ASSIGNMENT 2

1. Autotroph-

An autotroph[a] ("self-feeding", from the Greek autos "self" and trophe "nourishing") or "producer", is an
organism that produces complex organic compounds (such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) from
simple substances present in its surroundings, generally using energy from light (photosynthesis) or
inorganic chemical reactions (chemosynthesis). They are the producers in a food chain, such as plants on
land or algae in water.
2. Heterotroph-

A heterotroph (/'h?t?r?tro?f/; ?te??? heteros = "another", "different" and t??f? trophe = "nutrition") is an
organism that cannot fix carbon and uses organic carbon for growth.[1] This contrasts with autotrophs,
such as plants and algae, which can use energy from sunlight (photoautotrophs) or inorganic compounds
(lithoautotrophs) to produce organic compounds such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from inorganic
carbon dioxide.
3. Saprobe-

Saprotrophic nutrition (pron.: /sæpr?'tr?f?k/) is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion

involved in the processing of dead or decayed organic matter. It occurs in saprotrophs or heterotrophs,
and is most often associated with fungi, for example Mucor and Rhizopus. The process is most often
facilitated through the active transport of such materials through endocytosis within the internal
mycelium and its constituent hyphae.
4. Halophiles-

are extremophile organisms that can thrive if the enzyme working in the organism reaches a temperature
of over 30 degrees c while in environments with very high concentrations of salt. The name comes from
the Greek for "salt-loving". While the term is perhaps most often applied to some halophiles classified
into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga
Dunaliella salina.lophile-
5. Thermophile-

A thermophile is an organism — a type of extremophile — that thrives at relatively high temperatures,

between 45 and 122 °C (113 and 252 °F).[1][2] Many thermophiles are archaea. Thermophilic eubacteria
are suggested to have been among the earliest bacteria.
6. Psychrophile-

Psychrophiles or cryophiles (adj. cryophilic) are extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and
reproduction in cold temperatures, ranging from -15°C to +10°C. Temperatures as low as -15°C are
found in pockets of very salty water (brine) surrounded by sea ice. They can be contrasted with
thermophiles, which thrive at unusually hot temperatures. The environments they inhabit are ubiquitous
on Earth, as a large fraction of our planetary surface experiences temperatures lower than 15°C. They
are present in alpine and arctic soils, high-latitude and deep ocean waters, polar ice, glaciers, and
snowfields.
7. Aerobe-

An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated
environment.[1] Facultative anaerobes grow and survive in an oxygenated environment and so do
aerotolerant anaerobes.
8. Anaerobe-

An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. It could
possibly react negatively and may even die if oxygen is present. Most such species are unicellular
microbes, though some are near-microscopic metazoa[vague] and some deep-sea worms
9. Faculative Anaerobe

-A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism, usually a bacterium, that makes ATP by aerobic
respiration if oxygen is present but is also capable of switching to fermentation. In contrast, obligate
anaerobes die in the presence of oxygen.
10. Strict Anaerobe-

Obligate anaerobes are microorganisms that live and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen; some of
these are killed by oxygen.
11. Fastidious Bacteria

-having complex nutritional requirements <fastidious microorganisms>—used of bacteria that grow only
in specially fortified artificial culture media
12. Oppurtunistic Bacteria

-An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens, particularly opportunistic pathogens—

those that take advantage of certain situations—such as bacterial, viral, fungal or protozoan infections
that usually do not cause disease in a healthy host, one with a healthy immune system. A compromised
immune system, however, presents an "opportunity" for the pathogen to infect.
13. Endoparasite

- Those that live inside the host are called endoparasites (including all parasitic worms). Endoparasites
can exist in one of two forms: intercellular parasites (inhabiting spaces in the host’s body) or intracellular
parasites (inhabiting cells in the host’s body). Intracellular parasites, such as protozoa, bacteria or
viruses, tend to rely on a third organism, which is generally known as the carrier or vector.[citation
needed] The vector does the job of transmitting them to the host. An example of this interaction is the
transmission of malaria, caused by a protozoan of the genus Plasmodium, to humans by the bite of an
anopheline mosquito. Those parasites living in an intermediate position, being half-ectoparasites and half-
endoparasites, are sometimes called mesoparasite.
14. Exoparasite

-An ectoparasite (or external parasite) is a parasite which feeds with at least part of his body outside the
host's surface (epithelium, for animals).
An ectoparasite (or external parasite) is a parasite which feeds with at least part of his body outside the
host's epithelium.
An ectoparasite is a parasite which body is not entirely inside the host's epithelium.
16. Extremophile

-An extremophile (from Latin extremus meaning "extreme" and Greek philia (f???a) meaning "love") is an
organism that thrives in physically or geochemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to most life
on Earth.[1][2] In contrast, organisms that live in more moderate environments may be termed
mesophiles or neutrophiles.
17. Sterile
-Sterilization (or sterilisation) is a term referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills all forms
of microbial life, including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, spore forms, etc.)
present on a surface, contained in a fluid, in medication, or in a compound such as biological culture
media.[1][2] Sterilization can be achieved by applying the proper combinations of heat, chemicals,
irradiation, high pressure, and filtration.
18. Bacteriostatic

