65th BPSC Bihar Special & CA 2019

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By: A K Upadhyay
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3
Profile of Bihar
िबहार का प रचय
(As per Govt. data)
Bihar is located in the eastern part of the country (between 83°-30'

83° to 88°-00'
00' longitude). It is an
entirely land–locked
locked state, although the outlet to the sea through the port of Kolkata is not far
away. Bihar lies mid-way
way between the humid West Bengal in the east and the sub humid Uttar
Pradesh in the west which provides it with a transitional position in respect of climate, economy
and culture. It is bounded by Nepal in the north and by Jharkhand in the south. The Bihar plain is
divided intoo two unequal halves by the river Ganga which flows through the middle from west to
east.
Physical Features
Latitude 24°-20'-10" ~ 27°-31'-15 N
Longitude 83°-19'-50" ~ 88°-17'-40" E
Rural Area 92,257.51 sq. kms
Urban Area 1,095.49 sq. kms
Total Area 94,163.00 sq. kms
Height above Sea-Level 173 Feet
Normal Rainfall 1,205 mm
Avg. Number of Rainy Days 52.5 Days in a Year
Administrative Units
Divisions 9
Districts 38
Sub-Divisions 101
CD Blocks 534
Panchayats 8,406
Number of Revenue Villages 45,103
Number of Urban Agglomerations 14
Number of Towns 199
- Statutory Towns 139
- Non-Statutory Towns 60
Police Stations 853
- Civil Police Stations 813
- Railway Police Stations 40
Police Districts 43

By: A K Upadhyay
4

- Civil Police District 39
- Railway Police District 4
Key Statistics - as per 2011 Census
10,40,99,452 (8.6% of
Population
India)
- Male 5,41,85,347
- Female 4,96,19,290
Population (0~6 Years Group)
- In Absolute Numbers 1,91,33.964
96,15,280
89,66,949
- Percentage of Total Population 17.90%
17.75%
18.07%
Literacy
- In Absolute Numbers 5,43,90,254
3,27,11,975
2,16,78,279
- Percentage of Total Population 61.82%
71.2%
51.5%
Decadal Population Growth (2001-
(2001
2011)
- Absolute 2,08,06,128
- As Percentage 25.07%
Madhepura District
Highest Decadal Growth at
(30.65%)
Lowest Decadal Growth at Gopalganj District (18.83%)
- Civil Police Stations 813
- Railway Police Stations 40
Density of Population 1,102 per sq kms
- Highest Density Sheohar, 1882 per sq kms
- Lowest Density Kaimur, 488 per sq kms
Most Populous District Patna: 57,72,804
Least Populous District Sheikhpura: 6,34,927
Sex Ratio (Females/Thousand Males) 916
- Highest Ratio (Gopalganj) 1,015

By: A K Upadhyay
5

(Munger and Bhagalpur)
- Lowest Ratio
879
Highest Literacy Rate Rohtas, 75.59%
Lowest Literacy Rate Purnia, 52.49%
Average Population of a District 27,31,701
Educational Institutions
Universities Research Institutions Agriculture/Forestry

restry Colleges
Engineering Colleges Law Colleges Fine Arts Colleges
Management Institutions Ayurvedic Colleges

College Laboratory/Research Centres
Medical Colleges Veterinary Colleges Other Educational Centres
Universities
Aryabhatta Knowledge
nowledge University, Patna.
Patna University, Patna.
Chanakya National Law University, Patna.
Patna
Magadh University, Bodh Gaya.
Baba Saheb Bhim Rao Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur.
Tilka Manjhi, Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur.
Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga.
Kameshwar
shwar Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University, Darbhanga.
Jaiprakash University, Chapra.
Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University, Madhepura.
Vir Kunwar Singh
h University, Arrah.
Nalanda Open University, Patna.
Mazrul Haque Arabi-Farsi
Farsi University, Patna.
Rajendra Agriculture University, Pusa.
Engineering Colleges
Bihar College of Engineering
neering Patna University, Patna -.
Bhagalpur College of Engineering Sabour, Bhagalpur -

By: A K Upadhyay
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Bihar Institute of Silk and Textile, Bhagalpur, Bihar.
College of Agricultural Engineering, Rajendra Agriculture
Agriculture University, Pusa, Samastipur
Maulana Azad College of Engineering & Technology Patna -
Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology,
Technology Muzaffarpur
Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Dairy Technology,
Technology, Rajendra Agriculture University Patna
R. P. Sharma Institute of Technology (Patna -
Management Institutions
Chandragupt Institute of Management, Patna.
Gaya College (Affiliated to Magadh
Mag University), Gaya, Bihar.
Indian Institute of Business Management Buddh Marg, Patna -
L.N.Mishra Institute of Economic Development and Social Changes, Patna.
Patna Women's College (Affiliated
(Affiliate to Patna University), Bailey Road, Patna.
Shanti Sewa Samiti's Indian Institute of Hotel Management, , Patna -
Medical Colleges
Darbhanga Medical College, Laheriasarai.
Shree Krishna Medical College, Muzaffarpur.
Patna Medical College, Patna.
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur.
A. N. Magadh Medical College, Gaya
Nalanda Medical College, patna.
Katihar Medical College, katihar.
Mata Gujri Medical College, Kshanganj.
Research Institutions
Central Fuel Research Institute, Jalgorda.
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute, Agamkuan, Patna.
Bihar Research Institute, Patna.
K. P. Jaiswal Research Institute, Patna.
Dr. A. N. Sinha Research Institute, Patna.
Darbhanga Research Institute, Darbhanga.
Law Colleges
B.M.T. Law College (Autonomous), Purnia.
T.N.B. Law College,, Bhagalpur.
S.K.J. Law College, Muzaffarpur.

By: A K Upadhyay
7

A.M. Collge, Gaya.
Maharaja College, Arrah, Bojpur.
Patna Law College, Patna.
Bidheh Law College, Madhubani.
Law College, Samastipur.
Shivanand Mandal Law College, Madhepura.
M.S. College, Motihari.
Ayurvedic Colleges
Tibbti College, Patna.
Astang Ayurvedic College, Bhagalpur.
Shiv Kumari Ayurvedic College, Begusarai.
Ayurvedic College, Patna.
Maharani Rameshwari Mahavidyalay, Darbhanga.
Veterinary Colleges
Bihar Veterinary College, Patna.
Faculty of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Samastipur.
Agriculture/Forestry Colleges and Universities

Bihar Agriculture College, Bhagalpur.
Tirhut College of Agriculture,
culture, Muzaffarpur.
Rajendra Agriculture University, Pusa, Samastipur.
Samastipur
Faculty of Forestry Science, Samastipur.
Fine Arts Colleges

Faculty of Fine Arts and Crafts, Bhagalpur University.
Govt. College of Arts and Crafts, Patna.
Laboratory and Research Centres

T.B. Demonstration and Training Centre, Patna.
T.B. Demonstration and Training Centre, Darbhanga.
Darbh
Central Fuel Research Institute, Jalgorda.
Nav Nalanda Mahavihar, Patna.
Other Institutions
Bihar College of Pharmacy, New Bailey Road, Patna - 801 503.

By: A K Upadhyay
8

Bihar Flying Institute, Civil Aerodrome, Patna.
Kishanganj Pharmacy College, Kishanganj - 855 107.
National Institute of Physiotherapy and Communication Disorders, PMP Bhawan, Kashi Nath
Lane, East Lohanipur, Patna - 800 003.
Patliputra College of Pharmacy, PO - Bihar Veterinary College Campus, New Bailey Road,
Patna
R.L.S.Yadav College of Pharmacy, Reshmi Complex, Kidwaipuri, Patna - 800 002.
Netraheen Chatra Vidyalay, Bhagalpur.
Balika Mahavidyalay, Lakhisarai.
Bihar Rashtrabhasha Parishad, Patna.
Prakrit Jain Shastra Aur Ahinsa Sansthan, Vaishali.
A.N.Sinha Samaj Adhyayan Sansthan, Patna.
Madersa Ajeejeeya, Bihar Sharif, Nalanda.
Science College, Patna.
Muk Badhir Vidyalay, Patna.

By: A K Upadhyay
9
(वैकि पक िवषय )
सवािधक अंकदायी िवषय ; सवािधक अंकदायी दृ ीकोण
कोण
65th BPSC MAINS CALSS & TEST SERIES
By
K. Ashutosh
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Start From : 20th October
Forest in bihar ( 2018-19)

2018
SL Item National State
1. Recorded forest area compared to geographical area 23.57% 6.87%
23
2. Total forest cover as compared to geographical area 20.64% 5.90%
3. Tree cover as compared to culturable non-forest
non area 4.56% 2.04%
4. Trees/Hectare
/Hectare of culturable non-forest
non area 12.30 13.80
2. Bihar Forests - At a Glance:
SL Description Area (in km2) %age
1. Geographical Area 94,163 100
2. Forest Area 6,473 6.87
3. Very Dense Forest 76 0.08
By: A K Upadhyay
10
4. Dense Forest 2,951 3.13

5. Open Forest 2,531 2.69
3. Protected Areas:
SL Description Number
1. Nation Parks 1
2. Sanctuaries 11
3. Protected Forest Area 3,208.47 km2
4. Protected Non-Forest
Forest Area 76.30 km2
4. Details of Protected Areas:
SL Name of Park/Sanctuary
Park/Sanctuar District Type
1. Barela SAZS Sanctuary Vaishali Sanctuary
2. Bhimbandh Sanctuary Monghyr Sanctuary
3. Gogabil Pakshi Vihar Katihar Closed Area
4. Gautambuddha Sanctuary Gaya Sanctuary
5. Kaimur Sanctuary Rohtas Sanctuary
6. Kanwar Jheel Bird Sanctuary
Sanctu Begusarai Sanctuary
7. Kusheshwarsthan Darbhanga Closed Area
8. Nagi Dam Bird Sanctuary Jamui Sanctuary
9. Nakti Dam Bird Sanctuary Jamui Sanctuary
10. Rajgir Sanctuary Nalanda Sanctuary
11. Sanjay Gandhi Botanical Garden Patna Botanical Garden
12. Udaypur Sanctuary West Champaran Sanctuary
13. Valmiki National Park West Champaran National Park
14. Valmiki Sanctuary West Champaran Sanctuary
15. Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Bhagalpur Sanctuary
Road Network in Bihar

SL NH No. Description Important Cities Length in Kms
1. 2 UP Bihar border to Bihar-
Bihar Mohania, Sasaram, Dehri, 205.70
Jharkhand border via Aurangabad, Dobhi.
Mohania, Sasaram, Dehri,
Aurangabad-Dobhi.
Dobhi.
2. 31 Bihar-Jharkhand
Jharkhand Border (Km. Bihar sharif, Bakhtiyarpur 404.00
48/0) to Bihar-W.Bengal
W.Bengal Mokamah, Barauni

By: A K Upadhyay
11
border near Dalkola (Km. Khagaria Purnea, Dalkola,

445) via Bakhtiyarpur, Kishanganj
Mokamah, Barauni,
Khagaria, Purnea & Km. 470
to km. 476.150 in
Kishanganj
3. 28 UP Bihar border to Barauni Barauni, Gopalganj, 267.30
via Gopalganj, Piprakothi,
Piprakot Piprakothi, Muzaffarpur,
Muzaffarpur, DalsinghSarai. Dalsingh Sarai.
4. 28A Piprakothi to Raxaul (Nepal Piprakothi, Raxaul 66.70
Border) via Motihari, Chapra, Motihari, Chapwa,
Ramgadwa. Ramgadwa.
5. 30 Mohania to Bakhtiyarpur
Bakhtiyar via Mohania, Bakhtiyarpur, 230.00
Kochas, Arrah, Bihta, Patna. Kochas, Arrah, Bihta,
Patna.
Sub-Total 1,173.70
6. 19 UP-Bihar
Bihar border near Manjhi Manjhi, Patna, Chapra, 93.00
to Patna via Chapra Hazipur. Hazipur.
7. 30A Fatuha-Chandi
Chandi Harnaut-
Harnaut Fatuha, Chandi, Harnaut, 69.00
Saksohra,
ksohra, Barh. Saksohra, Barh.
8. 57 Muzaffarpur-Darbhanga
Darbhanga- Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga, 310.00
Forbesganj-Purnea.
Purnea. Forbesganj, Purnea.
9. 77 Hazipur-Muzaffarpur
Muzaffarpur- Hajipur, Muzaffarpur, 139.00
Sitamarhi-Sonbarsa.
Sonbarsa. Sitamarhi, Sonbarsa.
10. 80 Mokama to Bihar Jharkhand Mojaman, Bhagalpur, 190.00
Border via Bhagalpur-
Bhagalpur Sahebganj.
Sahebganj.
11. 81 Kora to Bihar-W.Bengal
W.Bengal Kora, Katihar. 55.00
border via Katihar.
12. 82 Gaya-Rajgir,
Rajgir, Biharisharif-
Biharisharif Gaya, Rajgir, Biharsharif, 147.00
Mokamah. Mokama.
13. 83 Patna-Punpun,
Punpun, Gaya-
Gaya Patna, Punpun, Gaya, 125.00
Bodhgaya, Dobhi. Bodhyaya, Dobhi.
14. 84 Arrah on NH-30 30 to Buxar via Arrah, Buxar, Bhojpur. 74.00
Bhojpur.
15. 85 Chapra (NH-19)19) to Chapra, Gopalganj, Siwan. 92.00
Gopalganj (NH-28) 28) via
Siwan.
16. 98 Patna to Bihar-Jharkhand
Jharkhand Patna, Phulwaria, 152.00
border via Phulwari, Bhusaula, Naubatpur,
Bhusaula, Naubatpr, Bihram, Bihram, Arwal,

By: A K Upadhyay
12
Arwal, Aurangabad. Auranabad.

17. 99 Dobhi to Bihar-Jharkhand
Jharkhand Dobhi. 11.20
border.
18. 101 NH-19
19 Junction Chapra-
Chapr 65.00
Mohammadpur--NH-28
Junction.
19. 102 Chapra-Rewaghat
Rewaghat- Chapra, Rewaghat, 75.00
Muzaffarpur. Muzaffarpur
20. 103 Hajipur-Mushrigharati.
Mushrigharati. Hajipur, Mushrigharati. 59.00
21. 104 Chakia-Narhar
Narhar Pakari Bridge Chakia, Marhar Pakari 214.00
Madhuban-Shivhar
Shivhar- Bridge, Madhuban,
Sitamarhi, Harlakhi-
Harlakhi Shivhar, Sitamarhi,
Umagaon-Jainagar
Jainagar- Harlakhi, Umagaon,
Khutauna-Narahiya.
Narahiya. Jainagar, Khutauna,
Narhiya.
22. 105 Darbhanga-Aunsi
Aunsi-Jainagar. Darbhanga-Aunsi, 55.00
Jainagar.
23. 106 Birpur-Madhepura
Madhepura-Bihpur. Birpur, Madhepura, 135.10
Bihpur.
24. 107 Maheshkhunt-Saharsa
Saharsa- Maheshkhunt, Saharsa, 180.00
Rajsimri, Bakhtiyarpur, Rajsimri, Bakhtiyarpur,
Bariahi- Saharsa Baijathpur
Baijathpur- Bariahi, Saharsa,
Madhepura, Murliani, Baijathpur- Madhepura,
Purnea. Murliani, Purnea.
25. 57A Forbisganj-Jogbani.
Jogbani. Forbisganj, Jogbani. 13.00
26. 28B Chapwa-Bettiah
Bettiah-Kushinagar. Bethiah, Loria. 112.00
27. 110 Biharsharif-Ekangarsarai
Ekangarsarai- Biharsharif, Jehanabad, 90.00
Jehanabad-Arwal.
Arwal. Arwal.
Sub-Total 2,455.30
Total Length 3,629.00
28. UP Border-Gopalganj
Gopalganj- East-West Corridor. 513.30
Piprakothi-Muzaffarpur
Muzaffarpur-
Darbhanga- JhanJharpur-
JhanJharpur
Forbesganj-Araria
Araria-Purnea.
29. UP Border-Mohania
Mohania- Goldern Quadrilatral. 205.70
Aurangabad-Dobhi
Dobhi-
Jharkhand border.
Sub-Total (-) 719.00
Effective Length 2,910.00

By: A K Upadhyay
13
BIHAR
Bihar is a state in East India, bordering Nepal. It is divided by the River Ganges, which floods its
fertile plains. The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit and Pali word, Vihara which means
"abode". The region roughly encompassing
encompassing the present state was dotted with Buddhist vihara, the
abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods. It is the 13th largest state, with
an area of 94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi) and the 3rd largest by population. It is contiguous with
Uttarr Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the northern part of West Bengal to the east, and
with Jharkhand to the south.
Area 94,163.00 sq. kms

North –south 345 km
East – west 483 km
Population 10,40,99,452 (2011 census)
Establishment 1April 1912 (Bihar diwas : 22 March)
Language Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the State. Other
languages of the state are Bhojpuri (38.5 million speakers),
Maithili (25 million), Magahi (20 million), Bajjika (8.7
million), and Angika (0.7 million), of which
which only Maithili is
recognized by the government of India.
State bird House Sparrow
State animal Gaur
State flower Kachnar /Bauhinia
/ variegata
State tree Peepal
Climate Avg. temperature 27 °C (81 °F),Summer 34 °C (93
°F),Winter 10 °C (50 °F),Precipitation
°F),Precipitation 1,200 mm (47 in)
Capital Patna
Members of Lok Sabha 40
Member of rajy sabha 16
Airports Patna,Darbhanga, Gaya, Madhubani, Purnea, Muzaffarpur
Religious (Segmentation Hindus 82.7%
Hindus-

By: A K Upadhyay
14
of Population) census Muslims-16.9%

Muslims
2011 Christ
Christians-0.1%
Others
Others-0.3%
SC//ST population SC – 15.9 %
ST – 1.18 %
Festivals Apart from Chhath, all major festivals of India are
celebrated in Bihar, such as Makar Sankranti, Saraswati
Puja, Holi, Eid-ul-Fitr,
Eid Eid-ul-Adha
Adha (often called Eid
Eid-ul-
Zuha
uha in the Indian Subcontinent), Muharram, Ram Navami,
Rath yatra, Rakshabandhan, Maha Shivaratri, Durga Puja,
Diwali, Laxmi Puja, Christmas, Mahavir jayanti
Literacy 61.8% of total population
61.8
Male -71.2 %
Female – 51.5%
Districts 38
Legislature Bicameral
Bicame
Vidhan Sabha – 243
Vidhan Parishad - 75
Sex Ratio (2011 ) 916 Per Thousand male
Principal Folk Dances Jhijhian Dance, Jat-Jatin
Jat Jatin Dance, Kajari Dance, Sohar
Sohar-
Khilouna Dance, Holi Dance,Jhumeri Dance,Harvesting
Dance
Principal Crops Paddy, Wheat, Mango,
Mango, oilseeds,Tobacco, Guava, Litchi,
Pineapple, Brinjal, Cauliflower, Bhindi, and Cabbage etc.
Rivers Ganga, Sone, Kosi, Gandak, Sarayu
Principal Minerals Bihar is a producer of Steatite (945 tonnes), Pyrites (9,539
tonnes/year), Quartzite (14,865 tonnes/year),
tonnes/year), Crude Mica
(53 tonnes/year), Limeston (4,78,000 tonnes/year). Bihar
has also some good resource of Bauxite in Jamui district,
Cement Morter in Bhabhua, Dolomite in Bhabhua, Glass
sand in Bhabhua, Mica in Muzaffarpur, Nawada, Jamui,
Gaya and salt in Gaya
G and Jamui.

By: A K Upadhyay
15
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Ancient History of Bihar

By: A K Upadhyay
16

 The Ancient History of Bihar extends to the very dawn of human civilization and also
associated with the advent of earliest myths and legends of Sanatana Dharma. It was the
centre of powerful
rful kingdom, learning as culture centre for thousands of years under the
patronage of able Kingdoms. The word ‘Bihar’
‘ ’ has originated from the ‘‘Viharas’ which
means resting house of Buddhist monk but it was the Muslim rulers of 12thCentury who
started calling
ing the state as ‘Bihar’.
‘
Advent of Aryans in Bihar

1. Aryans started moving towards Eastern India in the later Vedic period (1000-600
(1000 600 BC).
2. Satapatha Brahmana mentioned the arrival and spread of Aryans.
3. Varah Puran mentions that Kikat as inauspicious place and Gaya, Punpun and Rajgir
as auspicious place.
The Mahajanpada
The Buddhist and Jaina literature mentioned that 6th century India was ruled by a number of
small kingdoms or city states dominated by Magadha. By 500 BC witnesses the emergence of
sixteen Monarchies and Republics known as the Mahajanapada.
By: A K Upadhyay
17

1. Anga: Modern divisions of Bhagalpur and Munger in Bihar and also some parts of Sahibgunj
and Godda districts of Jharkhand.
2. Magadha: Covering the divisions of Patna and Gaya with its earlier
earlier capital at Rajgriha or
Girivraj.
3. Vajji: a confederacy of eight republican clans, situated to the north of river Ganges in Bihar,
with its capital at Vaishali.
4. Malla : also a republican confederacy covering the modern districts of Deoria, Basti,
Gorakhpur
orakhpur and Siddharth nagar in Eastern U.P. with two capitals at Kusinara and Pawa.
5. Kashi: covering the present area of Banaras with its capital at Varanasi.
6. Kosala: covering the present districts of Faizabad, Gonda, Bahraich etc. with its capital aat
Shravasti.
7. Vatsa: covering the modern districts of Allahabad and Mirzapur etc. with its capital at
Kaushambi.
8. Chedi: Modern Bundelkhand with its capital at Shuktimati.
9. Kuru: covering the modern Haryana and Delhi area to the west of river Yamuna with its
capital at Indraprastha (Delhi).
10. Panchala: covering the area of Western U.P. upto the East of river Yamuna, with its capital
at Ahichhatra.
11. Surasena: covering Braj-mandal
mandal with its capital at Mathura.
12. Matsya: Covering the area of Alwar, Bharatpur and Jaipur in Rajasthan.
13. Avanti: Modern Malwa, with its capital at Ujjayani and Mahismati.
14. Ashmaka: between the rivers Narmada and Godavari with its capital at Potna.
15. Gandhara: covering the area of western part of Pakistan and Eastern
Eastern Afganistan, with its
capital at Taxila and Pushkalvati.
16. Kamboja: identified with Modern Hazara district of Pakistan.
Buddhism and Bihar

Bihar is the birth place of Buddhism because it is the place where the divine light of
enlightenment was showered on Gautama Buddha. It was a place where Buddha attained
enlightenment, delivered his first sermon which was called “Dharma Chakra Pravartana”, and
announced his “Parinirvana”.
Buddhist Literature
1. Vinaya Pitaka: It contains rules and regulations of monks and nuns.
2. Sutta Pitaka: It is a collection of short sermons of Buddha which is further divi
divided into
5 Nikayas.
3. Abhidhamma Pitaka: It contains the meta-physics
meta physics of Buddha. i.e. Religious Discourse
4. Jatakas: It is a collection of short stories related to the previous birth of Buddha.
5. Millindapanho: It contains the conversational dialogues between
between Greek King Menander
and the Buddhist saint Nagasena.
Note: Tripitakas were finally compiled during the fourth Buddhist Council and They were
written in Pali.

