TABLE OF CONTENTS

SI. PARTICULARS PAGE

NO NO.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1-3
1.2 Meaning of Rural Reconstruction and 3-4
Development
1.3 Research Motivation 4
1.4 Executive Summary about Bengaluru Rural 4-6
1.5 Factor contributing to human development 6-7
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8-14
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Need for the Study 15-16
3.2 Objectives of the Study 16
3.3 Scope of the Study 17
3.4 Methodology 17
3.5 Secondary Data 18
3.6 Framework of analysis 19
3.7 SWOT analysis 19-21
4. CASE STUDY
4.1 Overview of the Bengaluru Rural District 22
4.2 Background and Brief Regional History 23-25
4.3 Physiographic divisions and Natural Resource 25-26
Endowments
4.4 Literacy Profile 26-28
4.5 Rural Development Index 28-38
5. FINDIDNGS, SUGGESTIONS AND
CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Findings 39
5.2 Suggestions 39-40
5.3 Conclusions 41
BIBLIOGRAPHY 42
A STUDY ON CHALLEGES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING IN
BENGALURU

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Rapid growth in urban population coupled with economic growth and rise in
community living standards have resulted in generation of huge quantities of municipal
solid waste posing serious problem to municipalities, and corporations in terms of
collection and disposal of solid waste. The current study reviews how the city of
Bengaluru, which is a typical fast expanding city in India manages its solid waste
through Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike entrusted with the responsibility. It
revealed that the current system of municipal solid waste management is not in tune
with municipal solid waste (Management and Handling) rules, 2000. Approximately
5000 tons of waste is generated in Bengaluru city, out of which only 30% waste is
collected by BBMP directly and the 70% of municipal solid waste is collected and
transported through contractors. The solid waste is undergoing change in its
composition. Due to several issues there is no properly operating sanitary landfill. Some
of the landfills are either closed or badly managed. Much of municipal solid waste gets
dumped in the open dumps, posing health risks to residents in their vicinity. This may
cause in a high risk of contamination of ground water/surface water, soil and air.

A harmonious and balanced relationship between human and nature on the earth
is vital for the survival of life and sustainable growth. With advent of time, human
directly or indirectly interfered with the natural environment for its comfort. One of the
causes for pollution of air, water and soil is the way municipal solid waste is being
managed. This solid waste problem cross is global and is a serious issue in developing
countries such as India. The waste generation rates are increasing, and the
characteristics are changing with increase in population explosion, Industrial
development, and living standards, particularly in growing cities such as Bengaluru.
Due to financial constraints a proper municipal solid waste collection and disposal
mechanism is not in place. For long, municipal solid waste management has not been
recognized as a major attribute for the pollution of air, water and soil pollution. It is
now abundantly clear that improper disposal of solid waste can affect all the spheres of
the nature and can affect every form of life. For evolution of proper management of
solid waste, it is necessary to review the status of the current scenario of its collection

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A STUDY ON CHALLEGES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING IN
BENGALURU

and disposal methods. Bengaluru, which represent a typical fast-growing city is taken
up for detailed review as a case study.

1.2 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN

INDIAN CITIES
India is the second largest nation in the world, with a population of 1.21 billion,
accounting for nearly

18% of world’s human population. Its urban population grew at a rate of 31.8% during
the last decade to

377 million, which is greater than the entire population of United States, the third
largest country in the

world according to population. With the growing urban population in India, the amount
of waste

generated in every town or city is a matter of concern. This waste generated need to be
managed for

maintaining cleanliness and hygienic living environment for the city habitants. The per
capita waste

generation rate in India has increased from 0.44 kg/day in 2001 to 0.5 kg/day in 2011,
fuelled by

changing lifestyles and increased purchasing power of urban Indians10

Solid waste management is the only service which is exclusively a municipal service
across India. Often

this service is provided by the Health Department of a ULB, usually headed by a Health
Officer. However,

following the guidelines issued under Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules
2000, some of the

larger ULBs have created specific SWM Departments which are staffed by
Environmental Engineers.

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A STUDY ON CHALLEGES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING IN
BENGALURU

Presently, several deficiencies persist in the management of solid waste across Indian
cities. These, as

highlighted by Asnani include the following: absence of segregation and storage of

solid waste at source;

lack of proper primary collection system from the source of waste generation; irregular
sweeping of

streets; temporary waste storage depots which necessitate multiple handling of waste;
inadequate

system for transportation of solid waste; and unscientific processing and disposal of
waste.11
Further, issues such as rapid increase in areas to be served and quantity of waste
generated aggravate

these deficiencies12

These deficiencies result in irregular dumping of waste on roads, drains, vacant sites
and any place

possible outside the premises. This being the general habit of most of the citizens, the
common areas of

the city always remains dirty until the municipal bodies clean them up. It ought to be
mentioned that

there are two key human behavioural factors which directly impact each of these
deficiencies. These

include: (i) apathy of municipal authorities as they often do not prioritize solid waste
management as a

municipal service and are not suitably trained; and (ii) absence of participation by the
citizens and

community at large in management of solid wastes (for which, again, the municipal
authorities are often

