (SMRF), 2) Combination
of SMRF and shear wall at the corners and
3) Combination of SMRF and shear wall
at the centre of outer frame [6]. The values
discrete of lateral displacement, story drift and
time period were obtained. The authors
also estimated the structural cost of the
beams, columns and shear wall (Excluding
slab, Scaffolding, labour, foundation
costs) and compared the cost of 3
buildings on the basis of steel used (in
kgs) and concrete used (in cubic metre).
They considered seismic zone IV and type
along the 1 soil (rock or hard soil) for foundation.
Analysis was carried out in SAP 2000
using various load combination and
lateral designed accordingly. The shear wall was
modelled by shell element. On the basis of
the comparison, authors concluded that the

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Type 1 building is having highest
structural cost and Type 3 is having least
structural cost. But Type 2 building is
having least lateral displacement and
storey drift as compared to others.
R.S. Malik et al. studied the seismic
response of the framed structure with
curtailment of shear walls (provided at the
outermost frame panels) and effect of
height on such curtailments [7]. The
author considered 3 buildings having
regular plan with varying number of
storeys viz. 10, 20 and 30 storeys. The
analysis was done by 3D models in
STAAD for shear wall up to 50% building
height to shear wall up to full height,
increasing the height in steps of 10% of
total building height respectively. The
analysis was carried out as per IS–1893:
2002(Part-I) to compute the storey shear,
lateral displacement and Inter storey drift
for various models. They concluded that
the outermost frame with shear wall
attracts more storey shear due to
earthquake forces because of higher lateral
stiffness and the share is more for medium
height buildings of about 20 storeys which
gets reduced with decrease in the height of
frame (10 storey) and slightly more
reduced with increase in frame height (30
storey). Storey shear taken by shear wall-
frame also get reduced with curtailment of
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Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
Volume 1 Issue 2
shear wall and shear wall can be curtailed
at 60% height from the base of the
building for almost all heights without
much affecting the lateral load resisting
capacity of the frame.
Uttamasha Gupta et al. compared the
behaviour of multi-storey buildings 1)
having flat slab with drops and 2) having 2
way slabs with beams, in order to study
the effect of shear wall on the performance
of these two types of building under
seismic forces [8]. Generally, the structure
having flat slabs are more vulnerable to
seismic forces because of their more
flexibility in comparison with rigid frame
structure having beams, columns and two
way slabs. Six cases of the multi-storied
buildings having shorter and larger plan
geometry with varying storey heights were
considered and for all the cases three
models viz. 1) Beam column frame, 2)
Beam column frame with two way slabs
and 3) Column frame having flat slabs
with drops were analyzed using STAAD-
Pro by providing rigidity at various floors.
They compared the response parameters
such as lateral displacement and storey
drift for all 3 models and concluded that
the drift values are more in frame having
flat slabs with drops in shorter plan while
drift values are lower in larger plans and
for all the cases the drift values show