By: A K Upadhyay
18

Four Noble Truths
1. Sarvam Dukkham: Life is full of misery.

2. Dukha Smundra: Desire is the cause of rebirth and misery.
3. Dukha Nirodha: Misery and rebirth can be ended by conquering desire.
4. Gamini pratipad: Nirvana or salvation could be attained i.e man will be free from the circle of
birth and death by following the Eight Fold Path, ‘Astangika Marg’.
1. Samma-Ditthi — Complete or Perfect Vision

2. Samma-Sankappa — Perfected Emotion or Aspiration
3. Samma-Vaca — Perfected or whole Speech
4. Samma-Kammanta — Integral Action
5. Samma-Ajiva — Proper Livelihood
6. Samma-Vayama — Complete or o Full Effort, Energy or Vitality
7. Samma-Sati — Complete or Thorough Awareness
8. Samma-Samadhi — Full, Integral or Holistic Samadhi
Note: The term Samma means 'proper', 'whole', 'thorough', 'integral', 'complete', and 'perfect'.
Jainism and Bihar

Jainism came into existence with the advent of Vardhman Mahavira. He was
24thTrithankara as per Jain text. At the age 0f 30, he left his home in search for salvation and
for that matter, he followed the practice of an ascetic group called ‘Nirgranthas
‘Nirgranthas.’ The original
texts of Jainas were called ‘Purvas’ and were 14 in number. The list of Jain Trithankaras is given
below:
Famous Trithankaras of Jainism

Tirthankar Symbol Place of Nirvan
Lord Rishabha Bull Ashtapad(Kailasha)
Nami Natha Blue--Water Lily Samet Sikhar
Neminatha Conch Mount Girnar
Parshva Snake Samet Sikhar
Mahavira Lion Pava Puri
Doctrine of Jainism
1. The doctrine is moving around five concept: Satya; Ahimsa; Aparigraha ; Asteya ;
Brahamacharya.
2. Salvation could be achieved by the purification of soul through severe penance and practicing
triratnas.
By: A K Upadhyay
19

3. Nayavada of Jainism states that reality can be approaches from different view point and
therefore relative and knowledge cannot be absolute.
रपि लकाIAS
ल य 2020
Module class program for IAS & PCS
िव ान एवं ौ ोिगक
(सामा य िव ान के साथ )
पा रि थितक एवं पयावरण

( आपदा बंधन के साथ )
ारा
ऐ े .उपा
ऐ.क ाय
By: A K Upadhyay
20
Pre-Maurya
Maurya Dynasties under Magadha Empire
Brihadrath Dynasty
 Brihadrath was the earliest known king of Magadha and his name has been memtioned in
Rigveda. According to the Mahabharta and Puranas, Brihadrath was the eldest son of
Vasu, the Kru kind of Chedi.
Chedi Jarasandha was the famous king of the dynasty and was the
son of Brihadrath.
Haryanka Dynasty
 Bimbisara was the founder of the dynasty. He expanded the boundaries of his kingdom
through matrimonial alliances. His first wife Kosaladevi was a Kaushal pri
princess, sister of
Prasenjit. His second wife Chellana was a Licchhavi princess and third wife Kshema was
a princess of Madra clan of Punjab.
 Ajatshatru was succeeded Bimbisara. It was during his reign that Mahatama Buddha
attained ‘Mahaparinirvana’ and Lord Mahavira died in Pavapuri. First Buddhist
Council was conducted under his patronage. Udayin succeeded Ajatshatru. He founded
the city of Patliputra and made it capital city.
Shishunaga Dynasty
 Shishunaga was the founder of the dynasty. During this dynasty,

sty, Magadha has two
capital- Rajgir & Vaishali. Second Buddhist Council was organised under the Patronage
of Kalasoka.
Nanda Dynasty

By: A K Upadhyay
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 The dynasty was founded by the Mahapadmananda after killing the last Shishinaga ruler
Nandivardhana. He has been described
descri in the Purans as Mahapadma or
Mahapadmapati. He was also referred as Ugrasena in Mahabodhivamsa. Dhana
Nanda was the last ruler of Nanda dynasty and was contemporary of Magadha.
Rise and Growth of Magadha Empire

Mauryan Empire
 Mauryan period witnessed the developments in every field of human existence like
social, political, cultural, religious or economic. It was geographically
geographically extensive,
powerful and politically military empire in ancient India. The empire had its capital at
Patliputra. It was ruled great rulers like Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara and
Ashoka.
Mauryan Society
1. Megasthenese divided the Mauryas Society into seven castes: Philospher, farmers,
soldiers, herdsman, artisan, magistrate and councilors. They mentioned that there
was no existence of slavery but it is contradicted by other Indian sources.
2. Kautilya recommended the recruitment of vaishayas and shudras in the army but
their actual enrolment is extremely doubtful. He refers the existence of four castes.
3. The position of shudra improved somewhat for hitherto agricultural labourers and
domestic slaves. They could own their land.
 Chandragupta Mauryarya was the founder of the Maurya Dynasty. There is an ambiguity on
the origin of the Maurya for example Brahmanical tradition states that they are born
of Mura,, a shudra woman in the court of Nandas; according to the Buddhist tradition
tradition,
they are from Kshatriya
triya clan called Mauryas living in the region of Gorakhpur
adjoining the Nepalese terai.
Timeline of important Maurya Rulers

Ruler Span of Rule
Chandragupta Maurya 321- 297 BC
Bindusara 297- 272 BC
Ashoka 272-232 BC
Dasaratha 252 – 224 BC
Samprati 224- 215 BC
Salisuka 215- 202 BC
Devavarman 202- 195 BC

By: A K Upadhyay
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Satadhanvan 195- 187 BC

Brihadratha 187- 185 BC
Sources of Mauryas Age

 Buddhist Texts: Jatakas, Divyavadana and Ashokavadana
 Srilankan Text, Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa
 Puranas
 Kautilya’s Arthashastra (Politico-economy or Statecraft)
 Indica (Megasthenes)
 Vishakhadatta’s Mudrarakshasa (Account of how Nandas overthrown by
Chandragupta Mauryas in Sanskrit)
 Somadeva’s Kathasaritasagara,
Kathasaritasagara Kshemendra’s Brihadkatha
Manjari and Kalhana’sRajtrangaini
na’sRajtrangaini
Ashokan Inscriptions
 Inscription is bases of the reconstructed history of Ashoka which are classified
into: Major Rock Edicts; Minor Rock Edicts;
Edicts Separate Rock Edicts; Major Pillar
Edicts; and Minor pillar Edicts
 These inscriptions are found
und in India, Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan. In these
inscriptions, Ashoka refers to himself as “Devanampiya piyadasi” which means “dear
to God”.
 The name of Ashoka occurs only in copies of a Minor Rock Edicts I found at the three
places in Karnataka and at one in Madhya Pradesh.
 They appeared in Aramaic language and Kharoshthi Script in north-western western part of
the sub-continent.
continent. In Afganistan, they were written in both Aramaic and Greek Scripts
and languages.
Mauryas Polity and Administration

 The Brahmanical law-books
books again and again that the King should be guided by the laws
laids down in the Dharmashastras and by the customs prevalent in the country.
 According to the Kautilya's Arthashashtra, Mauryas was the monarchical democracy, but
the sole authority vested under the king to make law and that it derived from four
sources: Dharma (sacred law), Vyavhara (evidence), Charita (history and custom)
and Rajasasana (edicts of the king).
 Arthashastra represents a system of civil, criminal and mercantile law.
 To control all spheres of life, it was vast bureaucracy.
 The administrative mechanism was backed by an elaborate system of espionage
espionage.
 The highest functionaries were minister (mantrin), high priest (purohita), commander-
in-chief (Senapati), and Crown Prince (Yuvraj) who received as much as 48 thousands
panas (pana being a silver coin equal to three-fourths
three of a tola).
Economic Regulations of Maurya Empire
 Arthashastra of Kautilya states that that the state appointed 27
superintended (Adhyakshas
Adhyakshas) to regulate the economic activities.
 Agriculture was the prime occupation. Hence, irrigation was given importance. Water
reservoirs and dams were built and water for irrigation was distributed and measured.
By: A K Upadhyay
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 Industry was organised into guilds. Jesthaka was the chief of the guild.
 Chief source of income was land tax (1/4th to 1/6th) and tax levied on trade etc.
 Brahmans, children and handicapped were exempted from the taxes.
 Sita was the income from the King’s own land.
 Pana and Masika were the punch marked coins of silver and
copper respectively. Kakiniwas
Kakini 1/4th of that Masika.
Society and Culture in Maurya Empire

 There were seven caste systems according to the Megasthenese – Philosophers, farmers,
soldiers, herdsmen, artisans, magistrates and councillors.
 Concept of Jointt Family was popular. Widows had a very honourable place in the
society.
 Varna System was functioned as desired by the priestly class.
Art and Architecture in Maurya Empire

 Introduced stone masonry on wide scale.
 Ashokan Pillars had a capital on the top which
which was adorned with animal figurines. The
main animal figurines were of horses, bulls, elephants and lions.
 The Maurya artisans were also practiced the hewing out caves from rocks for monks to
live in. For example- Barabar Caves at a distance of 30 km from from Gaya.
 Yaksha and Yakshini figures have been found from Mathura, Pawaya and patna that
shows a female holding a chowrie in her hand.
Causes of the fall of the Maurya Empire
 Brahmanical Reaction: The tolerance policy of Ashoka developed some kind of
antipathy
athy because animals and birds sacrifice, and women derided superfluous ritual
performed affected the income of the brahamanas. New Kingdoms like Shungas, Kanvas
etc ruled by Brahamanas arose to ruined the empire.
 Financial Crisis: The enormous expenditure on the army and payment to bureaucracy
created a financial crisis for the empire.
 Oppressive Rule in the province was an important cause of the break-up
break up of the empire.
 New Knowledge in the Outlying Areas: Mauraya rule owned its expansion to certain
basic material advantages and this causes the rise of new kingdoms like Shungas,
Kanvas, Chetis and Satvahanas.
 Neglected the North-West West Frontier and the Great Wall of China: Maurya ruler could
not pay attention to the passage on the north-west
north frontier. This is the only reason,
Scythians made a push towards India they forced the Parthians, the Shakas and the
Greeks to move towards India. The Chinese ruler Shih Huang Ti (247-210
(247 210 BC)
constructed wall i.e. Great Wall of China to shield his empire from alien attack especially
from Scythians.
Post Mauryan Dynasties

Post-
Sunga Dynasty
 Pushyamitra Sunga was the founder of the dynasty. Two Ashwamedha Yagya was held
which is supported by Ayodhya inscription of Dhandev. Patanjali, the great Sanskrit
scholar was the main priest.
pries Agnimitra succeeded the Pushyamitra Sunga. He was the

By: A K Upadhyay
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hero of Kalidasa’s drama ‘Malavikagnimitram’. According to the Puranas, Devbhuti was
the 10th and the last ruler Sunga dynasty.
Kanva Dynasty
 Vasudeva was the founder of the dynasty. Susharman was the he last ruler of the
dynasty.This dynasty was come to an end as result of rise to power of rulers of
Satavahanas dynasty.
Kushan Dynasty
 Remains of Kushan Era have been discovered from Magadh region. They started their
campaign into this region around 1st century AD. There are evidences of Kushan ruler
Kanishka attacking Patliputra and took along with him the famous Buddhist
monk Asvaghosa.
Gupta Empire
 This dynasty signifies the establishment of second empire in ancient Indian History.
Gupta succeeded in n bringing major parts of India under a unified administration to a great
extent. The difference between Gupta empire’s and Mauryan empire’s administration was
that in the Mauryan administration and power was centralised but the in the Gupta
administration,, powr was more decentralised. Inscriptions state that the Sri Gupta was the
first king.
 The Gupta Empire is referred to as the Golden Age of India because of the extensive
inventions and discoveries in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, li
literature,
logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy that illuminated the elements of
Hindu Culture.
 The Gupta Empire came into power in around 275 AD. It marked the end of 500 hundred
years of domination of the provincial powers and resulting disquiet that began with the
fall of the Mauryas.
Dynastic History of Gupta Empire

Srigupta
• He founded the Gupta Dynasty in the 3rd century AD.
• He used the title of Maharaja.
Gatotkacha Gupta
• He succeeded Srigupta.
• He also took the title of Maharaja.
araja.
Chandra Gupta I (319-334 334 AD)

• He assumed the title of ‘Maharajadhiraja’.
‘Maharajadhiraja’
• He started the Gupta Era in 319 AD which marked the date of his accession.
• He married Lichchavi princess Kumaradevi and started matrimonial alliance that helps him
to control
trol the portion of Bihar and Nepal.

By: A K Upadhyay
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Samundra Gupta (335-380 380 AD)
• He has been called the “Indian Napoleon” by V.A Smith because of his extensive military
conquests.
• Virasen was his commander-in in-chief during southern campaign
• Vasubandhu was his minister er who was a famous Buddhist scholar.
• Eran inscription (Madhya Pradesh) is a useful source of information of his campaign.
• He was devotee of Vishnu though a follower of the Brahmanical religion. He granted
permission to the Buddhist king Meghavarman (King ing of Cylon) to build monasteries to Bodh
Gaya.
• He assumed the titles of Vikramanka and Kaviraja.
Kaviraja
Chandra Gupta II (380-412 412 AD)

• He is credited with the maintaining in his court nine gems (Navrantnas) - Kalidas, Amarsinh,
Dhanvantiri, Varahminhira, Vararuchi,
Vararuchi, Ghatakarna, Kshapranak, Velabhatt and Shanku Shanku.
• Fa-hein visit India during his reign.
• Adopted the title of “Vikramaditya”.
“Vikramaditya”
• He was the first Gupta ruler who had started silver coin.
• The exploits of a king called Chandra are glorified in an iron
on pillar inscription fixed near
Qutub Minar in Delhi.
• Some historians put Ramagupta between Samundra Gupta and Chandra Gupta II. In the
play Devichandraguptam of Visakhdatta, Rama Gupta was the elder brother of Chandra Gupta
II.
• He rescued Druvadevi fromrom the saka king and later marries her.
Kumara Gupta I (413-467467 AD)

• He was the son of Dhruvadevi who extended the Gupta Empire from North Bengal to
Kathiawar and from the Himalayas to the Narmada.
• During his reign, Hunas invaded India.
• He founded Nalanda
alanda University.
Skanda Gupta (455-467 AD)

• He repulsed the ferocious Hunas attacks twice and his heroic feat entitled him the title
of ‘Vikaramaditya’ as inscribed on Bhitari Pillar inscription.
• He was Vaishnava but followed the tolerant policy of his
h predecessors.
Administration of Gupta Empire
• All the power was concentrated with the king. Often an element of divinity was attached to the
kings.
• The king adopted the titles of such as Paramveshvara, Maharajadhiraj and
Parambhattaraka. Kingship was as hereditary but there was no a firm of primogeniture.
• The Gupta rulers has organised a huge army.
• Forced labour or Vishti was also practised in royal Army.
• The king acted as the fountainhead and decided all disputes in general, punishments were lig
light
and mild.
• A council of ministers and civil officials assisted the king
• The most important officers in the Gupta Empire were the Kumaramatyas.

By: A K Upadhyay
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• The royal seal bore the imprint of Garuda. Started in the Deccan by the Satavahanas, the
practice of granting
ting land and fiscal administrative concessions the priests and administrators
became regular affairs in the Gupta times.
• A new office of Sandhivigrhaka was created during Samundra Gupta who was responsible for
the peace and war. Harisena held this title.
title
Art and Architecture during the Gupta Empire
• Most remarkable was the Bhitari monolithic pillar of Skandagupta.

• Nagara and Dravidian styles of art came during this period.
• There was absence of growth of Gandhara style.
• But Mathura’s one pleasant standing Buddha statue shows a little Greek style.
• The temple at Deogarh near Jhansi,
Jhansi, the sculptures in the temple at Garhwas (near Allahabad)
was great source of showing effects of the Gupta art.
• The unearthed statue of Buddha at Sarnath is a symbol of Gupta art.
• Most of the paintings are seen at Bagh caves near Gwalior which shows the greatness and
preciseness of Gupta art.
• The paintings of Ajantha mostly demonstrate the life of the Buddha.
• Kalidasa was a great poet and play writer during Chandragupta
Chand II. His master--piece was
the Shakuntala. His other plays are Malavikagnimitra ,Vikramorvasiya and
Kumarasambhava.. His two lyrics are Ritusamhara and Meghaduta.
• During the Gupta period Metallurgy also made a wonderful impact. The craftsmen were ex expert
in their art of casting metal statues and pillars.
• The most antique item in Sultanganj which is the huge copper statue of Buddha. This is
now kept at Birmingham museum, was of seven and a half feet height and a ton weight. The
he Gupta period is rust free even today.
Delhi Iron pillar of the
• Chandragupta II and his successors also issued gold, silver and copper coins.
• Samudragupta was a great poet. Samudragupta patronized Harisena.. Harisena was a one of the
scholars.
• Dandin was the author of Kavyadarsa
Kavya and Dasakumaracharita.
• Vasavadatta was written by Subhandhu.
• Visakadatta was other renowned author of this period. He was the author of two
drams: Mudrarakshasa and Devichandraguptam.
• The Panchatantra stories were composed by Vishnusarma during the Gupta period.
• Sudraka was a renowned poet. He wrote his book Mrichchakatika.
• Bharavi’s Kritarjuniya is the story of discriminations between Arjuna and Siva.
• The Buddhist author Amarasimha created Amarakosa.
Bihar during Pala Empire

 The Pala Empire was a Buddhist supreme power in ancient India. The term 'Pala' means
protector and was used as an ending to the names of all Pala monarchs. Palas were the
follower of the Mahayana and Tanric school of Buddhism. Gopala was the first ruler of
the dynasty.