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A STUDY ON CHALLEGES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING IN
BENGALURU

held responsible) (Asnani, 2006: 161).One of the major problems faced by many ULBs
is that the sites

used for dumping the waste are either close to some existing villages or are future city
areas. This results

in anger and outrage amongst the villagers that causes agitation for dumping of waste.
The Municipal

bodies responsible for waste management have to look for other areas where they can
dump the waste

on a daily basis. Over a period of time the same problem starts in these new dumping
areas. This is a

persistent problem and hence a solution needs to be derived.

The problem of managing the solid waste might just grow and get out of hand if not
catered to within a

time bound manner. According to estimates, the total municipal solid waste generated
in urban India in

2011 is 68.8 million tons per year (TPY) or 188,500 tons per day (TPD), indicating a
50% increase in MSW

generated within a decade since 2001. In a “business as usual scenario”, urban India
will generate 160.5

million TPY (440,000 TPD) by 2041; in the next decade, urban India will generate a
total of 920 million

TPY of municipal solid waste that needs to be properly managed in order to avoid
further deterioration

of public health, air, water and land resources, and the quality of life in Indian cities. In
a “business as

usual” scenario, India will not be able to dispose these wastes properly. (Annepu, 2012:
3)

1.2 PROBLEMS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BANGALORE

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A STUDY ON CHALLEGES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING IN
BENGALURU

Like many other Indian cities, Bangalore is also facing issues in disposal of large
quantities of waste

produced every day. The total Municipal Solid Waste generated in Bangalore city has
increased from 650 TPD in 1988 to 1,450 TPD in 2000 and about 3,500 TPD in
2009.The per capita waste generation has also

increased from 0.16 kg/d (1988) to0.58 kg/d (2009)13

The severity of the issue became more evident in year 2012 when garbage piles started
to build

alongside streets and footpaths continuously for days together following a closure order
of Mavallipura

landfill site on 11thJuly 2012 from the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board
(KSPCB). Following this,

there were agitations by the local residents and some NGOs demanding for the closure
of other landfill

sites due to environmental and health impacts. Subsequently, another agitation at

Mandur landfill site

had begun calling for its closure based on the issues pertaining to the earlier landfill
site14

Rapid urbanization, industrialization, raised standard of living and change in the pattern
of consumption,

etc. have enhanced the generation of solid waste and its management has become a
major problem.

The unscientific management and disposal of solid waste in urban cities have resulted
in the adverse

effects on public health risks (ex: disease vectors, flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches,
rodents), environment

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A STUDY ON CHALLEGES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING IN
BENGALURU

such as air, water and land pollution and un-aesthetic appearance.

This issue of SWM has highlighted the biggest constraint of space in the city. Land is
a scarce resource

and finding adequate land in a city like Bangalore for disposing of garbage is likely to
become even more

difficult in the coming years. Adding to this, is the unavoidable truth that population
and consumerism is

all set to grow exponentially. By 2030, the average MSW in the city would is expected
to rise by five

times and locating more landfills would be nearly impossible. It is therefore, important
to understand

the current practices, the status of the initiatives taken up for collection and disposal
and benchmarking

with the best practices in other cities.

In this context, it is necessary to reduce the waste reaching the final disposal in large
quantities. Hence

there is a need to study current practice of primary collection system of solid waste
management in

Bangalore and suggest ways to achieve the objective of waste reduction.

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION
From the result it was found that, the refurbishing and upgrading of personal computers
and monitors constitute one of the key drivers of the pre-recycling processes. However,
the material flow is only based on the market values of the upgraded or refurbished
items. This scheme comprises one of the most effective mechanisms to: (i) create
additional value and (ii) to prevent an accelerated flow rate through the whole system.

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A STUDY ON CHALLEGES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING IN
BENGALURU

The incentive is the increasing need for low cost personal computers among the ever-
increasing group in the Indian population that uses computers. The market demand
creates jobs and business in a second-hand industry and at the same time decrease the
overwhelming load of E-waste.

Traditional technology, pyrometallurgy has been used for recovery of precious metals
from waste electronic equipment. However, it has encountered some challenges from
environmental considerations. Consequently, state of- the-art smelters are highly
depended on investments. In the last decade, attentions have been focused to
hydrometallurgical process for recovery of metals from E-waste. This process also
faces environmental issues and less efficiency in detoxifying effluents. All in all E-
waste management in Bangalore has moved forward in many ways and can now serve
as a model for other cities and state in the country. However, still there is lacuna.