Natural Resources

UNIT III
NATURAL RESOURCES
Forest resources: Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies- timber

extraction, mining, dams and their effects on forests and tribal people – Water
resources: Use and overutilization of surface and ground water, dams-benefits
and problems – Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of
extracting and using mineral resources, case studies – Food resources: World
food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of
modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case
studies – Energy resources: Growing energy needs, renewable and non
renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources. Energy Conversion
processes – Biogas – production and uses, anaerobic digestion; case studies –
Land resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides,
soil erosion and desertification – role of an individual in conservation of natural
resources – Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles. Introduction to
Environmental Biochemistry: Proteins –Biochemical degradation of pollutants,
Bioconversion of pollutants. Field study of local area to document environmental
assets – river / forest / grassland / hill / mountain.
A natural resource may be defined as any material given to us by nature which

can be transformed in a way that it becomes more valuable and useful.
The natural resources are of two kinds:
Renewable resources which are inexhaustive and can be regenerated within a
given span of time e.g. forests, wildlife, wind energy, biomass energy, tidal
energy, hydro power etc.
Non-renewable resources which cannot be regenerated e.g. Fossil fuels like
coal, petroleum, minerals etc. Once we exhaust these reserves, the same cannot
be replenished.
PREPARED BY DR.ARUN LUIZ T, DEPT. OF CHEMISTRY, SSN

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
FOREST RESOURCES
Forests are one of the most important natural resources on this earth.
USES / FUNCTIONS OF FORESTS
I. Ecological functions
A. Watershed protection
1. Reducing the rate of surface run-off of water: Trees retain the water
with the help of roots and reduces surface run off.
2. Preventing flash floods and soil erosion: The floods and soil erosion
are controlled because roots hold topsoil and water tightly.
B. Erosion control
1. Soil conservation: Forest saves the hill-slopes from landslides
2. Prevention of soil erosion: Forest holds the soil and prevent from
directly washing soil away.
3. Improving soil fertility: Litter helps in maintaining soil fertility. It helps to
maintain soil nutrients and structure.
C. Atmospheric regulation
1. Production of oxygen: The trees produce oxygen by photo-synthesis
which is so vital for life on this earth. They are rightly called as earth’s
lungs.
2. Reducing global warming: The main greenhouse gas CO2 is absorbed
by the forests as a raw material for photosynthesis. Thus forest canopy
acts as a sink for CO2 thereby reducing the problem of global warming
caused by greenhouse gas CO2.
3. Regulation of hydrological cycle: By causing condensation of water
vapour in clouds, forests attract rains.
4. Pollution moderators: Forests can absorb many toxic gases and can
help in keeping the air pure. They also absorb noise and thus help in
preventing air and noise pollution.
5. Regulation of heat: Forests play a crucial role in controlling heat by the
absorption of solar heat during evapotranspiration.

D. Shelter
1. Wild life habitat: Forests are the homes of millions of wild animals and
plants. About 7 million species are found in the tropical forests alone.
II Productive functions
1. Supply of Raw Material: Forest supply wood, which is used as under:
(i) Fuel,
(ii) Raw material for various industries as pulp, paper, newsprint, board;
(iii) Timber for furniture items;
(iv) To be used in packing articles like fruits, tea etc.
(v) For preparing matches, sport goods etc.
2. Commercial uses: Forests provide us a large number of commercial
goods which include timber, firewood, pulpwood, food items, gum, resins,
non-edible oils, rubber, fibers, lac, bamboo canes, fodder, medicine,
drugs and many more items, the total worth of which is estimated to be
more than $ 300 billion per year.
III. Recreational and Educational Functions
1. Eco tourism: Forests and dams can promote eco tourism.
IV. Developmental Functions
1. Employment functions: Forest directly and indrirectly act as a source for
employment to a number of people.
2. Revenue: Forest contributes to the economic development of the country
because they provide goods and services to the people and industry.
DEFORESTATION : Removal of earth’s forest is known as deforestation.
This can result in serious environmental problems. The world’s rain forests could
completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation.
CAUSES
1. Agriculture: Conversion of forests to agricultural land to feed growing
numbers of people. Forests are cut down to plant cash crops.

2. Increase in population: The need for forests resources increases with
increasing population. Increasing demands for fuel wood is one of the
main reasons for deforestation.
3. Commercial logging: Destroys trees as well as opening up forest for fire
wood and building material.
4. Mining: Surface and sub-surface mining for the extraction of mineral
resources cause extensive deforestation.
5. Forest fires and volcanic eruption: Forest fires and volcanic eruption
can cause deforestation. Forest fire is common in tropical regions during
summer.
6. Overgrazing: Overgrazing by cattle’s cause deforestation. They not only
destroy the vegetation but also pull out the roots of plants.
7. Developmental projects: Constructing roads, railway tracks etc require
clearing of forests on a large scale.
8. Dams and reservoirs: Dams & Hydroelectric projects in forest area
cause massive deforestation.
9. The cash crop economy: Raising cash crops (pepper, rubber etc) by
cutting down forest for increased economy.
CONSEQUENCES
1. Global warming: Increasing CO2 levels lead to rise in temperature of
earth. Forests are known as earth’s lungs as they play a great role in
regulating the amount of greenhouse gases like CO2.
2. Soil erosion: Roots of trees helps to hold soil together preventing soil
erosion. Removal of trees will lead to easy removal of top soil by water,
wind etc.
3. Loss of habitat: Forest animals and plants will lose their natural habitat.
This may cause migration of animals or man-animal conflicts.
4. Loss of soil fertility: Leaf litter is rich in organic matter which is
converted into nutrients by micro organisms present in the soil. Absence
of leaf litter can reduce soil fertility.