By: A K Upadhyay
27

 According to the Pala copper plate inscription, Devpala exterminated the Ukalas,
conquered the Praggyotisha (Assam), shattered the pride of the Hunas and humb
humbled the
lords of Pratiharas, Gurjara and the Dravidas. The Pala created many temples and works
of art as well as supported the universities of Nalanda and Vikramashila.
 The Pala Empire was a Buddhist supreme power in ancient India. The kingdom was
focused around present-day
day Bangladesh and eastern India. The Palas had introduced a
time of soundness and thriving in the Bengal-Bihar
Bengal Bihar area. They were the supporters of
the Mahayana and Vajrayana schools of Buddhism. They have made numerous
extraordinary temples and works of art, which also included the Somapura Mahavihara.
The prestigious universities of Nalanda and Vikramashila prospered under their support.
The business and social impact of the Palas came to far and wide, with exchange systems
and scholarly contacts
tacts traversing over the Himalayas to South-east
South east Asia. The Arabs
recorded them as the most considerate rulers in India.
Pala Rulers
Gopala:
 The first Pala ruler, Gopala, was the son of a warrior named Vapyata. The Ballala
Ballala-
Carita states that the Palas were
were Kshatriyas, a case emphasized by Taranatha in his
History of Buddhism in India and in addition Ghanaram Chakrabarty in
his Dharmamangala (both written in the 16th AD). The Ramacharitam likewise bears
witness to the fifteenth Pala emperor, Ramapala, as a Kshatriya. Gopala's realm was
enormously extended by his child Dharmapala and his grandson Devapala.
Dharmpala:
 He was the Pala ruler who defeated by the Pratihara ruler Vatsaraja. Later, the
Rashtrakuta ruler Dhruva defeated Dharmapala as well as Vatsaraja.
Vatsaraja. After Dhruva left
for the Deccan area, Dharmapala assembled a forceful domain in the northern India. He
crushed Indrayudha of Kannauj, and introduced his own particular chosen one
Chakrayudha on the throne of Kannauj. A few other littler states in North
North India likewise
recognized his suzerainty. Before long, his extension was checked by Vatsaraja's child
Nagabhata II, who vanquished Kannauj and headed out Chakrayudha. Nagabhata II then
progressed up to Munger and defeated Dharmapala in a battle. Dharmapala
Dharmapala was
compelled to surrender and to look for organization together with the Rashtrakuta
emperor Govinda III, who then interceded by attacking northern India and vanquishing
Nagabhata II. Dharmapala picked up control over North India after Govinda III lef
left for
the Deccan. He revived the title Paramesvara Paramabhattaraka Maharajadhiraja
Maharajadhiraja.
Dharmapala was succeeded by his son named Devapala.
Devpala:
 He is viewed as the most powerful Pala king. His endeavors brought about the intrusion
of Pragjyotisha where the lord submitted without giving a battle and the Utkala whose
ruler fled from his capital city. The engravings of his successors additionally guarantee a
few other regional triumphs by him, however these are profoundly misrepresented. After
the death off Devapala, the Pala Empire slowly began breaking down. Vigrahapala, who
was Devapala's nephew, relinquished the throne after a brief rule, and turned into a

By: A K Upadhyay
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parsimonious. Vigrahapala's son and successor Narayanapala turned out to be a weak
ruler.
Narayanpala:
 Amid his rule, the Rashtrakuta lord Amoghavarsha defeated the Palas. Energized by the
Pala decrease, the King Harjara of Assam accepted majestic titles and the Sailodbhavas
set up their energy in Orissa. Naryanapala's son Rajyapala ruled for no less than 12 years,
and developed a few public utilities and elevated temples. His son Gopala II lost Bengal
following a couple of years of rule, and afterward ruled just Bihar. The following
ruler, Vigrahapala II, needed to hold up under the intrusions from the
the Chandelas and the
Kalachuris. Amid his rule, the Pala domain broke down into littler kingdoms like Gauda,
Radha, Anga and Vanga. Kantideva of Harikela likewise expected the
title Maharajadhiraja,, and set up a different kingdom, later ruled by the Chandr
Chandra lineage.
The Gauda state was ruled by the Kamboja Pala tradition.
Mahipala:
 Mahipala I recouped northern and eastern Bengal inside of three years of ascended the
throne in 988 AD. He additionally recouped the Northern part of the present
present-day
Burdwan division.
vision. Amid his rule, Rajendra Chola I of the Chola Empire much of the
time attacked Bengal from 1021 to 1023 AD with a specific end goal to get Ganges water
and simultaneously, succeeded to humble the rulers, obtaining significant goods. The
rulers of Bengal
ngal who were defeated by Rajendra Chola were Dharmapal, Ranasur and
Govindachandra, who may have been feudatories under Mahipala I of the Pala Dynasty.
Rajendra Chola I defeated Mahipala. Mahipala additionally picked up control of north
and south Bihar, presumably
resumably supported by the intrusions of Mahmud of Ghazni, which
depleted the quality of different rulers of North India. He may have likewise vanquished
Varanasi and encompassing zone, as his siblings Sthirapala and Vasantapala embraced
development and repairs
pairs of a few hallowed structures at Varanasi. Later, the Kalachuri
king Gangeyadeva added Varanasi subsequent to defeating the ruler of Anga, which
could have been Mahipala I.
Rampala:
 In the wake of picking up control of Varendra, Rampala attempted to resuscitate the Pala
realm with restricted achievement. He ruled from another capital at Ramavati, which
remained the Pala capital until the administration's end. He diminished assessment,
advanced development and built open utilities. He brought Kamarupa and Rar under his
control, and constrained the Varman lord of east Bengal to acknowledge his suzerainty.
He likewise battled with the Ganga ruler for control of present-day
present day Orissa; the Gangas
figured out how to add the area strictly when his passing. Rampala
Rampala kept up inviting
relations with the Chola lord Kulottunga to secure backing against the common enemies:
the Ganas and the Chalukyas. He held the Senas under wraps, however lost Mithila to a
Karnataka boss named Nanyuadeva. He likewise kept down the forceful
forceful outline of the
Gahadavala ruler Govindacharndra through a wedding organization together.
 Rampala was the last powerful Pala ruler. After his death, defiance broke out in Assam
amid his son Kumarapala's rule. The rebellion was squashed by Vaidyadeva
Vaidyadeva, yet after
Kumarapala's death, Vaidyadeva for all intents and purposes made a different kingdom.
By: A K Upadhyay
29

As indicated by Ramacharitam, Kumarapala's son Gopala III was killed by his uncle
Mandapala. Amid Madanapala's rule, the Varmans in east Bengal proclaimed aut
autonomy,
and the Eastern Gangas recharged the contention in Orissa. Madanapala caught Munger
from the Gahadavalas, yet was defeated by Vijayasena, who picked up control of
southern and eastern Bengal.
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By: A K Upadhyay
30
Medieval History of Bihar

 Medieval History of Bihar is commemorated with the foreign invasion and dynasty
that ruined the glory Bihar. Bihar was ruled directly or indirectly by Slave Dynasty,
Khilji Dynasty, Tughlaq Dynasty, Noohani Dynasty, Cher Dynasty, Dynasty, Bhojpur’s
Ujjaini Dynasty, Sur Dynasty and Mughal Dynasty.
 Medieval History of Bihar is commemorated with the foreign invasion and dynasty that
ruined the glory Bihar. The invasion and war of succession made the darkest age of all
times because invasion famed and defamed the great school of education in Bihar which
could teach the students about greatness of their culture and people laden with high taxes.
Bihar and Turkish Invasion

 Mohammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khilji was one of the Military Generals of Qutb Qutb-ud-din
Aibak invaded some parts of eastern India at the end of the 12th Century and at the
beginning of the 13th century. During his invasion many of the Viharas and universities
were sacked and thousands of Buddhist monks were massacred.
1. His also named was Malik Ghazi Ikhtiyar 'l-Din
'l Din Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji or
Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji or Bakhtiyar Khilji, Khilji
2. He sacked universities of Nalanda, Vikramashila and Odantapuri.
3. He established town called as Bakhtiyarpur.
4. He was assassinated by Ali Mardan and his mausoleum is in Bihar Sharif.
Medieval Dynasties in Bihar

 Bihar was ruled directly or indirectly by Slave Dynasty, Khilji Dynasty, Tughlaq
Dynasty, Noohani Dynasty, Cher Dynasty, Bhojpur’s Ujjaini Dynasty, Sur Dynasty and
Mughal Dynasty.
Slave Dynasty
 During slave rule, the local ruler were independent but they gave taxes to the rulers
because they had control over Maner-Bihar
Maner Bihar Sharif, Bhojpur, Gaya, Patna, Munger,
Bhagalpur, Santhal Pargana, Nalanda, Lakhisari and Vikramashila.

By: A K Upadhyay
31

Khilji Dynasty
 When hen Allauddin Khilji ascended on the throne in 1296 AD. He sent Sheikh Mohammad
Ismail to conquered Darbhanga. But Sheikh Mohammad Ismail was defeated by local
ruler Raja Sakra Singh then again he invaded Darbhanga and made him allies. After war
treaty, thee local king participated in Ranthambore invasion. Later, Hatim Khan who was
the son of Firozshah made governor of Bihar between 1315-
1315 1321 AD.
Tughlaq Dynasty
 The invasion of Gayasuddin Tughlaq created chaos in the region because some local
king like Harisingh fled from the region, some rulers like Sunar Gaon King Gyasuddin
Bahadur revolted and defeated, and some rulers showed friendly gesture. But after all
chaotic situation created by invasion, Tughlaq Dynasty resurrects the ruling condition and
made Ahmad Governor of Tirhut region.
 Some Tughlag coins have been found from Tirhut that shows the ruling control over the
region. It also provides valuable information on tax collection as land tax which was
called Kharaj.. During Tughlaq rule, Darbhanga was called as Tughlaqpur and also
during this time, Bihar name was given. Malik Ibrahim was the most capable ruler of
the Tughlag Dynasty in Bihar.
Noohani Dynasty
 It came into existence after political changes in the Delhi when Sikandar Lodhi ascended
on the throne.
rone. He made Dariya Khan Lohani as an administrator of Bihar who was an
able administrator. Bahar Khan Lohani followed him and declared as independent ruler
by adopting the title of ‘Sultan
Sultan Mohammad’.
Mohammad’
 Jalal Khan,, who was a son of Sultan Mohammad sworn as a ruler under the protection
of Farid Khan or Sher Khan.
Khan. Farid khan led the invasion in Bengal and successfully
defeated and hence, he was given the title of ‘Hazrat-e-Ala’.
Cher Dynasty
 This dynasty was emerged after the decline of Pala dynasty and established
established a powerful
state in Bhojpur, Saran, Champaran, Muzaffarpur and Palamu district.
Bhojpur’s Ujjaini Dynasty

 This dynasty was emerged when Bhojraj killed Sahasbal of Cher. He is known as Santan
Singh in Bhojpur. After him, region was ruled by Somraj followed
ollowed by Harraj and
Sangram Dev who made Dhaba as his capital.
 Raja Narayana regained the glory of the Ujjain Dynasty and made Buxar as his capital
till British came here.
Sur Dynasty
 The Golden era of Medieval Bihar was in zenith point during the rule of Sher Shah
Suri. Before being called as Sher Shah, he was known as Farid Khan.. He took the title
of Sher Shah Sultan-e-Adil
Adil after the victory in the battle of Chausa.
Sher Shah’s Administration

Level of Administration Department Pradhan

By: A K Upadhyay
32
Diwane Wajarat Revenue and finance, which was

Central Administration headed by wajir
Diwane Arj Secretariat, head was Dabir
Diwane Insha
Diwane Rishalat
Diwane Kaja Law Department, head by Kazi

Local Administration Sarkar Shikdare-Shikdarn
Shikdarn was held of law &
administration. Munsife-Munsifan
Munsifan
was head as village head
Pargana
Village Patwari and Kanungo for revenue

collection
Mughal Dynasty
 Bihar was ruled
led by this dynasty after the advent of Akbar the Great,, the Mughal
Empire. Munim Khanam was made Governor of Bihar and in 1780, Bihar was declared
as a province
ince of Mughal Empire.
Empire
 Aurangzeb had made his grandson Azim as Subedar of Bihar who rebuilt Patliputra and
renamed it Azimabad. Farrukshiyar was the first Mughal ruler who sworn in Patna.
 With the decline of Mughal, Bihar was ruled by Nawab of Bengal who allowedallowed trade to
flourish. Some of the greatest fairs (Mela) of sub-continent
sub continent like Sonepur Mela were
allowed to continue because it invites traders from far and near that will helps in
economic prosperity.
The Sur Empire

 The first half of the 16th century
centur AD witnessed the Afghan- Mughal contest for power in
the Sub-continent.
continent. After defeating Humayun, Sher Shah Suri emerged as a powerful
Pashtun Afghan ruler and established the Sur Empire. The Empire’s strength lay in the
great administrative capacity and reforms of the ruler, aimed at the benefit of people. The
Empire boasts of extremely well thought of governmental systems and policies as well as
great architectural marvels.
marvels

By: A K Upadhyay
33

 After Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur in 1526 AD (first battle of Panipat), tthe
Afghan chiefs who were still powerful, gathered together under the leadership of Sher
Shah Suri to mark their discontent against the alien rule. As a result the Sur Empire of
Pashtun origin (the tribal house of Sur) came to power and ruled a massive ter territory of
Northern part of South Asia from 1540-1556
1540 1556 AD, with their capital as Delhi. The
empire’s major strength is in the fact that it disturbed the hold of the Mughal Empire
under Humayun.
 The Sur Dynasty controlled the major territories of Mughals east to west, from current
day’s eastern Afghanistan to Bangladesh. Establishing a strong hold over the throne for
nearly 17 years, the Sur Empire also systematized administrative reforms, promoted
economic growth and created a trustworthy relationship with the
the public. However, when
their rule ended with the reinstitution of the Mughal Empire, the Surs belonged to the
sub-Groups of Ghilzais.
Military Achievements of Sher Shah Suri

 Encounter on the fort of Chunar
Chunar and Sher Shah’s diplomatic surrender.
 Battle of Chausa with Humayun and Sher Shah’s victory.
 Batttle of Kannauj and Sher Shah’s decisive victory over Humayun. With the victory at
Kannauj, Sher Shah became the ruler of Delhi. Agra, Sambhal and Gwalior etc., also
came under his sway. This victory ended the rule of the Mughal dynasty for 15 years.
 Battle at Surajgarh (1533 AD): He defeated the combined forces of the Lohani chiefs of
Bihar and Mohamud Shah of Bengal at Surajgarh. With this victory, whole of Bihar came
under Sher Shah.
 Invasion of Bengal: Hee plundered Bengal several times and by capturing Gaur, the
capital of Bengal, forced Mohammad Shah to seek refugee with Humayun.
 Conquest of Punjab (1540-42
(1540 AD): He immediately conquered Punjab from Kamran
(Brother of Humayun) after his accession to the throne .
 Suppression of Khokhars (1542 AD): He suppressed the turbulent lent Khokhars of the
northern region of river Indus and Jhelum.
 Conquest of Malwa (1542 AD): The ruler of Malwa had not helped Sher Shah in his
struggle with Humayun. Therefore he attacked
attacked Malwa and annexed it to his empire.
 Conquest of Raisin: He attacked Raisin – a Rajput principality and besieged it. Rajput
ruler Purnamal entered into an agreement with Sher Shah that if he surrendered, his
family would not be harmed. However Sher Shah did not honour this agreement.
 conquest of Multan and Sind (1543 AD): Sher Shah conquered and annexed these
provinces into his empire.
 Conquest of Marwar (1543-1545
(1543 AD): He brought Marwar under his control by forged
letters and sowing dissensions in the army
army of Maldev, the ruler of Mewar.
 Conquest of Kalinjar (1545 AD) and death of Sher Shah: He launched a fierce
attack. He won but lost his life when he was grievously injured by the blast.
Central Administration
 The Tarikh-i-SherSher Shahi (History of Sher Shah), by Abbas Khan Sarwani
Sarwani, provides
detailed citations about Sher Shah's administration. As a skilled and proficient
administrator, Sher Shah divided the empire into provinces, but held the central authority
of administration with him and he exercised the
the power for the benefit of the people.

By: A K Upadhyay
34

1. Each administrative branch was in Sher Shah's personal supervision. He held all the
threads of policy and civil and military command in his hands.
2. His ministers had no authority to initiate any policy or propose a change
change in ways of
transactions and administrative setups. They were however in charge of the routine work
of administration on a daily basis.
3. Like the Sultanate period, Sher Shah also appointed four important ministers which are
given:
I. Diwan-i-Wazarat: Financial
F Department
II. Diwan-i-Ariz: Military Department
III. Diwan-i-Risalat: Department for royal orders, and
IV. Diwan-i-Insha: Department for religious matters, foreign affairs and judiciary
4. Sher Shah's re-established
established law and order across his empire with
with severe punishments for
criminals, robbers and also the Zamindars disobeying his government.
Provincial Administration
 The empire was divided among 47 separate units called Sarkars which were further
subdivided into Parganas.
 Officers included the Munsifs-
Muns for revenue collection, The Amirs- to hear the Civil
Cases, The Qazis or Mir-i-adals-
Mir heard the criminal cases and the Muqqadams
Muqqadams- to
chase and arrest the culprits.
 The administrative structure of each pargana included its individual law- law-keeper
called Ami,, treasurer and account keepers.
 The Sarkar (higher administrative units), had officers like Shiqdar-I-Shiqdaran
Shiqdaran and
a Munsif-I-Munsifan who supervised the work of the paragana officers.
 Rotation of officers across Empire was planned to keep a check on their performance.
The rotation would occur every 2-3 2 years.
 Important places of the Kingdom, under Sher Shah were connected by excellent roads
for smoother military and trade movement. The longest of the roads, was called
the Sadak-e-Azam or the "Badshahi
" Sadak"" (which the british renamed as ""Grand
Trunk Road") ") and exists till date.
Local Administration
 Sher shah improved the law and order situation by making the local people responsible.
 He appointed two persons with equal rank at Paragana and Sarkar levels,
levels, which divided
the supervisory functions and hence ensured the stability of power.
 At the local level there were village panchayats and Zamindars who were responsible for
settling disputes and punishing the guilty. They reported to the qazi in each sstate.
 The network of roads restored by Sher Shah includes roads from Sonargaon in
Bangladesh to Indus in the west. He also orderd the connectivity of roads from Lahore
and Multan, Agra, Jodhpur, Chittor and with the ports in Gujarat.
 For the convenience of travelers, sarais or inns were built roughly at every eight
kilometers along the roads. The government maintained them from the revenues of
surrounding villages.
 The Sarais were also the centres for post (dak chowki) that helped keep Sher Shah in
being informed
formed about the minutest activities in the Empire.

By: A K Upadhyay
35

Revenue Administration
 The head for revenue and finance administration was called the Diwan-
Diwan-i-Wazarat or the
Wazir. He also exercised a supervisory power over other ministers. However, Sher Shah
took keen n personal interest in the abstract of income and expenditure of his kingdom and
also made enquiries regarding the finances and dues from the Parganas.
 Land was classified into 3 categories for calculating the revenue based on the yield and
measurement of land.
 2. Schedules of rates were put up that fixed the revenue of land in terms of
cash.‘Pattas' were issued to the peasants and 'Qabuliyats' were received from them.
 3. He had established a famine relief fund which was maintained by collecting two and
halff seers per bigha from the peasants.
 Standardization of the coins of gold, silver, and copper, copper, was done which also
introduced standard weights and measures. Tolls were collected twice; once at the time of
entry to the country and at the time of sales.
Military Administration
 The empire had a large standing army of cavalry, infantry, elephants and artillery.
Soldiers were recruited daily by dispensing their tribal levies.
 Set up a system of Dagh i.e. branding for his horses to ensure they are not replaced by
inferior horses.
 The descriptive roll of soldiers i.e. huliya was maintained for the same reason.
 He strived to keep his army efficient.
Sur Architecture
Monuments built during the reign of Sher Shah include:
1. Rohtas Fort (UNESCO World Heritage Site, Pakistan)
2. Several structures in the Rohtasgarh Fort in Bihar
3. Masjid in Patna in honor and rememberance of his reign-
reign Sher Shah Suri Masjid
4. A new city of Bhera was built in Pakistan in 1545 AD which incorporated the ''Grand
Sher shah Suri Masjid".
5. A mosque at Purana Quila Delhi called the Qila-i-Kuhna mosque was built in 1541
AD.
6. Humayun citadel whose construction began in the 1533 AD, and was extended, along
with the building of Sher Mandal, (octagonal structure within the Purana Qila compl
complex),
which Humayun used as a library.
 Sher Shah Suri is also referred as Sher Khan or the Lion King administrator of medieval
India. His administration included a blend of old institutions and new spirit to serve the
interest of the people.

By: A K Upadhyay
36
Modern History of Bihar

 Bihar is situated on the one of the fertile regions of the world which is drained by river
Ganga. It was famous for its cotton, textile, saltpetre and indigo. Hence, it was one of the
important trading centres of India from Ancient to Medieval India. This makes reason of
enticing for European to open trade factories and centre for trade.
European Companies in Bihar
1. Portuguese were the first European to enter in Bihar.

2. Portuguese mainly traded in spices for textile
textile especially cotton producing region.
3. Hooghly was the first place in the region where the Portuguese established their factory
in 1579-80
80 when Emperor Akbar gave permission to a Portuguese captain Pedro Tavares.
4. In 1599, the Portuguese traders built
built a convent and a church in Bandel which was the
first Christian church in Bengal known as ‘Bandel
‘ Church’ today.
5. English (British) were the second European who built their factory in Patna at
Alamganj in 1620 but was got closed in 1621. Again in 1651, British East India Company
revived the factory which is now turned into governing printing press at Gulzar Bagh.
6. Dutch East India Company also established their factory at Patna in 1632 which is now
the place is known for Patna College.
7. In 1774, Daness East India Company established theirs factory at Nepali Kothi in Patna.
British East India Company and Bihar
1. Battle of Buxar (22nd October, 1764) was the divisive victory of British East India
Company that defines British as a ruler. It was fought between British Forces
under Hector Munro,, and combined army of Mughals under Shah Alam II II, Mir
Qasim (Nawab of Awadh), and Shuja-ud-daula (Nawab of Bengal).

