Skeletal system

Have you observed how houses are built? Houses and buildings are not just woods concreate bricks and
stones. Man puts farmers like steel or woods buildings to make them stronger and flexible. Farming is an early
stage of building house. Before constructing building workers prepared the framework using steel and wood as
support and framework to make them stand and stay firm steel serves as the framework of houses and
buildings .

The framework in houses is similar with the skeletal system. The skeletal system provides the structural
framework for the body and protects internal organ such as.

Function of the skeleton

Notice the structural of the skeletal system. The human skeleton has many function:

 It gives the body much needed support.

 It protect the internal organ in the body.
 It makes body movement possible though the muscle attach to them.
 It stores important minerals like calcium.
 It is where millions of blood cells produced.

Structure of the skeletal system

The human skeleton consists of two divisions the axial and the appendicle skeleton .The axial skeleton
includes the skull the vertebral column. The ribs and the sternum .The appendicular skeleton includes the
bones of the shoulder, arms , hips, legs and feet.
Try to feel your bones in your head, fingers, arms, thigh, and face are they the same? Bones are classified as
long , short, fat, and irregular in shape long bones are found in the limbs like your arm and feet.

This body has no ears or tongue . So he is not able to use phones . Tickling doest work on him . Because he is
only made of bones .

The skeletal system serves as the framework for tissue and organs to attach themselves this system acts as a
protective structure for vital organs.

What is the purpose of the human skeletal system ?

Touch your cheeks leegs arms palms fingers and stomach ?Can you feel the fleshy parts? how do they fell ?
Are they hard or soft?

The skeletal system protects the body by enclosing delicate organ such as brain , heart ,lungs ,and spinal cord
small and large intestine and other organs .

The skull

Feel the bones of your head. there a hard and round surface made up of fairly flat bones.

The spinal cord

Do you feel a body structure along the middle of your back? This is the spinal cord very delicate . the
backbone protects it.

The HipBone

Just below the waist is the hipbone and lower and of the backbone form a kind of large open bowl. This bone
protects your small and large intestine and some of your organ below the waist.

The Ribs

Your ribs are the bones at the side of your chest. There are 12 pairs of ribs. This form a cage like structure
called the chest cavity. These ribs protect your heart and lungs.

The Skeletal System serves as a framework for tissue and organ to attach them. This system acts as
protective structure for vital organs. Major examples of this are the brain being protected by skull and the lungs
being protected by the ribcage.

Function:

 It provides the shape and form for the body.

 Support and protect vital organ like the brain, lungs and heart.
 Allow bodily movement
 Produces blood for the body
 Stores mineral

Humans are bone with over 300 bones fuse together between birth and maturity. As a result an average adult
skeleton consist of 206 bones.
The Appendicular Skeleton is composed of the bones of the upper limbs and lower limbs the lower and the
pectoral girdle and the pelvic point of attachment of the upper limbs to the body. The upper limbs consists of
the arm through the forearm and the wrist and hand. It holds and support the limbs of the human body allowing
humans to walk and manipulate things.

Assignment: Bring the following:

Needle folder, white thread, scissors & glue

Skeletal System

 Framework/foundation
 Gives shape
 Protects our vital organ
 Producing blood

Skeletal System

Axial

 Bones responsible in protecting and supporting vital organs.

1. Skull/cranium
2. Rib cage/ribs 12 pairs=24 bones
3. Sternum/breast bone
4. Spinal cord 33 small bones
Spine: Infant/baby = 300 bones backbone
Adult= 206 bones vertebral column

Types of Bone:

Long bones = are hard dense bones that provide strength structure and mobility. The tight bone (femur) is a
long bone. A long bone has a shape and two ends.

Short Bones = are designated as those bones that are wide as they are long. Their primary function is to
provide support and stability with little to no movement.

Flat bones=are bones whose principal function is either extensive protection or broad surfaces for muscular
attachment .

Irregular bones=serves various purpose in the body such as protection of nervous tissue affording multiple
anchor points for skeletal muscle and attachment and maintaining pharynx and trachea support and tongue
attachment.
Sesemoid bone=is a bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle .The kneecap is the largest sesemoid bone
in the body . sesemoid act like pulleys providing a smooth surface for tendons to slide over.

Sponge bone (inner bone & porus) = Bone marrow is the soft spongy tissues that fills the cores of larger
bones. It serves an active function in the body by producing all three types of blood cells as well as
lymphocytes which support the immune system.

