CELL’S CONTROL SYSTEM

Nucleus- the control center of the cell

Nucleolus- larges stracture in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, made of protiens DNA & RNA and form
around specific chromosomal region called Nucleolar Organizing Regions.

CELL’S SUPPORT SYSTEM

Cytoskeleton- a network of filaments and tubules that extends throughout a cells, through cytoplasm.
Found in all cells.
-Actin Filaments (microtilaments)
- thin fibers about 8mm long ad the thinnest of cytoskeleton
-Intermediate Filaments
-about 10mm long
-Microtubules
-25mm long filaments involved particularly in cell motion.

Cilia- slender protuborances that project from much larger cell body.

TWO TYPES OF CILIA

Motile Typically serve as sensory organelle
Non- Motile

Flagellum- whip-like structure that allows a cell to move. Found in all three domains of the living world:
-Bacteria
-Archaea
-Eukarya (protist, plants, animal and fungi)

Lysosome- main digestive compartment and the garbage- disposing agent of the cell.

Mitochondrion- known as the cell’s powerhouse. Is bound by a double membrane:

- it has an outer membrane, an inter-membrane space, an inner membrace (cisternae) and a
matrix (the space enclosed by cisternae)
-the matrix is filled with highly concentrated mixture of enzymes, +RNA, ribosomes, and DNA.

Peroxisome- play a key role in the oxidation of specific biomolecules, particularly fatty acids and amino
acids. Involved in the biosynthesis of membrane lipids known as Plasmalogens.
Plastids- double- membrane bound organelle found in photosynthetic organisms (plants and algae). Not
all plastid- containing organisms are photosynthetic, only those with chloroplast.

“ALL PLASTIDS COME FROM A PROPLASTID WHICH DIFFERENTIATE TO FORM THE DIFFERRENT TYPE OF
PLASTIDS”

CELL ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

-the cell needs specialized components for it to function well
-these components are known as organelles, the cell’s little organs

ORGANELLES ARE CATEGORIZED AS:

Cell Membrane-protective covering, cells barrier, made up of phospholipid bilayer.
Cytoplasmic Organelles- endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatues, lysosome, mitochondrion,
peroxisome, plastid, ribosome & vacuoles.
Control System- nucleus, nucleolus & chromosomes
Support System- centrioles, cytoskeleton, cilia & flagella

components of cell membrane

Carbohydrates- helps recognize substances that come in contact with the cell
Proteins- important in the transport and recognition of substance entering the cell
Lipids- cholesterol (as a lipid) stabilizes the cell membrane by providing it extra support

Cytoplasmic Organelles- are found inside the cell, “floating” in the cytoplasm, the jelly like substance of
the cell. The cytoplasm is made up of water, salts & proteins.

components of cytoplasmic organelles

Martha cowls chase (1952)- DNA rather than RNA is the genetic material of life.
Lynn Margulis (1966)- origin of eukaryotic organelles. Mitochondria & chloroplast originated as
Intracellular Bacteria.
Christine Nusslein Volhard (1970)- discovered transcription factor including homeobox proteins
affecting embryotic development.
Dame Anne Laura Dorintha McLaren (1974)- in vitro fertilization

MODERN CELL THEORY

-all known living things are made up of cell
-the cell is the structural and functional unit of life
-all cells come from pre-existing cells by division
-cells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division
-all cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms or same species
-metabolism and biochemistry occur within cells

Chloroplast- plastid or photosynthetic organisms, filled with grana (stack of thylakoid) and the gel-like
substance In it (stroma) venue for photosynthesis

Chronoplast- stores pigments, common in flowering and found in none photosynthetic parts of plants

Leucoplast- non-pigmented and found in non-photosynthetic parts of plants

 3 TYPES OF LEUCOPLAST

Amyloplast: stores starch

Elaioplast: stores oil and are found in seeds
Proteinoplast: stores protein and are found in seeds

Ribosomes- protein builders of the cell, comprise a complex macromolecular machine, found in all living
cells.
Vacuoles- membrane-bound storage bubbles found in bath plants and animal cells. Stores food or any
variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive.

COMPONENTS OF CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- forms an interconnected network of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs or

tube-like structure known as Cisternae.
Smooth ER- has no ribosome (therefore not able to synthesisize proteins) makes lipids.
Rough ER- is must dense near the nucleus and the golgi apparatus.
Golgi Apparatus/Complex/Body- “post office” of the cell. Has sacs of folds known as cisternae.
Responsible for creating lysosome.