Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
AND
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
SUBMITTED TO :-
SUBMITTED BY :-DEEPAK RAVI
Dr. POONAM SYAL
ROLL NO:-162509
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
ME(I&C) REGULAR 2016-18
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
NITTTR CHANDIGARH
CONTENTS
• AIR SAMPLING
• TYPES OF CONTAMINANT
• CONTAMINANT DEFINITIONS
• AIR SAMPLING CALCULATION
• AIR SAMPLING METHOD
• SOME NEW METHODS OF AIR SAMPLING
• RESEARCH PAPER
• REFERENCES
AIR SAMPLING
Air pollution sampling : Related to analysis of pollutants in a given
volume of air.
Air sampling: Capturing the contaminant from a known volume of air,
measuring the amount of contaminant captured, and expressing it as a
concentration
The air is passed through a filter medium (normally a paper for solid &
liquid contaminants and a sorbent for gases).
The volume of air is measured against the amount of contaminant captured.
This gives the concentration, which is expressed either as milligrams per
cubic metre (mg/m3 ) or parts per million (ppm).
The volume of air is calculated by multiplying the flow rate through the
filter medium by the time in minutes.
TYPES OF CONTAMINANT
There are three types of contaminant according to their physical properties:
Particulates
Vapours
Gases
Particulates can be further subdivided into five types:
Aerosols
Dusts
Fumes
Smokes
Mists
CONTAMINANT DEFINITIONS
Aerosol : Dispersion of solid particles of microscopic size in air.
Dust: Solid particulate capable of temporary suspension in air.
Fume: Solid particles produced by condensation from the gaseous
phase. Fumes are usually derived from the heating of a solid to its
melting point and the subsequent cooling of the gas produced.
CONTINUED….
Smoke: Particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of
organic matter consisting predominantly of carbon and oxides of
carbon.
Mist: Dispersion in air of liquid droplets usually large enough to be
seen by the naked eye.
Vapour: Gaseous phase of a substance that usually exists as a liquid
or solid at normal room temperature and pressure.
Gas: A substance which does not normally exist as a liquid or solid at
normal room temperature and pressure.
AIR SAMPLING CALCULATION
An air sample requires three basic measurements:
Amount of pollutant collected
Flow of air through the medium
The run time in minutes.
Flow×time(in minute)=volume through filter in cubic meter
Concentration in microgram per cubic meter or in ppm
AIR SAMPLING METHODS
• Air pollutant sampling are of two types :-
Air sampling based on the particulate pollutant
Air sampling based on the gaseous and vapor pollutant
AIR SAMPLING BASED ON THE
PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
Air sampling techniques for particulate pollutants
SEDIMENTATION
FILTRATION
IMPINGEMENT
PERCIPITATION
THERMAL PRECIPITAION
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATION
SEDIMENTATION
• Used to collect settle able particulate that settle out of the atmosphere as a result of
the gravitation force
• Particulate pollutant having
size of 10 mirco meter can be collected
with 99% efficiency
• The sampler consists of simple dust jar
fitted with a funnel
• A liquid is added to collector
to prevent the solids blown out from
the jar by air
• Collected dust is evaporated to dryness
and then weighed in mg
• Sampling period is 30 days
FILTRATION
Technique used in the collection of air pollutants of size smaller than
10 micro meter in diameter
The particulates are removed from the air sample by suction apparatus
through a porous filter where particulates are deposited
The glass fiber filter of porous size less than 0.1 micro meter is used
in high volume sampler
Sampling period: 24 hours
Air volume sucked: 2000 cubic meter
Particulate concentration: micro gram per cubic meter
CONTINUED……
IMPINGEMENT
Based on the inertial technique in which particles are collected from
the high velocity air steam directed toward the obstacles placed across
the path of air stream
Particulates collide with the obstacle and air changes its direction
If the obstacle are adhesive surface then particles are impacted on it
and this is known as dry impingement
If obstacle is wet by any liquid then it is called wet impingement
PRECIPITATION
Precipitation are two types---
Thermal precipitation
Electrostatic precipitation
THERMAL PRECIPITATION :- Thermal precipitation is based on
the principle that the particles move towards the lower temperature
region when subjected to a strong temperature gradient
The temperature gradients are normally of the order of 3000 ° C per
centimeter
This technique is used to collect the particle of size 0.001 micrometer
with high efficiency
CONTINUED…..
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATION:-
Theses precipitators are an electrically charged to force radioactive
particulates to migrate out the air steam onto a collection surface
In this precipitators two electrodes are used positive and negative
When the air stream with particulates pass through the electrodes
particles pick up negative charge and migrate towards inner post of the
precipitators where got discharged and deposited on the positive
electrodes
AIR SAMPLING OF THE GASEOUS
POLLUTANTS
ABSORPTION SAMPLING
ADSORPTION SAMPLING
CONDENSATION SAMPLING
ABSORPTION SAMPLING
Gaseous pollutants are absorbed in a solvent when both the pollutant
and absorbent are in close contact
Liquid react with the gaseous pollutant to form a non gaseous
pollutant
ALKALINE FOR ACIDIC GASES
ACIDIC SOLUTION FOR ALKALINE GASES
OILS FOR HYDROCARBONS
ADSORPTION SAMPLING
Gaseous pollutants are adsorbed on the solid surface of activated
carbon, silica gel, activated alumina and molecular sieve
As the surface area increases the adsorption increases
CONDENSATION SAMPLING
The conversion of a vapour or gas to a liquid
Method used to collect the radioactive gases, hydrocarbons and non
reactive vapors
Air pollutant can be trapped by condensation reaction
As the gaseous pollutant pass through the different temperature range
of condensers where the temperature is below the boiling point the
gaseous pollutant will trap in the liquid
SOME NEW METHODS OF AIR
SAMPLING
Bubble Sampling
Air drawn into the impinger is forced through a nozzle, which is covered by
a liquid such as high purity water.
