Aqa

King’s College School
Q1. In an experiment to measure the power output of a motor, the motor is used to lift a
metal block vertically at constant speed.
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your answers.
(a) Describe an experiment to check whether the speed of the rising mass is constant.
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(2)
(b) Explain how the output power of the motor is calculated, stating what measurements
need to be made.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q2. (a) A man jumps from a plane that is travelling horizontally at a speed of 70 m s . If –1
air resistance can be ignored, determine
(i) his horizontal velocity 2.0 s after jumping,
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(ii) his vertical velocity 2.0 s after jumping,
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(iii) the magnitude and direction of his resultant velocity 2.0 s after jumping.
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(5)
(b) After 2.0 s the man opens his parachute. Air resistance is no longer negligible.
Explain in terms of Newton’s laws of motion, why
(i) his velocity initially decreases,
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(ii) a terminal velocity is reached.
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(4)
(Total 9 marks)
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Q3. (a) A student immerses a 2.0 kW electric heater in an insulated beaker of water.
The heater is switched on and after 120 s the water reaches boiling point.
The table below gives data collected during the experiment.
initial mass of beaker 25 g

initial mass of beaker and water 750 g
initial temperature of water 20 °C
final temperature of water 100 °C
Calculate the specific heat capacity of water if the thermal capacity of the beaker is
negligible.
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(4)
(b) The student in part (a) continues to heat the water so that it boils for 105 s. When
the mass of the beaker and water is measured again, it is found that it has
decreased by 94 g.
(i) Calculate a value for the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water.
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(ii) State two assumptions made in your calculation.
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(4)
(Total 8 marks)
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Q4. A girl kicks a ball along the ground at a wall 2.0 m away. The ball strikes the wall
normally at a velocity of 8.0 m s and rebounds in the opposite direction with an initial
–1
velocity of 6.0 m s . The girl, who has not moved, stops the ball a short time later.
–1
(a) Explain why the final displacement of the ball is not 4.0 m.
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(1)
(b) Explain why the average velocity of the ball is different from its average speed.
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(2)
(c) The ball has a mass of 0.45 kg and is in contact with the wall for 0.10 s. For the
period of time the ball is in contact with the wall,
(i) calculate the average acceleration of the ball.
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(ii) calculate the average force acting on the ball.
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(iii) state the direction of the average force acting on the ball.
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(5)
(Total 8 marks)
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Q5. The diagram represents part of an experiment that is being used to estimate the
speed of an air gun pellet.
The pellet which is moving parallel to the track, strikes the block, embedding itself. The
trolley and the block then move along the track, rising a vertical height_, h.
(a) Using energy considerations explain how the speed of the trolley and block
immediately after it has been struck by the pellet, may be determined from
measurements of h. Assume frictional forces are negligible.
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(3)
(b) The following data is collected from the experiment
mass of trolley and block 0.50 kg
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mass of pellet 0.0020 kg
speed of trolley and block immediately after impact 0.40 m s –1
Calculate
(i) the momentum of the trolley and block immediately after impact,
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(ii) the speed of the pellet just before impact.
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(4)
(c) (i) State what is meant by an inelastic collision.
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(ii) Use the data from part (b) to show that the collision between the pellet and
block is inelastic.
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(4)
(Total 11 marks)
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Q6. A waiter holds a tray horizontally in one hand between fingers and thumb as shown in
the diagram.
P, Q and W are the three forces acting on the tray.
(a) (i) State two relationships between the forces that must be satisfied if the tray is
to remain horizontal and in equilibrium.
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(ii) If the mass of the tray is 0.12 kg, calculate the magnitude of the force W.
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(iii) Calculate the magnitudes of forces P and Q.
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(6)
(b) The waiter places a glass on the tray. State and explain where the glass should be
positioned on the tray if the force, P, is to have the same value as in part (a).
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q7. A student carried out an experiment to determine the terminal speed of various ball
bearings as they fell through a viscous liquid. She did this by timing their fall between two
marks, P and Q, which were 850 mm apart on a vertical glass tube.
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your answer.
(a) (i) Describe the motion of a ball bearing after being released from rest at the
surface.
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(ii) In terms of the forces acting, explain why a ball bearing reaches a terminal
speed under these conditions.
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(5)
(b) The student’s results are shown in columns A and B. Complete column C.
column A column B column C column D column E
radius of ball time of fall / s terminal speed log (r / mm)

10 log (v / mm s )
10
–1
bearing (through 850 mm) v / mm s –1
r / mm
1.62 32.0 0.210
1.98 21.4 0.297
2.21 17.2 0.344
2.73 11.3 0.436
3.40 7.2 0.531
4.12 4.9 0.615
(2)
(c) The relationship between v and r is known to be of the form
v = kr ,
n
where n and k are constants.
(i) Enter the corresponding values for log10(v / mm s ) in column E of the table in
–1
part (b).
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(ii) Plot a graph of log10(v / mm s ) on the y-axis, against log10(r / mm) on the x-
–1
axis.
(Allow one sheet of graph paper)

