Analytic Hierarchy Process Maria Lorna N. Siador and Michael Angelo B.

Promentilla March 7-
9, 2016
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique coupled with Geographic Information System (GIS) was
used to derive the composite score for the risk index. The hazard index evaluated the mitigating strategies
of the government in terms of source (mobile, stationary, and area sources) and pollutant loading (SOx,
NOx, and PM). The 450 policy scenario projected emission values and was used as reference value for
hazard index. A value for exposure index was achieved by considering the location sensitivity, population
density, and population sensitivity. Risk matrix was used to combine the indices and this model was
applied to cities of Metro Manila.

Two analytical tools were used in the proposed model for air quality health risk – Analytical Hierarchy
Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS). AHP is a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA)
tool that enables the decision maker to develop a certain hierarchy of alternatives or factors according to
priority or importance. It was designed by Saaty (2008) to cope with both the subjective and qualitative
attributes of a given problem, deriving weights using pairwise comparisons. Through a survey, the decision
maker or stakeholder decides a score using fundamental scale on how dominant an element is to another.
The priority vector or Eigen values that defines the relative preferences can then be obtained through
Eigen vector method. Several studies were already made using AHP to describe the risk or vulnerability of
certain areas to air pollutants present in the atmosphere and this study was inspired by the work of Khan
and Sadiq (2005). In their case, they combined hazard (concentration of air pollutants) and exposure
(population density, location, and population sensitivity) parameters. Definition of a 5-tuple fuzzy set was
able to determine the risk levels as very low, low, medium, high, and very high. Essentially, this study was
used as guide but with modifications on the parameters which would be described in succeeding sections.
GIS, on the other hand, is basically a computer‐based tool used to collect, store, manipulate, and display
spatial reference information (Bunch, 2012). Processing and manipulating geospatial data enhances the
understanding of geographical measurements and assists in data analysis. Some common GIS operations
are statistics, query optimization, and digitizing. It is also possible to provide a common ground for both
the technical and layperson by communicating the information spatially and visually since GIS is able to
store geographically large referenced data. Two parameters were evaluated using AHP and GIS: hazard
and exposure indices. Hazard index was estimated using the pollutant loading of sulfur compounds (SOx),
nitrogen compounds (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) per source. Exposure index was assessed in terms
of population sensitivity, population density, and location sensitivity.

As an effective communication tool, the risk map revealed which cities should have further consideration
in their air pollution strategies. Cities of Quezon, Pasay, and Pasig had the highest risk level in Metro
Manila. Their hazard indices were also considered high. Normally stakeholders could criticize that this was
the result of high concentration of air pollutants and that a plan for mitigation (i.e. use of biofuels, use of
green infrastructure, control of dust from construction, regulation of effluents) would suffice. But due to
the exposure parameters considered, other angles of analysis were actually introduced in the equation. A
sample observation could be done in Manila with its land use information (fig. 4). Table 3 defines the land
use classes, categorized with increasing location sensitivity as class went higher. Since classes 3,4, and 5
were mainly composed of residential areas and other equally sensitive spots, Manila had obtained a high
exposure index. Policies could target these areas to control air pollution as they could be classified as well
as area sources. Another approach would be through provision of strategic direction for sustainable land
use. This might address the population density issues. Not only the high density areas pose higher risks
but also the lack of open space in Metro Manila in general. It would be inevitable that aligning programs
with other sectors could develop collaboration among stakeholders and enhance compatibility of action
plans.
Air Pollution Control Policy Options for Metro Manila. Allan Krupnick, Richard Morgenstern, Carolyn
Fischer, Kevin Rolfe, Jose Logarta, and Bing Rufo. December 2003

