Part2 C01 MasterKey Connections Design

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections
6.1 Getting Started

MasterKey Moment Connections and MasterKey Simple Connections are two
separate modules in the MasterSeries suite. They share the same program interface
and thus are treated in this help file as one.
MasterKey Moment Connections is an interactive or stand-alone program for the
design of:
• Eaves type 'beam-to-column' • Beam-to-beam splice
• Apex type 'beam-to-beam', • Column Splice
• Stiffened and un-stiffened base
plates
MasterKey Simple Connections is an interactive or stand-alone program for the

design of:
• Beam-to-beam flexible end-plate • Beam-to-column flexible end-plate
• Beam-to-beam fin plates • Beam-to-column fin plates
• Beam-to-beam angle cleats • Beam-to-column angle cleats
MasterKey connections can be accessed in two ways:

• Stand-alone Mode: From the main MasterSeries menu select Element Design >
MasterKey Connections: The connection forces, geometry and section sizes are
defined by the Engineer, through joint pre-processors, and requires no other
MasterSeries programs.
• Integrated Mode: From the Design menu inside MasterFrame (or MasterPort)
select Connections Design. Connections with integrated links for joint forces,
section sizes and geometry will be created.
6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 1

6.1.1 General Features
• Joint pre-processors for non-integrated connections.
• Portal and multi-storey connections
• Multiple loading cases
• Automatic design of moment connections
• Simultaneous viewing of data, results, geometry and dimensional checks
• Dynamically updated connection graphics as the joint is altered
• Failures are graphically highlighted
• Dimensions are checked for lack of fit, edge distances and bolt centres
• Clear and concise output (Print Wizard)
• Dimensioned DXF output
• Standard joint configurations can be stored for retrieval and amendment
• In-built library of standard steel sections and open library for other sections
• In-built library of standard bolt sizes and types and open library for other bolts
• MasterKey Moment Connections and Simple Connections link to MasterFrame,
MasterPort and AutoCAD® to provide a fully integrated analysis, design and
drafting
6.1.2 Moment Connections
Eaves and Apex Connections:

• Design according to Green Book
• Left / Right and Double type eaves connections
• Extended end-plates
• Haunches checked for suitability of cut
• Beam and column web stiffeners
• Gusset and Full width stiffeners
• Morris, diagonal, ‘K’ and double plate shear stiffeners
• Design of Haunch Welds
• Backing plates
• 4 bolts per row
Base Plate Connections:

• Design according to Green Book
• I section and hollow sections.
• Axial or moment base-plates
• Slab and stiffened base-plates
• Effective area method for base-plates
• Asymmetrical base-plates
• Axial up-lift
• Washer and pullout cone design
• Up to 16 bolts in 4 rows
• PCD bolt layout in CHS bases

Beam Splice Connections:
• Axial, shear and moment splice design
• Internal and external plates permitted
• Web Cover plates or Bearing End plates
• Part welded connections
• Direct Bearing or non contact
• Minor Axis Moments
• Calculation of strut action moments
• Asymmetrical bolt arrangements
• Moment and axial load sharing
• Countersunk bolts
Column Splice Connections:

• Axial, shear and moment splice design
• Internal and external plates permitted
• Web Cover plates or Bearing End plates
• Direct Bearing or non contact
• Minor Axis Moments
• Calculation of strut action moments
• Countersunk bolts
6.1.3 Simple Connections

• Beam to Beam, and Beam to Column connections
• Flexible end plates
• Fin plates.
• Angle Cleats
• User definable notch depth
• In-line or staggered bolts
• Bolt clash detection
• Notched section design
• 2, 4 or Staggered bolt runs

6.2 Primary Program Interface Regions
6.2.1 Tool Bar Buttons
Graphics:
Zoom to full joint graphics
Locks the scale and location of the diagram in the currently displayed graphics
window. This allows text editing while viewing a very small area of the screen,
preventing the from diagram automatically re-sizing
Pan graphics. Click and drag in direction to move.
Zoom window. Click, drag and release to zoom.
Quick Zoom in
Quick Zoom out
Shade member cross sections with colour
Draw bolts in full profile. Not the simplistic solid rectangle with centre line
Draw joint dimensions
Draw base plate pressure diagram. The joint section must also be displayed.
Draw the full length of the haunch
Draw joint cross-sections
Draw the effective area diagram for a base-plate using effective area base-plate
design.

Utilities:
Display/hide the Steel Section selector dialogue
Revolve horizontal and vertical forces to inclined rafter forces. Only available in
apex and eaves type connections. The calculated values can be pasted to the
shear and axial force data. Only for connections not linked to MasterFrame or
MasterPort.
Save the current file
Draw the bolt forces. Only for Eaves and Apex design
Draw Welding symbols instead of text
Set the font size for graphics text
Connections Design Briefs:
Find the next failing loading case in all briefs
Edit project title and job references
Find the next failing loading case in the current brief
Add a new connection brief by copying the current brief
Add a new connection brief to the data file. Loads the Joint Preprocessor.
Import a connection brief from another file with the option to append, overwrite
or add.
Sort the connection briefs, i.e. move the current brief up or down in the brief
listing.
Delete the current connection brief from the file
Print the Current Brief to the printer (or print device eg PDF etc)
Print ALL the Briefs to the printer (or print device eg PDF etc)
Export the Current Brief to Word. (requires PowerPad or Calculation Wizard)
Export the ALL Brief to Word. (requires PowerPad or Calculation Wizard)
Brief title and number.
The brief title can be edited. The drop list shows all the briefs is the current file.
Select a brief from the list to move to that connection design.
If linked to MasterFrame or MasterPort then the title is set automatically.
List of loading cases for the current Moment
Connection. Simple Connections only have One
loading case
The spin buttons quickly scroll up or down through the lists of connection
briefs, or loading cases.

Design tools:
View Dimensional checks for the current connection.
= dimensional checks pass = dimensional checks fail
Display a description of the failure symbols.
Show automatic design dialogue to perform automated design of the
current brief
Turns on and off the AutoChange. See C.1.2.4 The Connection Editing
Screen
Sets the Increment to be used in AutoChange. See C.1.2.4
Delete additional bolts rows and stiffeners, and reset all other values to
program defaults.
The Help System:
Show Me How videos for the connections
About MasterSeries. Display program version number, dongle number, and
Civil & Structural Computer Services company details.
Display the online help system
Display the online knowledge base ( frequently asked questions)

6.3 The Connection Graphics Area
The connection graphics are not interactive. That is, they are only used to display
connection information you can not select any objects . A number of previously
described tool bar controls are used to zoom, pan, and display/hide components of
the drawing.
The graphics background is coloured Cyan when a dimensional failure is detected,
and a purple cross indicates the offending area of failure.
Note: As of MasterSeries 2005 the Cyan failure background is now customisable
and can be any colour. In the examples below it is a softer, more modern, light blue.
Failure symbols e.g. ( ) are also used to indicate a design failure. An explanation of
these can be viewed using the button. The Failure Symbols are also
described in further detail in each of the connection design section C.1.8, C.1.9 and
C.1.10.
Dimensional failure: Cyan background & Dimensional Pass: White Background

Design failure: Design Pass: no red symbols
6.3.1 The Divider
The divider between the Connections Graphics Area and the Design Output is
moveable allowing the user to change the ratio of graphics to results. To change
hover the mouse over the top edge until a vertical resizing cursor cursor appears.
Depressing and dragging the bar will update the screen.
Displays the Current Design code. Enables you to switch between BS
5950 1990 and 2000.
Display the joint in the main window, above. Only available if using
linked design
Display the Frame in the main window, above. Only available if using
linked design
Move the location of the different drawing objects. eg sections
Displays the Current Design Method. Enables you to switch between
the newer Green book (plastic) design and the more traditional Blue
book design. These are toggle buttons and only one is visible at a time.

Locks the screen display size for each window with a larger frame
graphics window. Only available if using linked design
Displays the MasterFrame toolbar. Only available if using linked design

6.3.2 The Connection Editing Screen
One editing screen is displayed at a time, and the number
of editing screens (2 to 6) is dependent on the type of
connection. Some information in the editing area such as
forces, sections and geometry may be informed from
either the joint pre-processor or the integrated frame link.
Select the Tabs at the top to move to a different editing
screen.
The text editor has two modes of operation dependent on
the setting of the AutoChange flag as follows:
AutoChange is off and the user can directly type
in the text editing area. Be sure to position the cursor
correctly before attempting to change any data.
AutoChange is on and when the user clicks on a
value in the text editing area it is incremented up (left
button) or down (right button). Items such as bolt sizes,
plate thickness, weld sizes, steel grades, and flags
increment to the next internally listed value. All other
general numerical values such as forces and dimension
are incremented by the values specified in the drop list
adjacent to the AutoChange button.
Editing with the AutoChange ON is perhaps more convenient when defining
parameters that require a specific value as opposed to a general numeric one.
To edit member section properties click anywhere on
the associated input line and the steel sections
selector is displayed. Select the section type, steel
grade and size. Click Paste to transfer the section
properties to the text editor area.
As the mouse moves over the text editing area the auto prompt below describes the
corresponding input parameter.
As information in the text editing area is changed the program simultaneously updates
the data file, design results and graphical display.

6.3.3 The Design Output Area
The design output is presented in a detailed and concise format. The various deign
checks are clearly divided into headed sections. The results are generally displayed
over four columns, in the format;
Column 1 – Description of calculation, item or numerical value.
Column 2 – Design data or calculation.
Column 3 – Calculation result or permissible values.
Column 4 – Design check verdict, OK or Warning.
The design output corresponds to only the currently active loading case.
Where a design failure is detected the design output background is coloured Cyan,
and a red Warning verdict is displayed at the offending check. Failure symbols are
also displayed in the connection geometry area.
and can be any colour. In the examples below it is a softer, more modern, light blue.
6.3.4 Types of Connections and Basic Data

MasterKey Connections currently analyses, designs and checks 11 basic types of
connections. However each of these connections is very versatile and covers a wide
range of joint arrangements. The basic data and sign conventions of forces are
presented below.

6.4 MasterKey Moment Connections
There are 4 principle Moment connections that can be used in a multitude of
arrangements
Eaves:
End-plated beam to column flange moment connections for I-sections.
Used in Portal frame and rigid multi-storey construction
Apex:
End-plated beam to end-plated beam to moment connection for I-sections.

Base-Plates:
Slab and stiffened symmetrical and asymmetrical base-plates for I and Hollow
sections.
Beam Splice:
Beam to beam splice with flange and web plates for I-sections.
Used in Portal frame and rigid multi-storey construction.

Column Splice:
Column splice with flange plates, web plates, divider plates, Packers and angle cleats
for I-sections.
Used in simple and rigid multi-storey construction.

6.5 MasterKey Simple Connections
There are 6 Simple Connections that fall into 2 groups
Beam to Beam:
• Flexible End-Plate for Channel & I-sections
• Fin Plates for Channel & I-sections
• Angle Cleats for Channel & I-sections
Beam to Column:
• Flexible End-Plate for Channel & I-section Beams and I-section columns
• Fin Plates for Channel & I-section Beams and I & Hollow-section columns
• Angle Cleats for Channel & I-section Beams and I-section columns

6.6 Adding Connection Design Briefs
6.6.1 Frame Linked Connections

A MasterFrame or MasterPort must be firstly generated and analysed. It is advisable
to complete the steel section design before attempting to link to MasterKey
connection design. Form the Design menu in MasterFrame or MasterPort select
Connections Design.
The Pre-Processor
When a MasterFrame or MasterPort file is brought to MasterKey Connections design
for the first time no connection briefs exist and the Add New Joint Pre-Processor is
automatically displayed.
1. Select the type of joint.
2. Input the Bolt Diameter and
Grade from the two spin button
lists.
3. Select OK
4. The frame will be displayed.
5. Click on the end of the
member associated with the
connection you want to design.
This selection is detailed
below.
To add further connection design briefs select the Add New Joint button from the
tool bar. The Pre-Processor will be displayed and the user should follow steps 1 to 5
out as above.
The relevant member forces, section properties, and joint geometry in the frame
linked connection are input to the text editing area. The basic information is updated
each time the connection design is accessed from MasterFrame or MasterPort.
Where a ‘Link cannot be automated…’
type message is displayed, this is
normally due to incorrect selection in the
frame link area for the type of joint being
added. In this event a non-linked
connection brief is added of the type
originally selected, and is void of all basic
data.
Selecting Connections from the Frame link

1. Eaves (Beam to Column): Pick on the end of the beam or rafter connected to the
column.
2. Apex (Beam to Beam): Pick on the relevant end of either connecting beam
3. Base Plate: Pick on the lower end of the column
4. Beam Splice: Pick anywhere on the member. A dialogue box will pop-up asking
for the the distance from the stated member node where the connection is to be
placed.