The pollutant dissolves in the liquid and is subsequently analysed, usually
by colorimetric techniques.
Sorbent Sampling
Sorbents are normally contained in a small glass tube with sealed ends.
Air is drawn through the sorbent, which captures molecules of the gas or
vapour to be sampled.
The trapped contaminants are released using solvent washing or heat to a
gas chromatograph (GC) for analysis. One of the best known sorbents is
charcoal.
CONTENTS
• CHROMATOGRAPHY
• DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
• GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
• REQUIREMENT FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
• BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
• QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
• ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY
• MODERN APPROACH
CHROMATOGRAPHY
Laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture.
The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it
through a structure holding another material called the stationary phase.
The various constituents of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing
them to separate.
The separation is based on differential partitioning between the mobile and
stationary phases.
Chromatograph: equipment that enables a sophisticated separation, e.g.
gas chromatographic or liquid chromatographic separation.
Chromatogram: Visual output of the chromatograph.
In the case of an optimal separation, different peaks or patterns on the
chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture.
TECHNIQUES BASED ON
CHROMATOGRAPHIC BED SHAPE
Column chromatography: Separation technique in which the
stationary bed is within a tube.
Planar chromatography: Separation technique in which the
stationary phase is present as or on a plane.
The plane can be a paper, serving as such or impregnated by a
substance as the stationary bed (paper chromatography) or a layer of
solid particles spread on a support such as a glass plate (thin layer
chromatography)
TECHNIQUES BASED ON PHYSICAL STATE
OF MOBILE PHASE
The rate at which the molecules progress along the column depends on the
strength of adsorption, which in turn depends on the type of molecule and
on the stationary phase materials.
CONTINUED……
Since each type of molecule has a different rate of progression, the
various components of the analytic mixture are separated as they
progress along the column and reach the end of the column at different
times(retention Time).
Detector: used to monitor the out let stream from the column; thus,
the time at which each component reaches the outlet and the amount of
that component can be determined.
Generally, substances are identified(qualitatively) by the order in
which they emerge(elute) from the column and by the retention time
of the analytic in the column.
REQUIREMENT FOR GAS
CHROMATOGHRAPHY
VOLATILITY:-Tendency of a substance to evaporate at normal
temperatures
POLARITY:-Substance comprised of molecules that contain unbalanced
localized charges (dipoles) is a polar substance.
Polar substances tend to interact with other polar substances and rarely
react to a significant degree with nonpolar substances
When two atoms form a covalent bond, they each share an electron.
Different atoms have different abilities to attract electrons quantified by
their electronegativity values. When one atom in a covalent bond has a
much higher electronegativity than the other, the electron is found closer to
that atom than the weaker one. This creates a dipole effect with a slight
negative charge at the atom the electron favours and a slight positive charge
at the other
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY
COMPONENT OF GAS
CHROMATOGRAPH
carrier gas
flow regulator
injector
column
stationary phase
oven
detectors
display device
CARRIER GAS
• he(common),
• others:n2,h2
• safety; non-flammability, cost and efficiency are factors for gas
selection
• inertness
• suitable for the detector
• high purity
• easily available
FLOW METER
• Deliver the gas with uniform pressure/flowrate
• Flowmeters:-Rotameter
INJECTOR
• Transfers the sample into the column.
• Provides the means to introduce a sample into a continuous flow of
carrier gas.
• Injectors are usually heated to ensure sample’s transfer to a gas
phase.
• Volatile liquid or gaseous sample is injected through a septum.
COLUMN
Gas chromatography columns : packed and capillary.
Packed columns :A glass or stainless steel coil(typically1-5m total length and
5mm inner diameter), filled with the stationary phase, or a packing coated with
the stationary phase.
Capillary columns: A thin fused-silica (purified silicate glass) capillary
(typically10-100 m in length and 0.5 mm inner diameter) that has the stationary
phase coated on the inner surface.
Provides much higher separation efficiency than packed columns but are more
easily overloaded by too much sample.
The main chemical attribute regarded when choosing a column is the polarity of
the mixture, The polarity of the sample must closely match the polarity of the
column stationary phase to increase resolution and separation while reducing
runtime.
TEMPERATURE CONTROL DEVICES
Temperature Control Devices
Preheaters: convert sample into its vapour form, present along with
injecting devices
Thermostatically controlled oven
Temperature maintenance
in a column is highly essential
for efficient separation.
STATIONARY PHASES