5. Change in rainfall pattern: Forests play an important role in regulation of
hydrological cycle. Deforestation can cause decrease in rainfall or erratic
rainfall pattern.
6. Lowering of water table: Deforestation results in less rainfall which may
result in lowering of water table.
7. Shifting of tribal people: Large scale deforestation may result in shifting
of tribal population to urban areas.
8. Loss of biodiversity: Deforestation will lead to the loss of biodiversity.
9. Loss of forest products: Many forest products like honey, medicinal
plants etc will become costly.
10. Loss of Genetic and species diversity: Deforestation will lead to loss of
many varieties of flora and fauna. Endangered plants and animals may
become extinct.
11. Desertification: Large scale deforestation may lead to forest becoming
arid, semi-arid or desert.
CONCEPTS IN CONSERVATION / ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL IN
PRESERVING FOREST RESOURCES
1. Restraining cutting of trees and submerging the forests
2. Reforestation
3. Afforestation
4. Control forest diseases and forest fire
5. Recycling forest products
6. Replacing forest products
7. Avoids diversion of forest lands for other activities through acts like Forest
Conservation Act and Wild life (protection) Act
8. Bringing awareness among people ex: Chipko movement, Narmada
Bachao Andolan.
9. Implementing people’s participatory programmes. Ex: Joint Forestry
Management (JFM)
10. Educating people about the ill effects of deforestation through movies,
documentaries, play, newsletters etc
WATER RESOURCES
Water is an indispensable natural resource on this earth on which all life
depends. About 97% of the earth’s surface is covered by water and most of
the animals and plants have 60-65% water in their body. About 97% of the
earth’s water supply is in the ocean, which is unfit of the remaining 3%, 2% is
locked in the polar ice-caps and only 1% is available as fresh water in rivers,
lakes, streams, reservoirs and ground water which is suitable for human
consumption.
A layer of sediment or rock that is highly permeable and contains water is
called an aquifer. Aquifers may be of two types:
Unconfined aquifers which are overlaid by permeable earth materials and
they are recharged by water seeping down from above in the form of rainfall
and snow melt.
Confined aquifers which are sandwitched between two impermeable layers of
rock or sediments and are recharged only in those areas where the aquifer
intersects the land surface.
Over exploitation of ground water
CAUSES
1. Agriculture: The main reason for the over exploitation of ground water is
agriculture. Extensive irrigation including for livestock requires lot of water.
2. Increase in population: Domestic and industrial needs of the growing
population requires water.
3. Inadequate rainfall/ Drought: To meet severe weather conditions
ground water is over exploited.
CONSEQUENCES
1. Lowering of water table: Large number of tube wells built can result in
lowering of water table.
2. Ground subsidence: When groundwater withdrawal is more than its
recharge rate, the sediments in the aquifer get compacted, a phenomenon
known as ground subsidence. The common problems associated with it
include structural damage in buildings, fracture in pipes, reversing the flow
of sewers and canals etc
3. Water logging: When excessive irrigation is done with brackish water it
raises the water table gradually leading to water-logging and salinity
problems.
4. Salinity: Rapid removal of ground water can cause the intrusion of sea
water which results in increase in salinity
5. Water pollution/Chemical contamination: Removal of large volumes of
ground water can result in water pollution. Chemicals contamination can
occur.
6. Decline in agricultural production: Lowering of water table can bring
about water scarcity which can cause decrease in agricultural crop
production. This can lead to drought or famine.
7. Drying up of lakes, rivers and water bodies: Indiscriminate use of
ground water at a rapid rate can cause drying up of many surface water
bodies.
8. Desertification: Loss of underground water may convert semi-arid places
into desert.
9. Waste of energy: Increase in pumping depths, reduction in well/tube well
yields and rise in the cost of pumping ground water. This also results in
wastage of energy due to pumping.
DAMS
Dam is a solid barrier constructed at a suitable location across a river valley to
store flowing water. Dams have been referred to as ”Temples of modern India”
by the country’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.
BENEFITS
1. Generation of electricity: Water stored in dams can be used for the
generation of electricity in hydro-electric power stations.
2. Floods and famine control: Dams help to control or mitigate floods. It
can act as a reservoir of water during famine.

3. Water for irrigation: Dams provide water for irrigation. This is particularly
useful during summer.
4. Source of drinking water: Dams can also act as reservoir of fresh water
for domestic uses.
5. Promoting navigation and fishery: Big dams also promote navigation
and fishery.
6. Promote tourism: Dams also promote tourism. Constructing a dam
presents a beautiful view of a lake. Recreational activities like boating,
swimming, fishing etc can promote eco tourism.
7. Economic growth : Dams directly or indirectly provide employment to
many and raising the standard and quality of life.
PROBLEMS
Impacts at the upstream level
1. Displacement of tribal people: Constructing large dams causes
large scale displacement of tribal people. Settlement and rehabilitation of
these people is a major concern.
2. Loss of forest, flora and fauna: Construction of dams include
massive deforestation and submergence of land under water. This can result
in the loss of flora and fauna. Sometimes, plants and animals may become
endangered or even extinct.
3. Changes in aquatic habitat: Construction of dams result in the
variation of natural flow of the river which may result in changes in aquatic
ecosystem.
4. Siltation and sedimentation of reservoirs: Dams hold back the
sediment load normally found in a river flow. This result in siltation and
sedimentation.
5. Loss of non-forest land: Non forest land may be submerged
under water during the construction of large dams.
6. Stagnation and water logging: Stagnation and water logging can
happen near the reservoir.

