ZZ1002D – ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

PROJECTION OF PLANES

Dr. Saleel Ismail & Dr. Ghulam Jilani

Mechanical Engineering
 Projection of Planes
• Plane figures/surfaces have only two dimensions – length and
breadth,
• e.g. triangle, rectangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, circle …
• Thickness is zero
• Types of Planes (based on position):
• Perpendicular planes
– Perpendicular to both reference planes (i.e. lying on a profile plane)
– Perpendicular to one plane and parallel to the other
– Perpendicular to one plane and inclined to the other (on AVP or AIP)
• Oblique planes
– Inclined to both reference planes

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 Perpendicular to Both HP and VP
• Draw the projections of a square of side 50
mm that is perpendicular to both HP and VP.
• Assume suitable distances from the reference
planes
• Mark the HT and VT
• Solution starting with side view
If a plane is perpendicular to a principal plane the
projection on that plane will be a line

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Perpendicular to HP, Parallel to VP
• ABC is an isosceles triangle, base AB = 30 mm
and AC = BC = 60 mm. AB is parallel to the HP
and the triangle is perpendicular to HP and
parallel to VP
• Draw the projections of the triangle and
indicate the trace(s)
If a plane is parallel to a principal plane, the
projection on that plane will give true shape

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Perpendicular to VP, Parallel to HP
• Rectangle PQRS has sides PQ = 40 mm and QR
= 60 mm. PQ is parallel to VP and the plane is
perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP
• Draw the projections of the rectangle and
indicate the trace(s)

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 Perpendicular to VP and Inclined to HP
• Plane figure on an AIP inclined at angle q q
to HP
q
• FV is a line inclined to XY at same angle q
• Top view:
– Edges/diagonals parallel to the HP will appear
in true length and inclination
– Other edges will appear smaller than original
– The entire plane will appear as a distorted
and smaller version of the original VP

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 Example
• A square of side 40 mm is lying on a plane perpendicular to VP and inclined
at 30o to HP, such that one edge is parallel to VP. Draw its projections
r’(q ‘)

s’(p’) r1’(q1‘)
x y

p q q1

s r r1
□ 40
Keep the plane parallel to the HP in the initial position
Then tilt it (about edge PS perpendicular to the VP) to the given inclination
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 Perpendicular to HP and Inclined to VP
• Plane figure on an AVP inclined an angle f to
VP
• TV is a line inclined to XY at same angle f f
• Front view: A.V.P.
– Edges/diagonals parallel to the VP will appear in true  to HP &  to VP

length and inclination

– Other edges will appear smaller than original
– The entire plane will appear as a distorted and
smaller version of the original

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 Example
• A regular pentagonal lamina of side 30 mm is on a plane
inclined at 45o to VP and perpendicular to HP. One edge is on
the VP. Draw its projections
• Hint: The edge on VP is perpendicular to HP (how?)
• Steps:
– Draw the pentagon lying on the VP, one edge | to HP
– Front view shows true shape, top view is a line coinciding with XY
– Rotate the pentagon 45o about the vertical edge
a) Top view rotates by 45o
b) All points except the vertical edge move sideways in front view
Usually the plane will be resting with an edge/corner on one principal plane
For tilting a plane about an edge, keep the edge | to the other principal plane
For tilting a plane about a vertex/corner, keep that point on extreme left or right
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 General Rules
• Usually the plane will be inclined to one principal
plane and resting with an edge/corner on this
principal plane
• In the initial position, keep the plane parallel to
the principal plane, then tilt about this
edge/corner. For this, keep that edge/corner on
extreme left or right
• For tilting a plane about an edge, keep the edge
perpendicular to the other principal plane
ZZ1002D - Engineering Graphics