Heat Transfer

Derivation of differential equations for heat transfer conduction 
without convection.  By conservation of energy we have:
Where

Ein is the energy entering the control volume, in units of joules (J) or kW *h or Btu.
U is the change in stored energy, in units of kW *h (kWh) or Btu.
qx is the heat conducted (heat flux) into the control volume at surface
edge x, in units of kW/m2 or Btu/(h-ft2).
qx+dx is the heat conducted out of the control volume at the surface edge x + dx.
t is time, in h or s (in U.S. customary units) or s (in SI units).
Q is the internal heat source (heat generated per unit time per unit volume
is positive), in kW/m3 or Btu/(h-ft3) (a heat sink, heat drawn out of the
volume, is negative).
A is the cross-sectional area perpendicular to heat flow q, in m2 or ft2.
 Fourier’s law of heat conduction gives us.

Kxx is the thermal conductivity in the x direction, in kW/(m * C) or Btu/(h‐ft‐F).

T is the temperature, in C or F.
dT=dx is the temperature gradient, in C/m or F/ft.
This equation states that the heat flux in the x direction is proportional to the 
gradient of temperature in the x direction. The minus sign in the above equation  
states heat flow is positive in the direction opposite the direction of temperature 
increase.
Similar to

The heat flux can be stated as:

Expanding this using a two term Taylor series

gives us:
Substituting the previous equations into

Gives us the 1D heat conduction equation.

For steady‐state this becomes.                                               or  or
 Boundary Conditions

where TB represents a known boundary temperature and S1 is a surface where the

temperature is known, and

On an insulated boundary, qx = 0.
Expansion to 2D Conduction no 
Convection.
 2D Conduction with Convection

For a given control volume we get the 
Following:

Newton’s law of cooling gives us.

P in above denotes the perimeter around the constant cross-sectional area A.

Divide by Adx/dt, and simplifying, we obtain the equation for 1D heat
conduction with convection as:

Equating the heat flow in the solid wall to the heat flow in the fluid at the
solid/fluid interface, we have
Units for variables in heat transfer.
Heat conduction coefficients

Heat transfer coefficients
Shape (interpolation) functions
The total potential energy is given by.

Minimization gives you.
where
{fQ}  is a heat source (positive, sink negative) is analogous to a body‐
force, and {fq} is heat flux, (positive into the surface) and {fh) is heat 
transfer or convection) are similar to surface tractions (distributed 
loading).

[k] can be given by
 So.

The convection part becomes.

Integrating.
Total  element stiffness matrix becomes.

The force terms are as follows.
The convection at the free end of an element gives us.

Or

But S3 (the surface over which convection occurs) now equal to
the cross‐sectional area A of the rod. 
Direct assembly of globa K matrix is the same as for structural problems.

kW/oC or Btu/(h‐oF).

The global force matrix is given by. kW or Btu/h                    kW or Btu/h

The global equation is 

Solve for the Nodal Temperatures. 

Then solve for the element temperature gradients and heat fluxes.
Conduction terms:

Element 4 has a convection from heat loss from the flat surface at 
the right end.
 Collect global force terms.

In this example, there is no heat source (Q = 0)  or heat flux (q = 0) and 
the only convection is at the right end.

On the element level.
Apply boundary condition F1 = 100.

Solve for temps.
Apply boundary condition F1 = 100.
Next Example. one‐dimensional rod, determine the temperatures at 3‐in. increments 
along the length of the rod and the rate of heat flow through element 1. 
Let Kxx = 3 Btu/(h-in.-F), h = 1.0 Btu/(h-in2-F),  and . 

The temperature at the left end of the rod is constant at 200 F.
Element stiffness matrices
Element 3 has an additional (convection) term owing to heat loss from the 
exposed surface at its right end.

Loading Q = 0, q = 0, and 
The known nodal temperature boundary condition of t1=200 F.
200o F

(200)4  = 800 , ‐0.5(200)4  = ‐400 ,

 Solve for the temperatures.

Determine the heat flux through element 1.

Determine the rate of heat flow ‫ݍ‬ത by multiplying above by cross‐sectional area.