7. Breeding of vectors and spread of vector-borne diseases: Dam
reservoirs in tropical areas are breeding grounds for mosquitoes, snails, and
flies, the vectors that carry malaria and other diseases.
8. Reservoir induced seismicity (RIS): Large dams carry enormous
volume of water and it can cause significant impact on the strength of soil and
rock strata beneath the surface. It can result in generating seismic waves
which result in earthquake.
9. Growth of aquatic weeds: Dams may result in the rapid growth of
aquatic weeds.
10. Microclimatic change: Large dams may result in the climatic
change around the reservoir.
Impacts at the downstream
1. Water logging and salinity: Over irrigation in the downstream
region may result in water logging and increased soil salinity.
2. Micro-climatic changes: Large dams may result in the climatic change
around the reservoir.
3. Silt deposition: Soil erosion may lead to silt deposition on river mouths.
4. Flash floods: Opening of reservoir shutter may result in flash floods.
5. Salt water intrusion: Salt water intrusion can happen at the river mouths.
6. Breeding of vectors and spread of vector-borne diseases: Dam reservoirs
in tropical areas are breeding grounds for mosquitoes, snails, and flies, the
vectors that carry malaria and other diseases.
Sardar Sarovar Dam
The dam is situated on river Narmada and is spread over three states of Gujarat,
Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. Although the project is aimed at providing
irrigation water, drinking water and electricity to the three states, the
environmental impacts have been quite severe. A total of 1,44,731 ha of land will
be submerged by the dam, out of which 56,547 ha is forest land. A total of 573
villages are to be submerged by the Narmada Dam. Over 75,000 people has to
be evicted and resettled. Submergence area is very rich in wildlife e.g. tigers,

panthers, bears, wolves, pangolins, hyenas, jackals, flying squirrels, antelopes,
black bucks, chinkara, marsh crocodiles, turtles etc.
Effects of dams on tribal people
The impact of large dams on forests and on the lifestyle and identity of tribal
people is extremely high. Almost 40 per cent of those displaced by dams belong
to scheduled tribes and 20 per cent to schedule castes. Only 25 per cent of the
displaced people have been rehabilitated so far.
Tribals are socially, economically and politically the weakest and the most
deprived community in India. Most of the tribal people in India live in rural areas
which are dry, forested or hilly. They depend mainly on agriculture and minor
forest produce for sustenance. These largely self-sufficient tribal communities
live in close proximity to forests, rivers and mountains. Since these areas are rich
in natural resources they are most likely to be developed for dams, mines,
industries and so on. They have been evicted from their ancestral homes and are
either forced to migrate to urban slums in search of employment or become
landless labourers in rural areas to pay the price of ‘development’. Unfortunately,
tribal people hardly get to share the benefits of development projects that cause
their displacement. They are always forced to live without the basic amenities like
roads, electricity, transport, communication, healthcare, drinking water or
sanitation.
A recent government report based on a study of 110 projects stated that more
than 50 per cent of the total 1.69 million people displaced by these projects were
tribals. This means that the tribal communities which account for just 8 per cent
of India’s total population constitute about 40 per cent of the displaced persons.
FLOODS
An overflowing of a large amount of water into the banks when river carries water
beyond its normal capacity.
Floods have been regular features of some parts of India and Bangladesh
causing huge economic loss as well as loss of life. Bhrahmaputra and its
tributaries cause heavy floods every year.

CAUSES
1. Excessive rainfall: High rainfall/heavy monsoon may result in floods.
2. Global warming: Increase in temperature may result in melting of snow
which may result in floods.
3. Dams: Water release by dams can cause floods.
4. Change in direction of river: Any change in river path can lead to floods.
5. Deforestation: Removal of trees result in rapid stream flow which result in
floods.
CONSEQUENCES
1. Destruction of life and property: Can cause severe damage to life and
property.
2. Decline in agricultural production: Submergence of fields can lead to
decreased harvest.
3. Water logging: Can result in stagnation of water or water logging over a
long period.
4. Increased soil fertility (Good): Downstream soil quality will be better
due deposition of top soil.
5. Increased fish output (Good): Can result in increased fish production
CONTROL MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION OF FLOOD
1. Building dams: Building dams across the river can help to regulate the
water flow.
2. Networking of rivers: Interconnecting various rivers can result in the
steady water flow. This can help to control flood and drought across the
country.
3. Watershed management: Proper and scientific watershed management
practices can control floods.
4. Control of deforestation: Effective check on deforest can cause steady
river flow.
5. Floodwalls: Floodwalls built on the banks of “flood prone” rivers can
reduce the impact of heavy floods.

DROUGHTS
A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall (precipitation) which can result in
severe waters shortage and decline in agricultural production.
CAUSES
1. Less rainfall/ Failure of monsoon: Less rainfall/ monsoon failure may
result in severe water scarcity result in drought.
2. Deforestation: Unscientific cutting down of trees can result in change in
hydrological cycle which can lead to drought.
3. Overgrazing: Cattles may eat away the vegetation converting the land
into dry, arid or semi-desert lands which may lead to drought.
4. Unscientific agricultural practices: Erroneous, intensive agricultural
methods, unscientific practices may lead to water scarcity leading to
drought.
5. Mining: Mining practices can cause severe irrecoverable damage
(pollution, acid drainage) to many ecosystem.
CONSEQUENCES
1. Malnutrition: Lack or shortage of food can result in malnutrition.
2. Decline in agricultural production: Droughts results in heavy decline in
agricultural production.
3. Famine/ Stravation / Death: Severe drought can result in famine and
death.
4. Increased food prices: Food commodities can become expensive due to
severe shortage in supply and high demand.
5. Outbreak of epidemic: Contaminated water and low quality food can may
result in the outbreak of various epidemics.
6. Migration: People and animals may migrate to another place for want to
better resources.
7. Severe damage to ecosystem: Prolonged drought can result in changes
in biotic components of the eco-system.