maximum value lying somewhere near the
middle storey. Also the presence of shear
wall in larger plans compensates the
column reinforcement but not in smaller
plans.
Varsha R. Harne studied the performance
of shear wall at different location in a six-
storied building [9]. STAAD-Pro was used
to model and analyse four different
models 1) structure without shear wall 2)
structure with L type shear wall 3)
structure with shear wall along periphery
and 4) structure with cross type shear wall.
The author compared the response of
models on the basis of parameters namely
lateral deflection, shear force and bending
moment. It was observed that the model
having L-type shear wall underwent
minimum lateral deflection as compared to
others for the most critical
combination of 1.5 DL+ 1.5 EQX. The
bending moment was found to
maximum for fourth model as compared
to other models. Author also observed that
deflection at top gets reduced for second
model which also observed to be more
efficient in resisting lateral forces as
compared to others.
Shahzad, Umesh studied a 25 storey
building with five different locations of
shear wall and analyzed the models by
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Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
Volume 1 Issue 2
ETAB software [10]. The models chosen
for the studies were 1) bare frame model,
2) shear wall at centre only, 3) shear wall
at centre and outer edge parallel to X
direction, 4) shear wall at centre and outer
edge parallel to Y direction, 5) shear wall
at centre and at outer edges parallel to X &
Y direction both. They compared the
parameters like storey drift, base shear and
displacement by using two different
methods of analysis i.e., (i) equivalent
static method and (ii) response spectrum
method. On the basis of analysis carried
out by the two methods, authors observed
that the presence of shear wall
significantly affects the seismic response
behaviour of the frame structure and
increases its strength and stiffness. They
concluded that model 5 is having
maximum base shear, minimum lateral
load displacement and minimum storey drift as
compared to rest of the models. They
be suggested that the best location for the
wall is to place it at outer edges parallel to
both X & Y directions.
P.P Chandurkar, P.S Pajgade carried out
the seismic analysis of four different
models of a ten story reinforced concrete
building assuming each of these models to
be located in zone II, zone III, and zone V
[11]. The four models were 1) bare framed
structure, 2) dual system with one shear
 Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
Volume 1 Issue 2

wall on each side, 3) dual system with the decrements of the ductility of bracing
shear wall on corner with L= 4.5 m, and elements which is under axial loads in the
4) dual system with shear wall on corner conceptual design of building and
with L= 2 m. Authors used ETAB concluded that a level of ductility for
software for analyzing each of the four seismic bracing system should be utilized
models. They calculated various for energy absorption and also for
parameters like lateral displacement, providing more level of ductility.
storey drift and estimated the costing of Confinement of concrete should be
single floor for all the four models. On the provided in shear wall in order to get more
basis of comparative study they concluded stable behaviour.
that 1) if the position of shear wall is
changed it will affect the attraction of Misam & Magulkar studied the
forces, so that wall must be in proper performance of soft storey at lower level
position. 2) Horizontal forces resisted by in high rise buildings and also investigated
shear wall increases with increase in the effect of adding shear wall for
dimension of shear wall. 3) Providing reducing soft storey effect on the seismic
shear walls at proper locations response of building [13]. Four different
substantially reduces the displacements models were considered 1) bare frame
caused by earthquake vibration. 4) Shear model without shear wall, 2) shear wall–
walls results into economical and effective frame building with shear wall at exterior
design of high rise buildings. panel along one horizontal direction, 3)
shear wall-frame building with shear wall
O. Esmaili et al. considered a tall building at corners and 4) shear wall-frame
of 56 stories located in high seismic zone building with shear wall at centre.
and studied the structural aspects of the Modelling was done in SAP 2000
building [12]. The author considered software and both linear and non-linear
overall torsion, construction sequence and analysis were carried out to compare the
time dependent defects to assess the parameters like shear force, bending
special aspects of the tower and its seismic moment, stiffness and displacement in two
load bearing system in which shear wall horizontal directions. The authors
system with irregular openings were observed that the shear force and bending
utilized under both lateral and gravity moment was considerably reduced in
loads. The author suggested considering shear wall-frame models as compared to