Muscular System = is an organ system consisting of skeletal smooth and cardiac muscle. It permits
movement of the body maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular system is
responsible for the movement of the human body. Attachment to the bones of the skeletal system is about 700
name muscles.

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

Smooth Muscle = are used to control the flow of substances within the lumens of hollow organs and are not
consciously controlled.

Skeletal Muscle = is a form of striated muscle tissue which is under the voluntary control of the skeletal
somatic nervous can be attached system. Most skeletal muscle is attached to bones by bundles of collagen
fiber known as tendons.

Cardiac Muscle = are found in the heart and used only to circulate blood.
Muskoloskeletal system

Skeletal system—Muscular system =Muscle and bones=Action /movements

Voluntary Involuntary

Can be controlled Can’t be controlled

1.Skeletal system 1.Cardiac Muscle

2.Smooth Muscle

3 Kinds of Muscle

1.Skeletal System-Arms and legs

2. Cardiac Muscle-heart 1minute -70times 1day-100,000times

3.Smooth Muscle-Esophagus,Stomach,Small / Large intestine blood vessel

Digestion starts in mouth

What organ covers your entire body? How does it protect you? By the time you place food in your mouth
,the digestive system.

Digestion –is the process by which food is changed into simpler substance that can be used by the body cells
to produce energy.

Assiociated with the digestive tract are the salivary glands liver gali bladder and pancresed .

The digestive organ are connected to one another . they work for the digestive of food nutrients and elimination
of undigestion food .
Digestive System

Mechanical System is the breaking of food by means of cutting and tearing grinding and smashing of food
into very fine mixture mechanical digestion involves chewing of food to break it down into smaller piece.

 The mechanical digestion is done by teeth and tongue through the contraction of the stomach and
thought the movement of the small intestine

 The chemical digestion involves the breakdown of large molecules in food into smaller substances by
enzymes are fluid that speeds up the chemical reaction needed to break down starch into simpler form
called glucose protein into amino acids and glycerol. The smaller substances can be absorbed into the
body’s cell.

Mouth = breaks up food particles assist in producing spoken language salivary glands make saliva to make
the food wet and easy to swallow. The teeth and the tongue are involved in the digestion of food in the mouth.

Front teeth (incisors) = have sharp edges for biting and cutting food.

Pointed teeth (crannies) = grip and tear food.

Premolars= crush and grind food.

Flat teeth (molars) = are use for chewing food.

Esophagus – Transport food = the esophagus is a long muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the throat
to the stomach. The wall of the esophagus is lined with the smooth muscle that contract rhythmically to move
the food through the digestive system in the process.

Stomach = Stores churns and mix gastric juices which contains mucus enzymes, hydrochloric acid and water.
The stomach is large j-shaped organ at the end of the esophagus on the left side of the body. The end of the
stomach has a sphincter muscle that closes and opens to allow the flow of food from the esophagus to the
stomach.

Liver = largest gland in the body. It secretes bile that helps digest fats.

Bile = stored in a small portion called the gallbladder. The bile has substances that aid n the digestion of fats
or lipids
Small intestine = complete digestion and absorption of nutrients happens in the thin layer of small intestine
and through the wall of blood vessels with the help of vile. Food stays in the small intestine for about 3 to 4
hours. The small intestine is the narrow coiled tube connected to the stomach. If it is stretched it si about 7
meters long.

3 parts:

 Duodenum (20cm connected to the stomach)

 Jejunum (2.5m)
 Ileum (longest)

Large Intestine = reabsorbs some water and oil forms and stores feces. It is large coiled tube attached to the
end of small intestine. It is only about 1.5 meters long which includes the colon, rectum and appendix. Isa twice
as wide as the small intestine. The last 20 or 30 cm of the colon is called rectum.

Rectum= Stores and expel feces.

Anus = opening for elimination of feces.

Borborygmus = is the rumbling sound in the stomach. When your stomach rumbling it is the signal from your
brain that the stomach has begun the digestion. Around 2 hours after the stomach has been emptied, it send
signal to the brain. The brain tells the digestive system muscles to restart peristalsis in a wave called the
migrating motor complex
Circulatory System

The circulatory system is a transport system of the body. It is responsible for the distribution of blood
and other material throughout the body. Blood transport nutrients water and oxygen into billions of cells in your
body and carries away waste such as carbon dioxide. The circulatory system is an amazing highway that
travels through your entire body distributing materials to all body cell.

Heart = It is the pumping organ of the circulatory system. It is located at the center of your chest slightly tighten
to the left. The heart beats at least about 3 billion times during an average lifetime.