CONTROL MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION OF
DROUGHT
1. Building dams: Dams can store water which can be used at the time of
drought.
2. Networking of rivers: Networking of various rivers can result in the
steady water flow even during water shortage.
3. Rainwater harvesting: Rainwater harvesting methods can enable to
store water during rains, to be used later.
4. Watershed management: Proper and scientific watershed management
practices reduce the intensity of droughts.
5. Control of deforestation: Effective check on deforest can cause steady
river flow.
6. Scientific agricultural practices: Dry farming techniques, drip irrigation,
mixed cropping etc can reduce the frequency of drought.
WATER CONFLICTS
NATIONAL
CAUVERY WATER DISPUTE
RIVER: Cauvery
ORIGIN: Talakaveri, Karnataka
LENGTH: 765 KM
STATES INVOLVED: Karnataka, Tamilnadu (Major)
Kerala, Pondicherry (Minor)
UPSTREAM: Karnataka
DOWNSTREAM: Tamilnadu
DAM: Mettur dam, Krishna Raja Sagara Dam
HISTORY: The history of this conflict rests in two controversial agreements—one
signed in 1892 and another in 1924—between the erstwhile Madras Presidency
and Princely State of Mysore.

KARNATAKA’S CLAIM: Karnataka claims that agreements were written heavily
in favour of the Madras Presidency, and demanded a renegotiated settlement
based on "equitable sharing of the waters".
TAMILNADU’S CLAIM: Tamil Nadu pleads that it has already developed almost
3,000,000 acres of land and as a result has come to depend very heavily on the
existing pattern of usage. Any change (decrease) in amount of water, it says, will
adversely affect the livelihood of millions of farmers in the state.
THE CRISIS OF 1995–1996
In 1995, the monsoons failed badly in Karnataka and Karnataka had to give
water to Tamilnadu. Farmers of Karnataka protested against this and formed
human barricade infront of the dam to stop release of water. Tamilnadu protested
against this and the condition was taken up by various political parties and
became a burning issue.
RESULT AND VERDICT
The Government of India constituted a tribunal in 1990 to look into the matter.
After hearing arguments of all the parties involved for the next 16 years, the
tribunal delivered its final verdict on 5 February 2007. In its verdict, the tribunal
allocated 419 billion ft³ (12 km³) of water annually to Tamil Nadu and 270 billion
ft³ (7.6 km³) to Karnataka; 30 billion ft³ (0.8 km³) of Kaveri river water to Kerala
and 7 billion ft³ (0.2 km³) to Pondicherry.
INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
RIVER: Nile (World’s longest river)
ORIGIN: White nile
LENGTH: 6,650 Km
COUNTRIES INVOLVED: NINE COUNTRIES

Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Kenya,
Ethiopia, Uganda and Egypt.
CONTROL AND CONFLICT: Of the four major tributaries to the Nile, three
originate from Ethiopia - the Blue Nile, Sobat and Atbara (85% of water in nile).
Ethiopia is planning to control more water. Sudan is also planning to divert more

water. This could badly affect “The gift of nile- Egypt”. The population of Egypt is
expected to double in next 20 years and will require more water. Almost all
countries want more water from nile.
NILE BASIN INITIATIVE (NBI)
The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) is a partnership among the Nile conflict countries
states that “seeks to develop the river in a cooperative manner, share substantial
socioeconomic benefits, and promote regional peace and security”. It was
formally launched in February 1999 by the water ministers of 9 countries that
share the river.
ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN CONSERVING WATER
RESOURCES
1. Dont keep water taps running while brushing, shaving, washing or bathing.
2. In washing machines fill the machine only to the level required for your
clothes.
3. Install water-saving toilets that use not more than 6 liters per flush.
4. Check for water leaks in pipes and toilets and repair them promptly. A
small pin-hole sized leak will lead to the wastage of 640 liters of water in a
month.
5. Reuse the soapy water of washings from clothes for washing off the
courtyards, driveways etc.
6. Water the plants in your kitchen-garden and the lawns in the evening
when evaporation losses are minimum. Never water the plants in mid-day.
7. Use drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation to improve irrigation efficiency
and reduce evaporation.
8. Install a small system to capture rain water and collect normally wasted
used water from sinks, cloth-washers, bath-tubs etc. which can be used
for watering the plants.
9. Build rain water harvesting system in your house.

MINERAL RESOURCES
Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solids having a definite
chemical composition and characteristic physical properties.
The economic development of a country depends, to a great extent on the
availability of minerals. Minerals like mica, copper, lead and zinc are of vast
economic importance. Thorium and uranium are atomic energy minerals.
Based on their properties, minerals are basically of two types:
(i) Non metallic minerals e.g. graphite, diamond, quartz, feldspar.
(ii) Metallic minerals e.g. Bauxite, laterite, haematite etc.
USES OF MINERALS
The main uses of minerals are as follows:
(i) Development of industrial plants and machinery.
(ii) Generation of energy e.g. coal, lignite, uranium.
(iii) Construction, housing, settlements.
(iv) Defence equipments-weapons, armaments.
(v) Transportation means.
(vi) Communication- telephone wires, cables, electronic devices.
(vii) Medicinal system- particularly in Ayurvedic System.
(viii) Formation of alloys for various purposes
(ix) Agriculture–as fertilizers, seed dressings and fungicides .
(x) Jewellery–e.g. Gold, silver, platinum, diamond.
MINERALS WEALTH OF INDIA
Some of the minerals present in our country are
i) Bauxite: Important deposits occur in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujrat,
Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh.
ii) Coal and Lignite: Coal is India’s largest mineral resource and presently
India is fifth largest of coal in the world. Large deposits are fond in
West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and
Maharashtra. Bulk of the lignite reserves occur in and around Neyyeli
in Tamil Nadu.