5. Column Splice: Pick anywhere on the upper/only member. A dialogue box will
pop-up asking for the distance from the lower node where the connection is to
be placed.
6. Beam to Beam (Simple): Pick on the end of the secondary beam connected to a
supporting beam.
7. Beam to Column (Simple): Pick on the end of a beam connected to the column.
Changing the Associated Joint of an Exiting Design Brief

After a connection brief has been added the joint to which it is associated may be
changed to another joint of the same type.
8. Select the design brief for modification using the brief title drop list or spin button.
9. Click on the frame link button on the divider. The frame link area will be
enlarged.
10.Select the new connection of the same type from the frame. This brief will now
be applied to the newly selected member forgetting about the original member.
11.The forces, sections and geometry of the design brief will be updated for the new
joint.
Loading Cases
For moment connections the loading
cases created at the frame generation
stage are added to the loading cases
drop list in the top tool bar. The design
output corresponds only to the currently
active loading case. The forces in the
text editing area are linked to the active
loading case.
Note: Only Ultimate Limit State and Fire loading cases are considered
In simple connections the forces required are purely shear. The program will
interrogate all loading cases to find the maximum shear components. Therefore in
simple connections only one loading case is considered which reflects the most
critical shear forces.
In a linked connection brief additional loading cases cannot be added.
Restrictions in Linked design
Connections linked from MasterFrame or MasterPort obtain the following data direct
from the Analysis.
1. Section Sizes
2. Haunch length and depth
3. Member forces
You may adjust these values experimentally on screen but when you move to a
different brief, reload or print, then the original values are retrieved and updated.
Should you wish to permanently change these values do so in the frame analysis
editor and re-analyse.
If they are minor and your analysis process is completed you may disconnect a brief
from the link as described below.

Disconnect -Unlink a Connection Brief
Connection briefs may be individually unlinked from MasterFrame or MasterPort, with
the following consequences:
• The connection basic data is not up dated each time the connection design is
entered from MasterFrame or MasterPort.
• Additional loading cases can be added as described in C.1.3.2 Independent
Connections.
To unlink a connection brief:

1. Select the brief to unlink from the brief title drop list in the top tool bar.
2. From the FrameLink menu select Disconnect from MasterFrame/MasterPort
Re-linking the Connection Brief

1. Select the design brief for linking using the brief title drop list or spin button.
2. From the main menu select FrameLink> Link to MasterFrame/MasterPort. The
frame link area will be enlarged.
3. Select the connection of the same type from the frame link for the current design
brief.
4. The forces, sections and geometry of the design brief will be updated from the
frame data, and the connection will become linked.
6.7 Independent Connections

A frame linked connection file may contain independent (unlinked) connections,
however by accessing MasterKey Connections form the Element Design menu only
independent connection can be considered and all frame link facilities are disabled.
The Pre-Processor
The Joint Pre-Processor is used to add a new connection design brief, and in
independent connections is expanded to receive basic joint data. In a new file where
no connection briefs have yet been created the joint pre-processor is automatically
displayed. To add further connections click on the Add New Joint button from the
tool bar. To insert an independent connection in frame linked file simply uncheck the
Link to MasterFrame / MasterPort check box.
1. Select the type of joint to add.
2. Input the Bolt Diameter and
Grade using the two spin button
lists.
3. Edit the brief title.
4. Define the joint forces (and
geometry if required). These
forces are used to generate
loading case 1.
5. Select a member to assign a
section size (in this example,
the Column)
6. Define a section type, size and
grade for the active member.

7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 for all
members.
8. Select OK
Alternatively (and some would argue quicker) the user can ignore the pre-processor
joint details. Simply add the connection brief by picking the type and selecting OK.
The joint basic data can then be defined directly in the text editor input data screen.
Editing and Adding Loading Cases
From the Loading Cases drop list select a loading case number e.g. “Case 02”.
Edit the force components in the text editing area
If the case was previously empty a new case is added, else the values in the loading
case are overwritten.
This is only relevant in Un-Linked Moment connections. You can only have a
maximum of 10 loading cases in un-linked connections.
6.8 Text Editor Input Data

Many of the input parameters are given realistic default values, and may appear as
zero in the text editor. The user must be aware that a zero value in many instances
indicates the use of a program default value. The input screen will still indicate a
zero value but the design and graphics will use a default value. A typical example of
this is bolt cross centres that have standard BCSA values for various flange widths.
Notes: In the tables below

pop-up Indicates that input will be from a pop-up dialogue with pre-set values in
drop-lists.
000 Values in green indicate that these values are only relevant when
designing to the SCI Green book
P-207/95 and NOT the traditional blue book methods.
(0.7 x t) The value in blue brackets default value if left to zero

6.8.1 The Eaves Input Data
Screen 1: Forces (L-Forces)
The title of the tab will vary depending on the type of Eaves joint defined in the first
input line below
Title = Forces: The forces for a left or right handed joint in a single sided joint.
Title = L-Forces: The Left hand rafter forces of a double sided joint.
Eaves Type Joint Type 2 Joint style 0= Rafter to Left 1= Rafter to Right
2= Double sided “valley style” joint with 2 Rafters
Moment (kNm) +0000.0 Factored moment in rafter at joint interface
Shear bm. (kN) +0000.0 Factored shear force in rafter at joint interface
Axial bm. (KN) +0000.0 Factored axial force in rafter at joint interface
Col Shear (kN) +0000.0 Factored shear force in column at joint interface
Haunch End Moment 0000.0 Factored moment in rafter at the end of the haunch
(Moment Capacity of Rafter)
Print Cases 01 00 The two loading cases to be printed (case 1)
Haunch length 0000 Length of haunch measured from column centre line
(none)
Overall depth 0000 Overall haunch depth between outside of outer
flanges. (none)
Beam slope +00.00 Slope of the rafter in degrees (+ve upward)
Column Top Proj 0 0000 Projection of column above top of rafter flange (mm)
Column Bot Proj 9999 Projection of column below rafter bottom f1ange (mm)
Column Gr 43 Sec 0033 Column grade and section reference number pop-up
Beam Gr 43 Sec 0033 Beam grade and section reference number pop-up
Haunch Sec 0000 Haunch section reference number (as beam) pop-up
Bolt slip/type 0.45 02 HSFG slip factor & Bolt grade pop-up
Bolt diameter 20 Bolt nominal diameter (as per BCSA) pop-up
Bolt hole diameter 00.0 Bolt hole diameter (bolt + 2 - 3) pop-up
Bolt Cross c/c 080 140 Bolts horizontal c/c of the inner (080) and outer (140)
Bolts
Ext EP X cc 0 000 000 Bolts horizontal inner and outer c/c in the extended
endplate area if different from the normal bolt cross
centres above. The first value is a flag indicating if
these valued are to be used. 0= T+B 1=T 2=B
This row will only be active if you input inner and outer
cross c/c.

Screen 2: Bolts (L-Bolts)
Title = Bolts: The Bolts for a left or right handed joint in a single sided joint.
Title = L-Bolts: The Left hand Bolts of a double sided joint.
Top Bolt Group Bottom Bolt Group
Vert Stiffeners Vert Stiffeners
c/c tk weld Type c/c tk weld Type
070 10 06 0 000 00 00 0
090 12 09 2 000 00 00 0
000 00 00 0 000 00 00 0
000 00 00 0 000 00 00 0
000 00 00 0 000 00 00 0
000 00 00 0 000 00 00 0
000 00 00 0 090 00 00 0
000 00 00 0 120 00 00 0
Bolts are divided into two groups, a top group and a bottom group. One group will be
in tension resisting the applied moment and the other group will be in shear.
In the Top Bolt Group the distance down from the top of the end-plate to 1st row of
Bolts is input followed by the Vert c/c distance between each row of bolts.
In the Bottom Bolt Group the distance up from the bottom of the end-plate to 1st row
of Bolts is input followed by the Vert c/c distance between each row of bolts.
Each bolt row has a stiffener associated with 3 inputs as follows: Thickness of the
stiffener tk, weld size and stiffener Type flag (0-4). The dimensions of the column
stiffeners can be specified in screen 3, Gusset Stiffeners.
i.e. The data in the above example correlates to the eaves connection shown below:

Screen 3: Plates (L-Plates)
Title = Plates: The Plates and welds for a left or right handed joint in a single sided
joint.
Title = L-Plates: The Left hand Plates and welds of a double sided joint.
End plate & Welds
Thickness, Width 15 00 Thickness of the end-plate (bolt diameter rounded up)
Width of the end-plate (Bb + 2 FW rounded up)
Top projection 020 End-plate projection above the top flange of the beam
Bottom projection 020 End-plate projection below the bottom flange of the
haunch
Flange weld top 00 00 Beam Top flange weld size (0.7 x flange)
Left value: is the optional partial penetration. (See
C.1.11.1)
Right value: is the fillet weld leg length
Flange weld bot 00 00 Beam Bottom flange weld size as above. (as top
flange)
Web weld 00 00 Beam web weld size (0.7 x web)
C.1.11.1)
Haunch web & end 00 00 Haunch fillet welds to underside of the rafter flange
(usrf).
Left value: is long weld between web of the haunch
and usrf.
Right value: is the short weld at the end of the haunch
between the haunch flange and usrf.
Plate & Weld Gr 28 E 35 Left value: Grade of the all plates and stiffeners
Right value: Welding rod grade
BS 5950 1990: 43, 51
BS 5950 2000: 35, 42, 50
SABS: 60, 70, 80 or 90
99 means full strength welds

Stiffener type tk weld
Top (0-2) 0 00 00 Stiffener opposite top flange, type (0=full 1=gusset
2=sloping), thickness and weld size
Btm (0-2) 0 00 00 Stiffener opposite bottom flange, type (0=full
1=gusset 2=sloping), thickness and weld size
Shr (0-9) 0 00 00 Shear stiffener, type(0 - 9), thickness and weld size.
Rafter 00 00 End of Haunch rafter stiffener
Left value: stiffener thickness
Right value stiffener weld leg length. (0.7 ts)
Shr top & len 0000 0000 For use with shear stiffener type 3 only. Doubter plate
dimensions
Back Plt 00 +0000 0000 Column Flange Backing plates
Left value: thickness
Middle value: top offset from top of endplate
Right value: vertical length
Gusset Stiffeners
Column (L x D) 000 x 000 Length and Depth of column gusset stiffeners
between the flanges
Beam (L x D) 000 x 000 Length and Depth of beam gusset stiffeners between
the flanges
Last stiff top 040 Distance below the last top bolt to it’s stiffener (bolt
gap/2)
Last stiff bottom 040 Distance above the last bot bolt to it’s stiffener (bolt
gap/2)
Gusset Stiffeners
There are four types of shear stiffeners namely Morris, ‘K’, Diagonal and the Single
Doubler Plate.

Shear Stiffener Types
0 – Morris Stiffener at default location between 1st
and 2nd rows of bolts
1 - ‘K’ Stiffeners
2 – Diagonal Stiffeners
3 - A Single Doubler Plate
4 – Reverse‘K’ Stiffeners
5 – Reverse Diagonal Stiffeners
6 – Morris Stiffener opposite top flange
7 – Morris Stiffener between 2nd and 3rd rows of
bolts
8 – Morris Stiffener between 3rd and 4th rows of
bolts
9 – Morris Stiffener between 4th and 5th rows of
bolts
The shear force is checked in the stiffened and un-
stiffened regions.
Beam Compression Stiffeners

To insert beam compression stiffeners:
1. Project the end plate to the required
depth of the stiffeners.
2. Insert the first top and/or bottom bolt row
in the projected portion of the end plate,
i.e. outside the Beam.
3. Insert a stiffener type 2, 3 or 4, and the
beam gusset stiffener is represented as a
compression stiffener.
4. The Beam Gusset Stiffener length
parameter now defines the compression
stiffener length.