By: A K Upadhyay
37

2. After the Battle, the British signed two separate treaty of Allahabad for the diwani
rights of Bengal and Bihar (One with Mughal Ruler Shah Alam II and Second with
Shuja-ud-daula).
3. The British East India Company created the office of Deputy-Governor.
Governor. Raja Ram
Narayana and Shitab Roy was the important “Naib” (Deputy) Deewan.
4. The ‘Revenue
Revenue Council of Patna’ was constituted in 1770 which replaced by a position
named ‘Revenue
Revenue Chief of Bihar’ in 1781.
5. Warren Hastings (Governor-General
(Go General of India) in 1783 order to construct dome
dome-
shaped granary of Golghar,
Golghar in order to fight against famine. Captain John Garstin in
1786 AD built the massive granary.
6. Lord Cornwallis introduced Permanent land Settlement in Bengal, Orissa and M Madras
to fix the share of revenue i.e. 10/11th for British and 1/11th for Zamindars
Zamindars.
7. In 1885, Bengal Tenancy Act was injected to define the rights of tenants due to
widespread discontent against Zamindars.
1857 Revolt and Bihar
1. The revolt was started in Deoghar (now in Jharkhand) district at the headquarters
of 32nd Infantry Regiment on 12th June, 1857. Two British ish officers Lt. Norman Leslie
and Sergeant Dr Grant were in this revolt. But the revolt was crushed by McDonald.
2. On 3rd July, revolt was started in Patna under Pir Ali who was book seller in which
British Opium trader Dr Lyell was killed that cost the life of seventeen people who were
hang by British.
3. The revolt at Danapur Cantt. marked the widespread beginning of revolt in Bihar on
25th July, 1857 but the Maharajas of Darbhanga, Dumrao and Hatwa and their fellow
landlords helped the British with man-power
man power and money in crushing the revolt.
4. Babu Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur was the most notable figure of revolt who wrote a
glorious chapter in the history of India’s First War of Independence. He actively led a band
of armed forces of 4000 soldiers and recorded victories in many battles. He successfully
occupied Arrah on July, 1857 and later with the help of Nana Saheb defeated British
forces at Azamgarh.
British Raj in Bihar

1. Bihar under British especially Patna retain its lost glory and emerged as an important strategic
centre for learning and trade in British India.
2. It remained a part of the Bengal Presidency of British India until 1912, when the province of
Bihar and Orissa was carved out as a separate province.
3. After 1905, there were severalal changes in British administrative set up: Delhi became Capital
of British India (resulted due to Delhi Darbar of 1911 which was attained by King George V).
4. Patna became capital city of new province and the city was stretched westward to suit the
administrative
inistrative base. For example-
example Bankpore Township took shape along the Bailey road.
5. There were number of educational institutions were built by British in Patna such as Patna
College, Patna Science College, Bihar College Engineering, Prince of Wales Medi Medical College
and the Patna Veterinary College.

By: A K Upadhyay
38

Movements and Bihar
Bihar was one of the active participants of the revolts and movement of freedom struggle against
British atrocities.
Wahabi Movement
 The movement was inspired by the Abdul Wahab of Saudi Arabia and Shah Waliullah
of Delhi.
 Haji Shariyatlluah was its main leader and Patna was the centre from 1828 to 1868.
Revolutionary Movement
 A branch of Anushilan Samiti was established in Patna by Sachindranath Sanyal in
1913 and Bankimchandra Mitra of BN College was given responsibilities to lead the
organisation.
Champaran Satyagarha
 It was started in 1917 and was the M.K Gandhi’s first Satyagraha Movement ((first Civil
Disobedience Movement).
Movement
 Rajkumar Shukla and Raam Lal Shah had invited M.K Gandhi too look after the
system of Tinkathiya which means the peasants to grow indigo on 3/20th of the total
land.
 M.K Gandhi was accompanied by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Brajkishore Prasad, Acharya
Kriplani, Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Mahadeo Desai, C. F. Andrews, H. S.
Pollock, Raj Kishore Prasad, Ram Nawami Prasad, Shambhu Sharan and
Dharnidhar Prasad.
 Movement forced the British Government to form committee i.e. Champaran
Committee to make enquiry against the atrocities. M.K Gandhi was the member of the
committee andnd he convinced that authority on the atrocities perpetuated under
the Tinkathiya System,, so it should be abolished and compensation is given to the
peasants.
5. It was the first victory of Gandhi’s Civil Disobedience battle.
battle
Non-Cooperation Movement
1. Itt was started by M.K Gandhi in the backdrop of Jalliawalan Bag Massacre Khilafat
Movement and Rowlatt Act. Act
2. In August 1920, the Bihar Congress meets under the presidentship of Dr. Rajendra
Prasad passed the non-cooperation
cooperation resolution which was introduced
introduced by Dharnidhar
Prasad and Shah Mohammad Zubair.
3. Dr. Rajendra Prasad constituted the committee on the movement with Shah
Mohammad Zubair and Mazhar-ul-Haq.
Mazhar
4. M.K Gandhi inaugurated ‘Bihar
‘ National College’ and its building ‘Bihar
Bihar
Vidhyapeeth’ in February ry 1922.
5. Mazhar-ul-Haq started the newspaper i.e. Motherland in September 1921 to
disseminate the Hindu-Muslim
Muslim Unity and Gandhian Ideology.
Ideology
6. Prince of Wales (British) visited in Bihar which was opposed by the Congress.
Swarajist Movement
By: A K Upadhyay
39

1. In December,
ber, 1922, All India Congress Session was held in Gaya under the presidency
of Chitaranjan Das.
2. This session resultant ideological faction between congress-
congress one who support the
entry of legislative council and other who opposes and supported Gandhian path.
3. CR Das, Motilala Nehru and Ajmal Khan was the supporter of the entry of
legislative council.
4. Vallabhai Patel, C Rajagopalachari and MA Ansari was the non-supporters
supporters of the
entry of legislative council.
5. Motilal Nehru and Chitranjan Das formed
forme Swaraj Dal. Narayan Prasad was the first
Chairman and Abdul Bari was the first Secretary.
6. A branch of Swaraj Dal was formed in Bihar which was lead by Srikrishan Singh.
Simon Commission
1. For boycotting Simon Commission, All Party Meeting was organised
ised in the
leadership of Anurah Narayan Sinha.
Sinha
2. Commission reached Patna on 12th December, 1928.
Boycott Movement
1. It was a movement of boycotting of foreign goods and adoption of desi
desi-goods.
2. In Bihar Congress committee started campaign of popularising
popula Khadi through Magic
lantern to reach villages and carried signature campaign.
Purn Swaraj (Complete Independence Resolution)

 On 20th January, 1930, Bihar Congress Working Committee endorsed the plan of
complete independence of Congress through unfurling
unfu of Flag.
Civil Disobedience Movement

1. Dr. Rajendra Prasad drafted the Salt Satyagraha and chosen 6th April, 1930 as date of the
movement.
2. Pt. Jawaharlal visited Bihar for the success of the Satyagaraha. He travelled Bihar from
31st March to 3rd April, 1930.
3. Movement was begun from Champaran and Saran districts and later influence the region
of Patna, Bettieh, Hajipur, and Darbhanga.
4. Movement emphasises on the use of Khadi and gave strong message against
intoxicating drinks, refusal to pay Chaukidari tax.
5. Swadeshi Committee was set up at Patna.
6. Movement got great participation of women from every section of the society.
7. Sachidanad Sinha, Hasan Imam and Sir Ali Imam was the prominent leaders.
8. Bihpur Satyagrah was started at the same
s time.
9. In the protest of lathi charge on Dr. Rajendra Prasad and Prof. Abdul Bari, Rai Bahadur
Dwarkanath resigned from Bihar Legislative Council.
10. Chandarvati Devi and Ramsunder Singh was another leader of the movement who
took active participation.
11. Champaran, Bhojpur, Purnia, Saran, and Muzaffarpur was an important district
where movement got flourished.
12. Gorkha Police were employed for brutal suppression of the movement.

By: A K Upadhyay
40

Kisan Sabha and Bihar
1. Kisan Sabha was organised in 1922 by Mohammad mad Zubair and Sri Krishna Singh in
Munger.
2. Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha was formed in 1929 by Swami Shajanand
Saraswati to mobilise peasant’s grievance against Zamindars atrocities of occupancy
rights.
3. United Political Party was formed by Zamindars to suppress peasants.
4. Bihar Kisan Sabha was formed in 1933.
5. All India Kisan Sabha was formed in 1936. Swami Shajanand Saraswati was President
and NG Ranga was made secretary.
6. Pandit Yamuna Karjee and Rahul Sankrityayan who was followers of Swami
Shahjanand
hahjanand Saraswati started Hindi weekly “Hunkar”
“ ” in 1940 which became the
mouthpiece of agrarian and peasant movement in Bihar.
Bihar Socialist Party

1. It was formed in 1931 by Ganga Sharan Sinha, Rambriksh Benipuri and Ramanand
Mishra.
2. Bihar Congresss Socialist Party was formed in 1934 when Jaiprakash Narayan
convened meeting at Anjuman Islamia Hall in Patna. Archarya Narendra Dev was the
first president and Jai Prakash Narayan was made General-Secretary.
General
First Congress Cabinet in Bihar
1. Government of India Act, 1935 came with constitutional remedies and provincial
autonomy in the state as well as dual administration in centre that resulted many
constructive work. For example-
example Elections was held in 152 election zones.. Congress fights
election with 1077 members from which 98 were winners.
winners
2. Congress got massive majority in the legislative council in which 8 candidates were the
winners but Sri Krishna Singh refuses to form government. Hence, Mohammad Yunus
who was the leader of independent candidates formed
formed the government. Thus, Mohammad
Yunus was the first Prime Minister of Bihar.
3. On 20th July, Congress Cabinet was formed by Sri Krishna Singh.
4. Sri Ramdayalu Singh and Prof. Abdul Bari was the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of
Legislative Council respectively.
tively.
5. Newly elected minister did tremendous jobs like removal of ban on press,
prisoners removal on the problems of Kashtkari
magazines, release of political prisoners,
Bandobast and raising status of Harijans.
6. Resignation of Shri Krishna Singh when British announced that India is also
participating in the Second World War and Congress started resentment of the decision.
Quit India Movement

1. Congress Committee in Bihar under the leadership of Dr. Rajendra Prasad drafted the
line of action towards the movement
move on 31st July, 1942.
2. Several outrages were going on like unfurled of national Flag but the British came with
herculean attempt to crush the movement. WC Archer who District Magistrate ordered
firing at several places.
Freedom Fighter of Bihar

By: A K Upadhyay
41

1. State
tate had given famous leaders like Swami Shahjanand Saraswati,
SahaheedBaikuntha
Baikuntha Shukla, Biahr Bibhuti Anurag Narayan Singh, Maulana
Mazhar-Ul-Haq,
Haq, Loknayak Jaiparakash Narayan, Bhadra Yajee, Pandit Yamuna
Karjee, Dr. Maghfoor Ahmed Ajazi.
2. Upendra Narayanyan Jha “Azad” and Prafulla Chaki were also active revolutionary of
( कि पक िवषय )
(वै
सवािधक अंकदायी िवषय ; सवािधक अंकदायी दृ ीकोण

Online and Offline
65th BPSC MAINS CALSS & TEST SERIES
BY:
K. Ashutosh
Highlights:
 Regular question- ans practice

 Focus on Human Geography
 Test series with model answer
 Comprehensive discussion
 Hindi and English
glish medium both
st
New class start from: 21
RepublicaIAS October
( Civil Circle) @ 9:30 am
By: A K Upadhyay
th
MainsHouse,
Bhandari Test Start From
Behind : 20
Batra October
Cinema, @10am
Mukahrjee & 3pm
Nagar, Delhi
42
Geography of Bihar
Geographical Structure of Bihar:
 The Geographical Structure of Bihar is embedded with younger geological
geological structure in
the North by Dharwarian rocks and older in the South by quaternary rocks. As far as the
physiological structure is concern, Bihar is consists of Terai in the North-
North-West, Gangetic
Plain in the centre and Plateau in the Southern region. Here,
Here, we are giving brief outline of
Geographical and Physiological Structure of Bihar which will be helpful for the aspirants
as revision capsule to those who are preparing for the competitive examinations like
BPSC and other state level examinations.
Geology of Bihar
 The Geology of Bihar corresponds the balance picture of the term geology because it is
consists of younger (Tertiary Period) and older formation of rock (Pre-Cambrian
(Pre Cambrian period),
and the plain was formed by filling up of a vast trough by the heavy loads of detritus
carried by swiftly flowing rivers down the Southern slopes of newly uplifted Himalayas.

By: A K Upadhyay
43
Rocks found in geographical land area of Bihar
Types of rocks Confined area and rock descriptions

1. Found in the South-Eastern
South Eastern part of Bihar like Munger, Jamui,
Dharwar Rock and Nawada.
2. They are made up of Quartzite, phyllite, Gneiss, Schist and slate
3. Region is dominated by mica-schists
mica
Vindhyan Rock 1. Found in South-
South Western part of Bihar in between Kaimur
district and Sone river valley in Rohtas
Ro District.
2. They are made up of sandstone, quartzite, limestone, dolomites
and shale
Tertiary Rock 1. Found in Himalayan terai region of Bihar.
2. Formed by up warping of sediments deposited in Tethys Sea
between Eurasian plate and Indian plate.
Quaternary Rock 1. Found in down warped section
section between Himalayas and

By: A K Upadhyay
44
Chhotanagpur Plateau
2. They are made up of sandstones, alluvium, conglomerate, coarse
gravel etc.
Physiography of Bihar
th
 Bihar is 13 largest state of India in terms of geographical area and constitutes only 2.86
% of the total land of India.
Physiographical Division of Bihar
 Bihar is divided into three physiographic units on the basis of physical and structural
conditions i.e. Shiwalik Range; Bihar Plain; and Southern Plateau Region.
Shiwalik Range
 This range shadows the state from Northern part of West Champaran district over an area
32 km long and 6-8 8 km wide and it is divided into sub-divided
sub divided into three parts on the
basis of variation:
1. Ramanagar Doon
2. Someshwar Range
3. Harha Valley
Bihar Plain
 It is located between Northern
thern Mountains and Southern Plateau region which is bounded
by 150m contour line in the North as well as in the South. This plain is sub
sub-divided into
two parts on the basis of characteristics:
1. Northern Plain: It is located in East & West Champaran (Terai area with higher
elevation), and Chaurs of Samastipur, Begusarai, Saharsa and Kathihar districts. Region
is drained by Saryu, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla-Balan,
Kamla Balan, Kosi and Mahanadi
and their tributaries
2. Southern Plain: It is narrow than northern plain
plain of Bihar and triangular in shape
because many hills are located in this region such as hills of Gaya, Rajgir, Giriak, Bihar
Sharif, Sheikhpura, Jamalpur and Kharagpur hills.
Southern Plateau Region
 It is located between Kaimur districts in the West to Banka in the East. It is made up of
hard rock’s like gneiss, schist and granite. This region blessed with many conical hills
which are made up of batholim like Pretshil, Ramshila and Jethian hill.
Physical Features
Latitude 24°-20'-10" ~ 27°-31'-15" N
Longitude 83°-19'-50" ~ 88°-17'-40" E
Rural Area 92,257.51 sq. kms
Urban Area 1,095.49 sq. kms

By: A K Upadhyay
45
Total Area 94,163.00 sq. kms

Height above Sea-Level 173 Feet
Normal Rainfall 1,205 mm
Avg. Number of Rainy Days 52.5 Days in a Year
Source: gov.bih.nic.in
Climate of Bihar
 Bihar has continental climate with four distinct seasons. Northern part of the state
experiences cooler compared to Southern part due to nearness to the Himalayas; Eastern
part experiences humid climate due to nearness to the Himalayas while Western part have
dry weather due to continental effects. Hence, the climate of Bihar is also
also called
as ‘Modified Monsoon Climate’.
Climate’
Factors affecting climate of Bihar

1. Location: Its location is tropical to sub-tropical.
sub tropical. i.e. 22 degree north to 27 degree
latitude.
2. Distance from the Himalaya: It is located on the northern side of the state th that makes
significant bearing on the distribution of monsoon rainfall.

By: A K Upadhyay
46

3. Distance from the Sea: It is an entirely land–locked
locked state, although the outlet to the
sea through the port of Kolkata is not far away.
Seasons in Bihar
1. Cold weather season (December
(Decem to February): It is characterised by low
temperature, light northerly winds, clear skies and low humidity.
2. Hot weather season (March to May): Temperature ranges from 29 degree Celsius
in the east to 40 degree Celsius in the west. The temperature in
in the east declines due to
Nor’wester shower impact.
3. Southwest monsoon (June to September): The burst of monsoon in Bihar is
generally associated with the sudden arrival of intense cyclonic storms with thunder,
lightning and torrential rain. It happen due
due to the low pressure develops over the plain
while high pressure develops over the Northern Bay of Bengal Sea.
4. Retreating southwest monsoon (October to November): This monsoon is locally
called ‘Hathiya Nakshatra’ because it gets incessant rain causingg floods.
Soil Profile of Bihar

 Bihar is situated on the World's fertile alluvial plain of Gangatic Valley which extends
from the foothills of the Himalayas in the north to a few miles south of the river Ganges
as it flows through the State from the west to the east. Variation in relief, precipitation,
vegetation and parents rocks have resulted various soil variety due to the region relief
features.
Soils of Northern Plain

 Soil of this region is formed due to the deposition sediments brought by Gandak, B Burhi
Gandak, Mahananda, Kosi and Saryu rivers. rivers. Hence, the soil is further divided into
three types:
1. Piedmont Swamp Soil: It is swallowing to deep over bed rocks and pebbles. It is
mostly clayey, rich in organic matter and neutral reaction. This type of soil is found in
North-Western
Western Chamaparan district.
2. Terai Soil: It is grey to yellow in colour and neutral to moderately acidic in reaction.
The soil of Terai is more fertile than upland terai. This is types of soil is found in the
northern part of Biharr near by the border of Nepal and foothill of Himalaya.
Soil: This soil is generally fertile in Bihar plain but to regular
3. Gangetic Alluvium Soil:
tillage without application of manure have costs low organic content. It is mostly loamy
with varying thickness. It is thinner towards south and thicker towards north.
Soils of Southern Plain

 This type of soil is found between North Ganga plain and Southern plateau and it formed
due to the alluvium deposited by Sone, Punpun, and Falgu Rivers.
1. Karail-Kewal Soil: It is heavy clay soil (alkaline feature) which is characterised
by wet paddy lands or dhandhar.
dhandhar It is found in Rohtas to Gaya, Aurangabad,
Jahanabad, Munger and Bhagalpur. It is best suited for rice and rabi crops like wheat,
linseed, pulses and gram.

By: A K Upadhyay
47

2. Tal Soil: It is found in backwater belt of Ganga which is spread from Buxar to
Banka district. The colour of the soil varies from light grey to dark grey and in texture
from medium to heavy soil. Rabi or spring crops like wheat, khesari, gram, peas, masoor,
and lentsil are harvested after water dries up and their yield is quite high.
3. Balthar Soil: It is less fertile and has less water absorption capacity. Maize, jowar,
bajra, and gram are chief crops. It is found in Kaimur plateau to Rajmahal hills in
narrow belt.
Soils of Southern Plateau
 There are two types of soil found in southern plateau of Bihar.
1. Red and Yellow Soil: These soils are formed from the disintegration of igneous and
metamorphosed rocks. They are less fertile and thus suitable for coarse
coarse crops and pulses.
It is found in Banka, Gaya, Aurangabad, Jamui and Munger.
2. Red Sandy Soil: This soil has higher percentage of sand that makes it less fertile and
suitable for bajra and jowar crops.
Soils in
i Bihar
Types of Soil Area Properties of the soil
Balthar Kaimur Sandy, calcareous, yellow
Tal Patna and Munger Heavy soil
Terai Champaran and Sandy, calcareous, brown and light yellow
Kishangunj
Bhangar Patna, Gaya and Rohtas Acidic and rich in lime
Khadar Muzaffarpur, Purnia, Drank brown and fertile
Saharsa, Dabhanga and
Bhagalpur
Bal Sundari Saharsa, East and West Lime and alkaline
Chamaparan
Major Rivers in Bihar

 Bihar is located in the eastern part of the country and is bounded by Himalaya
Himalaya from the
north and plateau from the south which are the source of the entire river flowing here.
Although, it is an entirely land–locked
land locked state but it is very rich in water resources, both the
ground and the surface water resources.

By: A K Upadhyay
48
Major Rivers in Bihar
 The drainage pattern of Bihar is trellis and dentric due to physical condition.
Ganga
 It is the main river of Bihar that enters into the state from Chausa which formed the
boundary of Bhojpur and Saran district.
 Tributaries: Gandak, Bagmati, Kosi, Kali, Sone, Karmanasa and Punpun
 Mahatama Gandhi Setu was built to connect North Bihar with the rest of Bihar and
made part of national highway 19 (NH19).
Ghaghra / Saryu
 It originates from Nampa of Nepal
Nepal and enters in Bihar at Gopalgunj and joins River
Ganga at Chhapra.
 It is sacred river for both Hindus and Buddhist.
Gandak
 It originates from the north of Dhaulagiri in Tibet near Nepal and enters into the Indian
Territory near Treveni town in Nepal.