Heart chambers = the heart is divided into four chambers, the left & right auricles and the let right ventricles.

The right atria are responsible for receiving used blood coming from all the parts of the body. When atria
contract blood is pumped into the ventricles are the pumping chambers of the heart. When they contract
oxygen rich blood is forced away from the heart distribution to the different boy parts. Between the atria and
the ventricles are valves and tricuspid valve. The value are overlapping layers of tissue that allows blood to
flow only in one direction.

Heartbeat = a rest the average is 60 to 100 times per minute. But as you exercise your heart beats faster. It is
because you need more oxygen and energy as you exercise. Therefore your heart should contract faster to
deliver.

Circulatory System (Cardiovascular system) = transport, carry and deliver nutrients oxygen and carbon
dioxide.

3 parts of CS

 Heart = pumping organ, muscular organ, size of clenched fist, lying on the left side
 Blood
 Blood vessels

Heartbeat

 1min = 70times
 1 day = 100000 times
 1 year = 35000000 times

Deoxygenated blood = carbon dioxide

Oxygenated blood = oxygen

4 chambers of the heart = (right/left atrium, right/left ventricle)

4 valves

 Tricuspid valve
 Pulmonary valve
 Mitral valve
 Aortic valve
 Vein-( Carry the blood towards the heart)

Artery-(Carry the blood away the heart) Blood Vessel

Cappillaries-(Connect the vain and the artery)

Ilustrate:

Blood

=”River of Life” Drop of blood 4 Components

=5 liters

1. Wbc= White blood cells / Leukocytes (‘Army of the blood”)

Germs

Virus Foreign Body/ Hemoglobin

Bacteria
2. RBC = Red Blood cell / Erythrocytes = deliver nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide

B Blood Types

AB

3. Platelets

Circulatory System
Nervous System = consists of the nerves, spinal cord and the brain, which work together as the control
system of the body.

Brain & Spinal Cord = make up the central nervous system which processes all incoming and outgoing
messages in the body.

Motor nerves = transmit impulses from the brain to the muscle and glands of the body for proper
reaction/action.

All the nerves make up the peripheral nervous system.

Sensory nerves = gathered information from the environment that they send to the central nervous system.

Motor nerves = gathered and transmit impulses from the brain to the muscle and glands up to the body for
proper reaction or action.

*KEY POINTS*

 The nervous system is responsible for regulating and coordinating the activities of all system of the
body. It divided into two parts: the central which includes the brain and the spinal cord and the
peripheral which composed of nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body.
 Neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. Neurons have 3 parts; dendrites cell body and
axons. Once neurons are destroyed, they cannot be repaired to move from one neuron to the next, the
impulse must cross the synapse.
 The brain is the primary component of the central nervous system

Nervous System = divided into two parts

1. Central Nervous System ( CNS)

 It is consist of the brain and spinal cord
 Receives and interprets information and directs the body what to do.

Brain = body primary organ of CNS

= serves the control unit of the body

= controls everything you do

= it enables you to speak to remember to memorize and to move your bones and muscles.

3 parts of the brain:

 Cerebrum = largest part of the brain

 Responsible for the five senses
 Responsible in imagination, memory thinking, memorizing, decision
 Cerebellum = little brain
 Controls muscle coordination
 Maintains balance and posture
 Learning new things
 Controls our feeling and emotions
 Brain Stem- medulla
 Connect with the spinal cord
 Located beside cerebellum
 Controls involuntary actions or activities like digestion heartbeat and breathing

 Spinal Cord
 Extends from the brain stem down to buttocks region.
 It serves as the passageway for the signal to be sent to the brain and to the different parts of
the body and vice versa
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

 Nerves = carry messages or impulses

2 types:
o Sensory nerves = gather information from the environment that they send to the central
nervous system by the senses organ. Send messenges to the brain to be interpreted and
processed.
o Motor nerves = transmit impulses from the brain to the different parts of the body.

1. How does the NS works?

D. Messages are carried to the brain by he sensory nerves and the brain interprets them
2. What type of nerves directly carries messages to the brain?
B Sensory Nervous System
3. The craftsman quickly withdrew his hand when a needle pricked him. What part of his nervous system
worked?
4. What is the control center of the body?
A. heart B. Nerves C. Brain D. Bone
5. This is the largest part of the brain that controls mental process such as thinking memorizing and
decision making
A. Spine B. Cerebrum C. Nerve Cells D. Cerebellum