Screen 4: R-Forces
Active in double sided connections only, i.e. Joint Type = 2 in screen 1. All data
corresponds to the right hand beam in the double eaves connection.
Eaves RHS Beam
Moment (kNm) +0000.0 Factored moment in right hand beam
Shear bm. (kN) +0000.0 Factored shear force in right hand beam
Axial bm. (kN) +0000.0 Factored axial force in right hand beam
(see diagram below for sign conventions)
Basic Dimensions
Right Beam Offset +00200 Right beam vertical offset above top of left rafter
flange.
Haunch length 0000 Length of right beam haunch measured from column
centre line (no haunch)
Overall depth 0000 Overall right beam haunch depth between outside of
outer flanges. (no haunch)
Beam slope -00.00 Right beam slope in degrees (+ve upward)
Align tops of beams 0 A flag. When set to 1 causes the right hand rafter to
move so that it is in alignment with the projection of
the left hand rafter
Sections
Column as per LHS No data required
Beam Gr 43 Sec 0033 Right beam grade and section reference number
pop-up
Haunch Sec 0000 Haunch section ref. Number (as beam) pop-up
Bolt slip/type 0.45 02 HSFG slip factor & Bolt grade pop-up
Bolt diameter 20 Bolt nominal diameter (as per BCSA) pop-up
Bolt Cross c/c 080 140 Bolts horizontal c/c of the inner (080) and outer (140)
Bolts
cross c/c.
Screen 5: R-Bolts
Input data for bolt arrangement and stiffeners for right hand beam. Input fields are as
screen 2. Active in double sided connections only, i.e. Joint Type = 2 in screen 1.
Screen 6: R-Plates
Input data for end plate, main stiffeners and gusset stiffeners for right hand beam.
Input fields are as screen 3. Active in double sided connections only, i.e. Joint Type =
2 in screen 1.

6.8.2 The Apex Input Data
Screen 1: Forces
Apex Type Joint Type 0 Joint style 0= Rafter to Left 1= Rafter to Right
Moment (kNm) +0000.0 Factored moment in rafter at joint interface
Shear bm. (kN) +0000.0 Factored shear force in rafter at joint interface
Axial bm. (KN) +0000.0 Factored axial force in rafter at joint interface
Print Cases 00 01 Loading cases to be printed (case 01)
Basic Dimensions
Haunch length 0000 Length of haunch measured from End-plate interface

(none)
Overall depth 0000 Overall haunch depth between outside of outer
flanges. (none)
Beam slope +00.00 Slope of the rafter in degrees (+ve upward)
Sections
Haunch Sec 000 Haunch section reference number (beam) pop-up
Bolt type 01 Bolt grade (1=4.6 ; 2=8.8 ; 3=10.9 ; 4=HSFG Pt1)

pop-up
Bolt Slip Factor 0.45 HSFG bolt slip factor pop-up
Bolt diameter 12 Bolt nominal diameter (BCSA size) pop-up
Cross c/c 000 000 Bolts horizontal c/c of the e.g. inner 120 outer 240 =>
120 240 (BCSA)
cross c/c.

Screen 2: Bolts
Top Bolt Group Bottom Bolt Group Bolts are divided into two groups, a top
Vert Stiffeners Vert Stiffeners
group and a bottom group. One group
c/c tk weld c/c tk weld
070 00 00 000 00 00 will be in tension resisting the applied
000 00 00 000 00 00 moment and the other group will be in
000 00 00 000 00 00 shear. The input fields are similar to
000 00 00 000 00 00 screen 2 of the eaves connection and
000 00 00 000 00 00
000 00 00 090 00 00
the vertical location of bolts uses the
000 00 00 090 12 08 same approach. Only one type of
000 00 00 120 00 00 stiffeners is available.
In the Top Bolt Group the distance down from the top of the end-plate to 1st row
of Bolts is input followed by the vertical c/c distance between each row of bolts.
In the Bottom Bolt Group the distance up from the bottom of the end-plate to 1st
row of Bolts is input followed by the vertical c/c distance between each row of bolts.
Each bolt row can have an associated stiffener by defining the stiffener thickness tk
and weld size.
Screen 3: Plates
End plate
Thickness 00 Thickness of the end-plate (bolt diameter rounded up)
Width 000 Width of the end-plate (Bb + 2 FW rounded up)
Top projection 020 End-plate projection above the top flange of the beam
Bottom projection 020 End-plate projection below the bottom flange of the
haunch
Flange weld top 00 00 Beam Top flange weld size (0.7 x flange)
C.1.11.1)
Flange weld bot 00 00 Beam Bottom flange weld size as above. (as top
flange)
Web weld 00 00 Beam web weld size (0.7 x web)
C.1.11.1)

Haunch web & end 00 00 Haunch fillet welds to underside of the rafter flange
(usrf).
Left value: is long weld between web of the haunch
and usrf.
Right value: is the short weld at the end of the haunch
between the haunch flange and usrf.
Plate & Weld Gr 28 E 35 Left value: Grade of the all plates and stiffeners
Right value: Welding rod grade
BS 5950 1990: 43, 51
BS 5950 2000: 35, 42, 50
SABS: 60, 70, 80 or 90
Gusset Stiffeners
Length 000 Length of beam gusset stiffeners along the Rafter
(minimum 1.5 x Depth).
Depth 000 Depth of beam gusset stiffeners ((Bb-tb)/2 rounded
down)
Distance to Last
Stiffener (top) 040 Distance below the last top bolt to it's stiffener (bolt
gap/2)
Stiffener (bottom) 040 Distance Above the last bot bolt to it's stiffener (bolt
gap/2)
Again many of the input fields have a similar function to those illustrated for screen 3
in the eaves connection. Beam compression stiffeners can also be defined using the
approach as described for the eaves.

6.8.3 The Base-Plate Input Data
Screen 1:
Base Plate Joint Forces
Moment (kNm) +0100.0 Factored moment at base-plate/grout interface (+ve
clockwise)
Shear (kN) +0000.0 Factored shear force at base-plate/grout interface (+ve
right)
Axial (kN) +0000.0 Factored axial force at base-plate/grout interface (+ve
compression)
Print Cases 01 00 The two loading cases to be printed (case 1)
Fire Case/Dir Switch 00 Un-Linked: Fire Boundary loading case
Linked: Switch. 1 reverses the direction of fire
boundary forces.
Section
Column Gr 43 Sec 0028 Column grade (eg 43, 0 or 55) and section number
pop-up
Rotate RHS 0 Flag (only active in RHS columns). If set to 1it rotates
the section. Eg 300 x 200 RHS becomes 200 x 300 RHS
Base Plate
Length Base-plate length (Dc + 2 x left projection centred)
0000
Breadth Base-plate width (Bc + 2 x FW )
0000
Thickness Base-plate thickness (bolt diameter or Tc)
00
Left projection Base-plate left projection (column centred on Base)
000.00
Flange weld size 00 00
Column flange weld size (0.7 x flange)
C.1.11.1)
Web weld size 00 00 Column web weld size (0.7 x web)
C.1.11.1)
Grade of all plates 43 Base-plate grade
(Note to BS 5950: 1990 py <= 270 >>> use 43)
Grade of all welds E 43 Welding rod grade Welding rod grade
BS 5950 1990: 43, 51
BS 5950 2000: 35, 42, 50
SABS: 60, 70, 80 or 90
Bolts
Bolt diameter 20 Bolt nominal diameter (BCSA size)
Bolt hole diameter 00.0 Bolt hole diameter (bolt + 2 - 3)

Note: deep/partial penetration welding is
only available to the “Green Book”.
Fire Boundary
In a MasterPort linked connection where
a fire boundary loading case was
applied, setting Fire Case/Dir Switch 01
reverses the direction of the fire
boundary forces.
In an unlinked base plate connection the
same input parameter defines the fire
boundary loading case (forces specified
by the user).
In a fire boundary loading case the Fcu
coefficient is automatically set to 0.8.
Screen 2: Bolts
Bolt Centres
CHS No and PCD 00 0000 CHS only
Instead of using the traditional UB bolt layout of rows of
bolts either side of the section you can set the number of
bolts to be set around a Pitch Circle Diameter (PCD).
If you have a CHS and these 2 inputs are set then all
further data until Stiffeners is ignored.
Or
Left side Inner Outer Denotes the inner and outer rows of bolts
Number of bolts 0 2 Number of bolts (0, 1, 2, 3 or 4)
Edge distance 000 000 Bolts edge distance(1.75 x hole diameter)
Inner Cross c/c 000 000 Bolts inner (or over all) horizontal c/c
Outer Cross c/c 000 000 Bolts outer horizontal c/c for 4 bolts per row only
And
Right side Inner Outer
Number of bolts 0 2 Number of bolts (0, 1, 2, 3 or 4)
Edge distance 000 000 Bolts edge distance (1.75 x hole diameter)
Inner Cross c/c 000 000 Bolts inner (or over all) horizontal c/c
Outer Cross c/c 000 000 Bolts outer horizontal c/c for 4 bolts per row only
Stiffeners
Number of stiffeners 2 Number of stiffeners / stiffener style (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)
In CHS with PCD 1=every bolt 2=Alternate bolts.
Thickness 00 Thickness of base-plate stiffener
Support height 000 Height of base-plate stiffener at the column flange
End height 000 Height of base-plate stiffener at the edge of the base-
plate at 45°
Stiffener Welds 00 00 Stiffener weld deep/partial penetration distance and fillet
weld size ( 0.7ts)
Flange-toe weld 00 00 Stiffener weld between stiffener and Flange-toe (usually
a single sided weld) deep/partial penetration distance
and fillet weld size ( 0.7ts)

There are 8 base plate stiffeners
arrangements set by the Number of
stiffeners parameter
Note: The following items are only available to the “Green Book” Method
1. Inner and Outer rows of bolts. Inner row will be ignored to trad. method.
2. Deep/partial penetration welding.
3. Alternate Stiffener arrangements. 0 or 2 only to trad. Method
4. Flange-toe weld. ignored to trad. method
Screen 3: Concrete
Washers
Width 100 Width of Washer (5d)
Thickness 20 Thickness of anchor-plate / washer (8.8 = 0.8d 4.6 =
0.6d)
Void former width 050 Width of the bolt void former (washer bending and shear
pullout assumed about edge of the void)
Concrete
Concrete grade 30 Base Concrete strength at 28 days for bearing and
pullout
Grout grade/gap 15 25 Grout strength at 28 days for bearing.
Grout Gap between under side of Base-Plate and
foundation
Cast-in depth 0450 Cast in depth of bolts from top of foundation to under
washer
Pullout angle 30.0 Angle of pullout cone to vertical (usually 30 deg)
Cone Shear stress 0.35 Concrete shear capacity including enhancement for
reinforcement. 0.35 N/mm2 assumes no reinforcement
Top Steel 10 @ 200 Top steel in depth of bolts. If present then punching
shear and not cone pullout will be used.
Cover to Top Steel 000 Cover to top steel in depth of bolts. If present then
punching shear and not cone pullout will be used.
Shear Key
Size t 00 h 000 w 0000 Shear key t = thickness h = height w = width (usually
base-plate width)
Weld & weld Larm 00 000 Shear key weld size and weld Lever arm (0.7t and t)
If using an angle then the weld lever-arm is the angle leg
length. ie 150 x 75 angle with 150 projecting then the
weld lever-arm would be 75 mm

Recessed Base-plate 000 Height of base recess. Must be greater than grout gap
to be effective.
Pullout punching 1 Design using 1 punching shear or 0 pullout cone. Can
only use punching if top steel present.
Direct bearing 1 Flag 1 for direct bearing on slab Base-Plates (See
Clause 4.13.3)
Effective Area Method 1 Flag 1 for effective area method. 0 for full plate area
(NB Flags_1=Yes)
Note: The following items are only available to the “Green Book” Method
1. Grout grade. trad. method uses the concrete grade.
2. Top Steel area. Ignored in trad. method
3. Top Steel cover. Ignored in trad. method
4. Shear Key. Ignored in trad. method
5. Recessed base. Ignored in trad. method
6. Punching shear. Trad. method uses pull out cones only.