By: A K Upadhyay
49

 It flows in a southern direction and form boundary between Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. It
drains its water in West Chaparan, East Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Gopalgunj,
Siwan, Saran and Vaishali district of Bihar.
 Treveni Canal gets water from Gandak River.
Burhi Gandak
 It originates at Someshwar Hills and flow parallel to the Gandak River and enters in
Bihar from Chautarwa Chaur near Bisambharpur in the district of West Champaran.
 It flows through West Chamaparan, East Chamapran, Muzaffarpur, Samastipur
and Begusarai.
 It joins River Ganga at Khagaria.
Bagmati
 It originates from Shivpuri range of hills in Nepal and enters in Bihar at Shorwatia
village in Sitamarhi.
 It flows from Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Samastipur.
 It is perennial river of Bihar. Lalbakia and Lakhendei
La are its tributaries.
 It meets Kosi River at Badlaghat.
Kamla
 It originates from Mahabharta range of Hills in Nepal near Sindhuliagarhi.
 It enters in Bihar from Jainagar town of Madhuabani district. Kamala Barrage has
been constructed by the State Government near Jainagar town.
 Dhauri, Soni, Balan and Trisula is the main tributaries.
Mahananda
 It originates from Sikkim and enters into Bihar from Purnia.
 It forms in its upper course an important eastward linguistic boundary between the
Bengali and Hindi-speaking
speaking area.
 Balason, Ratwa and Kankai are the main tributaries.
 It joins the Ganga in Nawabgunj district of Bangladesh.
Sone
 It originates from Amarkantak Hills in Madhya Pradesh and joins
oins the Ganga at
Maner.
 Rihand and the North Koel are the main tributaries.
 Anicut at Dehri and Indrapuri Barrage is built to check the flood.
Kosi
 It is known as ‘sorrow of Bihar’.
 It is also known as 'Saptakoshi' for its seven upper tributaries.
 It enters the Indian Territory near Hanuman Nagar in Nepal and joins the Ganga River
near Kursela in Kathihar district.
district
Punpun
 It originates from Hazaribagh Plateau and joins the River Ganga Fatuha.
By: A K Upadhyay
50

 Main tributaries: Dordha, Butane, Madar and Morhar.
 It originates in Palamu district of Jharkhand and flows through Chatra, AAurangabad, Gaya
and Patna districts of the Indian states of Jharkhand and Bihar.
 River is mentioned in the Vayu and the Padma Puranas in connection with Gaya
Mahatmya as the punah-punah
punah of which Pun-Pun
Pun is the conversational form.
Phalgu
 Niranjana is anotherher name of the river.
 It is a sacred river for Hindus and Buddhists. As per Hindu belief, pindadan or religious
ceremony is performing at the bank of river to the salvation for the dead from the cycle
of rebirth.
 Mohane is the main tributary of the river.
Karmanasa
 It originates from Rohtas Plateau and joins river Ganga near Chausa forming Uttar
Pradesh- Bihar border for a long distance.
 Main tributaries: Durgavati, Chandraprabha, Karunuti, Nadi and Khajuri
 The catchment areas of rivers in Bihar are large

large because they flow through alluvial
deposits where the slope is very small, forming wide flood plains. These rivers make the
water available for irrigation purpose and also used for generating hydro-
hydro-electricity for
the state. It has also non--exhaustible source of ground water which is in use for drinking
purposes, irrigation and industries.
Waterfalls and Hot Springs in Bihar

 Bihar is endowed with a number of beautiful natural spots varying from waterfalls and
hot springs that contributes the idyllic setting
set of the state.
Waterfalls in : the Hindus but also for the Buddhists.
Kakolat Waterfall
1. Located about 33 km away from Nawada.
2. The water cascades from a height of 160 feet.
feet
3. Legend connected with the waterfall is that Treta Yug king was cursedd to take the shape of a
python and live at the falls here according to the Hindu mythology. When Pandavas visited the
place during their time of exile, the python king got rid of the curse and after that the King
proclaimed that any person who takes the bath
bath in the waterfall would never be reborn as a snake.
Durgawati Waterfall
1. It is situated near Kaimur hills in the Kaimur district of Bihar.
2. It is famous for scenic beauty and water cascades seem like enchanting spell of relief. It has
boating, swimmingming and fishing facilities.
3. Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary is located near the waterfall.
Telhar Waterfall
1. It is situated near BT Road in Kaimur District of Bihar.

By: A K Upadhyay
51

2. Water showers from great height into very deep pool. Hence, it is believe that waterfa
waterfall from
great height causes the flow of undercurrent in the pool which prohibited the bathers & swimmer
in the pool.
Manjhar Kund and Dhua Kund Waterfall

1. One of the finest waterfalls in India.
2. It is located near Sasaram.
3. The water cascades of the waterfalls are too strong that have capacity to produce 50 to 100
Megawatt of electricity.
4. Waterfall is famous for Raksha Bandhan fair which is organised ever year in the premises.
Hot Springs in Bihar

A spring is a place where water flow out of the ground.
g It is resultant of the emergence of geo
geo-
thermally heated groundwater that rises from the Earth's crust. Bihar is gifted with the number of
hot springs. The water temperature of these hot springs varies from 30 degree to 70 degree
Celsius. The list off hot springs in Bihar is given below:
Spring Location
Satdhara Kund Rajgir
Surya Kund Rajgir
Makhdum Kund Rajgir
Brahma Kund Rajgir
Nanank Kund Rajgir
Lakshman Kund Munger
Rameshwar Kund Munger
Gaumukh Kund Munger
Sita Kund Munger
Rishi Kund Munge
nge
Labour and Social Welfare (LSW)

65TH BPSC Mains Exam
Online and Offline
Foundation & Crash Course
RepublicaIAS&( Civil Circle)
By:Test Series
A K Upadhyay
By: A K Upadhyay
52
BIHAR ECONOMY
 According to the new series of data on Gross State Domestic Product
(GSDP), the growth rate of Bihar’s economy in 2017-18
2017 18 was 11.3 percent,
increasing from 9.9 percent a year before.
 The Per Capita GSDP in 2017-
2017 18 are — Rs. 42,242 (current prices) and Rs.
31,316 (constant prices, 2011-12).
2011 12). Growth rate of different sectors:
1. Tertiary Sector: 12.8% (highest)

2. Primary Sector: 9.8%
3. Secondary Sector: 4.2%
 The sub-sectors
sectors that contribute most to the overall economy of Bih
Bihar are:
1. mining and quarrying (60.0 percent)

2. manufacturing (17.5 percent)
3. TSCS (transport, storage, communications and services related to
broadcasting) (11.4 percent)
 Among the sub- sectors, air transport is seen to have grown at a very high
rate of 35.2 percent.
STATE FINANCES
 The primary deficit of the state government was 2.9 percent of GSDP in
2017-18.
AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTORS
 Located in the eastern part of India, Bihar has an area of 93.6 lakh hectares,
accounting for nearly 3 percent of the country’s
country’s total geographical area.
Primarily, the climate is sub-
sub tropical. The cropping intensity in the state:
By: A K Upadhyay
53

1.45 (2016-2017).Overall,
2017).Overall, about 56.55 percent of the land was under
cultivation in Bihar during 2016-17.
2016
 For promotion of organic farming, farmers have been identified in villages
along river Ganges in the districts of Patna, Nalanda, Bhagalpur, Vaishali,
Samastipur, Begusarai, Lakhisarai, Khagaria and Munger (organic corridor).
ENTERPRISES SECTOR
 The contribution of industrial sector in GSVA was around

around 20 percent in the
last 3 years.In Bihar, 11 sugar mills are presently in operation, of which 9
are part of private sector and two of public sector.
 Under the Mukhyamantri Kosi Mulberry Scheme, 7 districts in the Kosi
region (Saharsa, Supaul, Madhepura, Araria, Kishanganj, Katihar and
Purnea) were selected for promotion of mulberry production.
 Between 2016 and 2017, there has been a growth of 13.4 percent in the
arrival of tourists.
More encouragingly, the growth rate of foreign tourists’ arrival was 7.1
percent.
INFRASTRUCTURE
 The road transport has grown annually by 12.9 percent and airways by 35.2
percent. Between 2004-05
2004 and 2016-17,
17, Bihar was at the sixth position in
terms of additional construction of NH and SH, and at fifth position in the
context of other roads. Bihar was at the third position, after Kerala and West
Bengal, in terms of road length per hundred sq. km. of geographical area. As
on September, 2018, the total length of NH was 4917 kms., SH was 4006
kms.
 Darbhanga has been included under UDAN-II Scheme.
 In case of rural tele-density,
density, Bihar is at the second lowest position among
major states of India, with 44 connections per 100 people.
 Bihar appears at second position from top in terms of urban tele tele-density,
after Kerala.
ENERGY SECTOR
 Thee availability of power has increased from an average of 6-

6-8 hours to 18-
20 hours in rural areas and from 10-12
10 hours to 22-24
24 hours in urban areas.
The per capita consumption in the state: 280 kWh in 2017 2017-18.The total

By: A K Upadhyay
54

generation capacity of power as of March
March 2018 for the state was 3889 MW
:—
1. Coal-based
based thermal power: 81.9%
2. Hydro power: 12.3%
3. Renewable energy: 5.8%
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
 The state accounts for 8.6 percent of India’s total population, but it has only
3.1 percent of country’s total urban population.
populatio
 Level of Urbanisation in Bihar: 11.3% (2011). Patna accounts for 14 percent
of state’s urban population, followed by Gaya, which has a share of 4
percent. Under the SMART City Mission scheme, four cities of Bihar
(Patna, Bhagalpur, Biharsharif and Muzaffarpur)
Muzaffarpur) have been selected.
 In the first phase of the Patna Metro Rail Project, a total length of 16.94 kms
has been proposed for the East-West
East West Metro Corridor (Danapur to Mithapur
via Bailey Road and railway station).
BANKING AND ALLIED SECTORS
 The Credit-Deposit
Deposit (CD) ratios in Bihar in 2017-18
2017 18 was the highest for
Cooperative Banks (86.9 percent), followed by the Regional Rural Banks
(52.3 percent) and Scheduled Commercial Banks (38.8 percent). The CD
ratio is highest for Purnea (71.6%) and lowest for Bhojpur
Bhojpur (28.5%).
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
 The Per Capita Development Expenditure (PCDE) of Bihar has grown at an

annual rate of 15.8 percent, compared to 13.7 percent for all-India,
all India, between
2011-12 and 2017-18.
18. The Life Expectancy at Birth for the state: 68.7 years
in 2012-16
16 The immunization CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Bihar Current Affairs

Affairs 2019
By: A K Upadhyay
55

At Glance
 60th Annual Lalit Kala Akademi Award winner from Bihar: Tabassum Khan
 Bihar Diwas was celebrated on March 22nd across the state to commemorate the day
when Bihar was carved out of the Bengal Presidency in the year 1912. March 22nd 2019
was the 107th foundation day of the state. Bihar Diwas was first celebrated on a large-
scale in 2010. Bihar Diwas was the brainchild of then chief minister Nitish Kumar.
 The Multi-dimensional Poverty Index 2018 report is prepared by the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development
Initiative. Bihar with more than half its population in poverty was the poorest state in
2015-16.
The four poorest states Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh were still
home to 196 million MPI poor people, which was over half of all the MPI poor people in
India.
 Prime Minister Narendra Modi has laid the foundation stone for the Mandal Dam Project
on the North Koel River.
River. The Mandal Dam Project would be boon for the states of
Jharkhand and Bihar.
The Mandal Dam project will help around one lakh eleven thousand hectares of
agricultural land in Jharkhand and Bihar to get irrigation facilities. 24 MW of electricit
electricity
will also be produced.
The project threatens to submerge the portions of the Palamau Tiger Reserve and Betla
National Park.
 North Koel River originates on Ranchi plateau in Jharkhand and joins the Sone River, a
few miles north-west
west of Haidarnagar in Jharkhand.
Jharkhand. The river meanders through the
northern part of Betla National Park. The principal tributaries of the North Koel River are
Auranga and the Amanat.
 The Department of Post has issued a Commemorative Postage Stamp on Rajkumar
Shuklainin New Delhi on 18th December 2018. The stamp was released as a tribute to the
contribution made by Rajkumar Shukla in the launch of Champaran Satyagraha in the
year 1917.
 Union Government has signed $200 million loan agreement with Asian Development
Bank (ADB) for Bihar State
Stat Highways III Project (BSHP-III). III). It will finance widening
and upgrading of about 230 kms state highways in Bihar to all-weather
all weather standards with
road safety features.
 Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar unveiled 70-feet tall statue of Lord Buddha at
Rajgirin Nalanda district of state. It is second tallest statue of Buddha in the country. The
statue has been installed above 16 metre radius pedestal in middle of lake Ghora Katora.
It has been made from 45,000 cubic foot pink sand stone. Ghora Katora is natural lake
surrounded by five hills. The area around lake and statue has been developed into
beautiful park from eco-tourism
tourism point of view. In this area no petrol and diesel vehicles
will be allowed to ply and only electronic vehicles will be allowed.

By: A K Upadhyay
56

 India has won Commonwealth Association for Public Administration and Management
(CAPAM) Award, 2018. Unnayan Banka initiative for reinventing education using
technology of Banka District, Bihar was awarded under Category “Innovation
Incubation”.
 Shahi Litchi from Bihar has received Geographical Indication (GI) tag
Shahi Litchi is fourth agricultural product from Bihar after Katrani rice, Jardalu mango
and Magahi paan (betel vine),, to get GI tag. In addition to four GI tags in agricultural
field, some art form from Bihar
Bi such as Madhubani painting,, applique – Khatwa patch
work, Sikki grass work, Sujini embroidery work and Bhagalpur silk have also been
accorded GI tag under handicraft category.
 Shahi Litchi is mainly cultivated in Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, Vaishali, East Champaran
and Begusarai and some parts of adjoining areas in agro-climatic
agro climatic areas of the state. The
quality of Shahi litchi in Muzaffarpur, Samastipur and adjoining areas is better with juicy
aril with very good sugar acid blend and aroma. According to agriculture
agriculture scientists, due
to high calcium content in the soil, litchi is better in these areas.
 National Dolphin Research Centre (NDRC) will be set up on the banks of the Ganga river
in Patna University campus in Patna, capital of Bihar. It will India’s and Asia’s first
Dolphin research centre. The announcement for the centre was made on the occasion
of Dolphin day (October 5),, observed in Bihar for protection and conservation of
Gangetic river dolphin to create awareness to save endangered species. Gangetic river
dolphin is India’s national aquatic animal. Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin
Sanctuary located in Bihar’s Bhagalpur district of Bihar is India’s only dolphin sanctuary
is spread over 50 km along the Ganges
 The state cabinet of Bihar has approved a proposal prop to pay Rs 25000 to every girl
graduating in 2018 and onwards. The one-time
one time payment will be made to every girl who
graduated from the colleges of the state on or after April 25, 2018. The state cabinet has
allotted Rs 300 crore towards the disbursal of the payment.
 352nd Prakash Parv (birth anniversary) of Guru Gobind Singh concluded on Jan 13: The
day was also marked by Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar laying the foundation stone
at Rajgir,, of a Gurudwara in the memory of the first Sikh Guru Nanak Dev whose 550th
Prakash Parv is being observed this year. Guru Govind Singh Born at Patna Sahib in
1666, he was the 10th Sikh guru. He succeeded his father Guru Tegh Bahadur Singh as
leader of Sikhs at the age of just nine.
 Union Cabinet has approved a new bridge across the Ganga river at Patna in Bihar.
Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), chaired by the Prime Minister
Narendra Modi, approved the project for construction of 5.634 km long new 4 lane
bridge parallel to the existing MG Setu on NH-19.
 Steel
eel Minister inaugurated SAIL’s steel processing unit at Bettia in West Champaran
district. At present, Steel Authority of lndia Ltd (SAIL) manufactures steel pipes at the
unit. The foundation stone of the processing unit was laid in November 2007.

By: A K Upadhyay
57

 First ever bus services between Bihar and Nepal flagged off : The Chief said four buses
will ply from Bodhgaya to Kathmandu. Similarly four buses will ply from Patna to
Janakpur. The Kathmandu bound bus will go via Patna ,Raxaul and Beerganj. The
Janakpur bound bus us will go via Muzaffarpur and Sitamarhi.
 Bihar govt announces universal old age pension scheme-Mukhyamantri
scheme Mukhyamantri Vridhajan
Pension Yojna: Bihar government has announced a universal old age pension scheme –
Mukhyamantri Vridhajan Pension Yojna- Yojna MVPY (मु मं ी वृ जन पशन योजना) for all
people above 60 years of age.
Except those senior citizens who have retired from government service, all will be
eligible for 400 rupees monthly pension irrespective of caste, religion or community.
 The Chief Minister also announced a pension of 6,000 rupees for journalists above 60
years of age. Those who have been in regular service in the field of media and not getting
any other pension will be eligible for Bihar Patrakar Samman Yojana (BPSY).
 Bihar cabinet sanctioned Rs 384 cr for old age pension scheme for the financial year
2019-20. The money was sanctioned from the Bihar Contingency Fund for payment to
beneficiaries who are above 60 years and do not receive any salary, pension, family
pension or social security pension either from central and state government. Those who
are in the age group of 60-79
60 will get 400 rupees per month while those above 80 will get
500 rupees per month as pension under the scheme.
 Bihar government has fixed 100 rupees as the charge for people to get their property
registered after division of family’s immovable assets.
Previously the charges for registration of property after its division among the family
members attracted 5 per cent of the value of property as total charges of which 2 per cen
cent
used to be registration fee and 3 per cent was stamp duty on the value of the property as
per the prevailing minimum value register(MVR) of the area.
 3-day Krishi Kumbh held in Motihari, Bihar: In Bihar, Governor Lalji Tandon and
Union Agriculture Minister ter Radha Mohan Singh jointly inaugurated the three -day Krishi
Kumbh in Motihari
The objective of Krishi Kumbh is to promote modern techniques and diversification in
agriculture that could help in doubling farmers income.
 Gadkari inaugurated, laid foundation
foundation stone for projects worth Rs 9,726 cr in Bihar (Feb
2019): These include highway projects worth 6,943 crore rupees in Chhapra and
Madhepura and for several works under Namami Gange programme worth 2,826 crore
rupees.
 Mahavir Jayanti was celebrated with religious fervour and gaitey in Bihar: The main
function has been organized at Kundalpur,, in Nalanda district of the state. Birth
anniversary of Mahavir was also celebrated at Pawapuri.
 PM Narendra Modi visited Bihar (Feb 2019): He inaugurated and laid fo foundation stone
of various development projects worth 33,000 crore rupees at Barauni in Begusarai
district. He laid foundation of ambitious Patna Metro Rail Project at a cost of 13,366
crore rupees. Recently, the Centre had given its nod to the project whic
which comprises 31
By: A K Upadhyay
58

Kms long stretch of elevated, underground and surface rail route, with two corridors and
11 stations.
 The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, chaired by the Prime Minister Shri
Narendra Modi, has given its approval for investment approval for 2×660 MW Buxar
Thermal Power Project (Buxar TPP) in District Buxar of Bihar. The project will be
completed at an estimated cost of Rs. 10,439.09 crore and implemented by SJVN
Thermal Private Ltd.,, a wholly owned subsidiary of SJVN Ltd., a Mini Ratna C CPSU
under Ministry of Power, Government of India.
 The Buxar TPP will be based on Supercritical Technology with two units of 660 MW
each, equipped with latest emission control technology to protect the environment and
has high efficiency and use less fuel to
t generate power.
 Bihar has become the first state to deploy specially-trained dogs to check smuggling of
liquor which continues to take place inspite of the total ban imposed in the state for the
last 3 years. 20 liquor-tracker
tracker dogs were trained rigorously
rigorously for nine months in Hyderabad,
Telangana.
 Bihar Budget 2019: Education gets most spending by Nitish Kumar government: Sushil
Modi in his speech claimed that Bihar has achieved highest growth rate among all the
states and the size of this budget at Rs 2 lakh
lakh crore is nine times more than the budget of
2004-05.
05. Energy, education and roads continue to remain in focus of the
government.Total allocation to education sector stands at Rs 34,798 crore.
 Air transport registers 15% growth in Bihar There has been a 15% growth in air transport
in Bihar since last year, according to the 13th Economic Survey 2018-19
2018
 In teledensity,, Bihar has achieved second position after Kerala, and in the energy sector it
has registered a growth of 165% in per capita consumption of powerpower since 2011
2011-12.
 The per capita consumption of power in the State in 2011-12 12 was 134 MW per hour, but
it went up to 280 MW per hour in 2017-18.
 The growth rate of Bihar’s economy in 2017-18
2017 was 11.3%, which was 9.9% in 2016 2016-
17…during both these years the growth rate of the national economy was about 7%.
 In 2017-18 the highest growth rate was recorded in the State by the tertiary sector (14.6
%).. The survey report also said that Bihar has registered a “substantial increase in the
production of total cereals from 15.72 lakh tonnes in 2013-14 14 to 17.35 lakh tonnes in
2017-18”.
 As a result of reduced primary deficit, the Gross Fiscal Deficit also went down from
16,480 crore in 2016-17
2016 to 14,305 crore in 2017-18, 18, which was 2.9% of the
GSDP keeping it within the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act limit of
3% of GSDP
 Bihar’s GSDP in 2017-18 was Rs 4,87,628 crore at current prices and Rs 3,61,504
crore at constant (2011-12)
12) prices, said the report. The resulting per capita GSDP in the
same period was Rss 42,242 at current prices and Rs 31,316 at constant prices.

By: A K Upadhyay
59
January 2019
Bihar posted the highest rise in state GDP in 2017-18
2017
 Bihar and Andhra Pradesh led the pack among States in terms of GDP
growth in financial year 2017-18,
2017 18, clocking 11.3% and 11.2% growth,
respectively, compared with the national GDP growth of 6.7% for the year,
according to a report by Crisil. Highlights of the Report • According to the
report, 12 of the 17 general category States grew faster than the national
growth rate.
 The growth th was not equitable, with the gap between the per capita incomes
in lowincome and high-income
high income States widening over the last five years. • In
fiscal 2018: (a) Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat were top top-rankers in
terms of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)
(GSDP) growth among the 17 nonnon-
special States considered in our analysis. (b) Jharkhand, Kerala, and Punjab
were at the bottom. • The combined fiscal deficit of States crossed the 3% of
GSDP threshold, in both fiscals 2016 and 2017. • This improved in fiscal
2018
018 to 3.1%, but this was still higher than the FRBM limit.
352nd anniversary of Guru Gobind Singh
 On January 13, 2019, the 352nd birth anniversary of the 10th Sikh Guru,
Guru Govind Singh ji, was celebrated as Prakash Utsav at Patna Sahib, in
Bihar, the birth
irth place of Guruji. • The main function was organised at
Takhat Sri Harmandir Sahib Gurdwara, Patna Sahib.
 Guru Govind Singh ji was the creator of Khalsa Panth. • The 10th Sikh
Guru was a spiritual leader, philosopher, poet and master warrior.
 He is considered
sidered as the eternal guru by his followers because of his
contribution to Sikhism. Note:
 PM released commemorative coin of RS. 350 on Sikh Guru Gobind Singh
in New Delhi On January 13, 2019.
Postage Stamp on Rajkumar Shukla
 The Department of Post has issued

issued a Commemorative Postage Stamp on
Rajkumar Shukla in New Delhi on 18th December 2018.
 The stamp was released as a tribute to the contribution made by Rajkumar
Shukla in the launch of Champaran Satyagraha in the year 1917.
Mandal Dam Project
 Prime Minister
nister has laid the foundation stone for the Mandal Dam Project on
the North Koel River.