In an era of growing concern for the environment, scientists in Belgium have come up with the
groundwork for one possible solution: converting air pollution into power. The device that can do it
currently fits into the palm of a hand. It relies on solar power to convert polluted air compounds into
stored hydrogen, a source of clean energy. It has two chambers separated by a membrane; one chamber
cleans the air and the other generates the hydrogen gas. Air with a higher concentration of pollutants
ultimately creates stronger electrical currents. This could be good news for cities such as Beijing, Delhi,
India and Los Angeles, among many others. Manish Swarup/AP "The idea is that we're trying to develop
technology that copes with polluted air — so you can clean your air and provide a clean living environment
— while at the same time producing an alternative source of energy," Sammy Verbruggen, researcher and
professor at both the University of Antwerp and the University of Leuven in Belgium, said in a phone
interview. "But this is just the first proof of concept." Even so, the technology is possibly a breakthrough
that could transform how the planet and its major players tackle issues of pollution — and therefore
health — plus the baggage that comes with fossil fuels. Air pollution is a global crisis, and the path forward
is difficult China and India are in the throes of both a materializing energy crisis and a serious air pollution
problem. Across the planet, air pollution caused 5.5 million people to die prematurely, and more than half
of those deaths happened in India and China. Meanwhile, power supplies can fall short. An estimate 240
million people in India don't have access to electricity, according to a report from the International Energy
Agency, and China has been struggling with fuel-shortage costs and rising prices that leading to mandatory
power rationing to industrial businesses. Of course, the problem isn't as simple as switching to
hydropower: One great barrier to entry for using hydrogen-based power on a large scale across India is
the high upfront cost of it, as the IEA report points out. Cost and infrastructure need to be factored into
the equation as well.
Thermoelectric (TE) modules are used to either cool or warm a flow of air. Susan Gallardo January
2003

Considerable air quality and emission data gathered in Metropolitan Manila (MM) led to the
development of automobile exhaust treatment catalysts as well as their continued improvement.
Findings of a 5-year (1993-1998) collaborative work on the development of base metal oxide catalysts
for automobile exhaust are summarized here. One study in 1991 reveals an average 16% increase in the
number of motor vehicles in MM where 16% are new and the rest are old ones. Another study in 1992
shows the CO and hydrocarbon emission levels from different types of motor vehicles in MM as a
function of the age of the vehicle, type of fuel, and the operating condition. Reports of the Department
of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and other related studies also provided data showing the
quality of air in MM. Currently, there are several requirements to further improve the catalyst
performance towards the reduction of NOX and to develop catalyst-sorbent for simultaneous NOX-SOX
removal. This is so because of the present condition of rain acidification that is found in certain places in
MM. These air quality and emission data are needed not only to establish practical emission standards
for motor vehicles and the stationary industries and power plants but also in the development of
technologies for air pollution control and other clean technologies for cleaner air in the country.
Design of a VAT for the Conservation of Mash to Ethanol Using Geothermal Heat as an Energy. Steven
Arenas, Adrian Guevara, Arjee Nuñez, Jonathan Reyes, Emmanual Valerio

The study aims to design, fabricate, and test a heat exchanger (CV) capable of utilizing geothermal brine
for the distillation process of ethanol. Several numerical models were made using Microsoft Excel
program. The results of these models were as basis for the design of the CV. Procurement and
construction of the working model took placed after the final design was finished. Tests were done after
the completion of the working model. The data showed that the heat exchanger can be used for the
distillation of ethanol. However, testing in actual geothermal filed should be done to verify the numerical
models’ result that the CV can be used for cooking mash in ethanol production. The working model is
weather dependent since the site of the testing is an open area.
Renewable Energy Potential in the Philippines. Angelica S.A. Delos Santos. 2016

Accelerate the exploration and development of renewable energy resources

 Achieve energy self-reliance

o To reduce the country’s dependence on fossil fuels
o Minimize the country’s exposure to price fluctuations
 Adoption of clean energy to mitigate climate change
 Promote socio-economic development in rural areas

Increase the utilization of renewable energy by providing fiscal and non-fiscal incentives