6.8.4 The Beam-Splice Input Data
Screen 1:Forces
Joint Forces
Moment (kNm) +0000.0 Factored moment in beam at joint interface (+ve top in
compression)
Shear bm. (kN) +0000.0 Factored shear force in rafter at joint interface(+ve
down)
Axial bm. (KN) +0000.0 Factored axial force in rafter at joint interface (+ve
compression)
Moment yy(kNm) +0000.0 Factored minor axis moment in beam at joint interface
Note Strut action forces calculated separately in the
Web input screen
First Print Case 01 First/only case to be printed (case 01)
Second Print Case 02 Additional loading case to print
Sections
Beam to beam gap 000 Gap between the two beams (Usually 2 mm). If set to
zero then direct bearing assumed.
If end-plates defined in the Web input screen then the
gap is ignored
Bolts
pop-up
Slip factor 0.45 HSFG bolt slip factor & pop-up
Weld Grade E 35 Grade of optional welds
BS 5950 1990: 43, 51
BS 5950 2000: 35, 42, 50
SABS: 60, 70, 80 or 90
Web Shares Moment (%) 00 Percentage of Moment resisted by the web

Web Shares Axial (%) 00 Percentage of Axial Load resisted by the web
Min Flange Force (%) 00 Minimum design force to be designed for as a
percentage of the capacity of the flange.

Screen 2: Flanges
Top Plates Int Out
Thickness 00 00 Inner and outer plate thickness (mm)
Width 000 000 Inner and outer plate widths (mm) (inner plate width =
width of one plate)
Bolt Cross c/c 000 000 Inner and outer bolt cross centers e.g. inner 120 outer
240 => 120 240
Bolt Long c/c 000 Bolt longitudinal centres (mm) (usually 5 x Dia)
End Distance 000 Bolt edge distance (mm) (usually 1.75 x Dia)
No Rows Bolts 00 Number of rows of bolts in each beam
Half Length 0000 Half length of the top plates (mm)
Staggered pattern 0 Bolt pattern 0-Straight 1-Alternately staggered 2-
staggered pairs
Weld Size 00 Leg length of optional welds. If present then the plate
is welded to one flange and bolted to the other. Inner
plates will be ignored and welding will be ignored if
outer plate too wide.
Bottom Plates Int Out

width of one plate)
Bolt Cross c/c 000 000 Inner and outer bolt cross centres e.g. inner 120 outer
240 => 120 240 (defaults to BCSA sizes)
Bolt Long c/c 000 Bolt longitudinal centres (mm) (usually 5 x Dia)
End Distance 000 Bolt edge distance (mm) (usually 1.75 x Dia)
No Rows Bolts 00 Number of rows of bolts in each beam
Half Length 0000 Half length of the top plates (mm)
Staggered pattern 0 Bolt pattern 0-Straight 1-Alternately staggered 2-
staggered pairs
Weld Size 00 Leg length of optional welds. If present then the plate
is welded to one flange and bolted to the other. Inner
plates will be ignored and welding will be ignored if
outer plate too wide.
Grade of all plates 43 Grade of the all splice plates

Screen 3: Web
Web Cover Plates
Thickness 00 Web Cover Plate thickness (mm)
Width 000 Web Cover Plate width (mm)
Bolt Cross c/c 2 x 000 No. Bolt pitches and cross centres e.g. 2 x 100 = 3
rows at 100 c/c
Bolt Long c/c 2 x 000 No. Bolt pitches and long. centres e.g. 4 x 100 = 5
rows at 100 c/c
End Distance 000 Bolt edge distance (mm) (usually 1.75 x dia)
Half Length 0000 Half length of the web plates (mm)
Staggered pattern 0 Bolt pattern 0-Straight 1-Alternately staggered
Or Web End plates

Thickness 00 Web End plate Plate thickness (mm)
Bolt Cross c/c 000 000 Bolt Cross centres (mm) e.g. inner 120 outer 240 =>
120 240 (BCSA)
Bolt Vert c/c 000 Vertical c/c of bolts (5 x dia)
Number of rows 00 Number of rows of bolts. The bolts will be centred.
Weld Size 00 Web and flange weld size
Staggered Bolts 0 Stagger inner and outer bolts if you have inner and
outer bolts
Strut Action Moment(C.3) BS 5950: 2000 Annex C 3

Le yy (m) 00.000 The effective length of the member between points of
inflection of the buckled shape.
Zero means no Strut action
Dist to restraint 00.000 Distance from the point of inflection to the centre of
splice. (Le yy /2 ie worst point)

6.8.5 The Column-Splice Input Data
Screen 1:Forces
Joint Forces
Axial Fc(kN) +0000.0 Maximum factored axial load. Usually dead + live
(+ve comp)
Shear Fv (kN) 0000.0 Maximum factored, major axis, horizontal shear force
at joint interface
Moment M (kNm) 0000.0 Maximum factored major axis moment in beam at joint
interface
Axial Fcd(kN) +0000.0 Minimum factored axial load. Usually dead only
(+ve comp)
Tie Force 0000.0 Tie force in column
Column Section
Upper Gr 28 Sec 000 Upper column grade and section reference no. pop-up
Lower Gr 28 Sec 000 Upper column grade and section reference no. pop-up
Gap(Direct Bearing) 000 Gap between the two columns. If set to zero then
direct bearing assumed.
If division or cap and base-plates defined in the Web
input screen then the gap is ignored
Bolts
pop-up
Slip factor 0.45 HSFG bolt slip factor & pop-up
Diameter 12 Bolt nominal diameter (BCSA size) pop-up
Hole diameter 14.0 Bolt hole diameter (bolt + 2 - 3) pop-up
Weld Grade E 35 Grade of optional welds
BS 5950 1990: 43, 51
BS 5950 2000: 35, 42, 50
SABS: 60, 70, 80 or 90
Concentric Columns 0 0 – Concentric

1 – Flush on left
2 – Flush on right
Linked Splice Type 0 0 – Automatically find the lower column section size
1 – Internal member Splice and thus use the same
section size for both. Set before you link

Screen 2: Flanges
Flange Cover Plates
Int Out
width of one plate)
Bolt Horz c/c 000 000 Inner and outer bolt cross centres e.g. inner 120 outer
240 => 120 240
Bolt Vert c/c 000 Bolt longitudinal centres (mm) (usually 5 x Dia)
End Distance 000 Bolt end edge distance (mm) (usually 1.75 x Dia)
No Rows Bolts 00 Number of rows of bolts in each column
Half Length 0000 Half length of the flange plates (mm)
Staggered pattern 0 Bolt pattern 0 – Straight 1 – Alternately staggered
2 – staggered pairs
Countersunk 0 0 – normal bolts 1 – Countersunk 90 degree bolts
(ignored when HSFG bolts used)
Packer Weld 00 Leg length of optional packer weld. If present then the
outer packer-plate is welded to the flange on the 2
vertical sides and the remote horizontal face.
Inner packer-plates can not be welded and will be
ignored
When welded the packer is part of the flange resisting
bearing and thus the welds are loaded. There is then
no bolt shear reduction because of packer width.
Minor Axis and
Strut Action Moment(C.3) BS 5950: 2000 Annex C 3
Moment (yy)(kNm) +0000.0 Factored minor axis mom. in Column at joint interface
Note Strut action forces calculated separately
Shear (yy)(kNm) +0000.0 Factored minor axis moment in beam at joint interface
Note Strut action forces calculated separately in the
Web input screen
Le yy (m) 00.000 The effective length of the member between points of
inflection of the buckled shape.
Used to calculate the Strut Action Moment
Zero means no Strut Action Moment
Dist to restraint 00.000 Distance from the point of inflection to the centre of
splice. (Le yy /2 ie worst point)

Screen 3: Web
Web Cover Plates
Thickness 00 Web Cover Plate thickness (mm)
Width 000 Web Cover Plate width (mm)
Bolt Horz c/c 2 x 000 Number of bolt pitches and cross centres e.g. 2 x 100
= 3 rows at 100 c/c
Bolt Vert c/c 2 x 000 Number of bolt pitches and long. centres e.g. 4 x 100
= 5 rows at 100 c/c
End Distance 000 Bolt edge distance (mm) (usually 1.75 x dia)
Half Length 0000 Half length of the web plates (mm)
Staggered pattern 0 Bolt pattern 0-Straight 1-Alternately staggered
Or Web End plate(s)

Thickness 00 Divider or cap and base-plate plate thickness. (mm)
Overrides the Gap on the first input screen
Bolt Cross c/c 000 000 Bolt Cross centres (mm) e.g. inner 120 outer 240 =>
120 240 (BCSA)
Bolt Horz c/c 1 x 000 Number of rows of bolts and Longitudinal c/c of bolts
parallel to the web. (5 x dia)
Weld Size (F/W) 00 00 Flange and Web weld sizes
When set Cap and Base-Plates are assumed
And Angle Cleats

Tk wd ht 00 x 00 x 00 The cross-section dimensions Thickness, Width and
Height of the angle cleat. Eg 10 x 90 x 90
Horz Length 000 Length of the angle cleat
Bolt Long c/c 1 x 000 No. Bolt pitches and long centres e.g. 2 x 100 = 3
rows at 100 c/c
Back marks 000 The bolt back mark for both legs of the lngle

6.8.6 The Beam to Beam Flexible End Plates Input Data
Screen 1: Beams
Beams Left Right
Shear +0000 +0000 Factored shear force for left and right beam (+ve
downward)
Section 0036 0036 Section reference numbers for left and right beam
pop-up
Grade 43 43 Section grade for left and right hand beam pop-up
Plates
Thickness 00 00 Flexible end plate thickness for left and right (8 or
10mm)
Width 000 000 Flexible end plate width for left and right side
Depth 000 000 Flexible end plate depth measure from top for left and
right side (0.6 × Db)
Grade 43 End plate grade for both sides
Weld Size 00 00 Web weld leg size (0.8 × tc)
Weld Grade 00 Weld grade
Bolt Rows 00 00 Number of bolt rows from top for left and right side
Screen 2: Sup. Beam
Supporting Beam
Section handed 0 0028 Flag = 1 to hand a channel section, supporting beam
section reference number
Grade 28 Steel grade of supporting section
Top Flange Offset +000 Offset dimension from top of supporting beam flange to
top of supported beams.
Plate Offset +000 End plate offset from top of supported beam or notch.
Bolts
Type 02 Bolt grade (1=4.6 ; 2=8.8 ; 3=10.9 ; 4=HSFG Pt1)
pop-up
Slip factor 0.45 HSFG bolt slip factor pop-up
Hole 00.0 Bolt hole diameter (bolt + 2 - 3) pop-up
Horizontal c/c 000 Horizontal centre to centre of bolts (mm)
staggered 000 Horz. c/c dimension of staggered bolts (enter 0 for
non-staggered)
Top Edge distance 000 Distance to centre of top bolt from top of end plate
Vertical c/c 000 Vertical c/c of bolts starting from top bolt
Min Notch depth Top 050 Minimum notch depth at top of supported beams if
notching required (T- root fillet – 2 mm)
Min Notch depth Bot 050 Minimum notch depth at bottom of supported beams if
Min Notch Length 000 Minimum notch length for top and bottom if notching
required ((B-t)/2 + 2mm)
Bolts in Pairs 0 0 – Off, 1 – On. Both Horizontal c/c and staggered
dimensions must be defined.
Tie Force 0075 Tie force (kN) to clause 2.4.5.1-4 (min 75 kN floor, 40
kN roof)

6.8.7 The Beam to Beam Fin Plate Input Data
Screen 1: Beams
Beams Left Right
Shear +0000 +0000 Factored shear force for left and right beam (+ve
downward)
Section 0036 0036 Section reference nos. for left & right beam pop-up
Grade 43 43 Section grade for left and right hand beam pop-up
Plates
Thickness 00 00 Fin-plate thickness for left and right (8 or 10mm)
Width 000 000 Fin-plate width for left and right side
Depth 000 000 Fin-plate depth measure from top for left and right side
(0.6 × Db)
Grade 43 Fin-plate grade for both sides
Weld Size 00 00 Fin-plate weld leg size (0.8 × t)
Weld Grade 00 Weld grade
Bolt Rows 00 00 Number of bolt rows from top for left and right side
Screen 2: Sup. Beam
Supporting Beam
Plate Offset +000 End plate offset from top of supported beam or notch.
Bolts
Slip/Type 0.45 02 HSFG bolt slip factor pop-up
Bolt grd (1=4.6 ; 2=8.8 ; 3=10.9 ; 4=HSFG Pt1) pop-up
Horz Web dist 000 000 Horizontal centre to centre of bolts for left and right
side (mm)
Stag Web dist 000 000 Horz. c/c dimension of staggered bolts for each side
(enter 0 for non-staggered)
Top Edge dist 000 000 Distance to centre of top bolt from top of end plate for
each side
Vertical c/c 000 000 Vertical c/c of bolts starting from top bolt
Bolts in Pairs 0 0 0 – Off, 1 – On. Both Horizontal c/c and staggered
Beam Gap 000 Beam to supporting beam web gap (weld size + 2 mm)
kN roof)