By: A K Upadhyay
60

 The Mandal Dam Project would be boon for the states of Jharkhand and
Bihar.
 60 Percent would be financed by the unio government as a grant from Long
Long-
Term Irrigation Fund
und (LTIF) under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana.
 Remaining 40% will be borne by the States through loan financed by
NABARD.
Geographical Indications Registry at Chennai has granted GI tag to Silao Khaja, the traditional
delicacy of Nalanda districtt of Bihar
February 2019 .
Bihar Budget 2019-20
 Sushil Kumar Modi presented the state budget of Rs 2,00,501 crore for the
Financial Year 2019-20.
20.
 Bihar has finished with highest growth rate among all the states by size of
this budget at Rs 2 lakh crore
crore is nine times more than the budget of 2004
2004-05.
 The maximum allocation of Rs 34,799 crore is made to the Education
Sector.
 Rs 2,958.77 crore allocated for Rural Development and Rural Works
Department. Note: Download Bihar Budget Summary Here
Bihar government
ment announced Mukhya Mantri Vriddha Pension Yojana
 Bihar Chief Minister announced a Universal Old Age Pension scheme,

named Mukhya Mantri Vriddha Pension Yojana (MMVPY). Mukhyamantri
Vridhajan Pension Yojna (MVPY)
 The scheme covers a person above the age of 60 (if they are not getting any
another pension from state or central government), irrespective of their
financial, family or caste status will get a sum of Rs. 400/ month directly in
their bank account.
 Each person above at the age of 80 or above willwill get a pension of Rs. 500/
month directly in their bank account.
 The scheme aims to cover an estimated 36 lakh senior citizens who were still
not privy to any salary, pension or family pension.
 The state cabinet had sanctioned a sum of Rs 384 crore from Bihar
Contingency Fund for the payment of the universal old age pension scheme
for the financial year 2019-20.
2019
 Bihar has become the first state in India to launch a universal old age
pension scheme.

By: A K Upadhyay
61

 In other states, old age pensions are provided only to members of either BPL
family of 60 years and above, SC/ST or widows or disabled persons.
Ganga basin States stare at the three-fold
three rise in crop failures by 2040
 According to an assessment by the World Bank submitted to the Central

Water Commission the Ganga
Ganga river basin could see crop failures rise three
three-
fold and drinking water shortage can go up by as much as 39% in some
States between now and 2040. Highlights of the Report
 The report says that Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and
Bihar are likely to face a deficit in irrigation water of 28%, 10%, 10% and
15% respectively in 2040 as compared to the current levels if no proper
steps are taken.
Bihar Governor Lalji Tandon and Union Agriculture Minister Radha Mohan Singh jointly
inaugurated three-day
day Krishi Kumbh in Motihari (Bihar)
Gupteshwar Pandey has taken charge as the new Director General of Police (DGP) of Bihar. He
succeeds current DGP K S Dwivedi.
March 2019
Bihar Divas (22nd March): 107th foundation day of Bihar
 To commemorate Bihar's
Bihar's separation from Bengal Presidency in 1912. 2.
Investment approval for 1320MW Buxar Thermal Power Project in Bihar
got Cabinet approval
 Cabinet approved the Investment approval for 2X660MW Buxar Thermal
Power Project in Buxar, Bihar with an estimated cost
cost of Rs.10439.09 cr.
 The project will be implemented by SJVN Thermal Private Limited.
Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2018
 India’s poverty rate has shown a drastic decrease in 10 years, from 55% to
28% in accordance with the 2018 global Multidimensional
Multidimensional Poverty Index
(MPI).
 The index has shown that, in the years between 2005-06
2005 06 and 2015
2015-16, 271
million people are moved out of poverty in India. Highlights of the Report
 Apart from the huge progress, India is still home to the highest number of
MPI pooror comprising 364 million poor in 2015-16.
2015
 According to the report Bihar was the poorest state in 2015-
2015-16, with more
than half its population in poverty.
 The four poorest states of India according to the report are Bihar, Jharkhand,
Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya
Madh Pradesh.
By: A K Upadhyay
62

 Across the 640 districts in India, the poorest district is Alirajpur in Madhya
Pradesh, where 76.5 Percent of people are MPI poor.
 Among states, Jharkhand had the greatest improvement. Multidimensional
Poverty Index 2018
 The index is prepared
prepared by the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative.
 MPI uses three dimensions and ten indicators which are: (a) Education:
Years of schooling and child enrolment (1/6 weightage each, total 2/6); (b (b)
Health: Child mortality and nutrition (1/6 weightage each, total 2/6); (c)
Standard of living: Electricity, flooring, drinking water, sanitation, cooking
fuel and assets (1/18 weightage each, total 2/6)
4. Indian Medical Association vows to make Bihar free
free from tuberculosis by 2025
April 2019
For a malnutrition-free India
 According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) (NFHS)-4, India has
unacceptably high levels of stunting, despite marginal improvement over the
years.
 In 2015-16,
16, 38.4% of children below
below five years were stunted and 35.8%
were underweight.
 India ranks 158 out of 195 countries on the human capital index.
 Lack of investment in health and education leads to slower economic
growth. Ambitious goals
 The aim of the National Nutrition Strategy
Strategy of 2017 is to achieve a
malnutrition-free
free India by 2022.
 The plan is to reduce stunting prevalence in children (0-3
(0 3 years) by about
three percentage points per year by 2022 from NFHS-4
NFHS 4 levels, and achieve a
one-third
third reduction in anaemia in children, adolescents
adolescents and women of
reproductive age. • In terms of geographical regions, Bihar (48%), Uttar
Pradesh (46%) and Jharkhand (45%) have very high rates of stunting, while
States with the lowest rates include Kerala, and Goa (20%).
• Bihar Lokayokta: Shyam Kishore Sharma
May 2019.
What is Special Category Status (SCS)
 The concept of SCS emerged in 1969 when the Gadgil formula (that
determined Central assistance to states) was approved.There is no provision
By: A K Upadhyay
63

of special category status in the Constitution; the the Central government
extends financial assistance to states that are at a comparative disadvantage
against others.
 The NDC (National Development Council) granted this status based on a
number of features of the States which include-
include (a) Hilly and difficu
difficult terrain
(b) Low population density or the presence of sizeable tribal population (c)
Strategic location along international borders (d) Economic and
infrastructural backwardness (e) Non-viable
Non viable nature of State finances.
 Special status is guaranteed by the the Constitution of India through an Act
passed by the two-third
third majority in both houses of the Parliament, as in the
case of Jammu and Kashmir, whereas Special Category Status is granted by
the National Development Council (NDC), an administrative body of the
government. What kind of assistance does the SCS States receive?
 The central government allocates 30 percent of its plan expenditure to these
States as late as 2009--10. (Gadgil-Mukherjee formula).
 Following the constitution of the NITI Aayog and the recommendation
recommendation
Central plan assistance to the SCS States has been subsumed in an increased
devolution of the divisible pool to all States (from 32% in the 13th FC
recommendations to 42%) and do not any longer appear in plan expenditure.
 The 14 FC also recommended
recommended variables such as “forest cover” to be
included in devolution, with a weightage of 7.5 in the criteria and which
could benefit northeastern States that were previously given SCS assistance.
 Assistance to Centrally Sponsored Schemes for the SCS Stat States was given
with 90% Central share and 10% State share. What States are seeking SCS
status?
 Odisha, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh demanding SCS status but they have not
been granted the same as they did not meet the criteria. How many states
have been provided d SCS status?
 NDC has accorded 11 states, out of 29 states, the status of "Special Category
States" to target the fund flow for better-balanced
better balanced growth. • They areare- (a)
Seven States of North-Eastern
North Eastern region (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram,oram, Nagaland and Tripura) (b) Sikkim (c) Jammu &
Kashmir (d) Himachal Pradesh (e) Uttarakhand. Jammu & Kashmir was the
first state to get special category status, and another 10 states were added
over the years, with Uttarakhand being the last in 2010.
WHO's report:
 India faces severe shortage of healthcare providers, especially in Bihar,

Jharkhand, U.P. & Rajasthan

By: A K Upadhyay
64

 WHO has published a research paper titled 'Forecasting the future need and
gaps in requirements for public health professionals in India uup to 2026' in
the 'WHO South-EastEast Asia Journal of Public Health'. • The report says that
India faces critical shortage of healthcare professionals, especially in Bihar,
Jharkhand, U.P. (Uttar Pradesh) & Rajasthan which have the worst hit ratio
as compared to Delhi, Kerala, Punjab and Gujarat which are in a relatively
better position.
 WHO notifies that Southeast Asia requires a 50% rise in healthcare
employment in order to reach the universal health coverage by the year
2030.
 India's health workforce can be broadly classified into 8 categories which
are named as follows: (a) Doctors (allopathic, alternative medicine) (b)
Nursing and midwifery professionals (c) Public health professionals
(medical, non-medical)
medical) (d) Pharmacists (e) Dentists (f) Paramedical wor
workers
(allied health professionals) (g) Grass-root
Grass root workers (frontline workers) (h)
Support staff
 According to the 2008 Government statistics based on vacancies in
sanctioned posts:18% of primary health centres were without a doctor.
June 2019
Bihar bans tree-felling
 The Government of Bihar banned felling of trees, citing increasing pollution

as well as a fatal heatwave. • The order was passed under the Forest
Conservation Act.
 Trees on private land, however, can be felled in the absence of a tree tree-
protection
tion Act in Bihar.
 Bihar has been able to increase its green cover from seven to 15 per cent
under the Green Mission.
Bihar govt launched Mukhyamantri Vridhajan Pension Yojna
 Bihar Government has launched 'Mukhya Mantri Vridha Pension Yojna" a

universal old age pension scheme. Mukhyamantri Vridhajan Pension Yojna
(MVPY)
 The scheme covers a person above the age of 60 (if they are not getting any
another pension from state or central government), irrespective of their
financial, family or caste status will
will get a sum of Rs. 400/ month directly in
their bank account.
 Each person above at the age of 80 or above will get a pension of Rs. 500/
month directly in their bank account. • The state cabinet had sanctioned a
By: A K Upadhyay
65

sum of Rs 384 crore from Bihar Contingency Fund for the payment of the
universal old age pension scheme for the financial year 2019-20.
2019 20.
 Bihar has become the first state in India to launch a universal old age
pension scheme.
 In other states, old age pensions are provided only to members of either BPL
family of 60 years and above, SC/ST or widows or disabled persons.
Outbreak of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) in Bihar
 It is characterized by an acute onset of fever and clinical neurological

manifestation that includes mental confusion, disorientation,
disorientation, delirium, or
coma.
 It has been caused by several different viruses, bacteria, fungus, parasites,
spirochetes, chemical/ toxins etc. • It predominantly affects the population
below 15 years.
 In India, AES outbreaks in the north and eastern India have
have been linked to
children eating unripe litchi fruit on empty stomachs. • Unripe fruit contains
the toxins hypoglycin A and methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPG), which
cause vomiting if ingested in large quantities.
 Hypoglycin A is a naturally occurring amino
amino acid found in the unripened
litchi that causes severe vomiting (Jamaican vomiting sickness).
 Methylenecyclopropylglycine is a poisonous compound found in litchi
seeds that causes a sudden drop in blood sugar, vomiting, altered mental
states leading to lethargy, unconsciousness, coma and death.
 Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the major cause of AES in India
(ranging from 5%-35%).35%). • Nipah virus, Zika viruses are also found as
causative agents for AE
July 2019
Fagu Chauhan was sworn in as the 29th Governor
G of Bihar
 Fagu Chauhan was administered the oath of office by Chief Justice of Patna
High Court Amreshwar Pratap Shahi at the Raj Bhavan in Patna.
Motihari- Amlekhgunj petroleum pipeline
 Indian Ambassador has said Motihari-

Motihari Amlekhgunj petroleum pi pipeline has
been successfully completed by India. Related Information About pipeline
 It is 69-kilometre
kilometre long petroleum pipeline which runs from Motihari in
Bihar to Amelkhgunj in Nepal.
 It will ensure smooth, cost-effective
cost and environment-friendly
friendly supply of
petroleum products to Nepal. • It will also help in tackling the oil storage

By: A K Upadhyay
66

problem in Nepal and doing away with the transportation of petroleum
products through tankers.
Census 2011 on migrations
 Census 2011 data on migration released recently show Maharashtra had

more migrants from Madhya Pradesh than from Bihar, and Gujarat had
almost double the number of migrants from Rajasthan than from Bihar.
 Over 45.58 crore Indians were found to be “migrants” for various reasons
during the enumeration exercises
exercis of Census 2011.
 The previous Census (2001) had recorded the number of migrants at 31.45
crore — more than 30% lower than the 2011 figure.
 According to the website of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner,
India, “When a person is enumerated in Census
Census at a different place than
his/her place of birth, she/he is considered a ‘migrant’.” • Migration data
began to be collected with the Census of 1872
5th Dharma-Dhamma
Dhamma Conference was held in Rajgir
 5th Dharma-Dhamma
Dhamma Conference was held in Rajgir, Bihar from 27 27-28 July
2019. 5. Bihar Government launches drive to make Bihar anaemia
anaemia-free
 Health Minister of Bihar launched the ' Anaemia Mukt Bihar ' campaign at
Kanya Madhya Vidyalaya in Gardanibagh.
 The campaign is organised by State Health Society (SHS) w with technical
support from UNICEF, is aimed at bringing down anaemia cases in the state
by 15% by 2022.
 As per national family health survey-4
survey (NFHS-4) 4) conducted in 2015
2015-16,
63.5% children in Bihar are anaemic against the national average of 58%.
Drinking
g water in 11 districts of Bihar under ‘Neer Nirmal Pariyojana’ by March 2020
 Eleven districts of Bihar are likely to get clean drinking water supply by
March 2020 under ‘Neer Nirmal Pariyojana’, which is a World Bank
Bank-funded
project.
 The scheme was launched
launched in UP, Bihar, Assam and Jharkhand.
 The project started in Bihar in October 2017 with an estimated cost of
Rs1606 crore.
Beltron to develop IT Park at Bihta, Patna
 Bihar State Cabinet approved a proposal to make Bihar State Electronic

Development Corporation
ration Limited (Beltron), an executive branch of the
State Department of Information Technology (IT), the nodal agency for the
proposed IT Park in Bihta.
By: A K Upadhyay
67

 Nabinagar super thermal power project in Aurangabad district Nabinagar
super thermal power project in Aurangabad district started production of
660MW electricity form its first unit.
unit
By 2041, Bihar is set to become the second most populous state
 Its population increased by 25.42% in 2001-11

2001 11 and is now set to become the
second most populous state, surpassing
surpassing Maharashtra by 2041, with an
estimated population of 15.34 crores.
 The total fertility rate (TFR) of Bihar, which is the child per woman, also
remains the highest in the country at 3.3 compared to the national average of
2.3.

By: A K Upadhyay
Bhandari
th House, Behind Batra Cinema, Mukahrjee Nagar, Delhi
65 BPSC Mains Exam 2019
68
Other available subjects for test
लोक शासन
इितहास
समाजशा

By: A K Upadhyay
69
Civil Circle (Online Plateform)
TEST CODE 65th BPSC PRE TEST
PRE: 12
Current Affairs
FULL TEST - 12 A
Roll number
TIME ALLOWED: 2 HRS MAXIMUM MARKS : 150
INSTRUCTION
1. All entries in the circle must be made by Blue / Black ball

point pen
2. Circle should be darkened completely so that alphabet
inside the circle is not visible
3. If you don’t write your roll number in the boxes provided
and also do not darken the circle in the box, your answer
sheet will not evaluate
4. There is one answer for each question. No change in
permitted in the answer
5. Do not make any stray marks on this answer sheet

By: A K Upadhyay
70
ambitious Ayushman Bharat

Bharat- Pradhan
Q1. Which one Bank iss not one of the Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojana
three Banks that will be merged to (a) Karnataka
form the third largest Bank in India (b) Rajasthan
(a) Vijaya Bank (c) Jammu Kashmir
(b) Bank of Baroda (d) West Bengal
(c) Indian Bank Answer: (d) West Bengal
(d) Dena Bank
Answer: (c) Indian Bank Q6. India’s longest single
single-lane steel
cable suspension bridge inaugrated in
Q2. Who becomes the first person to which State
declare as fugitive economic offender (a) Assam
under
er the new Fugitive Economic (b) Mizoram
Offenders Act (c) Meghalaya
(a) Vijay Mallya (d) Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Nirav Modi Answer: (d) Arunachal PrPradesh
(c) Lalit Modi
(d) Mehul Choksi Q7. The Lok Sabha has passed the
_____th constitutional amendment
Q3. Which movie wins the Best bill to provide reservations to the
Motion Picture, Drama in the 2019 economically weaker sections
Golden Globes (a) 120
(a) Green Book (b) 122
(b) The Wife (c) 124
(c) Roma (d) 125
(d) Bohemian Rhapsody Answer: (c) 124
Q4. The 201919 Pravasi Bhartiya Divas Q8. Which one is the first State in
will be held on which city India to implement 10% quota for
(a) Varanasi economically weak in general
(b) Kanpur category
(c) Ahmedabad (a) Bihar
(d) Surat (b) Gujarat
(c) Punjab
Answer: (a) Varanasi (d) Maharashtra
Answer: (b) Gujarat
Q5. Which State Government recently
decided to exit from the Centre’s Q9. India's first National Film
Museum opens in

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(a) Delhi Q14. Which famous singer is awarded
(b) Mumbai with Bharat Ratna award in the year
(c) Chennai 2019
(d) Pune (a) Bhupen Hazarika
Answer: (b) Mumbai (b) Manna Dey
(c) Asha Bhosle
Q10. Who becomes fastest Indian to (d) Lata Mangeshkar
reach 100 ODI wickets Answer: (a) Bhupen Hazarika
(a) Ravindra Jadeja
(b) Ravichandran Ashwin Q15. Which city included Hindi as the
(c) Jasprit Bumrah third official language to be used in its
(d) Mohammed Shami courts
Answer: (d) Mohammed Shami (a) Doha
(b) Abu Dhabi
Q11. Who wins the Men's Single (c) Singapore
Autralian Open Trophy in 2019 (d) Kuala Lumpur
(a) Rafael Nadal Answer: (b) Abu Dhabi
(b) Novak Djokovic
(c) Roger Federer Q16. First World Pulses Day is
(d) Andy Murray observed on
Answer: (b) Novak Djokovic (a) 2nd February
(b) 6th February
Q12. Who wins the Women's Single (c) 10th February
Autralian Open Trophy in 2019 (d) 12th February
(a) Serena Williams Answer: (c) 10th February
(b) Caroline Wozniacki
(c) Angelique Kerber Q17. Which team wins the 85th Ranji
(d) Naomi Osaka Trophy title in 2019
Answer: (d) Naomi Osaka (a) Vidarbha
(b) Delhi
Q13. Which country's President attend (c) Mumbai
the 2019 Republic Day as Chief Guest (d) Saurashtra
(a) Thailand Answer: (a) Vidarbha
(b) Malaysia
(c) Japan Q18. In which state, India’s first Aqua
(d) South Africa Mega Food Park commiss
commissioned
Answer: (d) South Africa (a) Odisha
(b) Kerala
(c) Andhra Pradesh
(d) Tamil Nadu

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Answer: (c) Andhra Pradesh (a) India
(b) Australia
Q19. Which film wins the Best (c) New Zealand
Picture award in the 91st Academy (d) Afghanistan
Awards ceremony Answer: (d) Afghanistan
istan
(a) Roma
(b) Green Book Q24. Which team wins the inaugural
(c) The Favourite Pro Volleyball League Title
(d) Bohemian Rhapsody (a) Chennai Spartans
Answer: (b) Green Book (b) Calicut Heroes
(c) U Mumba Volley
Q20. Which Actor wins the Best (d) Kochi Blue Spikers
Actor award in a Leading Role in the Answer: (a) Chennai Spartans
91st Academy Awards ceremony
(a) Rami Malek Q25. Which country's company sends
(b) Mahershala Ali World's first privately funded mission
(c) Robert Downey Jr. to Moon
(d) Chris Hemsworth (a) China
Answer: (a) Rami Malek (b) USA
(c) Israel
Q21. Which Actress wins the Best (d) Australia
Actress award in a Leading
ng Role in Answer: (c) Israel
the 91st Academy Awards ceremony
(a) Emma Watson Q26. Which one is the second team to
(b) Jennifer Aniston win 500 ODI cricket matches after
(c) Regina King Australia team
(d) Olivia Colman (a) India
Answer: (d) Olivia Colman (b) West Indies
(c) England
Q22. The National War Memorial in (d) New Zealand
Delhi was inaugrated on Answer: (a) India
(a) 24th February, 2019
(b) 25th February, 2019 Q27. The Special Olympics World
(c) 26th February, 2019 Games 2019 held in
(d) 28th February, 2019 (a) Abu Dhabi
Answer: (b) 25th February, 2019 (b) Dubai
(c) Doha
Q23. Which team recently created (d) Muscat
history by scoring highest ever T20 Answer: (a) Abu Dhabi
International Score with 278 total runs