(4)
(d) Use your graph to determine
(i) the constant n,
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(ii) the constant k.
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(5)
(Total 16 marks)
Q8. Tidal power could make a significant contribution to UK energy requirements. This
question is about a tidal power station which traps sea water behind a tidal barrier at high
tide and then releases the water through turbines 10.0 m below the high tide mark.
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(i) Calculate the mass of sea water covering an area of 120 km and depth 10.0 m. 2
density of sea water = 1100 kg m –3
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(ii) Calculate the maximum loss of potential energy of the sea water in part (i) when it is
released through the turbines.
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(iii) The potential energy of the sea water released through the turbines, calculated in
part (ii), is lost over a period of 6.0 hours. Estimate the average power output of the
power station over this time period. Assume the power station efficiency is 40%.
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(Total 7 marks)
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Q9. The diagram shows the velocity-time graph for a vertically bouncing ball, which is
released above the ground at A and strikes the floor at B. The effects of air resistance
have been neglected.
(a) (i) What does the gradient of a velocity-time graph represent?
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(ii) Explain why the gradient of the line CD is the same as line AB.
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(iii) What does the area between the line AB and the time axis represent?
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(iv) State why the velocity at C is negative.
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(v) State why the speed at C is less than the speed at B.
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(5)
(b) The ball has a mass of 0.15 kg and is dropped from an initial height_ of 1.2 m. After
impact the ball rebounds to a height_ of 0.75 m.
Calculate
(i) the speed of the ball immediately before impact,
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(ii) the speed of the ball immediately after impact,
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(iii) the change in momentum of the ball as a result of the impact,
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(iv) the magnitude of the resultant average force acting on the ball during impact if
it is in contact with the floor for 0.10 s.
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(8)
(Total 13 marks)
Q10. The diagram shows a 250 kg iron ball being used on a demolition site. The ball is
suspended from a cable at point A, and is pulled into the position shown by a rope that is
kept horizontal. The tension in the rope is 1200 N.
(a) In the position shown the ball is in equilibrium.
(i) What balances the force of the rope on the ball?
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(ii) What balances the weight of the ball?
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(2)
(b) Determine
(i) the magnitude of the vertical component of the tension in the cable,
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(ii) the magnitude of the horizontal component of the tension in the cable,
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(iii) the magnitude of the tension in the cable,
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(iv) the angle the cable makes to the vertical.
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(6)
(Total 8 marks)
Q11. An apple and a leaf fall from a tree at the same instant. Both apple and leaf start at the
same height_ above the ground but the apple hits the ground first.
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Use Newton’s laws of motion to explain why
(i) the leaf accelerates at first then reaches a terminal velocity,
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(ii) the apple hits the ground first.
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(Total 5 marks)
Q12. The diagram represents an experiment that can be used to investigate stopping
distances for a moving trolley.
The trolley is placed on the raised section of the track. When released it moves down the
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track and then travels along the horizontal section before colliding with the block. The
trolley and block join and move together after the collision. The distance they move is
measured.
(a) State the main energy changes taking place
(i) as the trolley descends,
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(ii) after the collision, as the trolley and block move together.
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(2)
(b) Describe how the speed of the trolley, just before it collides with the block may be
measured experimentally.
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(3)
(c) State and explain how the speed of the trolley, prior to impact could be varied.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
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Q13. A tray containing 0.20 kg of water at 20 °C is placed in a freezer.
(a) The temperature of the water drops to 0 °C in 10 minutes.
specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg K –1 –1
Calculate
(i) the energy lost by the water as it cools to 0 °C,
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(ii) the average rate at which the water is losing energy, in J s . –1
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(3)
(b) (i) Estimate the time taken for the water at 0 °C to turn completely into ice.
specific latent heat of fusion of water = 3.3 × 10 J kg 5 –1
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(ii) State any assumptions you make.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q14. While investigating projectile motion, a student used stroboscopic photography to