6.8.8 The Beam to Beam Angle Cleats Input Data
Screen 1: Beams
All inputs are for the left and then the right hand beams.
Beams Left Right
Shear +0000 +0000 Factored shear force(+ve downward)
Section 0036 0036 Section reference numbers pop-up
Grade 28 28 Section grade pop-up
Angle Grade 28 grade of all angle cleats
Thickness 2 x 00 2 x 00 Number of cleats (1 or 2) and thickness (8 or 10mm)
Web Width 000 000 Width of angle cleats flush against beam web.
(100mm)
Toe Width 000 000 Width of angle cleats projecting perpendicular to web.
(100mm)
Depth 000 000 Depth of angle cleat (0.6 × Db)
Web Bolts
Number Rows 00 00 Number of bolt rows
Top Edge Dist 000 000 Top edge distance to first row of bolts (35 mm)
Vertical c/c 000 000 Vertical c/c distance between bolt rows (5xdia)
Back Mark 000 000 Back mark or horizontal edge distance of bolts (50mm)
Stagg Mark 000 000 Optional Staggered Back mark or horizontal edge
distance of bolts (50mm)
Toe Bolts
Horizontal c/c 000 000 Horizontal c/c distance between bolts (110mm)
Screen 2: Sup. Beam
Supporting Beam
Plate Offset +000 Angle cleat offset from top of supported beam or notch.
Bolts
Type 0.45 02 HSFG bolt slip factor &
Bolt grade (1=4.6 ; 2=8.8 ; 3=10.9 ; 4=HSFG Pt1)
pop-up
Beam Gap 000 Beam to supporting beam web gap (weld size + 2 mm)
kN roof)

6.8.9 The Beam to Column Flexible End Plate Input Data
Screen 1: Flange
Beam to Column
Flexible End Plate
Beams to Column Flange

Beam1 Beam2
Shear +0120 +0120 Factored shear forces in beams 1 and 2 connected to
column flanges (+ve downward)
Grade 43 43 Steel grades pop-up
Beam Offset +000 +000 Relative offset of beam 1and 2 from original datum
Plates
Thickness 00 00 Flexible end plate thickness for sides 1 and 2 (8 or
10mm)
Width 000 000 Flexible end plate width for sides 1 and 2
Depth 000 000 Flexible end plate depth for sides 1 and 2
(defaults to 0.6 × Db)
Offset +000 +000 End plate offset from top of beam
Weld Size 00 00 Web weld leg size (defaults to 0.8 × tc)
Bolts
Top 000 000 Distance to centre of top bolt from top of end plate
V c/c 000 000 Vertical c/c of bolts starting from top bolt
Bolt Rows 00 00 Number of bolt rows for side 1 and 2
Horz c/c 000 000 Horizontal centre to centre of bolts (mm)
Staggered 000 000 Horz. c/c dimension of staggered bolts (enter 0 for
non-staggered)
Bolt in Pairs 0 0 0 – Off, 1 – On. Both Horizontal c/c and staggered
Screen 2: Web
Beam to Column
Flexible End Plate
Beams to Column Web

Beam1 Beam2
Plates
10mm)

Bolts
Horz c/c 000 Horizontal centre to centre of bolts (mm)
Staggered 000 Horz. c/c dimension of staggered bolts (enter 0 for
non-staggered)
Bolt in Pairs 0 0 – Off, 1 – On. Both Horizontal c/c and staggered
Screen 3: Column
Supporting Column
Section No. 0100 Supporting column reference number pop-up
Grade 43 Column steel grade pop-up
Plates
Grade 43 Flexible end plate grade
Weld Grade 43 End plate web weld grade
Bolts
pop-up
Slip factor 0.45 HSFG bolt slip factor pop-up
Hole diameter 00.0 Bolt hole diameter (bolt + 2 – 3) pop-up
Tie Force: Flange 0075 Tie force (kN) in flanges to clause 2.4.5.1-4 (min 75 kN
floor, 40 kN roof)
Tie Force: Web 0075 Tie force (kN) in web to clause 2.4.5.1-4 (min 75 kN
floor, 40 kN roof)

6.8.10 The Beam to Column Fin Plate Input Data
Screen 1: Flange
Beam to Column
Flexible End Plate
Beams to Column Flange

Beam1 Beam2
Beam Gap 000 000 Beam to column flange gap (weld size + 2 mm)
Plates
10mm)
Bolts
Horz FlgDist 000 000 Horizontal distance of bolts from column flange face
(mm)
Stag FlgDist 000 000 Horz. distance of staggered bolts from column flange
face (enter 0 for non-staggered)
Screen 2: Web
Beam to Column
Flexible End Plate
Beams to Column Web

Beam1 Beam2
Section 0036 0036 Section reference numbers
pop-up
Beam Gap 000 000 Beam to column flange gap (weld size + 2 mm)
Plates
10mm)

Bolts
Horz WebDist 000 000 Horizontal distance of bolts from column web face
(mm)
Stag WebDist 000 000 Horz. distance of staggered bolts from column web
face (enter 0 for non-staggered)
Screen 3: Column
Supporting Column
Section No. 0100 Supporting column reference number pop-up
Grade 43 Column steel grade pop-up
Plates
Grade 43 Flexible end plate grade
Weld Grade 43 End plate web weld grade
Bolts
pop-up
Slip Factor 0.45 HSFG bolt slip factor pop-up
Hole 00.0 Bolt hole diameter (bolt + 2 – 3) pop-up
Tie Force: Flange 0075 Tie force (kN) in flanges to clause 2.4.5.1-4 (min 75 kN
floor, 40 kN roof)
Tie Force: Web 0075 Tie force (kN) in web to clause 2.4.5.1-4 (min 75 kN
floor, 40 kN roof)

6.8.11 Beam to Column Angle Cleat Input Data
Screen 1: Flange
Beams Left Right
Beam Offset +000 +000 Top of beam offsets from joint datum
Angle tk 2 x 00 2 x 00 Number of cleats (1 or 2) and thickness (8 or 10mm)
(100mm)
(100mm)
Web Bolts
Vertical c/c 000 000 Vertical c/c distance between bolt rows (5 x dia)
Toe Bolts
Horizontal c/c 000 000 Horizontal c/c distance between bolts (110mm)

Screen 2: Web
Beams Left Right
Beam Offset +000 +000 Top of beam offsets from joint datum
Angle tk 2 x 00 2 x 00 Number of cleats (1 or 2) and thickness (8 or 10mm)
(100mm)
(100mm)
Web Bolts
Vertical c/c 000 000 Vertical c/c distance between bolt rows (5 x dia)
Toe Bolts
Vertical c/c 000 Vertical c/c distance between bolt rows (5xdia)
Horizontal c/c 000 Horizontal c/c distance between bolts (110mm)
Screen 3: Column
Supporting Column
Section handed 0 0028 Flag = 1 to hand a channel section,
Supporting Column section reference number pop-up
Section Grade 28 Steel grade of supporting section
Angle Grade 28 grade of all angle cleats
Beam to Col gap 005 Beam to supporting Column flange/web gap (5 mm)
Bolts
Bolt slip/type 0.45 07 HSFG bolt slip factor &
Bolt grade (1=4.6 ; 2=8.8 ; 3=10.9 ; 4=HSFG Pt1)
pop-up
Bolt Hole diameter 00.0 Bolt hole diameter (bolt + 2 - 3) pop-up
Tie Force: Flange 0075 Tie force (kN) to clause 2.4.5.1-4 (min 75 kN floor, 40
kN roof)
Tie Force: Web 0075 Tie force (kN) to clause 2.4.5.1-4 (min 75 kN floor, 40
kN roof)

6.9 Design Dimensional Checks
The program performs dimensional checks in accordance with BS 5950 Part 1 and
highlights any non-compliance. The checks included are :
• Bolt minimum centres.
• Bolt edge distance.
• Bolt hole size.
• Lack of fit.
• Bolt Prying.
The dimensional check button will display if there are no dimensional failures,
and if there are dimensional failures.
Where the result of a dimensional
check is non-compliant, details are
noted by the program in the
Dimensional Checks Form and
graphically on the Joint diagram.
Pressing the Dims button will
display Dimensional Checks Form
allowing the user to view the list of
dimensional errors.
Note : Dimensional check warnings are not printed in the program output.
and can be any colour. In the example above it is a softer, more modern, light blue.
No reductions in capacities are made, due to non-compliance with dimensional
checks.
Checks may be ignored using the Tolerance Table.
Lack of fit:
Lack of fit relates to,
• Bolts which are too close to flange welds.
• Bolts too close to web welds.
• Bolts too close to stiffener welds.
The distance checked for lack of fit is from the centre of the bolt hole perpendicular to
the edge of any adjacent weld or root fillet.
The minimum dimension allowed is bolt diameter (D) + 1 mm. This is derived by
assuming a washer dimension of 2 x D and allowing 1 mm tolerance.
Prying Forces:
BS 5950: 1990 gives no specific dimensional requirements in relation to bolt prying
(although some allowance for the forces involved was made in deriving Table 32 of
the code). The BCSA publication to BS 449, which is now superseded, contains

rules which relate to prying. These are included in the programs dimensional checks
both for completeness and as a guide for good practice.
BS 5950: 2000 and the Green book methods consider prying.
Dimensional Tolerance Options:
The option to ignore or to specify a tolerance for particular dimensional checks is
provided from Options> Design Options and are described in section 6.2.
6.10 Connection Auto Design

Connection AutoDesign facilities are provided for the eaves, apex and base plate
connections. To commence auto design select the AutoDesign button from the
main tool bar to display the Auto Design form.
AutoDesign will design for all loading cases when this button is activated.
AutoDesign will design for all ultimate loading cases only. The All button must
be firstly selected.
Activating this button will retain all user defined input data in AutoDesign.
Only program default values will be altered.
Conduct AutoDesign
Undo the previous AutoDesign
Terminate the AutoDesign at the end of the next design cycle.

6.11 Eaves & Apex Connection Design Philosophy
The design of eaves and apex style joints can be based on either
1. The traditional SCI Blue Book and Horne & Morris or;
2. The SCI Green Book Joints in Steel Construction: Moment Connections
P:207/95
The following design philosophy is for the older Blue Book methods.
For the Green Book design philosophy please refer to the publications
6.11.1 Tension Bolts
(Blue Book philosophy.)
Design of the tensile bolts is carried out by an iterative process to achieve a balanced
design with the joint compression and tension forces in equilibrium.
Tension bolts are analysed by a linear elastic method with the proviso that the top
two bolt rows yield together if the ratio of their lever arms is greater or equal to 0.9.
This also applies where an extended end plate is used in the tension zone. In all
other cases the bolt forces are linear.
The iterative process starts by guessing an initial compression zone. The bolt forces
are calculated and their summation is compared with the compression capacity of the
compression zone. If the tensile force cannot be balanced by the compression zone
then the size of the compression zone is altered. The process is repeated with the
new compression area, neutral axis and new lever arms until a balanced solution is
obtained.
! Note: Prying forces due to double curvature bending is not considered, since an
allowance for these forces was made in deriving Table 32 for bolt capacities in BS
5950: 1990
If the “Allow Rafter Flange Over Stressing” option is selected then:

• If only the rafter flange is in compression then it will be stressed to 40% above
yield.
• If the rafter web is in compression then it will be stressed to only 20% above yield.

6.11.2 Shear Bolts
Those parts of a connection which have been designated to resist shear are checked
for bolt shear, bolt bearing, and plate bearing. The lowest of these capacities is used
as the reduced shear capacity of the connection.
If the shear bolts cannot resist the applied shear load then the residual shear
capacity (in combined shear and tension) of the lowest loaded tension bolts is taken
into account. This process is repeated until all the tension bolts are used or the
shear load is fully resisted. New joint lengths and edge distances are considered
with each iteration.
Reduced bearing capacity due to short edge distance and reduced bolt shear
capacity due to either long joints or large grip lengths, are checked.
6.11.3 End-plate Flange and Web Welds

The Beam Flanges are considered to be Tension Stiffeners and the Flange Welds
are checked as part of the Tension Stiffener Checks.
The Web Welds are checked as part of the Beam Web Tension Check.
6.11.4 Beam Web Tension

Beam web tension is checked in a similar way to column web tension except that the
check in this case takes into account the additional force due to shear in the beam.
The web weld capacity is also checked for these forces.
Beam web tension stiffeners may be incorporated in the design. The Beam Web is
checked for tension, shear, combined tension + shear and for welds.
Shear force equation Fv = V / web length x web length under
consideration
Combined tension + shear Ft/ Pt + Fv /Pv <= 1.4
equation
Weld resultant force equation Fr = (Ft2 + Fv2)
The following design assumptions are used in the design of beam webs:
• The beam flange is considered to be a beam web stiffener;
• The length of the stiffeners, to allow for dispersal of the force into the beam web
and beam flange without over-stressing, should be determined manually by the
user (this length will depend on the degree of over-stressing obtained with no
stiffeners);
• If Ft is greater than twice Fv and the conditions of clause C.1.C.1.5.1 are satisfied
then clause C.1.C.1.5.1 weld stresses may be used; and
• The maximum spread of the tension zone is 3.5 x Hcc/2.
• If the “Allow Web tension sharing” option is selected then the beam web tension is
shared with the adjacent bolt rows to redistribute localised over stressing.