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73

Q28. World Consumer Rights Day (d) Czech Republic
2019 observed on Answer: (a) Slovakia
(a) 12th March
(b) 15th March Q33. Who wons the Men's Singles
(c) 19th March title in the Indian Open Badminton
(d) 25th March 2019
Answer: (b) 15th March (a) Srikanth Kidambi
(b) Viktor Axelsen
Q29. Which Country's capital name
nam is (c) Lee Yang
renamed as Nursultan (d) Wang Chi-lin
(a) Uzbekistan Answer: (b) Viktor Axelsen
(b) Kyrgyzstan
(c) Azerbaijan Q34.
34. Which one bank becomes the
(d) Kazakhstan second largest bank in India from 1st
Answer: (d) Kazakhstan April 2019
(a) Dena Bank
Q30. World Kidney Day is observed (b) Vijaya Bank
on (c) Bank of Baroda
(a) 28th March (d) Allahabad Bank
(b) 3rd March Answer: (c) Bank of Baroda
(c) 8th March
(d) 14th March Q35. World Theatre Day is observed
Answer: (d) 14th March on
(a) March 27th
Q31. Which one is the name of the (b) March 29th
electronic intelligence satellite that (c) April 2nd
was sent to space along with 28 third (d) April 5th
party satellites by ISRO on 1st April Answer: (a) March 27th
(a) Hmisat
(b) Emisat Q36. What was the name of the
(c) Rmisat project under which India has
(d) Gmisat successfully test-fired
fired an anti
anti-satellite
Answer: (b) Emisat (A-SAT)
SAT) missile by shooting down a
live satellite
Q32. Zuzana Caputova elected as the (a) Mission Gagan
first female President of which (b) Mission Dharti
country (c) Mission Vayun
(a) Slovakia (d) Mission Shakti
(b) Slovenia Answer: (d) Mission Shakti
(c) Hungary

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74

Q37. President Ram Nath Kovind Answer: (b) Sam Curran
honoured with highest civilian award
of Q42. Which country launched
aunched the
(a) Croatia world's first nationwise 5G mobile
(b) Belgium network
(c) Uruguay (a) Japan
(d) Norway (b) Singapore
Answer: (a) Croatia (c) South Korea
(d) Malaysia
Q38. Which team wins the Azlan Answer: (c) South Korea
Shah Cup 2019
(a) India Q43. Which country conferred Indian
(b) Japan Prime Minister Narendra Modi with
(c) Argentina the prestigious Zayed medal
(d) South Korea (a) UAE
Answer: (d) South Korea (b) Saudi Arabia
(c) Malaysia
Q39. World Tuberculosis Day (d) Qatar
observed on Answer: (a) UAE
(a) 24th March
(b) 25th March Q44. What is the name of the India's
(c) 29th March longest suspension bridge built in Leh
(d) 31st March by Indian Army
Answer: (a) 24th March (a) Gagan Bridge
(b) Maitri Bridge
Q40. Who is apointed as the first (c) Mahatama Bridge
Lokpal of India (d) Sardar Bridge
(a) A. R. Lakshmanan Answer: (b) Maitri Bridge
(b) G. S. Singhvi
(c) Pinaki Chandra Ghose Q45. Kandhamal Haldi whic
which earn
(d) Madan Lokur Geographical indication (GI) tag is
Answer: (c) Pinaki Chandra Ghose cultivated in which State
(a) Punjab
Q41. Who becomes the youngest (b) Bihar
player to takes a hat-trick
trick in IPL (c) Kerala
cricket history (d) Odisha
(a) Avesh Khan Answer: (d) Odisha
(b) Sam Curran Q46. Which team wins the Santosh
(c) Rashid Khan Trophy Football final in 2019
(d) S Gopal (a) Punjab

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(b) Railways Q51. Which country declared climate
(c) Services emergency to became only the second
(d) Goa country after England to do so
Answer: (c) Services (a) China
(b) Norway
Q47. The Earth Day is celebrated on (c) Ireland
(a) 20th April (d) South Africa
(b) 22nd April Answer: (c) Ireland
(c) 24th April
(d) 25th April Q52. The World Migratory Bird Day
Answer: (b) 22nd April (WMBD) 2019 is being observed on
(a) 4th May
Q48. Which country develops world's (b) 6th May
first 3D vascularised engineered heart (c) 8th May
(a) India (d) 11th May
(b) Israel Answer: (d) 11th May
(c) Japan
(d) United States Q53. Igor Stimac who is appointed as
Answer: (b) Israel Indian men’s football team coach is
belongs to which country
Q49. Which country has awarded PM (a) Sweden
Narendra Modi with ‘Order of St (b) Portugal
Andrew the Apostle’ Award (c) Croatia
(a) UAE (d) Hungary
(b) Ukraine Answer: (c) Croatia
(c) Russia
(d) Belarus Q54. Which country has passed a law
Answer: (c) Russia to criminalises publication of fake
news
Q50. Which one country's stock (a) Singapore
market has overtaken Japan to be the (b) Malaysia
world’s third largestt in value (c) Brunei
(a) India (d) Bahrain
(b) South Korea Answer: (a) Singapore
(c) Saudi Arabia
(d) Hong Kong Q55. World Red Cross Day is
Answer: (d) Hong Kong observed on
(a) 5th May
(b) 8th May
(c) 12th May

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(d) 13th May Answer: (d) Manchester City
Answer: (b) 8th May
Q56. Vajiralongkorn crowned as the Q61. Which Team wins the Indian
new King of which country Premier League 2019
(a) Malaysia (a) Chennaii Supper Kings
(b) Thailand (b) Mumbai Indians
(c) Japan (c) Sunrisers Hyderabad
(d) Indonesia (d) Rajasthan Royals
Answer: (b) Thailand Answer: (b) Mumbai Indians
Q57. World Press Freedom Day is Q62. Which player wins the Orange
observed on Cap in IPL 2019
(a) 3rd May (a) David Warner
(b) 5th May (b) Jonny Bairstow
(c) 8th May (c) Andre Russell
(d) 11th May (d) Rohit Sharma
Answer: (a) 3rd May Answer: (a) David Warner
Q58. Ntional technology Day is Q63.

3. Who become the first woman to
observed on be appointed to ICC's international
(a) 5th May panel of match referees
(b) 8th May (a) Shivani Mishra
(c) 11th May (b) G.S. Lakshmi
(d) 14th May (c) Vrinda Rathi
Answer: (c) 11th May (d) N Janaki
Answer: (d) Kiki Bertens
Q59. Which city hosts the IPL 2019
final match Q64. Which one became the first city
(a) Chennai in the U.S. to ban the use of faci
facial-
(b) Delhi recognition software
(c) Mumbai (a) New York City
(d) Hyderabad (b) Las Vegas
Answer: (d) Hyderabad (c) Los Angeles
(d) San Francisco
Q60. Which Team wins the English Answer: (d) San Francisco
Premier League champions 2019
(a) Manchester United Q65. Mountaineer Kami Rita Sherpa
(b) Liverpool F.C. has become the first person to climb
(c) Arsenal Mouth Everest for the most number of
(d) Manchester City times with _______ conquest

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77

(a) 16th (c) Maharashtra
(b) 18th (d) West Bengal
(c) 21st Answer: (d) West Bengal
(d) 23rd
Answer: (d) 23rd Q70. The world's highest polling
station in Tashigang village is held
Q66. Which country elected to host today located in which State
2023 Asian Cup (a) Arunachal Pradesh
(a) China (b) Himachal Pradesh
(b) Japan (c) Uttarakhand
(c) Malaysia (d) Meghalaya
(d) South Korea Answer: (b) Himachal Pradesh
Answer: (a) China Q71. What is the overall percentage
of voting recorded in the 17th Lok
Q67. The Retired judge of Indian Sabha election in 2019
Supreme Court Justice Madan B (a) 70
Lokur has been appointed to the (b) 72
Supreme Court of (c) 76
(a) Fiji (d) 78
(b) Maldives Answer: (a) 70
(c) Mauritius
(d) Seychelles Q72. For what purpose the RISAT
RISAT-2B
Answer: (a) Fiji satellite is launched by ISRO
(a) Agricultural Data
Q68. Which Indian State's (b) Communications
Infrastructure Investment Fund Board (c) Atmospheric Studies
has become the first state-level
level firm in (d) Surveillance
India to be listed in the London Stock Answer: (d) Surveillance
Exchange
(a) Kerala Q73. Which country launch
launched
(b) Punjab ‘Golden Card’ Permanent Residency
(c) Karnataka Scheme in an attempt to woo wealthy
(d) Tamil Nadu individuals and exceptional talents
Answer: (a) Kerala from all over the world
(a) UAE
Q69. Which one is the first state in (b) Qatar
India where Article 324 is (c) Belgium
implemented (d) Saudi Arabia
(a) Uttar Pradesh Answer: (a) UAE
(b) Madhya Pradesh

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78

Q74. How many seats are wins by (b) Congress
BJP in the 2019 Lok Sabha election
e (c) TMC
(a) 294 (d) BJD
(b) 300 Answer: (d) BJD
(c) 302
(d) 305 Q79. Which team wins the Copa Del
Answer: (c) 302 Rey football tournament this year
(a) Barcelona
Q75. Who become the first woman (b) Valencia
pilot of the Indian Air Force to qualify (c) Villarreal
to undertake combat missions on a (d) Real Betis
fighter jet Answer: (b) Valencia
(a) Bhawana Kanth Q80. Prem Singh Golay sworn in as
(b) Avani Chaturvedi the new Chief Minister of ______
(c) Shubhangi Swaroop (a) Arunachal Pradesh
(d) Punita Arora (b) Meghalaya
Answer:
swer: (a) Bhawana Kanth (c) Uttarakhand
(d) Sikkim
Q76. Which candidate wins the Lok Answer: (d) Sikkim
Sabha election 2019 by highest
margin of voting against his nearest Q81. The new commercial arm of
rival candidate Indian Space Research Organisation
(a) CR Patil (ISRO) is known as
(b) Amit Shah (a) SpaceMarket India Limited
(c) Darshana Jardosh (b) ISRO Business Limited
(d) Ranjan Bhatt (c) NewSpace India Limited
Answer: (a) CR Patil (d) SpaceAnalytic India Limite
Limited
Answer: (c) NewSpace India Limited
Q77. Which player wins the European
Golden Shoe awards 2019 Q82. How many total women
(a) Lionel Messi candidates have been elected to the
(b) Kylian Mbappé 17th Lok Sabha
(c) Mohamed Salah (a) 68
(d) Philippe Coutinho (b) 73
Answer: (a) Lionel Messi (c) 75
(d) 78
Q78. The youngest MP of 17th Lok Answer: (d) 78
Sabha, Chandrani Murmu is
representing which party
(a) BJP

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Q83. Naveen Patnaik took oath as the Answer: (a) Indira Gandhi
Chief Minister of Odisha for the ___
time Q88. Admiral Karambir Singh today
(a) 3rd took charge as the _______ Chief of
(b) 4th the Naval Staff (CNS)
(c) 5th (a) 20th
(d) 6th (b) 22nd
Answer: (c) 5th (c) 24th
(d) 26th
Q84. The ICC World Cup tournament Answer: (c) 24th
2019 begins in
(a) Australia Q89. The Puertoto Williams city, which
(b) England has become world’s southernmost city
(c) South Africa is located in
(d) West Indies (a) South Africa
Answer: (b) England (b) New Zealand
(c) Chile
Q85. How many total teams are (d) Argentina
participating in the ICC World Cup Answer: (c) Chile
2019
(a) 8 Q90. Which team wins the
(b) 10 Champions League title
(c) 12 (a) Tottenham
(d) 13 (b) Liverpool
Answer: (b) 10 (c) Barcelona
Q86. Which Indian writer wins the (d) Juventus
Nine Dots Prize 2019 Answer: (b) Liverpool
(a) Annie Zaidi Current Affairs 2019 Question
(b) Nayantara Sahgal Answer
(c) Easterine Kire Q91. Which Indian politician is
(d) Madhuri Vijay recently conferred with Mexico’s
Answer: (a) Annie Zaidi highest civilian honour for foreigners
(a) Manmohan Singh
Q87. Who was the last Women (b) Pranab Mukherjee
Finance Minister of India before (c) Pratibha Patil
Nirmala Sitharaman (d) Ram Nath Kovind
(a) Indira Gandhi Answer: (c) Pratibha
ibha Patil
(b) Mamata Banerjee
(c) Sushma Swaraj Q92. Which batsman scores first
(d) Sarojini Naidu century of ICC World Cup 2019

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(a) Joe Root (a) Brazil
(b) Faf du Plessis (b) England
(c) Shakib Al Hasan (c) USA
(d) Steve Smith (d) France
Answer: (a) Joe Root Answer: (d) France
Q93. World Environment Day is Q98. Which country conferred PM

observed on Narendra Modi with its highest
(a) 2nd June honour "Rule of Nishan Izzuddeen"
(b) 4th June (a) Qatar
(c) 5th June (b) Maldives
(d) 8th June (c) Seychelles
Answer: (c) 5th June (d) Mauritius
Answer: (b) Maldives
Q94. The theme for this year World
Environment Day is Q99. Who wins the French Ope
Open
(a) Water Pollution Women's Single Final
(b) Air Pollution (a) Sofia Kenin
(c) Soil Pollution (b) Amanda Anisimova
(d) Jungle Pollution (c) Ashleigh Barty
Answer: (b) Air Pollution (d) Marketa Vondrousova
Answer: (c) Ashleigh Barty
Q95. Which Indian State wins the
award for cleanest state in Swachh Q100. Which city host this year's G
G-
Survekshan 2019 20 summit
(a) Maharashtra (a) Osaka
(b) Uttarakhand (b) Tokyo
(c) Jharkhand (c) New York
(d) Chhattisgarh (d) Seoul
Answer: (a) Osaka
Q96. Which country host the 2019
FIFA U-20 World Cup Q101. Who is appointed
inted as the new
(a) Poland Chief of RAW in the month of June,
(b) Hungary 2019
(c) Germany (a) Anil Dhasmana
(d) Slovakia (b) Samant Goel
Answer: (a) Poland (c) Rajiv Jain
(d) Dineshwar Sharma
Q97. Which country host the Answer: (b) Samant Goel
Women's World Cup football

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81

Q102. Who becomes the fastest to (c) Pakistan
scores 20000 international runs in (d) Afghanistan
cricket Answer: (d) Afghanistan
(a) MS Dhoni
(b) Virat Kohli Q107. World Refugee Day is
(c) Hashim Amla celebrated on
(d) Joe Root (a) 19th June
Answer: (b) Virat Kohli (b) 20th June
(c) 21st June
Q103. Who became the first New (d) 22nd June
Zealand bowler to pick up a World Answer: (c) 21st June
Cup hat-trick
(a) Trent Boult Q108. Who is elected as the new Lok
(b) Tim Southee Sabha Speaker
(c) Matt Henry (a) Arjunlal Meena
(d) Colin de Grandhomme (b) Arjun Ram Meghwal
Answer: (a) Trent Boult (c) Manoj Rajoria
(d) Om Birla
Q104. Which one is the first
st Arab Answer: (d) Om Birla
country to get full FATF membership
(a) UAE Q109. According to a United Nations
(b) Qatar report, in how many yea
years India will
(c) Turkey be most populated country in the
(d) Saudi Arabia World
Answer: (d) Saudi Arabia (a) 6 years
(b) 8 years
Q105. Which one country becoming (c) 10 years
the first Arab nation to play in the (d) 12 years
Copa American football tournament Answer: (b) 8 years
(a) UAE
(b) Iran Q110. Who wins the Femina Miss
(c) Qatar India World 2019 title
(d) Bahrain (a) Sanjana Vij
Answer: (c) Qatar (b) Anukreethy Vas
(c) Suman Rao
Q106. Against which team, (d) Shivani Jadhav
Mohammed Shami takes hatrick Answer: (c)) Suman Rao
wickets in 2019 World Cup
(a) West Indies Q111. Which team wins the 2019
(b) New Zealand FIFA U-20
20 World Cup tournament

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82

(a) Italy
(b) Ukraine Q116. Which team wins the FIH
(c) Ecuador Men's Series Finals Hockey
(d) South Korea tournament
Answer: (b) Ukraine (a) India
(b) England
Q112. Who is conferred with highest (c) South Africa
national award of Kyrgyzstan titled (d) Malaysia
“Manas Order of the First Degree” Answer: (a) India
(a) Xi Jinping
(b) Narendra Modi Q117. Zuzana Caputova sworn in as
(c) Imran Khan first female President of
(d) Vladimir Putin (a) Slovakia
Answer: (a) Xi Jinping (b) Poland
(c) Austria
Q113. Who is the only Indian Player (d) Belarus
in Forbes world's 100 highest-paid
highest Answer: (a) Slovakia
athletes 2019 list
(a) Virat Kohli Q118. Every year, 18th July is also
(b) MS Dhoni celebrated as
(c) Jyoti Randhawa (a) International Panic Day
(d) Sachin Tendulkar (b) Autistic Pride Day
Answer: (a) Virat Kohli (c) World Rabies Day
(d) International Day of Older Persons
Q114. The Shanghai Cooperation Answer: (b) Autistic Pri
Pride Day
Organization summit is host by which
city Q119. Who becomes the first player
(a) Tashkent to scores two 150+ runs innings in
(b) Dushanbe World Cup Cricket tournament
(c) Bishkek (a) Rohit Sharma
(d) Samarkand (b) Steve Smith
Answer: (c) Bishkek (c) David Warner
(d) Virat Kohli
Q115. Who wins the French Open Answer: (c) David Warner
Men's Single title 2019
(a) Dominic Thiem Q120. Which country host the 2019
(b) Rafael Nadal Copa America Cup footba
football
(c) Novak Djokovic tournament
(d) Roger Federer (a) Brazil
Answer: (b) Rafael Nadal (b) Uruguay

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83

(c) Chile Q125. Which team wins the 2019
(d) Argentina Copa America cup football
Answer: (a) Brazil tournament
Q121. "My Life, My Mission" is the (a) Brazil
autobiography of (b) Argentina
(a) Baba Ramdev (c) Chile
(b) Arvind Kejriwal (d) Peru
(c) Rajnath Singh Answer: (a) Brazil
(d) Subramanian Swamy
Answer: (a) Baba Ramdev Q126. Which team wins the 2019
FIFA Women's World Cup football
Q122. According to the Health Index tournament
report published by NITI Aayog, (a) Brazil
which one state topped among the (b) USA
large states (c) Japan
(a) Punjab (d) Netherlands
(b) Kerala Answer: (b) USA
(c) Karnataka
(d) Maharashtra Q127. India's longest Electrified
Answer: (b) Kerala Railway Tunnel will be built in which
State
Q123. Which company has been (a) Assam
selected for President’s award for (b) Himachal Pradesh
utilisation of Corporate Social
Soci (c) Uttarakhand
Responsibility (CSR) fund (d) Andhra Pradesh
(a) OIL Answer: (d) Andhra Pradesh
(b) NALCO
(c) Reliance Q128. Who many centuries we
were
(d) TATA Steel scored by Indian batsman Rohit
Answer: (b) NALCO Sharma in 2019 ICC World Cup
(a) 3
Q124. Before Nirmala Sitharaman, (b) 4
who was the only women to present (c) 5
Union Budget in the Parliament (d) 6
(a) Indira Gandhi Answer: (c) 5
(b) Mamata Banerjee
(c) Sushma Swaraj Q129. Which one became the first
(d) Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit state in India to ensure the
Answer: (a) Indira Gandhi conservation of water
(a) Sikkim

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84

(b) Assam (a) Rohit Sharma
(c) Meghalaya (b) David Warner
(d) Tamil Nadu (c) Jonny Bairstow
Answer: (c) Meghalaya (d) Kane Williamson
Answer: (d) Kane Williamson
Q130. Who wins the Wimbledon
Women's single title in 2019 Q135. Who wins the Wimbledon
(a) Serena Williams Men's Single title 2019
(b) Naomi Osaka (a) Roger Federer
(c) Simona Halep (b) Novak Djokovic
(d) Caroline Wozniacki (c) Dominic Thiem
Answer: (c) Simona Halep (d) Rafael Nadal
Answer: (b) Novak Djokovic
Q131. World Population Day is
observed on Q136. Who is conferred with
(a) 10th July prestigious 'Lamp of Peace of Saint
(b) 11th July Francis' Award
(c) 12th July (a) Amartya Sen
(d) 13th July (b) Kailash Satyarthi
Answer: (b) 11th July (c) Mohamed ElBaradei
(d) Prof Muhammad Yunus
unus
Q132. Which team wins the Answer: (d) Prof Muhammad Yunus
CONCACAF Gold Cup
(a) Canada Q137. The International Day of
(b) Mexico Charity is observed on
(c) USA (a) 5th September
(d) Colombia (b) 8th September
Answer: (b) Mexico (c) 10th September
(d) 12th September
Q133. Which Team wins the ICC Answer: (a) 5th September
World Cup Cricket tournament
(a) England Q138. Which country supplied
(b) India Apache AH-64E
64E helicopters to India
(c) Australia (a) USA
(d) New Zealand (b) France
Answer: (a) England (c) Israel
(d) Russia
Q134. Which player wins the player Answer: (a) USA
of the tournament award in the ICC
World Cup Cricket