determine the position of a steel ball at regular intervals as it fell under gravity. With the
stroboscope flashing 20 times per second, the ball was released from rest at the top of an
inclined track, and left the foot of the track at P, as shown in the diagram below.
For each of the images on the photograph, the student calculated the horizontal distance,
x, and the vertical distance, y, covered by the ball at time t after passing P. Both distances
were measured from point P. He recorded his results for the distances x and y in the table.
image x/cm y/cm t/s (y/t)/cm s –1
1 11.6 9.3 0.05
2 22.0 21.0 0.10
3 32.4 35.0 0.15
4 44.2 51.8 0.20
5 54.8 71.0 0.25
6 66.0 92.2 0.30
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(a) Using two sets of measurements from the table, calculate the horizontal component
of velocity of the ball. Give a reason for your choice of measurements.
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(2)
(b) The student worked out that the variables y and t in the experiment could be
represented by
= u + kt
where u and k are constants.
(i) Complete the table above.
(ii) Use the data in the table to plot a suitable graph to confirm the equation.
(Allow one sheet pf graph paper)
(iii) Use your graph to find the values of u and k.
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(9)
(c) State the physical significance of
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k ...................................................................................................................
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(2)
(d) Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of the ball at point P.
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(2)
(Total 15 marks)
Q15. In a vehicle impact, a car ran into the back of a lorry. The car driver sustained
serious injuries, which would have been much less had the car been fitted with a driver’s
air bag.
(a) Explain why the effect of the impact on the driver would have been much less if an
air bag had been fitted and had inflated in the crash.
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(4)
(b) Calculate the deceleration of the car if it was travelling at a speed of 18 m s when –1
the impact occurred and was brought to rest in a distance of 2.5 m.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q16. A bicycle and its rider have a total mass of 95 kg. The bicycle is travelling along a
horizontal road at a constant speed of 8.0 m s . –1
(a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the bicycle and rider.
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(2)
(b) The brakes are applied until the bicycle and rider come to rest. During braking, 60%
of the kinetic energy of the bicycle and rider is converted to thermal energy in the
brake blocks. The brake blocks have a total mass of 0.12 kg and the material from
which they are made has a specific heat capacity of 1200 J kg K . –1 –1
(i) Calculate the maximum rise in temperature of the brake blocks.
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(ii) State an assumption you have made in part (b)(i).
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(4)
(Total 6 marks)
Q17. (a) State the principle of moments.
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(3)
(b) (i) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use to verify the principle
of moments.
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(ii) Describe the procedure that would be used and state what measurements are
taken.
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your
answer.
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(iii) Explain how the results would be used to verify the principle of moments.
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(7)
(Total 10 marks)
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Q18. A constant resultant horizontal force of 1.8 × 10 N acts on a car of mass 900 kg,
3
initially at rest on a level road.
(a) Calculate
(i) the acceleration of the car,
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(ii) the speed of the car after 8.0 s,
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(iii) the momentum of the car after 8.0 s,
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(iv) the distance travelled by the car in the first 8.0 s of its motion,
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(v) the work done by the resultant horizontal force during the first 8.0 s.
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(9)
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(b) On the axes below sketch the graphs for speed, v, and distance travelled, s, against
time, t, for the first 8.0 s of the car’s motion.
(2)
(c) In practice the resultant force on the car changes with time. Air resistance is one
factor that affects the resultant force acting on the vehicle.
(i) Suggest, with a reason, how the resultant force on the car changes as its
speed increases.
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(ii) Explain, using Newton’s laws of motion, why the vehicle has a maximum
speed.
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(5)
(Total 16 marks)
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Q19. (a) (i) State what is meant by a scalar quantity.
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(ii) State two examples of scalar quantities.
example 1: .........................................................................................
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example 2: ..........................................................................................
(3)
(b) An object is acted upon by two forces at right angles to each other. One of the
forces has a magnitude of 5.0 N and the resultant force produced on the object is
9.5 N.
Determine
(i) the magnitude of the other force,
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(ii) the angle between the resultant force and the 5.0 N force.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Q20. A golf club undergoes an inelastic collision with a golf ball and gives it an initial
velocity of 60 m s . The ball is in contact with the club for 15 ms and the mass of the ball
–1
is
4.5 × 10 kg.–2
(a) Explain what is meant by an inelastic collision.
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(1)
(b) Calculate
(i) the change in momentum of the ball,
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(ii) the average force the club exerts on the ball.
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(4)
(c) (i) State the value of the force exerted by the ball on the club and give its
direction.
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(ii) Explain how your answer to part (i) follows from an appropriate law of motion.
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your
answer.
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(4)
(Total 9 marks)
Q21. (a) A 2.0 kW heater is used to heat a room from 5 °C to 20 °C. The mass of air in
the room is 30 kg. Under these conditions the specific heat capacity of
air = 1000 J kg K . –1 –1
Calculate
(i) the gain in thermal energy of the air,
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(ii) the minimum time required to heat the room.
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(4)
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(b) State and explain one reason why the actual time taken to heat the room is longer
than the value calculated in part (a)(ii).
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q22. A skydiver of mass 70 kg, jumps from a stationary balloon and reaches a speed of
45 m s after falling a distance of 150 m.
–1
(a) Calculate the skydiver’s
(i) loss of gravitational potential energy,
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(ii) gain in kinetic energy.
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(4)
(b) The difference between the loss of gravitational potential energy and the gain in
kinetic energy is equal to the work done against air resistance. Use this fact to
calculate
(i) the work done against air resistance,
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(ii) the average force due to air resistance acting on the skydiver.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q23. (a) Define the moment of a force.
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(2)
(b) The diagram shows a uniform diving board of weight, W, that is fixed at A. The
diving board is supported by a cylinder at C, that exerts an upward force, P, on the
board.
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(i) By considering moments about A, explain why the force P must be greater
than the weight of the board, W.
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(ii) State and explain what would be the effect on the force P of a girl walking
along the board from A to B.
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(4)
(Total 6 marks)
Q24. The aeroplane shown in the diagram below is travelling horizontally at 95 m s . –1
It has to drop a crate of emergency supplies.

The air resistance acting on the crate may be neglected.
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(a) (i) The crate is released from the aircraft at point P and lands at point Q. Sketch
the path followed by the crate between P and Q as seen from the ground.
(ii) Explain why the horizontal component of the crate’s velocity remains constant
while it is moving through the air.
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(3)
(b) (i) To avoid damage to the crate, the maximum vertical component of the crate’s
velocity on landing should be 32 m s . Show that the maximum height_ from
–1
which the crate can be dropped is approximately 52 m.
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(ii) Calculate the time taken for the crate to reach the ground if the crate is
dropped from a height_ of 52 m.
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(iii) If R is a point on the ground directly below P, calculate the horizontal

distance QR.
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(6)
(c) In practice air resistance is not negligible. State and explain the effect this has on
the maximum height_ from which the crate can be dropped.
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Q25. In a football match, a player kicks a stationary football of mass 0.44 kg and gives it a
speed of 32 m s . –1
(a) (i) Calculate the change of momentum of the football.
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(ii) The contact time between the football and the footballer’s boot was 9.2 m s.
Calculate the average force of impact on the football.
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(3)
(b) A video recording showed that the toe of the boot was moving on a circular arc of
radius 0.62 m centered on the knee joint when the football was struck. The force of
the impact slowed the boot down from a speed of 24 m s to a speed of 15 m s . –1 –1
Figure 1
(i) Calculate the deceleration of the boot along the line of the impact force when it
struck the football.
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(ii) Calculate the centripetal acceleration of the boot just before impact.
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(iii) Discuss briefly the radial force on the knee joint before impact and during the
impact.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Q26. (a) Define the moment of a force about a point.
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(2)
(b) The diagram shows a trailer attached to the towbar of a stationary car. The weight of
the trailer is 1800 N and is shown acting through its centre of gravity.
F is the force exerted by the towbar on the trailer. F is the total normal reaction
R
force experienced by the trailer. When stationary all forces acting on the trailer are
vertical.
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(i) Explain what is meant by centre of gravity.
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(ii) Calculate the force, F, exerted by the towbar on the trailer.
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(3)
(iii) Calculate F . R
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(2)
(c) The car starts to move forwards. State and explain what happens to the magnitude
and direction of force, F.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q27. A female runner of mass 60 kg generates thermal energy at a rate of 800 W.
(a) Assuming that she loses no energy to the surroundings and that the average
specific heat capacity of her body is 3900 J kg K , calculate –1 –1
(i) the thermal energy generated in one minute,
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) the temperature rise of her body in one minute.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(b) In practice it is desirable for a runner to maintain a constant temperature. This may
Page 38
be achieved partly by the evaporation of sweat. The runner in part (a) loses energy
at a rate of 500 W by this process.
Calculate the mass of sweat evaporated in one minute.
specific latent heat of vaporisation of water = 2.3 × 10 J kg 6 –1
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) Explain why, when she stops running, her temperature is likely to fall.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q28. The graph represents the motion of two cars, A and B, as they move along a straight,
horizontal road.
Page 39
(a) Describe the motion of each car as shown on the graph.
(i) car A: ..........................................................................……………..….
.............................................................................................................
(ii) car B: ...........................................................................………………..
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(b) Calculate the distance travelled by each car during the first 5.0 s.
(i) car A: ....................................….....................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) car B: ........….......................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
Page 40
(4)
(c) At time t = 0, the two cars are level. Explain why car A is at its maximum distance
ahead of B at t = 2.5 s
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q29. A packing case is being lifted vertically at a constant speed by a cable attached to a
crane.
The packing case has a mass of 640 kg.
(a) With reference to one of Newton’s laws of motion, explain why the tension, T, in the
cable must be equal to the weight of the packing case.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) The packing case is lifted through a vertical height_ of 8.0 m in 4.5 s.
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Calculate
(i) the work done on the packing case,
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) the power output of the crane in this situation.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q30. (a) State the difference between vector and scalar quantities.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) State one example of a vector quantity (other than force) and one example of a
scalar quantity.
vector quantity .............................................................................................
scalar quantity ..............................................................................................