6.11.5 Column Web Bearing and Buckling
Web bearing and buckling is checked in accordance with section 4.5 of BS 5950.
In eaves type joints, compression of the column web occurs in the area adjoining the
beam compression flange.
This compression force is equal to the summation of the tensile bolt forces plus the
external axial thrust, thus providing static equilibrium for the joint.
This compression area is checked for web bearing & buckling.
6.11.6 Beam Compression Stiffener

A beam compression stiffener is a
small vertical triangular stiffener
between the end-plate and rafter
centred on the rafter web.
This stiffener increases the bolt
lever-arm and reduces the bolt
forces. It is not as effective as a
haunch but where only a small
increase is required it is very
effective. It is most common use is
in multi-storey construction.
The stiffener is only considered to be effective if it is not slender, otherwise it will be
ignored.
6.11.7 Column-Flange and End-Plate Bending

Column-flange and end-plate bending are checked at each row of bolts. The local
capacity of the flange/plate in the region of each bolt is calculated using yield line
theory. There are three yield line patterns which can occur depending on the
arrangement of stiffeners around the bolt row.

Mode 1 "Simple Double Curvature Bending" occurs when there are no stiffeners
above or below the bolt row under examination.
Mode 2 "Partial Cross-Flange Bending" occurs when there is only one stiffener
either above or below the bolt row under examination.
Mode 3 "Full Cross-Flange Bending" occurs when there are stiffeners above and
below the bolt row under examination.
Notes:
1. Left and right hand sides of flanges have different stiffener arrangements purely
for illustration of various bending modes.
2. Full double curvature bending is considered in all yield-line patterns.
3. N’ is limited by - End-plate width
- Flange width + 2 × plate/flange thickness
- Overall Stiffener width + 2 × plate/flange thickness
4. Maximum yield line spread W, V, L1 and L2 are limited by the following
dimensions:
Un-stiffened zones
- L1, L2 and W are less than 1.75 × m
Stiffened zones;
V and W are <= Vmax
Vmax = (m × (m + N' - 0.5 x D'))
D' is the bolt hole diameter.
If the length of v or w in a stiffened zone is
greater than the Vmax then:
The value of Vmax is used in calculating the
capacity from the vertical yield lines.
5. The value of V or W is used in calculating the capacity from the horizontal yield
lines. (the larger the value/lever-arm the lower the capacity)
6. - If V or W is more than twice Vmax then the horizontal yield lines are ignored.

6.11.8 Column Web Shear (Eaves Only)
(Green & Blue Book philosophy.)
A horizontal shear force is developed in the column web by the tensile bolts.
This force is cumulative with its value increasing at each row of bolts. It is balanced
by the shearing action of the rafter compression flange (see figure). The maximum
shear force, which occurs between the tension and shear bolt groups, is the
summation of all the tensile bolt applied forces. This force is resisted by the column
web, and can be enhanced by the provision of a web shear stiffener.
There are four types of shear stiffeners namely Morris, ‘K’, Diagonal and the Single
Doubter Plate, as documented in section 6.8.2 Apex Input Data.
The shear force is checked in the stiffened and un-stiffened regions.
6.11.9 Tension Stiffeners (Eaves Only)

Tension stiffeners occur at the column web to flange and at the beam web to end-
plate interfaces. The force transmitted into the stiffener is proportional to the depth of
the stiffener as shown below
The stiffener and stiffener welds are checked in tension and shear. If permissible the
tension weld stress is increased in accordance with clause 6.8.1
6.11.10 Column Web Tension (Eaves Only)

This effect is due to the tension bolts transmitting a force into the column web which
tends to tear it open.

The force is checked locally at each bolt row. If the column
web is not capable of resisting the applied force then a full
length stiffener can be provided thus reducing the tension load
on the web.
Only full length stiffeners, including capping plates, are
considered to resist web tension. Gusset or glut stiffeners are
not considered effective in resisting web tension and the force
in the stiffener is re-dispersed into the web at the end of the
stiffener. Half the load is transferred to the upper zone and
half to the lower zone. The only exception to this is that if the
gusset stiffener is located at the very top of the joint and the
column is not continuous. In this case the entire load is
transferred to the lower zone.
If the “Allow Web tension sharing” option is selected then the column web tension is
shared with the adjacent bolt rows to redistribute localised over stressing.

6.12 Base-Plate Connection Design Philosophy
The design of base plate connections joints can be based on either
1. The traditional SCI Blue Book or;
2. The SCI Green Book Joints in Steel Construction: Moment Connections
P:207/95
The following design philosophy is for the older Blue Book methods. For the Green
Book design philosophy please refer to the publications
6.12.1 Base Plate Bending

The traditional design of the base-plate is dependent on:
1. Slab base-plate (un-stiffened) 2. Stiffened base-plate
• Axially Loaded • Low moment
• Low moment • High moment
• High moment
Base-Plate Pressure – Moment Classification
There are four distinct forms of base-plate pressure distribution depending on the
ratio of applied moment to axial load as follows:
a) Axial load only;
b) Low moment (base in compression only);
c) Medium moment (minor uplift but bolts not in tension);
d) High moment (bolts in tension).
Pressure distribution types a and b are calculated by simple statics with the centre of
thrust remaining inside the middle third of the base. Pressure distribution types c and
d are calculated using an iterative process to determine a balanced solution with
vertical and moment equilibrium.

Slab Base-Plate - Axially Loaded
Two zones of bending are considered:
1. Bending of the base-plate outstands is checked in accordance with Clause
4.13.2.2.; and
2. Web compression zone - Clause 4.13.2.2 takes
no account of base-plate bending in the web zone.
This can be critical in universal beams where the
base-plate outstands are small in comparison to
the web zone spans. Bending is checked in two
different directions and the smaller applied
moment used. The two directions are web
cantilever bending (from the column web weld to
the edge of the base plate), and bending between
the two column flanges.
An alternative method of design for axial loaded slab base plates is the effective area
method and may be used by setting the effective area flag in the text editor input to 1.
The plate is assumed to cantilever out from
the flanges and web an equal distance on
all sides until a large enough area is
obtained to resist the axial load. This
cantilever is then checked in bending. The
bearing pressure under this area is twice
the normal allowable bearing pressure.
The following conditions must also be
satisfied:
1. The base-plate gross area bearing pressure must be less than or equal to the
normal allowable bearing pressure.
2. The effective area must not be cut short by the edges of the base plate.
Slab Base-Plate - Low Moment (No tension in bolts)

Three zones of bending are considered:
1. High compression zone - Flange cantilever from the point of maximum base
pressure back to the column flange weld;
2. Web compression zone - as in C.1.9.2 Axially Loaded Slab Base-Plates ; and
3. Low compression zone - Flange cantilever from the point of minimum base
pressure back to the column flange weld.

Slab Base-Plate - High moment (Bolts in tension)
Four zones of bending are considered:
1. High compression zone - as in Slab Base-Plate - Low Moment ;
2. Web compression zone - as in Axially Loaded Slab Base-Plates ;
3. Low compression zone - This is nominal and is ignored; and
4. Tension bolt area,
i. External bolts - Yield line - simple double curvature
ii. Internal bolts - Yield line - partial / full cross flange bending.
Stiffened Base-Plate - Low Moment (No tension developed in the bolts).

All bending is on one axis about the column web. Only the base-plate edge under
maximum pressure is considered for bending. This is considered as a beam (1 mm
wide) supported at the stiffeners, with two equal cantilevers at the outer supports as
illustrated in the figure below.
The zone between the stiffeners is also
checked as a cantilever out from the face
of the flange and the stronger method
used
Stiffened Base-Plate - High Moment (Tension developed in the bolts)

In this design there is both a base-plate tension zone and a base-plate compression
zone. The compression zone is checked as per the stiffened base with no bolt
tension i.e. Low Moment. The tension zone has three distinct bending zones. Only
one or two of these zones will be developed at any time depending on the bolt
configuration (see figure). These are:
1. Cantilever zone;
2. External stiffened flange zone
3. Internal stiffened zone; which has two forms -
a. Plate effectively stiffened on three sides only.
b. Plate effectively stiffened on all four sides.

Base-Plate Bending Notes
1. Full double curvature bending is assumed, elastic section properties are used
and stresses are limited to 270 N/mm2.
2. In compression zones, if the bending span is less than the plate thickness then
no bending occurs.
3. In flange cantilever bending the maximum width of cantilever is the flange width
plus 2 × the plate thickness.
4. In web cantilever bending the pressure used is the pressure at point Pc but not
less than P6/2.
5. All tension yield line patterns obey

the column flange bending rules
whereby the maximum yield line
spread W, V, L1 and L2 are limited
by the following dimensions:
6. In un-stiffened zones L1, L2 and W are <= 1.75 × m (see diagram below)
7. In stiffened zones V and W are <= X(m x (m + N' - 0.5 x D'))
Where D' is the bolt hole diameter.
Slab Base with Bolts Outside Flange
If bolts exist outside the column flange then the spread is always limited by m but the
lever arm is taken as the larger of m or my.

6.12.2 Bolt Design for Tension and Shear
The bolt design adopts a similar procedure as described in section 6.11.1Tensile
bolts and 6.11.2 Shear Bolts.
6.12.3 Base-Plate Welds

The checks carried out depend on whether the base-plate is stiffened or un-stiffened.
Slab Base-plate (Un-Stiffened) - Flange and Web Welds

The flange welds resist the flange force due to the applied moment divided by its
lever-arm (Dc - Tc) plus a portion of the axial load equal to P × Area of Flange / Total
area.
If the conditions of clause C.1.C.1.5.1 are satisfied then the yield stress of the parent
metal is used.
The web welds resist the applied shear force plus the portion of axial load transferred
through the column web to the base plate.
• Note: If direct bearing is considered then only the resultant tension and shearing
forces are checked.
Stiffened Base-plate - Flange, Web and Stiffener Welds

The flange weld resists the flange force due to the applied moment plus the full axial
load. It is assumed that the column flange is only effectively welded on one side and
that this weld extends up the full height of the stiffeners.
The web weld resists the applied shear force.
The stiffener weld is checked at two locations,

1. In compression, at the point of maximum pressure, for a 1 mm wide pressure
strip.
2. In tension, for the proportion of the bolt tensile load transmitted into the stiffener.
The length of weld used is the average bolt dispersion with (La+Ld)/2. (see
diagram below)
If the stiffener weld satisfies the conditions of clause C.1.C.1.5.1 then the yield stress
of the parent metal is used.
6.12.4 Base-plate Stiffeners

The stiffeners are checked for shear and bending at 50 points along the high
compression cantilever length and also (if applicable) the tension zone. Elastic
section properties are used and stresses are limited to 270 N/mm2. when using BS
5950: 2000
6.12.5 Base-Plate - Tension Bolts Pull-out

The tension bolts pullout capacity is checked for three criteria. Namely concrete
shear of the pullout cone, bending in the washer plates and embedded length of the
washers.
Concrete shear.
This is checked, for the specified pull-out angle and shear stress, under two
conditions.
1. Multiple cones - each bolt has it's own complete pull-out cone.
2. Single cone - a single cone which envelops the individual cones.
The lesser shear capacity is taken to be the critical capacity.
Note: The net surface area of partially intersecting cones is not considered.
The cone is assumed to develop from the edge of the void former.