-A bacteriostatic agent or bacteriostat, abbreviated Bstatic, is a biological or chemical agent that stops
bacteria from reproducing, while not necessarily harming them otherwise. Depending on their application,
bacteriostatic antibiotics, disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives can be distinguished. Upon removal
of the bacteriostat, the bacteria usually start to grow again. This is in contrast to bactericides, which kill
bacteria.
19. Bacteriocidal

-A bactericide or bacteriocide, sometimes abbreviated Bcidal, is a substance that kills bacteria and,
ideally, nothing else. Bactericides are disinfectants, antiseptics, or antibiotics.
20. Disinfectant

-Disinfectants are substances that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are
living on the objects.[1] Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant
bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilisation, which is an extreme physical and/or chemical
process that kills all types of life.
21. Germicidal

-are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection,
sepsis, or putrefaction. Antiseptics are generally distinguished from antibiotics by the latter's ability to be
transported through the lymphatic system to destroy bacteria within the body, and from disinfectants,
which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects.
22. Sepsis

- is a potentially deadly medical condition characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state (called a

systemic inflammatory response syndrome or SIRS) caused by severe infection.
23. Antiseptic

-are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection,
sepsis, or putrefaction. Antiseptics are generally distinguished from antibiotics by the latter's ability to be
transported through the lymphatic system to destroy bacteria within the body, and from disinfectants,
which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects.
24. Disease

-A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a

medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs.[1] It may be caused by factors originally
from an external source, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as
autoimmune diseases.
25. Infection

-Infection is the invasion of a host organism's bodily tissues by disease-causing organisms, their
multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce.[1]
Infections are caused by microorganisms such as viruses, prions, bacteria, and viroids, and larger
organisms like macroparasites and fungi.
26. Intoxication

-Substance intoxication is a type of substance-induced disorder[1] which is potentially maladaptive and

impairing, but reversible,[2] and associated with recent use.
27. Pathogen

-A pathogen (Greek: p???? pathos ―suffering, passion‖ and ?e??? genes ―producer of‖) or infectious agent
(colloquially known as a germ) is a microorganism—in the widest sense, such as a virus, bacterium,
prion, or fungus—that causes disease in its host. The host may be an animal (including humans), a plant,
or even another microorganism.
28. Pathogenicity

-Pathogenicity is the ability of a pathogen to produce an infectious disease in an organism.

It is often used interchangeably with the term "virulence", although virulence is used more specifically to
describe the relative degree of damage done by a pathogen, or the degree of pathogenicity caused by an
organism. A pathogen is either pathogenic or not, and is determined by the pathogen's ability to produce
toxins, its ability to enter tissue and colonize and its ability to spread from host to host.
29. Virulence

-Virulence is by MeSH definition the degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of parasites as
indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The
pathogenicity of an organism - its ability to cause disease - is determined by its virulence factors.[1] The
noun virulence derives from the adjective virulent. Virulent can describe either disease severity or a
pathogen's infectivity.[2] The word virulent derives from the Latin word virulentus, meaning "a poisoned
wound" or "full of poison."
30. Contamination

-In food chemistry and medicinal chemistry, the term "contamination" is used to describe harmful
intrusions, such as the presence of toxins or pathogens in food or medicinal drugs.

ASSIGNMENT3
1.Peptone Water-Peptone Water is used for the cultivation of non-fastidious microorganisms, indole
testing, and as a basal
medium for carbohydrate fermentation studies.

2.Selenite Broth-Selenite broth is used as a selective medium for the isolation of Salmonella species. This
medium must not be autoclaved. Once prepared it is steamed at 100°C for 30 minutes. There should be
a very slight red precipitate. To minimise the risk of teratogenicity to workers, sodium selenite must be
added separately to the medium. It has a pH of approximately 7.1.

3. Nutrient Agar-Nutrient agar is a microbiological growth medium commonly used for the routine
cultivation of non-fastidious bacteria. It is useful because it remains solid even at relatively high
temperatures. Also, bacteria grown in nutrient agar grows on the surface, and is clearly visible as small
colonies. In nutrient broth, the bacteria grows in the liquid, and is seen as a soupy substance, not as
clearly distinguishable clumps. Nutrient agar typically contains (w/v):
4. Mueller-Hinton-Müller-Hinton agar is a microbiological growth medium that is commonly used for
antibiotic susceptibility testing. It is also used to isolate and maintain Neisseria and Moraxella species.

5. Egg Tellurite-An emulsion of egg yolk containing potassium tellurite for use in Baird-Parker Medium
CM0275. Baird-Parker Medium is widely used in the food industry for the detection of pathogenic
staphylococci. Baird-Parker plates incorporating Egg Yolk Tellurite Emulsion should be protected from
moisture loss by enclosure in plastic or other vapour proof packaging.