(2)
(c) A 12.0 N force and a 8.0 N force act on a body of mass 6.5 kg at the same time.
For this body, calculate
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(i) the maximum resultant acceleration that it could experience,
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) the minimum resultant acceleration that it could experience.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Q31. A fairground ride ends with the car moving up a ramp at a slope of 30° to the
horizontal as shown in the figure below.
(a) The car and its passengers have a total weight of 7.2 × 10 N. Show that the 3
component of the weight parallel to the ramp is 3.6 × 10 N. 3
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Calculate the deceleration of the car assuming the only force causing the car to
decelerate is that calculated in part (a).
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
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(2)
(c) The car enters at the bottom of the ramp at 18 m s . Calculate the minimum length
–1
of the ramp for the car to stop before it reaches the end. The length of the car
should be neglected.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) Explain why the stopping distance is, in practice, shorter than the value calculated in
part (c).
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q32. The graph shows how the momentum of two colliding railway trucks varies with time.
Truck A has a mass of 2.0 × 10 kg and truck B has a mass of 3.0 × 10 kg. The trucks are
4 4
travelling in the same direction.
Page 44
(a) Calculate the change in momentum of
(i) truck A,
.............................................................................................................
(ii) truck B.
.............................................................................................................
(4)
(b) Complete the following table.
Initial Final Initial kinetic Final kinetic

velocity/m s –1
velocity/m s –1
energy/J energy/J
truck A
truck B
(4)
(c) State and explain whether the collision of the two trucks is an example of an elastic
collision.
Page 45
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q33. The figure below shows a tube containing small particles of lead. When the tube is
inverted the particles of lead fall freely through a vertical height_ equal to the length of the
tube.
(a) Describe the energy changes that take place in the lead particles during one
Page 46
inversion of the tube.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) The tube is made from an insulating material and is used in an experiment to
determine the specific heat capacity of lead. The following results are obtained.
mass of lead: 0.025 kg

number of inversions: 50
length of tube: 1.2 m
change in temperature of the lead: 4.5 K
Calculate
(i) the change in potential energy of the lead as it falls after one inversion down
the tube,
.............................................................................................................
(ii) the total change in potential energy after 50 inversions,
.............................................................................................................
(iii) the specific heat capacity of the lead.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 47
Q34. (a) Explain why a raindrop falling vertically through still air reaches a constant
velocity. You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your
answer.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(4)
(b) A raindrop falls at a constant vertical velocity of 1.8 m s in still air. The mass of the
–1
raindrop is 7.2 × 10 kg. –9
Calculate
(i) the kinetic energy of the raindrop,
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) the work done on the raindrop as it falls through a vertical distance of 4.5 m.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(4)
Page 48
(c) The raindrop in part (b) now falls through air in which a horizontal wind is blowing. If
the velocity of the wind is 1.4 m s , use a scale diagram or calculation to determine
–1
the magnitude and direction of the resultant velocity of the raindrop.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q35. The figure below shows a uniform steel girder being held horizontally by a crane.
Two cables are attached to the ends of the girder and the tension in each of these cables
is T.
Page 49
(a) If the tension, T, in each cable is 850 N, calculate
(i) the horizontal component of the tension in each cable,
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) the vertical component of the tension in each cable,
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(iii) the weight of the girder.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(4)
(b) On the figure draw an arrow to show the line of action of the weight of the girder.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 50
Q36. The figure below shows a stationary metal block hanging from the middle of a
stretched wire which is suspended from a horizontal beam. The tension in each half of the
wire is 15 N.
(a) Calculate for the wire at A,
(i) the resultant horizontal component of the tension forces,
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) the resultant vertical component of the tension forces.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(b) (i) State the weight of the metal block.
.............................................................................................................
(ii) Explain how you arrived at your answer, with reference to an appropriate law
of motion.
.............................................................................................................
Page 51
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q37. In an experiment to measure the temperature of the flame of a Bunsen burner, a