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bare frame model. When shear walls were
used at corners, displacement and story
drift was considerably reduced. The author
concluded that the large opening in the
lowest floor which was reducing the
stiffness as compared to the stiffness at the
storey above, shear wall is a help to
eliminate seismic failure of soft story in
high rise building and use of shear wall
also provide efficiency in retrofitting of
structures on the consideration of level of
operation and safety with minimum
requirements.
Venkata Sairam Kumar N et al. carried
out a study to observe the effect of change
in height and length of the shear wall,
keeping the thickness as constant [14].
The building had same plan and varied
height and assumed to be located in
various seismic locations for varying
heights of the building. The authors
carried out the analysis using Resist
software for a building under lateral
loading and considered both wind and
earthquake load for analysis. The author
observed that the length of the shear wall
increases linearly with the increase in
height of the building. The graph for base
shear was observed to vary linearly and
for base moment it is in power equation
pattern, as the base area increases the
stability of the building also increases and
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Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
Volume 1 Issue 2
with an increase in stability minimum
thickness to prevent buckling of shear wall
is decreased.
Venkatesh S.V, H. Sharada Bai considered
two different system for a 10 storey
building viz. 1) basic moment resisting
framed structure and 2) framed structure
provided with two different types of shear
wall (internal and external) to study the
effect of shear wall and its orientation
through various parameters like maximum
joint displacement, support reaction,
column forces, beam forces principle
stresses and shear stress [15]. They
conducted linear static analysis to obtain
above parameters. They observed that the
structure having shear wall with square
column gives better performance than the
rectangular column having different
orientations under lateral loads and
concluded that (i) thickness of shear wall
does not have much effect on decreasing
of shear stresses and (ii) interior shear wall
is more effective when compared to
external shear walls.
Kaustubh Dasgupta considered a structural
wall of a 5 storey building having
symmetrical plan and studied the effect if
the walls are provided with (i) linear
tapered and (ii) curvilinear taper below
ground level and carried out elastic finite

element analysis using SAP 2000 [16].
Author investigated each one for two
different cases of soil contact i.e., full
contact and partial contact of footing.
After complete analysis, author compared
parameters like deflection and shear stress
contours and concluded that the
curvilinear tapered walls give better shear
distribution as the stress is reduced with
increase in the height of the taper. They
suggested changing the height of taper in
order to change the location of damage
which is the D-region or disturbed region
(end regions of wall which get irregular
stress distribution and flow of forces) in
shear wall.
M.S. Medhekar, Sudhir K. Jain carried
out an extensive study of the codes of
other countries on design and detailing of
RC shear wall and presented an example
of design and detailing of shear wall for a
two storey building [17]. On the basis of
the study, authors recommended various
provisions for shear strength requirements,
flexural strength, boundary elements and
reinforcement around openings which
were not incorporated at that time by
Indian standards.
K. Yoshimura, K. Kikuchi studied the
convenient methods for evaluation of
lateral stiffness of RC shear wall arranged
9 Page 1-14 © MAT Journals 2015. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
Volume 1 Issue 2
irregularly in low rise building frames
[18]. The authors considered 38 models of
buildings having different irregular
arrangement of shear walls and carried out
both Eigen value and static analysis
against the lateral forces. The values of
deformations obtained were divided into 3
separate components i.e., flexural
deformations, shear deformation and rigid
body rotation and on the basis of this
along with lateral shears carried by the
walls, values of lateral stiffness-flexure,
shear and rotational rigidities were
determined and compared. The results
obtained by simple practical methods with
the values obtained through above analysis
considering exact stiffness matrices. They
observed that the shear and flexural
rigidities can be evaluated by simple
practical equation as their values are not
much affected by the different
arrangement of shear wall and are constant
throughout the height of the building.
Further the shear wall arrangement pattern
impacts the rotational deformations to a
greater extent. It was concluded that the
values of lateral displacement, member
forces, fundamental period of vibration
and modal participation function can be
evaluated approximately using lateral
stiffness of the walls obtained from simple
practical methods.