6. Thayer-Martin Agar-Thayer-Martin agar (or Thayer-Martin medium) is a Mueller-Hinton agar with 5%

chocolate sheep blood and antibiotics. It is used for culturing and primarily isolating pathogenic Neisseria
bacteria, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis, as the medium inhibits the growth
of most other microorganisms. When growing Neisseria meningitidis, one usually starts with a normally
sterile body fluid (blood or CSF), so a plain chocolate agar is used.

7. New York City Agar-N.Y.C. Agar is an enriched selective medium used for the isolation and cultivation
of fastidious bacteria and pathogenics Neisseria sp. Hemolysed horse blood, horse serum, dextrose and
yeast dialysate are the enrichments which permit a luxuriant recovery of pathogenic Neisseria sp.
Vancomycin, a gram positive cocci inhibitor, is replaced by lincomycin to prevent inhibition of some
strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Trimethoprim lactate prevents Proteus sp. Swarming, while Colimycin
inhibits gram negative bacilli, amphotericin B suppress yeast growth.

8. Chocolate Agar-Chocolate agar (CHOC) or chocolate blood agar (CBA) - is a non-selective, enriched
growth medium. [1] [2] It is a variant of the blood agar plate. It contains red blood cells, which have
been lysed by heating very slowly to 80 °C. Chocolate agar is used for growing fastidious respiratory
bacteria, such as Haemophilus influenzae. [3] These bacteria need growth factors, like NAD and hemin,
which are inside red blood cells; thus, a prerequisite to growth is lysis of the red blood cells. The heat
used for lysis also inactivates enzymes which could otherwise degrade NAD. The agar is named for the
color and contains no actual chocolate.

9. Salmonella Shigella Agar-Xylose lysine deoxycholate agar (XLD agar) is a selective growth medium
used in the isolation of Salmonella and Shigella species from clinical samples and from food.[1][2] It has
a pH of approximately 7.4, leaving it with a bright pink or red appearance due to the indicator phenol
red. Sugar fermentation lowers the pH and the phenol red indicator registers this by changing to yellow.
Most gut bacteria, including Salmonella, can ferment the sugar xylose to produce acid; Shigella colonies
cannot do this and therefore remain red.

10. Lowenstein jensen Agar-The Löwenstein–Jensen medium, more commonly known as LJ medium, is a
growth medium[1] specially used for culture of Mycobacterium, notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
When grown on LJ medium, M. tuberculosis appears as brown, granular colonies (sometimes called "buff,
rough and tough"). The media must be incubated for a significant length of time, usually four weeks, due
to the slow doubling time of M. tuberculosis compared with other bacteria (15–20 hours).
11. Sabouraud media-Sabouraud agar is a type of agar containing peptones.[1] It is used to cultivate
dermatophytes and other types of fungi.[2][3][4]
It was created by, and is named after, Raymond Sabouraud in 1892. Later adjusted by Chester W.
Emmons when the pH level was brought closer to the neutral range and the dextrose concentration
lowered to support the growth of other fungi.[5] The 5.6 pH of traditional Sabouraud agar formulation
inhibits bacterial growth.

12. Blood agar plate-An agar plate is a Petri dish that contains a growth medium (typically agar plus
nutrients) used to culture microorganisms or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens.

13. Mannitol Salt Agar-Mannitol salt agar or MSA is a commonly used growth medium in microbiology. It
encourages the growth of a group of certain bacteria while inhibiting the growth of others. This medium
is important in medical laboratories by distinguishing pathogenic microbes in a short period of time.[1] It
contains a high concentration (~7.5%-10%) of salt (NaCl), making it selective for gram positive
bacterium Staphylococci (and Micrococcaceae) since this level of NaCl is inhibitory to most other bacteria.

14. Hektoen Agar-Hektoen enteric agar (HEK or HE or HEA) is a selective and differential agar[1]
primarily used to recover Salmonella and Shigella from patient specimens. HEK contains indicators of
lactose fermentation and hydrogen sulfide production; as well as inhibitors to prevent the growth of gram
positive bacteria.

15. Sulfur indole Motility-Sulfide indole motility (SIM) medium is a semisolid agar used to determine
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production, indole formation, and motility. SIM medium is used to differentiate
members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Haziness that spreads from the stab line indicates a positive
test for motility. Tubes must be compared to an uninoculated tube to discriminate between faint haziness
and motility. A red color development after addition of Kovács reagent indicates indole production. A
black precipitate indicates H2S production. Test tubes: (A) uninoculated tube, (B) contains the nonmotile
and indole-negative bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae, (C) contains the motile and indole-positive
bacterium Escherichia coli, and (D) contains the motile, indole-negative, and H2S-producing bacterium

16. Triple Iron Sugar Agar-The Triple Sugar Iron or TSI test is a microbiological test roughly named for its
ability to test microorganism's ability to ferment sugars and to produce hydrogen sulfide.[1] It is often
used in the selective identification of enteric bacteria including but not limited to Salmonella and Shigella.

Mueller tellurite agar- is a microbiological growth medium that is commonly used for antibiotic
susceptibility testing. It is also used to isolate and maintain Neisseria and Moraxella species

Tomato juice agar-is used for the cultivation and enumeration of Lactobacilli.