lump of copper of mass 0.12 kg is heated in the flame for several minutes. The copper is
then transferred quickly to a beaker, of negligible heat capacity, containing 0.45 kg of
water, and the temperature rise of the water measured.
specific heat capacity of copper = 390 J kg K –1 –1
(a) If the temperature of the water rises from 15 °C to 35 °C, calculate the thermal
energy gained by the water.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) (i) State the thermal energy lost by the copper, assuming no heat is lost during its
transfer.
.............................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the fall in temperature of the copper.
.............................................................................................................
Page 52
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(iii) Hence calculate the temperature reached by the copper while in the flame.
.............................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
Q38. The figure below shows a supermarket trolley.
The weight of the trolley and its contents is 160 N.
(a) Explain what is meant by centre of gravity.
Page 53
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) P and Q are the resultant forces that the ground exerts on the rear wheels and front
wheels respectively. Calculate the magnitude of
(i) force P,
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) force Q.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(c) Calculate the minimum force that needs to be applied vertically at A to lift the front
wheels off the ground.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) State and explain, without calculation, how the minimum force that needs to be
applied vertically at A to lift the rear wheels off the ground compares to the force you
calculated in part (c).
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
Page 54
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q39. The figure below shows apparatus that can be used to investigate energy changes.
The trolley and the mass are joined by an inextensible string. In an experiment to
investigate energy changes, the trolley is initially held at rest, and is then released so that
the mass falls vertically to the ground.
(a) (i) State the energy changes of the falling mass.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) Describe the energy changes that take place in this system.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
Page 55
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(4)
(b) State what measurements would need to be made to investigate the conservation of
energy.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Describe how the measurements in part (b) would be used to investigate the
conservation of energy.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Q40. A car accelerates from rest to a speed of 26 m s . The table shows how the speed of
–1
the car varies over the first 30 seconds of motion.
time/ s 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
Page 56
speed/ m s –1
0 16.5 22.5 24.5 25.5 26.0 26.0
(a) Draw a graph of speed against time on the grid provided.
(3)
(b) Calculate the average acceleration of the car over the first 25 s.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Use your graph to estimate the distance travelled by the car in the first 25 s.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
Page 57
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) Using the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the resultant force acting on the
car varies over the first 30 s of motion.
(2)
(e) Explain the shape of the graph you have sketched in part (d), with reference to the
graph you plotted in part (a).
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Q41. In a geothermal power station, water is pumped through pipes into an underground
region of hot rocks. The thermal energy of the rocks heats the water and turns it to steam
at high pressure. The steam then drives a turbine at the surface to produce electricity.
Page 58
(a) Water at 21°C is pumped into the hot rocks and steam at 100°C is produced at a
rate of 190 kg s . –1
(i) Show that the energy per second transferred from the hot rocks to the power
station in this process is at least 500 MW.
specific latent heat of steam = 2.3 × 10 J kg 6 –1
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) The hot rocks are estimated to have a volume of 4.0 × 10 m . Estimate the fall 6 3
of temperature of these rocks in one day if thermal energy is removed from

them at the rate calculated in part (i) without any thermal energy gain from
deeper underground.
specific heat capacity of the rocks = 850 J kg K –1 –1
density of the rocks = 3200 kg m –3
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(7)
(b) Geothermal energy originates as energy released in the radioactive decay of the
uranium isotope U deep inside the Earth. Each nucleus that decays releases 4.2
MeV.
Calculate the mass of U that would release energy at a rate of 500 MW.
Page 59
half-life of U = 4.5 × 10 years 9
molar mass of U = 0.238 kg mol –1
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 12 marks)
Q42. A supertanker of mass 4.0 × 10 kg, cruising at an initial speed of 4.5 m s , takes one
8 –1
hour to come to rest.
(a) Assuming that the force slowing the tanker down is constant, calculate
(i) the deceleration of the tanker,
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) the distance travelled by the tanker while slowing to a stop.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
Page 60
(4)
(b) Sketch, using the axes below, a distance-time graph representing the motion of the
tanker until it stops.
(2)
(c) Explain the shape of the graph you have sketched in part (b).
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q43. (a) Calculate the energy released when 1.5 kg of water at 18 °C cools to 0 °C and
then freezes to form ice, also at 0 °C.
specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.4 × 10 J kg 5 –1
......................................................................................................................
Page 61
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(4)
(b) Explain why it is more effective to cool cans of drinks by placing them in a bucket full
of melting ice rather than in a bucket of water at an initial temperature of 0 °C.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q44. The figure below shows an apparatus used to locate the centre of gravity of a non-
uniform metal rod.
The rod is supported horizontally by two wires, P and Q and is in equilibrium.
(a) State two conditions that must be satisfied for the rod to be in equilibrium.
Page 62
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Wire Q is attached to a newtonmeter so that the force the wire exerts on the rod can
be measured. The reading on the newtonmeter is 2.0 N and the weight of the rod is
5.0 N.
Calculate
(i) the force that wire P exerts on the rod,
.............................................................................................................
(ii) the distance d.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q45. The figure below shows a skateboarder descending a ramp.
Page 63
The skateboarder starts from rest at the top of the ramp at A and leaves the ramp at B
horizontally with a velocity v.
(a) State the energy changes that take place as the skateboarder moves from A to B.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) In going from A to B the skateboarder’s centre of gravity descends a vertical height_
of 1.5 m. Calculate the horizontal velocity, v, stating an assumption that you make.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) Explain why the acceleration decreases as the skateboarder moves from A to B.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
Page 64
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) After leaving the ramp at B the skateboarder lands on the ground at C 0.42 s later.
Calculate for the skateboarder
(i) the horizontal distance travelled between B and C,
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) the vertical component of the velocity immediately before impact at C,
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(iii) the magnitude of the resultant velocity immediately before impact at C.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 12 marks)
Page 65
Q46. (a) State two quantities that are conserved in an elastic collision.
quantity 1: ....................................................................................................
quantity 2: ....................................................................................................
(2)
(b) A gas molecule makes an elastic collision with the walls of a gas cylinder. The
molecule is travelling at 450 m s at right angles towards the wall before the
–1
collision.
(i) What is the magnitude and direction of its velocity after the collision?
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the change in momentum of the molecule during the collision if it has
a mass of 8.0 × 10 kg. –26
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(4)
(c) Use Newton’s laws of motion to explain how the molecules of a gas exert a force on
the wall of a container.
You may be awarded additional marks to those shown in brackets for the quality of
written communication in your answer.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
Page 66
......................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Q47. Communications satellites are usually placed in a geo-synchronous orbit.
(a) State two features of a geo-synchronous orbit.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The mass of the Earth 6.00 × 10 kg and its mean radius is 6.40 × 10 m.
24 6
(i) Show that the radius of a geo-synchronous orbit must be 4.23 × 10 m, 7
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the increase in potential energy of a satellite of 750 kg when it is