Washer bending
Simple yield line theory is applied to the pattern shown below with the following
provisos
1. Double curvature bending is only developed if there is sufficient washer
embedment.
2. Bending is assumed to develop from the edge of the void former.
3. Elastic properties are used and stresses are limited to 270 N/mm2.
4. Bending only develops If the width of the void former is greater than 1.7 × bolt
Dia + 2 × stiffener thickness. The bolt head is assumed to be 1.7 × bolt Dia.
Washer shear
Punching shear of the washer is checked at the edge of the bolt head.
Washer Embedment
Embedment of the washer in the concrete from the edge of the void former is
checked. If the embedded area is large enough to provide fixity then the washer is
allowed to bend in double curvature bending.

6.13 Beam Splice Connection Design Philosophy
The design of beam Splice connections is based on
SCI Green Book Joints in Steel Construction: Moment Connections P:207/95 &
SCI Green Book Joints in Steel Construction: Simple Connections P:212
The following design philosophy is an extension of these methods.

Please refer to the above publications for a detailed design philosophy
6.13.1 Beam Splice Resultant Forces

The applied Moment, Axial and Shear Force on a beam splice are resisted by the
flanges and web as follows.
Moment
The moment is resisted by the flange and the web plates according to the proportions
defined in the Web Shares Moment (%) input parameter.
Axial Load
The percentage of the total axial load carried by the web is defined using the Web
Shares Axial (%) input parameter. This determines the proportions of axial load
resisted by the flanges and the web plates.
Shear Force
The Shear Force is always resisted by the web plates.
Note:
1. If there are no flange plates on the top and bottom flanges then the moment and
axial load are resisted entirely by the web plates.
2. If there are no web plates then the moment and axial load are resisted entirely
by the flange plates.
Moment and Axial Sharing
Area of 1 Flange : AF = B × T
Area of Web: AW = (D - 2 × T) × t
Zp of Flanges : ZFlg = AFlg × (D - T)
Zp of Web: ZWeb= AWeb × (D - 2 × T) / 4
Moment in Flange : MF = Moment × ZFlg / (ZFlg + ZWeb)
Moment in Web : MW= Moment × (ZWeb) / (ZFlg + ZWeb)
AxialFlange = Axial × (2 × AFlg) / (2 × AFlg + AWeb)
AxialWeb = Axial × (AWeb) / (2 × AFlg + AWeb)

6.13.2 Beam Splice Flanges
A portion of the moment and axial loads are resisted by the flanges and their plates.
Each flange resists half the Axial load in the flanges plus or minus the moment in the
flanges divided by the lever arm. The lever arm is measured between the
flange/plate interfaces. Where double plates are used the lever arm is taken from the
centre of the flange.
The bolts are checked in single or double shear. If the edge distances, bearing
capacity, long joint length or bolt grip length are critical then the bolt shear capacity
will be reduces.
The axial tension and compression capacities of the flanges and plates are checked
in accordance with sections 3.3 and 3.4 of BS 5950 using gross areas for
compression and net areas for tension.
6.13.3 Beam Splice Web

The Web plates and bolts externally applied shear force together with a portion of the
moment and axial loads.
However, the shear force causes a moment due to the force being applied at an
eccentricity from the centre of the bolt group (Mt = V × e). This moment is combined
with the portion of the applied external moment.
The resultant moment will induce a different torsional shear force on each bolt
depending on its distance from the centroid of the bolt group. The torsional shear
forces are applied perpendicular to a line running from the bolt to the bolt group
centroid. These torsional shear forces are then added vectorally to the load from the
external vertical shear force and the portion of the external horizontal axial load to
find the maximum resultant applied bolt shear force.
To simplify the design the bolt edge distances are not measured in the resultant
shear plane for each bolt but only vertically and horizontally irrespective of shear
direction.
The web plates are checked for the resultant moment, shear and axial load in
accordance with sections 3.3 and 3.4 of BS 5950. Gross areas for axial compression
and net areas for axial tension.

6.14 Column Splice Connection Design Philosophy
The design of Column Splice connections is based on
SCI Green Book Joints in Steel Construction: Simple Connections P:212
Please refer to the above publication for a detailed design philosophy
6.14.1 Simple Connections Design Philosophy

1. Beam to Beam: Flexible End-plate
2. Beam to Beam: Fin-plate
3. Beam to Beam: Double or Single Angle Cleats
4. Beam to Column: Flexible End-plate
5. Beam to Column: Fin-plate
6. Beam to Column: Double or Single Angle Cleats
These simple connections strictly adhere to the design philosophy set out in the SCI
Green Book Joints in Steel Construction: Simple Connections. P:212
Please refer to the above publication for a detailed design philosophy

6.15 Design Options
Design Options are provided to allow the user to customise
certain design check and dimensional check settings.
6.15.1 General Design Options
Use SCI Green Book Design…..

Same function as the and buttons on the divider bar switching between the
newer Green book (plastic) design and the more traditional Blue book design
Reduced Output:
Omits some intermediate calculations from the output.
Ignore 1.4 dia edge distance:
Ignore this dimensional check. It is only relevant for hand flame cut edges and
sheared edges Cl C.1.2.3 Table 31.
Deduct 2 x tw from flange ‘fillet’ welds
If the end-plate / base-plate does not extend enough to permit a weld return then in
accordance with cl C.1.8.2
HSFG Bolts Slip Resistance (BS 5950: 2000 only)
The slip resistance of hsfg bolts usually
PsL = 0.9 Ks U Po
cl C.1.4.2 allows you to increase this capacity to 1.1 Ks U Po if you are happy for the
joint to slip under ultimate loads. (or as they state non-slip under service)
Weld Sizes:
Default weld sizes used in AutoChange and auto design.

Round default weld sizes
The rules to be used in creating default weld sizes for zero input.
Example for above settings
Web = 18.3 mm > 0.7 x 18.3 = 12.8 mm weld
Up to nearest weld size would give 15 mm
Down to nearest weld size would give 12 mm
Up to nearest mm would give 13 mm
Weld Type
Sets whether you wish to use:
Partial penetration butt welds or
Deep penetration fillet welds. (see cl C.1.8.4 and fig 30)
Most Eaves, Apex and Base-plates have two inputs. These are interpreted as
follows depending on the setting above
1 2 3 4
Input 00 08 03 08 08 12 99 06
Weld Fillet weld Deep Penetration fillet Partial Penetration Full Butt Weld
Type weld Butt weld with with optional
super imposed fillet projections
Req.
weld
Fillet with Fillet with 8mm leg Fillet with 12mm 99 flag denotes
8mm leg and 3mm penetration leg superimposed full penetration
into parent metal on a 8 mm partial butt weld.
penetration butt 6 mm is size of
weld
(see options switch) projection
(see options
switch)
desig 8 mm fillet 11 mm fillet Design as: Full Strength
n as: Complex partial-
penetration butt-
weld. Note 3mm
gap see page 39
SCI 207/95
1 2 3 4

6.15.2 Eaves and Apex Design Options
Design Flange Compression Welds

With modern cutting tools the rafters are considered to be fully prep’ed for direct end
bearing. Thus compression welds are only for locating and do not transmit forced.
You can elect to design them any way.
Allow Flush End-Plates:
Suppresses the dimensional check warning when end-plate projections are less than
the flange weld size. It is assumed that the plate or flange is chamfered to facilitate
the external weld.
Always use Triangular bolt force
Limits the capacity of lower bolt rows to the values from a triangular distribution from
the top bolt to zero at the compression zone centroid.
Rigid Unbraced Multi-Storey Frame or
Portal or Rigid Braced Multi-Storey Frame
Set which type of frame the joint is in. These options reflect the concerns of the SCI
to gross deformation of joints which could induce secondary effect. See SCI Green
Book Joints in Steel Construction: Moment Connections P207/95 section 2.5 and
page 13.
In Rigid Unbraced Multi-Storey Frames each bolt row must fail by mode 3 failure as
described in page 10 Fig 2.6 of the Green Book.
Mode 1: Complete Flange/Endplate yielding ………………(thin plates/ strong bolts)
Mode 2: Bolt failure (due to prying) with Flange/Endplate yielding
Mode 3: Bolt failure (no prying)………………………………(thick plates/ weak bolts)
Use Simple method to achieve all mode 3
By using the simple method cl C.1.3.4.2 prying is ignored. Thus only modes 1 & 3
occur. This is useful as mode 2 failure is usually the problem.
There is an additional switch to allow the user to only use this method if a row of
bolts are failing as not mode 3.

Allow End-Plate Under Sizing by:
Suppresses the dimensional check and reduces the design breadth of the rafter. Eg
457x152x52UB with flange width of 152.4 mm would be fitted onto a stock 150 mm
wide end-plate and the flange assumed to be 150 mm wide in all calculations.
Haunch Cut Deductions:
Deductions made from the haunch section in the cutting process. These are then
used to test if the remaining cut section is too small. A hand cut section might remove
a flange + Root + 5 mm burn while a machine cut may take no deductions with the
flange projections being ground off.
Non Green Book Options
Allow Web Tension Sharing:
Design web tension for adjacent groups of bolts thus averaging out the forces as
would happen in reality.
Allow Rafter Flange Over Stressing:
As per “Green Book” (page 28) allows over-stressing of the rafter flange/web in
compression as it is really in bearing.
40% if Flange only in compression
20% if Flange and Web in compression
Design Flange Weld for 2 rows of Bolts:
As per “Green Book” (page 39) the Flange weld should resist the forces from the first
2 rows of bolts inside the flange plus any row outside. This is very onerous but is
designed to prevent the Flange weld being the weakest component.
Limit Web Shear Doubter Plate Capacity:
As per “Green Book” the doubter plate can only increase the web shear capacity by
75%. (page 37)

6.15.3 Base-Plate Design Options
Design Slab Bases as Axial using P1 if P2 >= 0.75xP1

Blue Book option
In slab bases with small moment and pressure over the whole base if P2 >= 75% of
P1 then assume P1 is applied over whole base and design as axial.
Use gross Web Compression and Use gross Flange compression
Green Book Only
To the “Green Book” the concrete pressure zone is based on an
equi-distant cantilever from the column limited by the flange
projection. (see opposite top). This gives one simple calc for
plate compression bending.
By allowing the full web width to go into compression (see

opposite middle) we can increase the Lever Arm between the
tension and compression zones and also prevent the
compression zone being greater than 2/3 the distance to the
tension bolts. The drawback is higher base plate moments.
By allowing the full flange width to go into compression (see

opposite bottom) we can gain more Lever Arm and further
reduce the compression zone ratio.
Optimise Base Compression Area:

Green Book Only
In a base under compression only the pressure area is based on an equi-distant
cantilever from the column limited by the flange projection. This can give a low
pressure. If we reduce the length of the an equi-distant cantilever until we obtain the
allowable bearing pressure then the resultant moment on the base plate will be less.

Note: This is only possible if there is no tension bolts as when there is tension bolts
the compression zone is fully loaded
Limit Pressure to Base Capacity:
Green Book Only
If you have a high concrete bearing capacity then you attract high moment into the
base-plate. If you limit the concrete bearing capacity to the capacity of the base-plate
in bending then you can some times achieve a more economical design.
Uni-directional tension bending:
Green Book Only
In SLAB base-plate tension bending don’t use bi-axial bending to the design internal
bolt zones.
Base Friction:
Green Book Only
Resist part of the base shear by steel/concrete bearing friction.
Fcu Compression Coeff:
Green Book Only
Concrete Bearing coefficient.
0.4 to BS 8110
0.6 to SCI “Green Books”
0.8 to Fire boundary
Tension bolt yield line limits:
Green Book Only
In designing base-plate tension bending no limits are put on the width of yield lines.
This clearly is not sensible. The old Morris and Horne SCI publication recommended
3.5 times the lever-arm “m”
Ignore Horizontal Shear:
Green Book Only
Ignore the shear on the base-plate as it is to be resisted by other means such as
tying the column base to the floor slab.
Ignore Bolt Shear Resistance:
Green Book Only
To the “Green Book” bolt shear is really a problem of bolt bearing against the
concrete. This is claimed to be of dubious reliability due to grouting etc and should be
ignored unless you have best practice on site or fully cast in bolts.
Use 5d washer size for pullout design:
Green Book Only
The “Green Book” stipulates an empirical size of washer plate:
8.8 bolts 5d x 5d x 0.8d thick

4.6 bolts 5d x 5d x 0.6d thick
It then goes on to design the pullout cones/punching shear for the given washer plate
size. This can not always be the case.
If you had 4.6 20mm bolts and 1000 x 1000 x 12 mm thick washer
Then you could not design the pullout cones/punching shear based on the 1000 x
1000 perimeter.
No other guidance is given, so this switch limits the pullout cones/punching shear
based on a 5d perimeter magnified by the ratio of provided thickness to the required
washer thickness.
6.15.4 Simple Connections Design Options
Beam to Column Web Beams Minimum Flange Clearance:

Beams going into a column web will be notched (flange width reduced) to fit in with
the stipulated side clearance.
Beam to column web Fin-Plates:
In a fin-plated beam between 2 column webs
the beam must be lowered down into place
between the two columns. In this case it is
possible the beam flange will strike the fin-
plate and not allow it to pass. To prevent this
we strip 1 or both flanges on one side so there
is no clash. This reduces the member
capacity.