iii) Mica: India is world’s leading producer of sheet mica and accounts for
about 60 per cent of global mica trade.
iv) Iron Ore: Haematite mainly occurs in Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Goa, and Karnataka. Large reserves of magnetite ore
occur along West Coast, primarily in Karnataka.
v) Diamond: Main diamond bearing area in India is Panna belt in Madhaya
Pradesh.
vi) Gold: There are three important gold fields in the country, namely, Kolar
Field in Kolar District and Hutti Gold Field in Raichur District (both in
Karnataka) and Ramagiri Gold Field in Anantapur district (Andhra
Pradesh).
MINING
• Mining is the process of extracting ore or minerals from the ground.
IMPACTS OF MINING
1. Deforestation: Large area of forest is usually cleared for various mining
(surface and subsurface) activities. This can result in
a) Loss of biodiversity
b) Loss of genetic and species diversity
c) Loss of habitat for plants and animals
d) Species may become extinct
2. Land subsidence: Underground mining may cause land subsidence.
This may cause cracking of roads, bending of railway tracks etc.
3. Groundwater and surface water contamination: Mining activities can
result in acid mine drainage, heavy metal contamination etc.
4. Air pollution: Mining process like smelting, roasting etc can introduce lot
of pollutants and particulate matter into air. The suspended particulate
matter (SPM), SOx, soot, arsenic particles, cadmium, lead etc. shoot up in
the atmosphere can cause several health problems.

5. Soil erosion: Mining leads to erosion of the exposed soil. This may be
carried as sediment into streams, rivers and lakes.
6. Occupational health hazards: Most of the miners suffer from various
respiratory and skin diseases due to constant exposure to chemicals and
toxic substances. Miners working in different types of mines suffer from
asbestosis, silicosis, black lung disease etc.
FOOD RESOURCES
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of United Nations estimated that
on an average the minimum caloric intake on a global scale is 2,500 calories/day.
People receiving less than 90% of these minimum dietary calories are called
undernourished and if it is less than 80% they are said to be seriously
undernourished.
Environmental impacts related to food resources
A. Overgrazing
B. Impacts of traditional agriculture
1. Deforestation
2. Soil erosion
3. Depletion of nutrients
C. Impacts of modern agriculture
1. Fertilizer related problems
2. Pesticide related problems
3. Water logging
4. Salinity problems
A. OVERGRAZING
The rapid consumption of grass by cattle stock without giving enough time to
regenerate is known as overgrazing
IMPACTS OF OVERGRAZING
1. Land degradation and desertification: Overgrazing may result in the
removal of vegetation which leads to land degradation and desertification.
In many cases even the roots are eaten away by the cattle.
2. Soil erosion: Removal of vegetation by cattle stock exposes the topsoil
which can removed by water, air etc. The grass roots are very good
binders of soil. When the grasses are removed, the soil becomes loose
and susceptible to the action of wind and water.
3. Loss of useful species: Overgrazing can adversely affect the
composition of plant population and its regeneration capacity. Highly
nutritive plants may be slowly replaced by thorny bushes, weeds etc.
B. IMPACTS OF TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE
1. Deforestation: Forests are cleared for creating more land for
cultivation. This can lead to land degradation, loss of fertility of soil and
desertification.
2. Soil erosion: Conventional tilling methods make top soil lose which can
be easily removed by water, wind etc.
3. Depletion of nutrients: Repeated monoculture can lead to depletion
of soil nutrients and loss in fertility.
C. IMPACTS OF MODERN AGRICULTURE
(i) Fertilizer related problems
Fertilizer is very essential for increasing productivity in agriculture. It has been
estimated that about 70 per cent of growth in agriculture can be attributed to
increased fertilizers application. However, indiscriminate use of fertilizers can
cause the following problems.
a) Micronutrient imbalance
Plants require nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) in large quantities
called macronutrients. Other elements like zinc, iron, selenium etc are required in
small quantities called micronutrients. Farmers use macronutrients in large
quantities for boosting plant growth. This can result in the deficiency of
micronutrients affecting soil productivity and fertility.
b) Nitrate pollution

Excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers leaches into the soil and contaminate
surface water and ground water.Nitrates in excess can cause harmful biological
effects. High concentrations can cause methaemoglobinemia.
In presence of nitrate, haemoglobin is oxidized into Methemoglobin. Latter has a
decreased affinity for oxygen and can cause reduced oxygen intake to muscles
and tissues. Infants may develop a condition called “Blue baby Syndrome or
Infantile methaemoglobinemia” when concentration of nitrates exceed 25
mg/L.
c) Eutrophication
Excessive use of phosphorus and nitrogenous fertilizers reaches the water
bodies. This can lead to over nourishment of lakes. This is known as
eutrophication (eu = more and trophic = nutrition).Due to this algae can grow
faster using up nutrients.
CONSEQUENCES
Increased biomass of phytoplankton
Decreases in water transparency (increased turbidity)
Colour, smell, and water treatment problems
Dissolved oxygen depletion
Loss of desirable fish species
Decreases in aesthetic value of the water body
(ii) Pesticide related problems
a) Creation of super pests: Indiscriminate use of pesticides may give rise to
pests which are immune to pesticides known as super pests. About 20
species of pests are now known as ”Super pests”.
b) Death of non target organism: Pesticides not only kills target pests but
also several non-target species that are useful to us.
c) Biological magnification: Many pesticides like DDT are non-
biodegradable, water insoluble and have affinity for body lipids. These
substances tend to accumulate in the organism’s body. This process is
called bioaccumulation. The concentration of these toxic substances

builds up at successive levels of food chain. This process is called
biomagnification.
d) Can induce cancer: Many of the pesticides are known to carcinogens.

Pesticides like endosulfan cause severe genetic and health disorders.
e) Can make the environment toxic: Toxic nature of the pesticides can
cause toxicity to the environment.
The ideal pest-killing chemical has these qualities:
a. Kill only target pest.
b. Not cause genetic resistance in the target organism.
c. Disappear or break down into harmless chemicals after doing its job.
d. Be more cost-effective.
PEST CONTROL METHODS
– Use of biological predators
– Use genetically modified plant species
– Fool the pest through cultivation practices.
– Provide homes for the pest enemies.
– Implant genetic resistance.
– Bring in natural enemies.
– Use pheromones to lure pests into traps.
– Use hormones to disrupt life cycles.