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85

Q139. Union Minister of State for (c) Oman
Culture and Tourism, inaugurated (d) Qatar
first-ever
ever architectural LED Answer: (a) UAE
illumination at
(a) Taj Mahal Q144. Which team won the Durand
(b) Red Fort Cup 2019 football tournament
(c) Qutub Minar (a) Mohun Bagan
(d) Humayun’s Tomb (b) Minerva Punjab
Answer: (c) Qutub Minar (c) Real Kashmir
(d) Gokulam Kerala FC
Q140. Indonesia decided to move its Answer:r: (d) Gokulam Kerala FC
capital from Jakarta to
(a) West Kalimantan Q145. Which country launched life
life-
(b) East Kalimantan size humanoid robot called Fedor to
(c) North Kalimantan International Space Station (ISS)
(d) South Kalimantan (a) Japan
Answer: (b) East Kalimantan (b) South Korea
(c) China
Q141. Which country launched (d) Russia
world’s first floating nuclear reactor Answer: (d) Russia
(a) USA
(b) Russia Q146. What is the name of the Rover
(c) UK in the Chandrayaan-22 mi
mission
(d) Japan (a) Vikram
Answer: (b) Russia (b) Pragyan
(c) Rohit
Q142. Who becomes the became 1st (d) Abhigyan
Indian to win a Badminton World Answer: (b) Pragyan
Championships gold
(a) P. V. Sindhu Q147. Who wins the 2019 US Open
(b) Saina Nehwal Women's Single title
(c) Srikanth Kidambi (a) Serena Williams
(d) Parupalli Kashyap (b) Eugenie Bouchard
Answer: (a) P. V. Sindhu (c) Bianca Andreescu
(d) Ana Ivanović
Q143. Which country honoured Answer: (c) Bianca Andrees
Narendra Modi with prestigious
'Order of Zayed' Award 148.This state will start a medical
(a) UAE university in memory of former prime
(b) Saudi Arabia minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

By: A K Upadhyay
86
A. Uttar Pradesh "Global Happiness Survey" according

to the report by Ipsos.
B. Bihar A. 20th
C. West Bengal B. 5th
D. Haryana C. 9th
Answer: Option A
149 Exercise Yudh Abhyas 2019 D. 12th
began recently between India and Answer: Option C
which country?
A. Singapore
B. Russia
C. USA
D. Indonesia
Answer: Option C
150.India ranks __________ on

By: A K Upadhyay
87
Bihar Budget Analysis 2019-20

2019
The Finance Minister, Mr. Sushil
ushil Kumar Modi, presented the Budget for Bihar for financial year
2019-20 on February 12, 2019.
Budget Highlights
 The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Bihar for 2019-20 20 at current prices is
estimated to be Rs 5,72,827 crore, which is 5% higher than the revised estimate for
2018-19.
 Total expenditure for 2019-20
2019 20 is estimated to be Rs 2,00,501 crore, a 5% increase
over the revised estimate of 2018-19.
2018 In 2018-19,
19, as per the revised figures, the
expenditure is estimated to increase by Rs 13,928 crore (7.9%)
(7.9%) over the budgeted
estimate.
 Total receipts (excluding borrowings) for 2019-20 20 are estimated to be Rs 1,79,849
crore, an increase of 11.9% as compared to the revised estimate of 20182018-19. In 2018-19,
total receipts (excluding borrowings) are estimated to remain same as the budgeted
estimate (Rs 1,60,735 crore) for the year.
 Revenue surplus for 2019-20
2019 20 is targeted at Rs 21,517 crore, or 3.76% of the
GSDP. Fiscal deficit is targeted at Rs 16,101 crore (2.81% of GSDP).
 Sectors such as agriculture and allied
allied activities (24%), police (16%) and health and family
welfare (14%) saw the highest increase in allocations. Allocation to energy and
education decreased by 23% and 4%, respectively.
Policy Highlights
 Education: Rs 35,942 crore has been allocated towards Education. The amount for
providing a cycle to every student under the Mukhyamantri Balak-Balika
Balak Balika Cycle Yojana
has been increased from Rs 2,500 to Rs 3,000. The amount provided for uniform for
female students under the Mukhyamantri Balika Poshak Yojana in class 9 to 12 has been
increased from Rs 1,000 to Rs 1,500.
 Health: Construction of 11 new medical colleges will be initiated in 2019
2019-20 by the
central government and the state government. Rs 5,540 crore has been approved for
increasing the capacity of the
the Patna medical college hospital to 5,000 beds, and
increasing the student enrolment capacity to 250.
 Agriculture: Rs 1,692 crore has been allocated towards the recently announced
Mukhyamantri Harit Krishi Sanyantra Yojana. Rs 1,430 crore has been alloca
allocated as
agricultural input subsidy for farmers in drought-prone
drought prone regions in 24 districts of the
state. Further, the Krishi Input Agrim grant has been increased from Rs 6,000 to Rs
8,000 to promote organic farming in the state.

By: A K Upadhyay
88
Bihar’s Economy
 Economy: The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Bihar (at current prices) has
grown at a rate of 10.9% during the period 2011-12
2011 12 to 2016
2016-17.
 Sectors: In 2017-18,18, the sectors of Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Services
contributed to 23%, 15%, and 62% of the State Gross Value Added (GSVA). GSVA by a
sector denotes the contribution of that sector to the state’s economy. In the same year,
these sectors grew by 6.1%, 4.1%, and 17.9% respectively.
 Per capita GSDP: The per capita GSDP of Bihar in 2017-18
2017 18 (at current p
prices) was Rs
42,242. This is 12.7% higher than the figure for 2016-17
2016 17 (Rs 37,478).
Budget Estimates for 2019-20

20
 The total expenditure in 2019-20

2019 is targeted at Rs 2,00,501 crore. This is 5% higher than
the revised estimate of 2018-19.
2018 This expenditure is proposed to be met through
receipts (other than borrowings) of Rs 1,79,849 crore and borrowings of Rs
21,736 crore. Receipts (other than borrowings)
borrowings) is expected to be 11.9% higher in 2019
2019-
20 than the revised estimate of 2018-19.
2018
 In 2018-19,
19, as per the revised figures, expenditure of the state is estimated to increase
by Rs 13,928 crore (7.9%) over the budgeted estimate. Receipts (excluding borrowi
borrowings)
are estimated to remain same as the budgeted estimate (Rs 1,60,735 crore) made for
2018-19.
Table 1: Budget 2019-20:

2019 Key figures (in Rs crore)
% change % change
2017-18
18 2018-19 2018-19 from BE 2019-20 from RE
Items
Actuals Budgeted Revised 2018-19 to Budgeted 2018-19 to
RE 2018-19 BE 2019-20
Total Expenditure 1,36,427 1,76,990 1,90,919 7.9% 2,00,501 5.0%
A. Receipts (except
1,18,867 1,60,735 1,60,735 0.0% 1,79,849 11.9%
borrowings)
B. Borrowings (gross) 11,771 20,520 20,520 0.0% 21,736 5.9%
Total Receipts
1,30,638 1,81,255 1,81,255 0.0% 2,01,585 11.2%
(A+B)
Revenue Surplus 14,823 21,312 9,355 -56.1% 21,517 130.0%
As % of GSDP 3.04% 4.13% 1.72% 3.76%
Fiscal Deficit 14,305 11,204 25,132 124.3% 16,101 -35.9%
As % of GSDP 2.93% 2.17% 4.62% 2.81%
Primary Deficit 5,251 440 14,368 3161.9% 5,378 -62.6%
As % of GSDP 1.08% 0.09% 2.64% 0.94%
Note: BE indicates Budget Estimate, RE indicates Revised Estimate.
By: A K Upadhyay
89

Sources: Bihar Annual Financial Statement 2019-20;
2019 20; Bihar Medium Term Fiscal Policy
Statement 2019-20; PRS.
Expenditure in 2019-20
 Capital expenditure for 2019-20

2019 20 is proposed to be Rs 45,270 crore, which is an
increase of 7.2% over the revised estimate of 2018-19.
2018 19. Capital expenditure includes
expenditure
re affecting the assets and liabilities of the state, such as: (i) capital outlay, i.e.
expenditure which leads to creation of assets (such as bridges and hospitals), and (ii)
repayment and grant of loans by the state government.
 In 2019-20, capital outlay is estimated to be Rs 36,593 crore, which is an increase of

8% over the revised estimate of 2018-19.
2018 The revised figure for 2018-19
19 is estimated to
be 4.6% higher than the budgeted estimate made for the year.
 Revenue expenditure for 2019-20
2019 20 is proposed to be Rs 1,55,231 crore, which is 4.4%
higher than the revised estimate of 2018-19.
2018 19. This expenditure includes payment o of
salaries, pensions, and interests, among others. Revenue expenditure forms 77% of the
total expenditure proposed in 2019-20.
2019
Table 2: Expenditure budget 2019-20

2019 (in Rs crore)
% change % change
2017-18 2018-19
2018 2018-19 from BE 2019-20 from RE
Item
Actuals Budgeted Revised 2018-19 to Budgeted 2018-19 to
RE 2018-19 BE 2019
2019-20
A. Capital
4.9% 7.2%
Expenditure 33,803 40,251 42,222 45,270
of which Capital
4.6% 8.0%
Outlay 28,907 32,417 33,897 36,593
B. Revenue
8.7% 4.4%
Expenditure 1,02,624 1,36,740 1,48,696 1,55,231
Total
Expenditure 7.9% 5.0%
1,36,427 1,76,990 1,90,919 2,00,501
(A+B)
C. Debt
0.0% -1.2%
Repayment 4,654 7,326 7,326 7,236
D. Interest
0.0% -0.4%
Payments 9,054 10,763 10,765 10,723
Debt Servicing
13,707 18,090 18,091 0.0% 17,959 -0.7%
(C+D)
Note: Capital outlay denotes expenditure
exp which leads to creation of assets.
2019 PRS.
Sector-wise
wise expenditure in 2019-20
2019
By: A K Upadhyay
90

The sectors listed below account for 69% of the total budgeted expenditure of Bihar in 2019
2019-20.
A comparison of Bihar’s expenditure on key sectors with that by other states can be found in the
Annexure.
Table 3: Sector-wise
wise expenditure for Bihar Budget 2019-20
2019 (Rs crore)
2017- % change
2018-19
19 2018-19 2019-20
18 from RE
Budget provisions for
Sector 2018-19 to
201
2019-20
Actuals Budgeted Revised Budgeted BE 2019-
20
· Rs 14,353 crore has been
Education -4% allocated towards the Sarva
24,833 33,411 37,385 35,942
Shiksha Abhiyan.
· Rs 5,900 crore and Rs 4,950
crore have been allocated
Rural towards Pradhan Mantri Awas
11%
Development 17,600 24,075 24,471 27,095 Yojana (Rural) and Swachh
Bharat Mission (Rural),
respectively.
Water
· Rs 620 crore and Rs 390
Supply,
crore have been allocated for
Sanitation,
5% Smart Cities Mission and
Housing and 7,609 18,763 19,848 20,744
Swachh Bharat Mission
Urban
(Urban), respectively.
Development
Social · Rs 3,153 has been allocated
Welfare and 4% to the Integrated Child
9,897 8,326 12,138 12,586
Nutrition Development Scheme.
· Rs 32.2 crore has been
allotted towards the Crime and
Police 16% Criminal Track
Tracking Network &
6,006 7,548 7,984 9,286
System (CCTNS) for effective
policing.
allocated towards National
Health and
Health Mission and Rs 335
Family 14%
6,182 7,564 8,025 9,157 crore has been allocate
allocated
Welfare
towards Ayushman Bharat
Scheme.
Energy -23% allocated towards power
11,236 9,864 11,486 8,795
companies.
· Rs 5,536 crore of capital
Transport 4%
6,804 7,856 8,055 8,360 outlay has been allocated

By: A K Upadhyay
91

towards road construction.
Agriculture · Rs 253 crore has been
and allied 24% allocated towards the Rashtriya
3,824 5,176 5,254 6,537
activities Krishii Vikas Yojana.
% of total
69% 69% 71% 69%
expenditure
Sources: Bihar Budget Speech, Annual Financial Statement and Demands for Grants, 2019
2019-20;
PRS.
Committed liabilities: Committed liabilities of a state typically includes expenditure on

payment of salaries, pensions, and interest. A larger proportion of budget allocated for
expenditure on committed liabilities limits the state’s flexibility to decide on other expenditure
priorities such as capital investments.
In 2019-20,
20, Bihar is estimated to spend
spend Rs 52,539 crore (26% of its expenditure) on committed
liabilities, i.e. payment of salaries, pensions, and interest. This is 12% higher than the revised
estimate of 2018-19 19 (Rs 46,933 crore, which is 25% of the revised expenditure). Salaries form
thee highest component (44%) of these committed liabilities. Expenditure on salaries is estimated
to increase by 15% in 2019-20 20 over the revised estimate of 2018-19.
2018 Pensions and interest
payments form 35% and 21% of these committed liabilities, respectively.
respectivel
Table 4: Expenditure on committed liabilities for the state in 2019-20
2019 20 (in Rs crore)
% change % change
2017-18 2018-19
2018 2018-19 from BE 2019-20 from RE
Item
Actuals Budgeted Revised 2018-19 to Budgeted 2018
2018-19 to
RE 2018-19 BE 2019
2019-20
Salaries 16,941 20,232
,232 20,339 0.5% 23,358 14.8%
Pensions 14,293 15,829 15,829 0.0% 18,458 16.6%
Interest
9,054 10,763 10,765 0.0% 10,723 -0.4%
Payments
Committed
40,289 46,825 46,933 0.2% 52,539 11.9%
Liabilities
Sources: Bihar Budget Summary 2019-20;
2019 PRS.
Receipts in 2019-20
 The total revenue receipts for 2019-20 20 are estimated to be Rs 1,76,748 crore, an
increase of 11.8% over the revised estimate of 2018-19.
2018 19. Of this, Rs 38,606 crore (21.8%
of the revenue receipts) will be raised by the state through its own resources. Rs
1,38,141 crore (78.2% of the revenue receipts) will be devolved from the centre in
the form of grants and the state’s share in central taxes. In 2019-20,
20, own revenue and
central transfers are expected to be 9% and 13% higher than the revised estimate
estimates of
2018-19, respectively.

By: A K Upadhyay
92

 Central transfers: In 2019-20,
2019 20, revenue from the state’s share in central taxes is
estimated to increase by 17% over the revised estimate of 2018-19.
2018 Revenue in the
form of grants-in-aid
aid is estimated to increase by 5.6% (Rs 2,588
2,588 crore) in 2019
2019-20 over
the revised estimate of 2018-19.
2018 28% of the revenue receipts of the state in 2019
2019-20 is
estimated to come in the form of grants-in-aid
grants from the centre.
 Non-tax revenue: Bihar has estimated to generate Rs 4,806 crore (2.7% of the
revenue
evenue receipts) through non-tax
non sources in 2019-20. Non-tax
tax sources include interest
receipts, dividends, and royalties, among others. This is an increase of 8.1% (Rs 361
crore) over the revised estimate of 2018-19.
2018
Table 5: Break up of state government receipts in 2019-20

20 (in Rs crore)
% change % change
from BE from RE
2017-18
18 2018-19 2018-19 2019-20
Item 2018-19 2018
2018-19
Actuals Budgeted Revised Budgeted
to RE to BE
2018-19 2019
2019-20
State's Own Tax 31,002 0.0% 9.0%
23,136 31,002 33,800
State's Own Non-Tax 3,507 4,446 4,446 0.0% 8.1%
4,806
State's share in
76,172 0.0% 17.0%
Central Taxes 65,083 76,172 89,122
Grants-in-aid from
46,431 0.0% 5.6%
Centre 25,720 46,431 49,019
Total Revenue
1,17,447 1,58,051 1,58,051 0.0% 11.8%
Receipts 1,76,748
Borrowings 20,520 0.0% 5.9%
11,771 20,520 21,736
Other receipts 1,421 2,684 2,684 0.0% 15.6%
3,101
Total Capital
23,204 0.0% 7.0%
Receipts 13,191 23,204 24,837
Total Receipts 1,30,638 1,81,255 1,81,255 0.0% 11.2%

2,01,585
2019 20; Bihar Detailed Revenue and Capital
Receipts 2019-20; PRS.
GST Revenue
Bihar’s total GST revenue (including central transfers) is estimated to be Rs 52,273 crore in
2019-20
20 (29.6% of the revenue receipts). This includes Rs 3,500 crore (2% of the revenue
receipts) which the state has estimated as compensation
compensation grants for loss of revenue due to
implementation of GST.

By: A K Upadhyay
93

 Tax revenue: The state’s own tax revenue is estimated to be Rs 33,800 crore in 2019
2019-
20 (19% of the revenue receipts). This is 9% higher than the revised estimate of 2018
2018-
19. In 2018-19, own tax revenue is estimated to be equal to the budgeted estimate (Rs
31,002 crore).
 The own tax to GSDP ratio is targeted at 5.9% in 2019-20,
2019 20, which is higher than the
revised estimate of 5.7% in 2018-19.
2018 19. This implies that own tax collection growth is
estimatedd to be higher than the growth of the economy.
 State GST (SGST) is the largest component of the state’s own tax revenue. It is
expected to generate Rs 17,812 crore in 2019-20,
2019 20, an increase of 18.7% over the
revised estimate of 2018-19.
 In 2019-20,
20, the state is expected to generate Rs 7,150 crore through sales tax and
VAT, which is a decrease of 9.4% over the revised
revised estimate of 2018
2018-19.
 The state is expected to generate Rs 4,700 crore through stamp duty and
registration fees and Rs 2,500 crore through taxes on vehicles in 2019
2019-20.
Deficits, Debts and FRBM Targets for 2019-20

2019
The Bihar Fiscal Responsibility and
and Budget Management Act, 2006 provides annual targets to
progressively reduce the outstanding liabilities, revenue deficit, and fiscal deficit of the state
government.
Increase in fiscal deficit in 2018-19

2018
As per the revised estimates for 2018-19,
2018 fiscal deficit is estimated to increase significantly
to 4.62% of GSDP, in comparison to the budgeted estimates (2.17% of GSDP). This was
due to higher expenditure in education, energy and social welfare and nutrition compared to
the amount allocated in 2018-2019
2018 budget.
Revenue deficit: It is the excess of revenue expenditure over revenue receipts. A revenue
deficit implies that the government needs to borrow in order to finance its expenses which do not
create capital assets.
The budget estimates a revenuee surplus of Rs 21,517 crore (or 3.76% of GSDP) in 2019 2019-20.
This implies that revenue receipts are expected to be higher than the revenue expenditure,
resulting in a surplus. Further, the state has estimated a revenue surplus for the period 2018
2018-19
to 2021-22.
Fiscal deficit: It is the excess of total expenditure over total receipts. This gap is filled by
borrowings by the state government, and leads to an increase in total liabilities. In 2019-20,
fiscal deficit is estimated to be Rs 16,101 crore, which
whi is 2.81% of the GSDP. The estimate is
under the 3% limit prescribed by the 14th Finance Commission. Fiscal deficit in 2018
2018-19 at
4.62% of GSDP was higher than this 3% limit.
Outstanding liabilities: It is the accumulation of borrowings undertaken by the state

government over the years. In 2019-20,
2019 20, the outstanding liabilities of Bihar are expected to be at
25.7% of the GSDP. This is above the 20% limit suggested by the FRBM Review Committee in
2017 for the cumulative debt of states. The outstanding liabilities declined from 40.9% in 2005
2005-
By: A K Upadhyay
94

06 to 20.27% in 2013-14. However, they have been rising again and have increased to 24%, as
per the revised estimates of 2018-19.
2018 They are further estimated to rise to 26.8% by 2021
2021-22.
Table 6: Budgeted targets forr deficits for Bihar in 2019-20
2019 (as % of GSDP)
Revenue Fiscal
Outstanding
Year Deficit (- Deficit (- Liabilities
)/Surplus (+) )/Surplus (+)
2017-18 3.0% -2.9% 23.5%
2018-19
1.7% -4.6% 24.0%
(RE)
2019-20
3.8% -2.8% 25.7%
(BE)
2020-21 3.4% -3.0% 26.3%
2021-22 3.1% -3.0% 26.8%
Sources: Bihar Medium Term Fiscal Policy Statement 2019-20;
2019 20; Bihar Annual Financial
Statement 2019-20; PRS.
Figures 3 and 4 show the trend in deficits and outstanding liabilities targets from 2017
2017-18
to 2021-22
The graphs below compare Bihar’s expenditure on some key sectors, as a proportion of its total
expenditure, with the average expenditure by 26 other states.[*]
states. For this comparison, total
expenditure includes revenue expenditure and capital outlay.
 Education: Bihar has allocated 17.9% of its expenditure to education in 2019

2019-20. This
is higher than the average expenditure allocated to education (15.9%) by other states in
2018-19.
 Health: Bihar has allocated 4.6% of its expenditure towards health in 2019 2019-20, which is
lower than the average allocation (5.2%) by other states in 2018-19.
2018
 Agriculture and allied activities: Bihar has allocated ated 3.3% of its expenditure
towards agriculture and allied activities in 2019-20.
2019 This is significantly lower than the
average allocation made by other states (6.4%) in 2018-19.
2018
 Rural development: Bihar has allocated 13.5% of its expenditure to rural
development in 2019-20.20. This is significantly higher than the average (6.1%) for other
states in 2018-19.
 Energy: The state has allocated 4.4% of its expenditure towards the energy sector in
2019-20. This is lower than the average allocation by other states (5.2%) in 2018 2018-19.
 Police: In 2019-20,
20, Bihar has allocated 4.6% of its expenditure to police. This is higher
than the average allocation by other states (3.9%) in 2018-19.
2018

By: A K Upadhyay
95

By: A K Upadhyay

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