raised from the Earth’s surface into a geo-synchronous orbit.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
Page 67
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(6)
(c) Satellites in orbits nearer the Earth than geo-synchronous satellites may be used in
the future to track road vehicles.
(i) State and explain one reason why geo-synchronous satellites would not be
suitable for such a purpose.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) Give two points you would make in arguing for or against tracking road
vehicles.
Explain your answers.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
Page 68
Q48. (a) A spring, which hangs from a fixed support, extends by 40 mm when a mass of
0.25 kg is suspended from it.
(i) Calculate the spring constant of the spring.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) An additional mass of 0.44 kg is then placed on the spring and the system is
set into vertical oscillation. Show that the oscillation frequency is 1.5 Hz.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(4)
(b) With both masses still in place, the spring is now suspended from a horizontal
support rod that can be made to oscillate vertically, as shown in the diagram below,
with amplitude 30 mm at several different frequencies.
The response of the masses suspended from the spring to the vertical oscillations of
the support rod varies with frequency. Describe and explain, as fully as you can, the
motion of the masses when the support rod oscillates at a frequency of (i) 0.2 Hz, (ii)
1.5 Hz and (iii) 10 Hz.
Page 69
The quality of your written answer will be assessed in this question.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 10 marks)
Q49. A golf club undergoes an inelastic collision with a stationary golf ball and gives it an
initial velocity of 60 m s . The ball is in contact with the club for 15 ms and the mass of the
–1
ball is
4.5 × 10 kg.
–2
(a) Explain what is meant by an inelastic collision.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 70
(b) Calculate
(i) the change in momentum of the ball,
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) the average force the club exerts on the ball.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 5 marks)
Q50. Near the surface of a planet the gravitational field strength is uniform and for two
points, 10 m apart vertically, the gravitational potential difference is 3 J kg . How much –1
work must be done in raising a mass of 4 kg vertically through 5 m?
A 3J
B 6J
C 12 J
D 15 J
(Total 1 mark)
Q51. Which one of the following graphs correctly shows the relationship between the
gravitational force, F, between two masses and their separation, r?
Page 71
(Total 1 mark)
Q52. The Earth has density ρ and radius R. The gravitational field strength at the surface
is g.
What is the gravitational field strength at the surface of a planet of density 2ρ and radius
2R?
A g
B 2g
C 4g
D 16 g
(Total 1 mark)
Page 72
Q53. Which one of the following statements is not true for a body vibrating in simple
harmonic motion when damping is present?
A The damping force is always in the opposite direction to the velocity.
B The damping force is always in the opposite direction to the displacement.
C The presence of damping gradually reduces the maximum potential energy of the
system.
D The presence of damping gradually reduces the maximum kinetic energy of the
system.
(Total 1 mark)
Q54. The time period of a simple pendulum is doubled when the length of the pendulum is
increased by 3.0 m. What is the original length of the pendulum?
A 1.0 m
B 1.5 m
C 3.0 m
D 6.0 m
(Total 1 mark)
Q55. A body moves with simple harmonic motion of amplitude 0.50 m and period 4π
seconds.
What is the speed of the body when the displacement of the body from the equilibrium
position is 0.30 m?
A 0.10 m s –1
B 0.15 m s –1
C 0.20 m s –1
Page 73
D 0.40 m s –1
(Total 1 mark)
Q56. A particle of mass m moves horizontally at constant speed v along the arc of a circle
from P to P under the action of a force. What is the work done on the particle by the force
1 2
during this displacement?
A zero
D 2 mv 2
(Total 1 mark)
Q57.
Page 74
A model car moves in a circular path of radius 0.8 m at an angular speed of rad s .
–1
What is its displacement from point P, 6 s after passing P?
A zero
B 1.6 m
C 0.4 πm
D 1.6 πm
(Total 1 mark)
Q58. What is the value of the angular velocity of a point on the surface of the Earth?
A 1.2 × 10 rad s
–5 –1
B 7.3 × 10 rad s
–5 –1
C 2.6 × 10 rad s
–1 –1
D 4.6 × 10 rad s
2 –1
(Total 1 mark)
Q59. The rate of change of momentum of a body falling freely under gravity is equal to its
Page 75
A weight.
B power.
C kinetic energy.
D potential energy.
(Total 1 mark)
Q60.
A force, F, varies with time, t, as shown by the graph and is applied to a body initially at
rest on a smooth surface. What is the momentum of the body after 5.0 s?
A zero.
B 12.5 N s.
C 25 N s.
D 50 N s.
(Total 1 mark)
Q61. A particle of mass m strikes a rigid wall perpendicularly from the left with velocity v.
Page 76
If the collision is perfectly elastic, the change in momentum of the particle which occurs as
a result of the collision is
A 2mv to the right.
B 2mv to the left.
C mv to the left.
D zero.
(Total 1 mark)
Q62. For the two physical quantities, impulse and force, which one of the following is
correct?
A Impulse is a scalar and force is a scalar.
B Impulse is a scalar and force is a vector.
C Impulse is a vector and force is a scalar.
D impulse is a vector and force is a vector.