Beam to Beam Notch Flange Clearance:
Set the minimum notch depth.
Flexible End-Plates Flush on top
Detail plates flush on top with inside profile fillet weld
Normally flexible end-plates stop below the root fillet. For ease of erection fabricators
like to weld the end-plate to the top of the flange.
See SCI Joints In Steel Construction: Simple connections (P212) section 5.2 Page 83
Full depth Flexible End-Plates
Detail plates full depth flush on top and bottom with inside profile fillet weld.
See SCI Joints In Steel Construction: Simple connections (P212) section 5.2 Page 83

6.16 Failure Symbols and Suggested Actions
6.16.1 Eaves Failure Symbols

Tension Bolt Failure
1. Increase the bolt diameter/type.
2. Reduce the bolt vertical c/c distances.
3. Increase the number of bolt rows.
4. Increase the joint depth "OHD", or use an extended
end-plate.
5. If the beam web is in compression, then increase the
haunch section size.
Shear Bolt Failure

2. Increase the number of bolts.
3. If there is a bearing problem, increase the plate
thickness/grade, and/or the bolt edge distance.
Column Web Tension Failure Beam Web Tension Failure

1. Reduce the applied bolt tension forces. 1. Reduce the applied bolt tension
2. Increase the web thickness. forces.
3. Optimise the bolts' vertical c/c 2. Increase the web thickness.
distances. 3. Optimise the bolts' vertical c/c
4. Optimise the bolts' horizontal c/c distances.
distances. 4. Optimise the bolts' horizontal c/c
5. Provide full width stiffeners. distances.
Column Flange Bending Failure End-Plate Bending Failure
1. Reduce the applied bolt tension forces. 1. Increase the end-plate thickness.
2. Optimise the bolts' vertical c/c 2. Reduce the applied bolt tension
distances. forces.
3. Optimise the bolts' horizontal c/c 3. Optimise the bolts' vertical c/c
distances. distances.
4. Provide one or more stiffeners (gusset 4. Optimise the bolts' horizontal c/c
and/or full width). distances.
Tension Stiffener Failure Weld Failure
1. Reduce the applied bolt tension forces. 1. Increase weld size.
2. Increase the stiffener thickness. 2. Reduce force on weld.
3. Increase the stiffener weld size.
4. Increase the stiffener depth.
5. Increase the stiffener length.
6. Provide adjacent stiffeners to share
load.

6.16.2 Apex Failure Symbols
The Apex Failure Symbols are largely similar to the Eaves. Column related failures
obviously be not apply.
6.16.3 Base Plate Failure Symbols

Tension Bolt Failure
3. Increase the bolt lever arm.
4. Increase the size of the base-plate
Shear Bolt Failure

3. If there is a bearing problem, increase the plate
thickness/grade, and/or the bolt edge distance.
Weld Failure
Flange Welds
1. Increase the weld size.
2. Increase the column section size (require a deeper or wider section).
3. Provide base-plate stiffeners.
Web Welds
2. Increase the column section size (require a longer web length).
Stiffener Welds
2. Increase the stiffener height.
3. Reduce the base pressure.
Pull-out Shear Cone Failure
1. Increase the bolts' cast in depth.
2. Increase the concrete shear strength.
3. If a single pull-out cone is critical, then increase the bolts' horizontal c/c
distances.
4. If multiple-pull-out cones is critical, then increase the number of tension bolts.
Washer Bending Failure
1. Ensure double curvature bending is developed (if not Increase washer
embedment length)
2. Increase the washer thickness.
4. Increase base-plate size.
5. Reduce size of Void Former to omit bending.

Washer Shear Failure
1. Increase the washer thickness.
3. Increase base-plate size.
Concrete Pressure Failure
1. Increase the concrete strength.
2. Increase the base plate area.
3. Increase the tension bolts' lever-arm.
4. Increase the diameter or number of tension bolts if loaded.
Base-Plate Bending Failure

Slab Base-Plates Connections
2. Increase the stiffener thickness.
3. Provide base-plate stiffeners.
4. Reduce the cantilever distance.
5. Optimise the tension bolt c/c distances.
6. Optimise the tension bolt to flange and the bolt to web distances.
Stiffened Base-Plates Connections

1. Reduce the base pressure
2. Increase the base-plate thickness.
3. Increase the number of tension bolts.
4. Optimise the cantilever distance to achieve equal moments at mid span and at
the supports.
5. Reduce the cantilever distance.
6. Place more tension bolts outside the stiffeners.
7. Place more tension bolts in between the stiffeners.
8. Reduce the external tension bolts' c/c distance.
9. Optimise the tension bolt to flange, and web distances.
Base-Plate Stiffener Failure
2. Increase the stiffener thickness.
3. Increase the height of the stiffener.
4. Reduce the size of the crop.
5. Ensure the stiffeners are not slender

6.16.4 Beam & Column Splice Failure Symbols
Flange or Plate Tension Failure
1. Increase the plate sizes to match those of the flange.
2. Reduce the bolt and hole sizes to increase net area.
3. Stagger the bolts to increase net area.
4. Share the moment and/or axial load with the web.
Flange or Plate Compression Failure

1. Increase the plate sizes to match those of the flange.
2. Share the moment and/or axial load with the web.
Web Plate Bending Failure

1. Increase the plate depth and thickness.
2. Don’t share the external moment with the web.
3. Reduce the shear force eccentricity.
Web Plate Shear Failure
1. Increase the plate depth and thickness.
6.16.5 General Hints and Tips
One of the most powerful features of MasterKey Moment is the ability to interactively
change design parameters to optimise the joint design.
To use this feature to its best advantage, it is important that the user fully
understands the interaction between different design parameters, and their effect on
the overall design outcome.
For example, the bolts' horizontal centre to centre (c/c) distance "Hcc" influences the
design of end-plate bending, and column flange bending. This is because the local
bending moments, applied to the column flange and the end-plate increase as the
bolts horizontal c/c distance "Hcc" is increased.
On the other hand, as the bolts' horizontal c/c distance "Hcc" is increased, the
distance over which the local shear forces and bending moments are resisted,
increases up to a maximum value, after which an increase in "Hcc" will no longer
provide an increase in the resistance length. The optimum situation in simple double
curvature (i.e. no stiffening) is when:
Hcc = Vcc/1.75 + Web thickness + 2 × Web Weld Leg
Where: "Vcc" is the bolts' Vertical c/c distance.
This relationship is more complex in the case of a stiffened flange.
The beam web tension and column web tension have similar relationships, and
optimisation equations.
"Vcc" has an additional and more important effect on the joint, in that it directly
controls the applied forces in each row of bolts. Increasing "Vcc" increases the
maximum applied bolt
Increasing the value of "Vcc" can also lead to an increase in the flange, end-plate
and beam web and column web capacities, as long as their maximum spread
distances have not yet been reached.

6.17 Print and Exporting of Results
6.17.1 The Print Menu
Job References:
Displays the Job Reference form. The user can modify project information used at
printing and exporting time.
Print Current Joint Graphics:
Prints the currently selected connection graphics with the active loading case.
Print Current Joint Summary:
Print the design results information for the current joint with the active loading case,
as detailed in the Design Output Area.
Print Current Joint:
Print both connection graphics and design summary as above.
Print…:
Powerful printing of selective connection briefs, output and loading cases.
Briefs:
Select or de-select the connection briefs from the adjacent listing.
Use Fast selection buttons to select All joints or the current joint.
Output:
Full Prints the connection Graphics, Design Summary and detailed design
output. Summary Prints the connection Graphics, Design Summary only.
Graphics Prints the connection Graphics only.

Load Cases:
Selected Print only those loading cases defined in the Print Cases 00 00
input parameter in the text editor. If none are defined the default is set to case 01.
Ultimate Prints all ultimate loading cases only.
All Ultimate Prints all ultimate and service loading cases.
Commence printing selected output to printer (or PDF device)
Commence exporting selected output to a PowerPad word document.

(only available if you have PowerPad or the Calculation Wizard)
6.17.2 The PowerPad Menu
Full Graphics Area:

This menu item is a check option. If the option is unchecked the graphics output will
be resized to the original (default) connection graphics window proportions. With the
option checked the full connection graphics window as it appears will be used in
exporting to PowerPad.
Export Current Display to Word:
Export the design summary and graphics of the current connection brief with the
active loading case to a PowerPad document.
Export Custom Output to Word:
Loads the printer dialogue from the Print > Print … menu

6.17.3 The DXF Output Menu
The connection details can be exported to DXF file format compatible with
AutoCAD® or AutoCAD LT® drafting systems.
Edit Layering Table
For a description of the functionality and features of the layer table see;
10.7.3 Edit Layering Table

DXF Output
MasterKey Connections uses the same DXF Output interface as used by MasterCAD
General Arrangement drawings.
10.7.2 Export General Arrangement Drawing

6.18 References
MasterKey Moment Connections and MasterKey Simple Connections are currently
based on:
• BS 5950: Part 1: 2000 by BSI
ISBN 0 580 33239 X
• Joints in Steel Construction: Moment Connections P207/95 by SCI/BCSA
ISBN 1 85942 018 4
• Joints in Steel Construction: Simple Connections P212 by SCI/BCSA
ISBN 1 85942 072 9
Historically when using the optional older design methods the following publications
are used:
• BS 5950: Part 1: 1990 by BSI
ISBN ?
• Joints in Simple Construction Vol 1: Design Methods: P205 by SCI/BCSA
ISBN 1 870004 92 2
• Joints in Simple Construction Vol 2: Practical Applications: P206/92 by SCI/BCSA
ISBN 0 85073 026 0
• Plastic design of low-rise frames by M.R. Horne & L.J. Morris
ISBN 0-00-383045-4
• Structural Steelwork Connections: G.W. Owens & B.D. Cheal
ISBN 0-408-01214-5
Notes:
1. Chapter last updated 06/01/05 for MasterSeries 2005.01
2. It is assumed that the user is familiar with the use of Microsoft windows
3. It is assumed that the user has read the MasterSeries Getting Started Chapters
4. The nature of the MasterKey Moment & Simple Connections programs mean that
the gross majority of this Chapter will still be relevant to previous and future
issues of these modules.

Part2 C01 MasterKey Connections Design

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6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections

6.1 Getting Started

MasterKey Simple Connections is an interactive or stand-alone program for the

MasterKey connections can be accessed in two ways:

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 1

6.1.2 Moment Connections

Eaves and Apex Connections:

Base Plate Connections:

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 2

Column Splice Connections:

6.1.3 Simple Connections

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 3

6.2.1 Tool Bar Buttons

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 4

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 5

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 6

Dimensional failure: Cyan background & Dimensional Pass: White Background

6.3.1 The Divider

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 7

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 8

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 9

6.3.4 Types of Connections and Basic Data

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 10

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 11

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 12

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 13

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 14

6.6.1 Frame Linked Connections

Selecting Connections from the Frame link

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 15

Changing the Associated Joint of an Exiting Design Brief

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 16

To unlink a connection brief:

Re-linking the Connection Brief

6.7 Independent Connections

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 17

6.8 Text Editor Input Data

Notes: In the tables below

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 18

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 19

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 20

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 21

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 22

Beam Compression Stiffeners

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 23

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 24

Haunch length 0000 Length of haunch measured from End-plate interface

Bolt type 01 Bolt grade (1=4.6 ; 2=8.8 ; 3=10.9 ; 4=HSFG Pt1)

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 25

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 26

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 27

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 28

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 29

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 30

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 31

Web Shares Moment (%) 00 Percentage of Moment resisted by the web

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 32

Bottom Plates Int Out

Grade of all plates 43 Grade of the all splice plates

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 33

Or Web End plates

Strut Action Moment(C.3) BS 5950: 2000 Annex C 3

6 MasterKey Moment and Simple Connections 6- 34

Concentric Columns 0 0 – Concentric