(iii) Water logging
CAUSES
a) Over irrigation: Over irrigation of croplands by farmers can result in water
logging.
b) Lack of proper drainage: Lack of proper drainage facility can result in
water logging
CONTROL MEASURES
a) Preventing excessive irrigation: Adequate irrigation and not over
irrigation can check water logging.
b) Biodrainage trees: Planting biodrainage trees like eucalyptus can reduce
water logging.
(iv) Salinity
CAUSES
a) Over irrigation: Over irrigation of croplands by farmers can result in
salinity. Under dry climates, the water evaporates leaving behind salts in
the top soil.
b) Saltwater intrusion: Intrusion of sea water to farmlands can also result in
the increase in salt content of the soil.
CONTROL MEASURES
a) Flushing with fresh water: Excess can be washed away by flushing with
water.
ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN CONSERVING FOOD
RESOURCES
1. Do not waste food. Take as much as you can eat.
2. Don’t cook food more than required.
3. Reduce the use of chemical pesticides.
4. Fertilize your crop primarily with organic fertilizers.
5. Use drip irrigation to water the crops.
6. Have a vegetable garden at your own home so that you can get
fresh vegetables.
7. Eat local and seasonal vegetables. This saves lot of energy on
transport, storage and preservation.
LAND RESOURCES
The top layer of the soil is the vital component as it includes all the nutrients
required by plants. Hence the top layer of soil is, called to be the feeding zone of
plants. This fertile top soil is most valuable natural resource. It takes
approximately 500 to 1000 years for an inch of the top layer to build up.
SOIL EROSION
Removal of top soil from one place to another by various agents like water, wind
etc is known as soil erosion.
CAUSES
a) Deforestation: Removal of trees make top soil lose and hence can be
easily removed.
b) Agricultural practices: Tilling and ploughing exposes top soil and is
prone to erosion.
CONTROL MEASURES
1. Adopt farming practices that conserve soil fertility
a. No till farming: No-tillage or zero tillage is a farming system in which
the seeds are directly deposited into untilled soil. Here special tillers
break up and loosen the subsurface soil without turning over the topsoil.
The tilling machines make slits in the unploughed soil and inject seeds,
fertilizers, herbicides and a little water in the slit, so that the seed
germinates and the crop grows successfully without competition with
weeds.
b. Contour farming: Contour farming is the farming practice of plowing
across a slope following its elevation contour lines. Each row planted
horizontally along the slope of the land acts as a small dam to help hold
soil and slow down loss of soil through run-off water.

c. Terracing: A piece of sloped land that has been landscaped into a
series of successively receding flat surfaces or platforms, which
resemble steps, for more effective farming.
d. Strip Cropping: Strip cropping alternates strips of closely sown crops

such as wheat, or other small grains with strips of row crops, such as
corn, soybeans, cotton etc (cover crops).

e. Alley Cropping: Alley cropping is the planting of trees or shrubs in two
or more sets of single or multiple rows with crops cultivated in the alleys
between the rows of woody plants. This is also called Agro forestry.
Even when the crop is harvested, the soil is not fallow because trees
and shrubs still remain on the soil holding the soil particles and prevent
soil erosion.
f. Shelter Belt/ Wind breakers: A windbreak or shelterbelt is a plantation

usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such
a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from
erosion. The wind speed is substantially reduced which helps in
preventing wind erosion of soil.

2. OTHER METHODS TO PREVENT SOIL EROSION
• Control deforestation.
• Afforestation
• Prepare erodability maps to control soil erosion
• Maintenance of vegetal cover
• Channel beds & sides protected by vegetation, trees, bushes
• Construction of series of check dams
• In deserts – building wind breakers perpendicular to wind movement
• Along coasts – Mangroves are effective
ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN CONSERVING LAND/SOIL
RESOURCES
• While constructing your house, dont uproot the trees as far as possible.
Plant the disturbed areas with a fast growing native ground cover.
• Grow different types of ornamental plants, herbs and trees in your
garden. Grow grass in the open areas which will bind the soil and prevent
its erosion.
• Make compost from your kitchen waste and use it for your kitchen-garden
or flower-pots.
• Do not irrigate the plants using a strong flow of water, as it would wash
off the soil. Better use sprinkling irrigation.
• Use green manure and mulch in the garden and kitchen-garden which will
protect the soil.
• If you own agricultural fields, do not over-irrigate your fields without
proper drainage to prevent water logging and salinisation.
• Use mixed cropping so that some specific soil nutrients do not get
depleted.
ENERGY RESOURCES
Energy conservation process
Energy transformation or energy conversion is the process of changing one
form of energy to another.
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

These are resources which cannot be renewed. It might become exhausted if not
used judiciously. Most of the fuels come under this category.
Fuel is any combustible substance which when burnt in oxygen or air, produces
significant amount of heat which can be economically used for domestic and
industrial purposes for generating power. In the process of combustion, the
chemical energy of fuel is converted into heat energy.
Fuel + Air Products + Energy
Solids: Coal, Coke etc
Liquid: Petroleum and its derivatives
Gas: Natural gas
Coal is a fossil fuel which was formed due to the decomposition of plant matter
due to heat and pressure over millions of years.
Petroleum (also known as crude oil) is found in nature at varying depths below
the earth’s surface. The term petroleum comes from latin terms petra means
“rock” and oleum means “oil”. Petroleum was formed by the anaeorbic decay
marine animals over millions of years. Under the action of high pressure and
temperature, biological matter decomposed to give viscuous dark greenish brown
liquid known as crude oil. Crude oil obtained from earth cannot be used directly
as a fuel but various fractions obtained from its distillation are used as a fuel.
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

SOLAR ENERGY
Sun is the ultimate source of energy, directly or indirectly for all other forms of
energy. The nuclear fusion reactions occurring inside the sun release enormous
quantities of energy in the form of heat and light.
Solar energy can be converted as
i) Photovoltaic conversion
They are also known as photovoltaic cells or PV cells. Solar cells are made of
thin wafers of semi conductor materials like silicon and gallium. When solar
radiations fall on them, a potential difference is produced which causes flow of
electrons and produces electricity. Silicon can be obtained from silica or sand,
which is abundantly available and inexpensive. By using gallium arsenide,
cadmium sulphide or boron, efficiency of the PV cells can be improved. The
potential difference produced by a single PV cell of 4 cm2 size is about 0.4-0.5
volts and produces a current of 60 milli amperes.