(Total 1 mark)
Q63. A car accelerates from rest to a speed of 26 m s . The table shows how the speed of
–1
the car varies over the first 30 seconds of motion.
time/s 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
Page 77
speed/m s –1
0 16.5 22.5 24.5 25.5 26.0 26.0
(a) Draw a graph of speed against time on the grid below.
(5)
(b) Calculate the average acceleration of the car over the first 25 s.
(2)
(c) Use your graph to estimate the distance travelled by the car in the first 25 s.
(2)
Page 78
(d) Using the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the resultant force acting on the
car varies over the first 30 s of motion.
(3)
(e) Explain the shape of the graph you have sketched in part (d), with reference to the
graph you plotted in part (a).
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
Q64. The diagram below shows a swimmer standing at the end of a diving board above a
swimming pool.
The mass of the swimmer is 72 kg and the horizontal distance between point A and his
centre of mass is 2.4 m.
Page 79
(a) Calculate the moment of the swimmer’s weight about point A.
Gravitational field strength of the Earth, g = 9.8 N kg .–1
Moment .......................
(3)
(b) The swimmer dives off the diving board and his centre of mass falls through 3.2 m
before he reaches the water. Calculate the swimmer’s vertical speed as he enters
the water. Neglect air resistance.
Gravitational field strength of the Earth, g = 9.8 N kg –1
Speed ...........................
(3)
(c) The water brings the diver to rest when his centre of mass is 1.6 m below the
surface of the water. Calculate the average total upward force acting on the diver
which brings his vertical velocity to zero.
Page 80
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q65. The diagram below shows the path of a ball thrown horizontally from the top of a
tower of height_ 24 m which is surrounded by level ground.
(a) Using two labelled arrows, show on the diagram above the direction of the velocity,
v, and the acceleration, a, of the ball when it is at point P.
(2)
(b) (i) Calculate the time taken from when the ball is thrown to when it first hits the
ground. Assume air resistance is negligible.
Answer ................................ s
(2)
Page 81
(ii) The ball hits the ground 27 m from the base of the tower. Calculate the speed
at which the ball is thrown.
Answer ......................... m s –1
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q66. (a) (i) State the difference between a scalar quantity and a vector quantity.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) State two examples of a scalar quantity and two examples of a vector
quantity.
scalar quantities ..................................................................................
vector quantities …..............................................................................

(3)
(b) The diagram below shows a ship fitted with a sail attached to a cable. The force of
the wind on the sail assists the driving force of the ship’s propellors.
Page 82
The cable exerts a steady force of 2.8 kN on the ship at an angle of 35° above a
horizontal line.
(i) Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of this force.
horizontal component of force ............. kN
vertical component of force ................. kN

(2)
(ii) The ship is moving at a constant velocity of 8.3 m s and the horizontal
–1
component of the force of the cable on the ship acts in the direction in which
the ship is moving.
Calculate the power provided by the wind to this ship, stating an appropriate
unit.
Answer ..................................
(3)
(c) The cable has a diameter of 0.014 m. Calculate the tensile stress in the cable when
it exerts a force of 2.8 kN on the ship, stating an appropriate unit.
Assume the weight of the cable is negligible.
Page 83
Answer ................................
(5)
(Total 14 marks)
Q67. A car is travelling on a level road at a speed of 15.0 m s towards a set of traffic
–1
lights when the lights turn red. The driver applies the brakes 0.5 s after seeing the lights
turn red and stops the car at the traffic lights. The table below shows how the speed of the
car changes from when the traffic lights turn red.
time/s 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
speed/m s –1
15.0 15.0 12.5 10.0 7.5 5.0 2.5 0.0
(a) Draw a graph of speed on the y-axis against time on the x-axis on the grid provided.
Page 84
(5)
(b) (i) State and explain what feature of the graph shows that the car’s deceleration
was uniform.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Use your graph to calculate the distance the car travelled after the lights
turned red to when it stopped.
Page 85
Answer .................. m
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
Q68. A student investigated how the extension of a rubber cord varied with the force used
to extend it. She measured the extension for successive increases of the force and then
for successive decreases. The diagram below shows a graph of her results.
(a) (i) Give a reason why the graph shows the rubber cord does not obey Hooke’s
law.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Give a reason why the graph shows the rubber cord does not exhibit plastic
behaviour.
Page 86
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) What physical quantity is represented by the area shaded on the graph
between the loading curve and the extension axis?
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, the procedure and the measurements you
would make to carry out this investigation.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 87
Q69. A steel ball is released from rest above a cylinder of liquid, as shown in Figure 1.
The ball descends vertically in the air then in the liquid until it reaches the bottom of the
cylinder.
Figure 1
(a) The vertical distance from the bottom of the ball at the point where it is released to
the liquid surface is 0.16 m.
(i) Calculate the time taken, t , by the ball to fall to the liquid surface from the
0
point where it is released. Give your answer to an appropriate number of

significant figures.
answer................................. s
(3)
Page 88
(ii) Calculate the velocity, ν , of the ball on reaching the liquid.

0
answer .................................. m s –1
(2)
(b) Figure 2 below shows how the velocity of the ball changed after it was released.
Figure 2
Describe and explain how the acceleration of the ball changed after it entered the
liquid until it reached the bottom of the cylinder.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
Page 89
......................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 11 marks)
Q70. The diagram below shows a dockside crane that is used to lift a container of mass
22000 kg from a cargo ship onto the quayside. The container is lifted by four identical
‘lifting’ cables attached to the top corners of the container.
(a) When the container is being raised, its centre of mass is at a horizontal distance 32
m from the nearest vertical pillar PQ of the crane’s supporting frame.
(i) Assume the tension in each of the four lifting cables is the same. Calculate the
tension in each cable when the container is lifted at constant velocity.
answer ........................... N
(2)
(ii) Calculate the moment of the container’s weight about the point Q on the
quayside, stating an appropriate unit.
Page 90
answer ...........................
(3)
(iii) Describe and explain one feature of the crane that prevents it from toppling
over when it is lifting a container.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Each cable has an area of cross–section of 3.8 × 10 m . –4 2
(i) Calculate the tensile stress in each cable, stating an appropriate unit.
answer ..................................
(3)
(ii) Just before the container shown in the diagram above was raised from the
ship, the length of each lifting cable was 25 m. Show that each cable extended
by 17 mm when the container was raised from the ship.
Young modulus of steel = 2.1 × 10 Pa 11
Page 91
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
Q71. A cyclist pedals downhill on a road, as shown in the diagram below, from rest at the
top of the hill and reaches a horizontal section of the road at a speed of 16 m s . The total
–1
mass of the cyclist and the cycle is 68 kg.
(a) (i) Calculate the total kinetic energy of the cyclist and the cycle on reaching the
horizontal section of the road.
answer ............................ J
(2)
(ii) The height_ difference between the top of the hill and the horizontal section of
road is 12 m.
Calculate the loss of gravitational potential energy of the cyclist and the cycle.
Page 92
answer ........................... J
(2)
(iii) The work done by the cyclist when pedalling downhill is 2400 J. Account for
the difference between the loss of gravitational potential energy and the gain
of kinetic energy of the cyclist and the cycle.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(b) The cyclist stops pedalling on reaching the horizontal section of the road and slows
to a standstill 160 m further along this section of the road. Assume the deceleration
is uniform.
(i) Calculate the time taken by the cyclist to travel this distance.
answer................................. s
(3)
(ii) Calculate the average horizontal force on the cyclist and the cycle during this
time.
Page 93
answer ........................... N
(3)
(Total 13 marks)
Q72. Which row, A to D, in the table correctly shows the quantities conserved in an
inelastic collision?
mass momentum kinetic energy total energy
A conserved not conserved conserved conserved
B not conserved conserved conserved not conserved
C conserved conserved conserved conserved
D conserved conserved not conserved conserved
(Total 1 mark)
Q73. Water of density 1000 kg m flows out of a garden hose of cross-sectional area 7.2 ×
–3
10 m at a rate of 2.0 × 10 m per second. How much momentum is carried by the water
–4 2 –4 3
leaving the hose per second?
A 5.6 × 10 N s
–5
B 5.6 × 10 N s
–2
C 0.20 N s
D 0.72 N s
(Total 1 mark)
Page 94
Q74. The graph shows the variation with time, t, of the force, F, acting on a body.
What physical quantity does the area X represent?
A the displacement of the body
B the acceleration of the body
C the change in momentum of the body
D the change in kinetic energy of the body

(Total 1 mark)
Q75. The graph shows the variation with time, t, of the force, F, acting on a body.
What physical quantity does the area X represent?
A the displacement of the body
B the acceleration of the body
C the change in momentum of the body
Page 95
D the change in kinetic energy of the body
(Total 1 mark)
Page 96

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King’s College School

air resistance can be ignored, determine

(i) his horizontal velocity 2.0 s after jumping,

(ii) his vertical velocity 2.0 s after jumping,

(i) his velocity initially decreases,

(ii) a terminal velocity is reached.

The table below gives data collected during the experiment.

initial mass of beaker 25 g

(ii) State two assumptions made in your calculation.

(i) calculate the average acceleration of the ball.

(ii) calculate the average force acting on the ball.

(b) The following data is collected from the experiment

mass of trolley and block 0.50 kg

(ii) the speed of the pellet just before impact.

(c) (i) State what is meant by an inelastic collision.

P, Q and W are the three forces acting on the tray.

(iii) Calculate the magnitudes of forces P and Q.

column A column B column C column D column E

radius of ball time of fall / s terminal speed log (r / mm)

bearing (through 850 mm) v / mm s –1

1.62 32.0 0.210

1.98 21.4 0.297

2.21 17.2 0.344

2.73 11.3 0.436

3.40 7.2 0.531

4.12 4.9 0.615

(c) The relationship between v and r is known to be of the form

where n and k are constants.

(Allow one sheet of graph paper)

(d) Use your graph to determine

(i) the constant n,

(ii) the constant k.

density of sea water = 1100 kg m –3

(a) (i) What does the gradient of a velocity-time graph represent?

(iv) State why the velocity at C is negative.

(v) State why the speed at C is less than the speed at B.

(i) the speed of the ball immediately before impact,

(ii) the speed of the ball immediately after impact,

(iii) the change in momentum of the ball as a result of the impact,

(a) In the position shown the ball is in equilibrium.

(i) What balances the force of the rope on the ball?

(ii) What balances the weight of the ball?

(iii) the magnitude of the tension in the cable,

(iv) the angle the cable makes to the vertical.

(i) the leaf accelerates at first then reaches a terminal velocity,

(ii) the apple hits the ground first.

(a) State the main energy changes taking place

(i) as the trolley descends,

Q13. A tray containing 0.20 kg of water at 20 °C is placed in a freezer.

(a) The temperature of the water drops to 0 °C in 10 minutes.

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg K –1 –1

(i) the energy lost by the water as it cools to 0 °C,

(ii) the average rate at which the water is losing energy, in J s . –1

specific latent heat of fusion of water = 3.3 × 10 J kg 5 –1

(ii) State any assumptions you make.

Q14. While investigating projectile motion, a student used stroboscopic photography to

image x/cm y/cm t/s (y/t)/cm s –1

1 11.6 9.3 0.05

2 22.0 21.0 0.10

3 32.4 35.0 0.15

4 44.2 51.8 0.20

5 54.8 71.0 0.25

6 66.0 92.2 0.30