S. Greeshma, K.P. Jaya carried out a
detailed study of various reinforcement
detailing generally adopted for the shear
wall and slab connection [19]. The
objective was to find an optimum
connection detailing between shear wall
and slab. Author considered a six storey
RCC building having shear wall located in
seismic Zone III and founded on medium
soil. They carried out three-dimensional
non linear finite element analysis of the
shear wall-slab connection in ANSYS
software considering three different
seismic loading of El Centro, Northridge
& Loma Prieta type. Three types of
connection 1) 90 degree bent at the
connection 2) 45 degree cross
reinforcement and 3) hook bars type of
connection were used and time history
analysis was carried out respectively. The
authors evaluated the shear force, bending
moments and axial forces around the wall
slab interface for different load
combinations and concluded that the Shear
wall- diaphragm connection with hook is
more efficient under the action of lateral
loads as compared to other two.
S.K. Madan et al. studied the response of
the combination of the braces and shear
wall in dual structural system [20]. They
carried out a detailed analysis and design
of three structural systems 1) having shear
10 Page 1-14 © MAT Journals 2015. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
Volume 1 Issue 2
wall, 2) having braces and 3) having a
combination of shear wall and braces for
10, 15, 20 storey building. Dynamic
analysis was carried out using STAAD-
Pro to obtain and compare the
fundamental time period, lateral
displacement, lateral stiffness and storey
shear. Authors concluded that change in
location of the lateral load resisting
element does not affect the fundamental
time period. Shear wall and braces
improved the seismic response of the dual
structural system and the combination of
braces at the outer bay and shear wall at
the middle bay was the most effective
arrangement for greater lateral load
resistance.
Prasad Ramesh investigated the
performance of shear wall on sloping
ground and effect of positions of shear
walls [21]. For this author modelled four
different models of G+7 storied building
having two shear walls on the sloping side
and two on the other side of the building.
The four models were:- 1) Bare frame
structural system, 2) Dual structural
system having all the shear wall towards
the shorter column of the building at
corners, 3) Dual structural system having
all shear wall towards longer columns, 4)
Dual structural system having shear wall
symmetrically arranged in plan. Author

modelled slab and shear wall using shell
element in SAP 2000 software and carried
out Response spectrum analysis to obtain
displacement, storey drift, and maximum
forces in four interior columns of a panel
and observed that the location of shear
wall on sloping ground is an important
aspect in resisting earthquake forces.
Further they found that short columns are
the most critical member on sloping
ground. Author recommended locating the
shear wall towards the shorter column
side.
CONCLUSION
The review of literature reveals that a
considerable amount of analytical research
work has been carried out to explore the
usability and effectiveness of different
types of shear wall in resisting lateral
loads. Interest of the researchers lied in
studying response, economy, perfect
location of shear wall, measures to
enhance reinforcement detailing
curtailment of height of shear wall for
different types of structural system (or
buildings) with varying storey heights
through various parameters like natural
period, base shear, strength of shear wall,
storey drift, lateral displacement,
structural cost etc. Following conclusions
can be drawn from the review of the
literature:-
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Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
Volume 1 Issue 2
 Shear walls can be used in resisting
both lateral loads and gravity loads in
tall buildings as well as in medium rise
buildings.
 Dual structural system with shear wall
is more economical and efficient in
resisting lateral loads as compared to
bare frame structures for tall buildings.
 It is important to provide a shear wall
at an appropriate position, where
centre of rigidity and mass either
coincide or remain closer.
 Seismic response of a structure can be
enhanced if shear walls are provided at
centre or at corner along the outer
edges.
 Providing shear wall in buildings
having soft stories may help to
eliminate seismic failure of such
buildings.
 Shear walls may be used in retrofitting
of structures.
 Thickness of shear wall doesn’t have
and
much influence on decreasing of shear
stresses as compared to the length of
the wall.
 L type shear wall is more efficient in
resisting lateral loads.
 Interior shear walls are more efficient
than the exterior shear walls in
resisting lateral loads.
 Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
Volume 1 Issue 2

 Shear walls may also be used along Engineering Research and

with braces to enhance the response of
a structure during seismic loading.
 The shear walls can be tapered in
curvilinear manner below ground level
to get better shear distribution.
 Shear wall-diaphragm connection with
hook is more efficient in resisting
lateral loads.
Technology. 2012; 1(4).
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et al. Analytical study on flanged
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 Arrangement pattern of shear wall in a Structural Economics of Earthquake

building impacts the rotational resistant design of RC building with

deformation. and without shear wall. ICI Journal;

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