A group of solar cells joined together in a definite pattern form a solar panel
which can harness a large amount of solar energy and can produce electricity
enough to run street-light, irrigation water pump etc.
Solar cells are widely used in calculators, electronic watches, street lighting,
traffic signals, water pumps etc. They are also used in artificial satellites for
electricity generation. Solar cells are used for running radio and television also.
ii) Thermal conversion
a) Solar cooker: Solar cookers make use of solar heat by reflecting the solar
radiations using a mirror directly on to a glass sheet which covers the black
insulated box within which the raw food is kept. The food cooked in solar
cookers is more nutritious due to slow heating. However it has the limitation
that it cannot be used at night or on cloudy days. Moreover, the direction of
the cooker has to be adjusted according to the direction of the sun rays.

b) Solar water heater: It consists of an insulated box painted black from inside
and having a glass lid to receive and store solar heat. Inside the box it has
black painted copper coil through which cold water is made to flow in, which
gets heated and flows out into a storage tank. The hot water from the storage
tank fitted on roof top is then supplied through pipes into buildings like hotels
and hospitals.
ADVANTAGES
a) Renewable and continuous: Doesn’t exhaust in another million years.
b) No green house gases: solar energy devices create no pollution.

c) Long life time for photovoltaic cells: Photovoltaic cells last for more
than 10 years
d) Quick installation: Solar powered panels and products are typically
extremely easy to install.
e) Low environmental impact: The environmental impact made is positive
f) Can be moved easily: Solar energy based devices are very convenient to
handle.
g) Low maintenance: The maintenance expenditure is very less.
h) Government incentive: Tax incentives, various credits and rebates
encourage people to go green.
i) Can be used for many purposes: Solar devices include solar panel,
solar water heater, solar cooker, solar powered vehicles.
DISADVANTAGES
a) Expensive: The Solar Cells/ Solar Panels tend to be very expensive when
you first purchase them.
b) Cannot be used all the time: Solar power cannot be harnessed during a
storm, on a cloudy day or at night.
c) Large area: A solar energy installation requires a large area for the
system to be efficient in providing a source of electricity.
d) Affected by pollution: Pollution can degrade the efficiency of photovoltaic
cells
e) Low efficiency: Solar cells have less efficiency (~ 25%).
WIND ENERGY
The high speed winds have a lot of energy in them as kinetic energy due to their
motion. The wind energy is harnessed by making use of wind mills. The blades
of the wind mill keep on rotating continuously due to the force of the striking wind.
The rotational motion of the blades drives a number of machines like water
pumps, flour mills and electric generators. A large number of wind mills are
installed in clusters called wind farms, which feed power to the utility grid and
produce a large amount of electricity. These farms are ideally located in coastal
regions, open grasslands or hilly regions, particularly mountain passes and
ridges where the winds are strong and steady. The minimum wind speed
required for satisfactory working of a wind generator is 15 km/hr.
The largest wind farm of our country is near Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu
generating 380 MW electricity.
ADVANTAGES
a) Renewable and continuous: Doesn’t exhaust, a continuous source of
energy.
b) No green house gas emission: wind energy devices create no
atmospheric pollution.
c) Moderate capital cost: Capital cost is moderate.
d) Quick construction: Wind mills are relatively easy to install.
e) Low environmental impact: The environmental impact made is positive
f) Can be located at sea
g) Land below wind mill can be used for cultivation
DISADVANTAGES
a) Reliability factor: Biggest disadvantage is the reliability of the wind
(steadiness, speed and direction of the wind).

b) Noise pollution: wind energy devices cause noise pollution (similar to a
small jet engine).
c) Affects radio signal receiving: Can disturb radio transmission.
d) Can kill migratory birds: Wind mill blades can kill birds during flight.
BIOGAS ENERGY
Biogas is produced by the decomposition of biological matter by bacterial
action(anaerobic action) in the absence of oxygen. The common biological
matters used include wood, crop residues, cattle dung, manure, sewage,
agricultural wastes etc.
Cheapest and easily obtainable biogas is gobar gas (or dung gas), which is
produced by the anaerobic fermentation of cattle dung.
The essentials of a gobar gas plant are

a) a digester, a well constructed masonry work, dug and built
usually below the ground level.
b) a gas holder made up of welded steel sheets, which cover
digestor.
c) a pipeline
The raw material for the biogas is mainly dung, which subjected to
anaerobic fermentation (ie fermentation in the absence of free air, caused
by anaerobic bacteria). The process is carried out in a closed steel or
concrete tank, made underground into which a slurry, made by mixing
equal parts of fresh cattle dung and water, is poured. Anarobic bateria
which are present in the dung, digest this slurry forming mainly methane
and CO2. The optimum temperature for this fermentation is 34-38°C . The
gas generated is collected in a steel gas holder, placed on the top of
digestion tank. The average co0mposition of gobar gas is CH4 = 55%; H2
= 7%; CO2= 35% N2=3 %
ADVANTAGES
1) It’s a renewable source of energy.
2) It’s a comparatively lesser pollution generating energy.
3) It provides manure for the agriculture and gardens.
4) Biogas energy is relatively cheaper and reliable.
5) It can be generated from everyday human and animal wastes, vegetable and
agriculture left-over etc.
6) Heat energy that one gets from biogas is 3.5 times the heat from burning
wood.
DISADVANTAGES
1) Cost of construction of biogas plant is high, so only rich people can use it.
2) Continuous supply of biomass is required to generate biomass energy.
3) Some people don’t like to cook food on biogas produced from sewage waste.
4) Biogas plant requires space and produces dirty smell.
5) Due to improper construction many biogas plants are working inefficiently.
6) It is difficult to store biogas in cylinders.
7) Transportation of biogas through pipe over long distances is difficult.
8) Crops which are used to produce biomass energy are seasonal and are not
available over whole year.

ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN CONSERVING ENERGY
RESOURCES
• Turn off lights, fans and other appliances when not in use.
• Use pressure cooker for cooking. This makes cooking faster and saves
fuel.
• Always cook in closed containers so that energy wastage is minimum.
• Check your vechicle for oil leakages and maintain it in a good
condition.
• Obtain as much heat as possible from natural sources. Dry the clothes
in sun instead of drier if it is a sunny day.
• Use solar cooker for cooking your food and solar water heater will cut
down on your energy expenses.
• Build your house with provision for sunspace which will keep your
house warmer and will provide more light.
• Grow trees near the houses and get a cool breeze and shade. This will
cut off your eletricity charges on A/C and coolers.
• Drive less, make fewer trips and use public transportations whenever
possible. Use bicycles to commute. You can share by joining a car-
pool if you regularly have to go to the same place. Use metro rail
service for easy hassle free travel.
Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles
Natural resources are limited. Scarcity of resources is a big problem addressed

by human community. The twenty-first century will see growing human needs for
resources since many parts of the world are using natural resources at a rate
faster than the natural processes can replenish it.
It is essential to sustain the natural resources. We should conserve natural
resources so that it may yield sustainable benefit to the present generation while
maintaining its potential to meet the needs of the future generation. Sustainable
development is a development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
There are three specific objectives to conserve living resources:
1. To ensure that any utilisation of the ecosystem is sustainable.
2. To preserve biodiversity and
3. To maintain essential ecological processes.
Resource management should be less energy-intensive, suitable to local ecology
and needs of the people, less cost-intensive and more viable in terms of
economy, ecology and culture.
Biochemical degradation and Bioconversion of pollutants

Microbes have the ability to transform and/or degrade man made chemicals.
Biotransformation of organic contaminants in the natural environment has been
extensively studied to understand microbial ecology, physiology and evolution
due to their iotransformation potential. Several genes/enzymes, which provide
microorganisms with the ability to degrade organopesticides, have been dentified
and characterized.
According to the definition by the IUPAC, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown
of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo. Biodegradation can be
three kinds
1. Primary: Alteration of the chemical structure of a substance resulting in loss of
a specific property of that substance.
2. Environmentally acceptable: Biodegradation to such an extent as to remove
undesirable properties of the compound and many times non hazardous products
are discharged into the environment.
3. Ultimate: Complete breakdown of a compound to either fully oxidized or
reduced simple molecules (such as CO2/CH4, NO3-/NH4+ and H2O).
Biodegradable plastics
Biodegradable plastics are plastics that are capable of being decomposed by
bacteria or other living organisms.

Examples of biodegradable plastics
• While aromatic polyesters are almost totally resistant to microbial attack,
most aliphatic polyesters are biodegradable due to their potentially
hydrolysable ester bonds:
• Polyanhydrides, Polyvinyl alcohol
• Most of the cellulose and starch derivatives
Factors Influencing pesticide degradation in Soil
The extend of pesticide degradation depends on the physico-chemical properties
of the pesticide, characteristics of the soil, environmental conditions and
management practices.
Pesticide Structure
The structure of a pesticide molecule determines its physical and chemical
properties and inherent biodegradability. Introduction of polar groups such as OH,
COOH and NH2 may provide the microbial system, a site of attack. Halogen or
alkyl substituents tend to make the molecule more resistant to biodegradation.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons such as DDT, pentalene and dieldrin are insoluble in
water, sorb tightly to soil and are thus relatively unavailable for biodegradation.
Pesticide Concentration
Concentration of pesticide is an important parameter in which determine the rate
of biodegradation. The rate of degradation decreases with increase in the
residual pesticide concentration.
Pesticide Solubility
Pesticides with low water solubility tend to be more resistant to microbial
degradation than compounds of higher water solubility.
Biochemical degradation pesticides
Biological degradation by organisms (fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoa) can
efficiently remove pesticides from the environment, especially organochlorines,
organophosphates and carbamates used in agriculture. This enzymatic
degradation of synthetic pesticides with microorganisms is very efficient for the
pollutant removal, in comparison with non-enzymatic processes.

Biodegradation of DDT residues largely involves co-metabolism, that is, it
requires the presence of an alternative carbon source, in which microorganisms
growing at the expense of a substrate are able to transform DDT residues
without deriving any nutrient or energy for growth from the process. Under
reducing conditions, reductive dechlorination happens which involves the
substitution of an aliphatic chlorine for a hydrogen atom.
Many soil bacteria which belong to genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter

and Micrococcus are involved in organochlorine degradation.


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UNIT III

Forest resources: Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies- timber

A natural resource may be defined as any material given to us by nature which

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COUNTRIES INVOLVED: NINE COUNTRIES

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d) Can induce cancer: Many of the pesticides are known to carcinogens.

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d. Strip Cropping: Strip cropping alternates strips of closely sown crops

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f. Shelter Belt/ Wind breakers: A windbreak or shelterbelt is a plantation

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NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

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The essentials of a gobar gas plant are

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Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles