José Rizal

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"Laong Laan" redirects here. For the railway station, see Laong Laan (PNR station).
This article uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Mercado and the
second or maternal family name is Realonda.

José Rizal

Born José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda[1]

June 19, 1861[2]

Calamba, Laguna, Spanish Philippines[2]

Died December 30, 1896 (aged 35)[3]

Bagumbayan, Manila, Spanish Philippines[3]

Cause of death Execution by firing squad

 Monuments Luneta Park, Manila,

Calamba, Laguna,

Daet, Camarines Norte,

Carson, California

Other names Pepe, Jose (nicknames)[4][5]

Alma mater Ateneo Municipal de Manila

University of Santo Tomas

Universidad Central de Madrid

Organization La Solidaridad, La Liga Filipina

Spouse(s) Josephine Bracken (1896)[6]

Parent(s) Francisco Mercado Rizal (father)

Teodora Alonso Realonda (mother)

Signature

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda[7] (Spanish pronunciation: [xoˈse riˈsal]; June 19,
1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino nationalist and polymath during the tail end of
the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a
writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for
the colony under Spain.
He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after the Philippine
Revolution, inspired in part by his writings, broke out. Though he was not actively involved in its
planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which eventually led to Philippine
independence.
He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines and has been recommended to
be so honored by an officially empaneled National Heroes Committee. However, no law, executive
order or proclamation has been enacted or issued officially proclaiming any Filipino historical figure
as a national hero.[8] He was the author of the novels Noli Me Tángere and El filibusterismo, and a
number of poems and essays.[9][10]
Early life

José Rizal's baptismal register

Francisco Rizal Mercado (1818–1897)

José Rizal was born in 1861 to Francisco Rizal Mercado y Alejandro and Teodora Alonso Realonda
y Quintos in the town of Calamba in Laguna province. He had nine sisters and one brother. His
parents were leaseholders of a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm by the Dominicans. Both
their families had adopted the additional surnames of Rizal and Realonda in 1849, after Governor
General Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa decreed the adoption of Spanish surnames among
the Filipinos for census purposes (though they already had Spanish names).
Like many families in the Philippines, the Rizals were of mixed origin. José's patrilineal lineage could
be traced back to Fujian in China through his father's ancestor Lam-Co, a Chinese merchant who
immigrated to the Philippines in the late 17th century.[11][12][note 1][13] Lam-Co traveled to Manila
from Amoy, China, possibly to avoid the famine or plague in his home district, and more probably to
escape the Manchu invasion during the Transition from Ming to Qing. He finally decided to stay in
the islands as a farmer. In 1697, to escape the bitter anti-Chinese prejudice that existed in
the Philippines, he converted to Catholicism, changed his name to Domingo Mercado and married
the daughter of Chinese friend Augustin Chin-co. On his mother's side, Rizal's ancestry included
Chinese, Japanese and Tagalog blood. His mother's lineage can be traced to the affluent Florentina
family of Chinese mestizo families originating in Baliuag, Bulacan.[14] José Rizal also had Spanish
ancestry. His grandfather was a half Spaniard engineer named Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo.[15]
From an early age, José showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his mother at
3, and could read and write at age 5.[12] Upon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, he
dropped the last three names that made up his full name, on the advice of his brother, Paciano and
the Mercado family, thus rendering his name as "José Protasio Rizal". Of this, he later wrote: "My
family never paid much attention [to our second surname Rizal], but now I had to use it, thus giving
me the appearance of an illegitimate child!"[16] This was to enable him to travel freely and
disassociate him from his brother, who had gained notoriety with his earlier links to Filipino
priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (popularly known as Gomburza) who had
been accused and executed for treason.

Rizal's house in Calamba, Laguna.

Despite the name change, José, as "Rizal" soon distinguished himself in poetry writing contests,
impressing his professors with his facility with Castilian and other foreign languages, and later, in
writing essays that were critical of the Spanish historical accounts of the pre-colonial Philippine
societies. Indeed, by 1891, the year he finished his El Filibusterismo, this second surname had
become so well known that, as he writes to another friend, "All my family now carry the name Rizal
instead of Mercado because the name Rizal means persecution! Good! I too want to join them and
be worthy of this family name..."
Education
Rizal, 11 years old, a student at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila

Rizal first studied under Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Biñan, Laguna, before he was sent
to Manila.[17] As to his father's request, he took the entrance examination in Colegio de San Juan de
Letran but he then enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and graduated as one of the nine
students in his class declared sobresaliente or outstanding. He continued his education at
the Ateneo Municipal de Manila to obtain a land surveyor and assessor's degree, and at the same
time at the University of Santo Tomas where he did take up a preparatory course in law.[18] Upon
learning that his mother was going blind, he decided to switch to medicine at the medical school of
Santo Tomas specializing later in ophthalmology.
Rizal as a student at the University of Santo Tomas

Without his parents' knowledge and consent, but secretly supported by his brother Paciano, he
traveled alone to Madrid, Spain in May 1882 and studied medicine at the Universidad Central de
Madrid where he earned the degree, Licentiate in Medicine. He also attended medical lectures at
the University of Paris and the University of Heidelberg. In Berlin, he was inducted as a member of
the Berlin Ethnological Society and the Berlin Anthropological Society under the patronage of the
famous pathologist Rudolf Virchow. Following custom, he delivered an address in German in April
1887 before the Anthropological Society on the orthography and structure of the Tagalog language.
He left Heidelberg a poem, "A las flores del Heidelberg", which was both an evocation and a prayer
for the welfare of his native land and the unification of common values between East and West.
At Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal, completed in 1887 his eye specialization under the renowned
professor, Otto Becker. There he used the newly invented ophthalmoscope (invented by Hermann
von Helmholtz) to later operate on his own mother's eye. From Heidelberg, Rizal wrote his parents: "I
spend half of the day in the study of German and the other half, in the diseases of the eye. Twice a
week, I go to the bierbrauerie, or beerhall, to speak German with my student friends." He lived in a
Karlstraße boarding house then moved to Ludwigsplatz. There, he met Reverend Karl Ullmer and
stayed with them in Wilhelmsfeld, where he wrote the last few chapters of Noli Me Tángere.
Rizal was a polymath, skilled in both science and the arts. He painted, sketched, and made
sculptures and woodcarving. He was a prolific poet, essayist, and novelist whose most famous
works were his two novels, Noli Me Tángere and its sequel, El filibusterismo.[note 2] These social
commentaries during the Spanish colonization of the country formed the nucleus of literature that
inspired peaceful reformists and armed revolutionaries alike. Rizal was also a polyglot, conversant in
twenty-two languages.[note 3][note 4][19][20]
Rizal's multifacetedness was described by his German friend, Dr. Adolf Bernhard Meyer, as
"stupendous."[note 5] Documented studies show him to be a polymath with the ability to master various
skills and subjects.[19][21][21][22] He was an ophthalmologist, sculptor, painter, educator, farmer, historian,
playwright and journalist. Besides poetry and creative writing, he dabbled, with varying degrees of
expertise, in architecture, cartography, economics, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, dramatics,
martial arts, fencing and pistol shooting. He was also a Freemason, joining Acacia Lodge No. 9
during his time in Spain and becoming a Master Mason in 1884.

Personal life, relationships and ventures

Rednaxela Terrace, where Rizal lived during his self-imposed exile in Hong Kong (photo taken in 2011).

José Rizal's life is one of the most documented of 19th century Filipinos due to the vast and
extensive records written by and about him.[23] Almost everything in his short life is recorded
somewhere, being himself a regular diarist and prolific letter writer, much of the material having
survived. His biographers, however, have faced difficulty in translating his writings because of Rizal's
habit of switching from one language to another.
They drew largely from his travel diaries with their insights of a young Asian encountering the West
for the first time. They included his later trips, home and back again to Europe through Japan and
the United States,[24] and, finally, through his self-imposed exile in Hong Kong.
Shortly after he graduated from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila (now Ateneo de Manila University),
Rizal (who was then 16 years old) and a friend, Mariano Katigbak, came to visit Rizal's maternal
grandmother in Tondo, Manila. Mariano brought along his sister, Segunda Katigbak, a 14-year-old
Batangueña from Lipa, Batangas. It was the first time they met and Rizal described Segunda as
"rather short, with eyes that were eloquent and ardent at times and languid at others, rosy–cheeked,
with an enchanting and provocative smile that revealed very beautiful teeth, and the air of a sylph;
her entire self diffused a mysterious charm." His grandmother's guests were mostly college students
and they knew that Rizal had skills in painting. They suggested that Rizal should make a portrait of
Segunda. He complied reluctantly and made a pencil sketch of her. Unfortunately for him, Katigbak
was engaged to Manuel Luz.[25]

Business card shows Dr. José Rizal is an Ophthalmologist in Hong Kong

From December 1891 to June 1892, Rizal lived with his family in Number 2 of Rednaxela Terrace,
Mid-levels, Hong Kong Island. Rizal used 5 D'Aguilar Street, Central district, Hong Kong Island, as
his ophthalmologist clinic from 2 pm to 6 pm. This period of his life included his recorded affections
of which nine were identified. They were Gertrude Beckett of Chalcot Crescent, Primrose
Hill, Camden, London, wealthy and high-minded Nelly Boustead of the English and Iberian merchant
family, last descendant of a noble Japanese family Seiko Usui (affectionately called O-Sei-san), his
earlier friendship with Segunda Katigbak, Leonor Valenzuela, and eight-year romantic relationship
with a distant cousin, Leonor Rivera (popularly thought to be the inspiration for the character
of María Clara in Noli me tangere).

Affair
In one recorded fall from grace he succumbed to the temptation of a 'lady of the camellias'. The
writer, Maximo Viola, a friend of Rizal's, was alluding to Dumas's 1848 novel, La dame aux camelias,
about a man who fell in love with a courtesan. While the affair was on record, there was no account
in Viola's letter whether it was more than one-night and if it was more a business transaction than an
amorous affair.[26][27][note 6]

Association with Leonor Rivera

See also: Leonor Rivera

A crayon portrait of Leonor Rivera by José Rizal

Leonor Rivera is thought to be the inspiration for the character of María Clara in Noli Me
Tángere and El Filibusterismo.[28] Rivera and Rizal first met in Manila when Rivera was only 14 years
old. When Rizal left for Europe on May 3, 1882, Rivera was 16 years of age. Their correspondence
began when Rizal left a poem for Rivera saying farewell.[29]
The correspondence between Rivera and Rizal kept him focused on his studies in Europe. They
employed codes in their letters because Rivera's mother did not favor Rizal. A letter from Mariano
Katigbak dated June 27, 1884, referred to Rivera as Rizal's "betrothed". Katigbak described Rivera
as having been greatly affected by Rizal's departure, frequently sick because of insomnia.
When Rizal returned to the Philippines on August 5, 1887, Rivera and her family had moved back
to Dagupan, Pangasinan. Rizal was forbidden by his father Francisco Mercado to see Rivera in
order to avoid putting the Rivera family in danger because at the time Rizal was already labeled by
the criollo elite as a filibustero or subversive[29] because of his novel Noli Me Tángere. Rizal wanted
to marry Rivera while he was still in the Philippines because of Rivera's uncomplaining fidelity. Rizal
asked permission from his father one more time before his second departure from the Philippines.
The meeting never happened. In 1888, Rizal stopped receiving letters from Rivera for a year,
although Rizal kept sending letters to Rivera. The reason for Rivera's year of silence was the
connivance between Rivera's mother and the Englishman named Henry Kipping, a railway
engineer who fell in love with Rivera and was favored by Rivera's mother.[29][30] The news of Leonor
Rivera's marriage to Kipping devastated Rizal.
His European friends kept almost everything he gave them, including doodlings on pieces of paper.
In the home of a Spanish liberal, Pedro Ortiga y Pérez, he left an impression that was to be
remembered by his daughter, Consuelo. In her diary, she wrote of a day Rizal spent there and
regaled them with his wit, social graces, and sleight-of-hand tricks. In London, during his research
on Antonio de Morga's writings, he became a regular guest in the home of Reinhold Rost of
the British Museum who referred to him as "a gem of a man."[23][note 7] The family of Karl Ullmer, pastor
of Wilhelmsfeld, and the Blumentritts saved even buttonholes and napkins with sketches and notes.
They were ultimately bequeathed to the Rizal family to form a treasure trove of memorabilia.

Josephine Bracken was Rizal's common-law wife whom he reportedly married shortly before his execution

Relationship with Josephine Bracken

Further information: Josephine Bracken
In February 1895, Rizal, 33, met Josephine Bracken, an Irish woman from Hong Kong, when she
accompanied her blind adoptive father, George Taufer, to have his eyes checked by Rizal.[31] After
frequent visits, Rizal and Bracken fell in love with each other. They applied to marry but, because of
Rizal's reputation from his writings and political stance, the local priest Father Obach would only hold
the ceremony if Rizal could get permission from the Bishop of Cebu. He was unable to obtain an
ecclesiastical marriage because he would not return to Catholicism.[6]
After accompanying her father to Manila on her return to Hong Kong, and before heading back
to Dapitan to live with Rizal, Josephine introduced herself to members of Rizal's family in Manila. His
mother suggested a civil marriage, which she believed to be a lesser sacrament but less sinful to
Rizal's conscience than making any sort of political retraction in order to gain permission from the
Bishop.[32] Rizal and Josephine lived as husband and wife in a common-law marriage
in Talisay in Dapitan. The couple had a son who lived only for a few hours after Josephine suffered a
miscarriage; Rizal named him after his father Francisco.[33]

In Brussels and Spain (1890–92)

In 1890, Rizal, 29, left Paris for Brussels as he was preparing for the publication of his annotations
of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609). He lived in the boarding house of the
two Jacoby sisters, Catherina and Suzanna, who had a niece Suzanna ("Thil"), age 16.
Historian Gregorio F. Zaide states that Rizal had "his romance with Suzanne Jacoby, 45, the petite
niece of his landladies." Belgian Pros Slachmuylders, however, believed that Rizal had a romance
with the 17-year-old niece, Suzanna Thil, as his other liaisons were all with young women.[34] He
found records clarifying their names and ages.
Rizal's Brussels stay was short-lived; he moved to Madrid, giving the young Suzanna a box of
chocolates. She wrote to him in French: "After your departure, I did not take the chocolate. The box
is still intact as on the day of your parting. Don’t delay too long writing us because I wear out the
soles of my shoes for running to the mailbox to see if there is a letter from you. There will never be
any home in which you are so loved as in that in Brussels, so, you little bad boy, hurry up and come
back…"[34] In 2007, Slachmuylders' group arranged for an historical marker honoring Rizal to be
placed at the house.[34]
The content of Rizal's writings changed considerably in his two most famous novels, Noli Me
Tángere, published in Berlin in 1887, and El Filibusterismo, published in Ghent in 1891. For the
latter, he used funds borrowed from his friends. These writings angered both the Spanish colonial
elite and many educated Filipinos due to their symbolism. They are critical of Spanish friars and the
power of the Church. Rizal's friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, an Austria-Hungary-born professor and
historian, wrote that the novel's characters were drawn from real life and that every episode can be
repeated on any day in the Philippines.[35]
Blumentritt was the grandson of the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in the former Austro-Hungarian
Empire and a staunch defender of the Catholic faith. This did not dissuade him from writing the
preface of El filibusterismo after he had translated Noli Me Tángere into German. As Blumentritt had
warned, these books resulted in Rizal's being prosecuted as the inciter of revolution. He was
eventually tried by the military, convicted and executed. Teaching the natives where they stood
brought about an adverse reaction, as the Philippine Revolution of 1896 took off virulently thereafter.

Leaders of the reform movement in Spain: Left to right: Rizal, del Pilar, and Ponce (c. 1890).

As leader of the reform movement of Filipino students in Spain, Rizal contributed essays, allegories,
poems, and editorials to the Spanish newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona (in this case Rizal used
a pen name, "Dimasalang", "Laong Laan" and "May Pagasa"). The core of his writings centers on
liberal and progressive ideas of individual rights and freedom; specifically, rights for the Filipino
people. He shared the same sentiments with members of the movement: that the Philippines is
battling, in Rizal's own words, "a double-faced Goliath"—corrupt friars and bad government. His
commentaries reiterate the following agenda:[note 8]

 That the Philippines be made a province of Spain (The Philippines was a province of New
Spain – now Mexico, administered from Mexico city from 1565 to 1821. From 1821 to 1898 it
was administered directly from Spain.)
 Representation in the Cortes
 Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars – Augustinians, Dominicans, and Franciscans – in
parishes and remote sitios
 Freedom of assembly and speech
 Equal rights before the law (for both Filipino and Spanish plaintiffs)
The colonial authorities in the Philippines did not favor these reforms. Such Spanish intellectuals as
Morayta, Unamuno, Pi y Margall, and others did endorse them.
Wenceslao Retana, a political commentator in Spain, had slighted Rizal by writing an insulting article
in La Epoca, a newspaper in Madrid. He implied that the family and friends of Rizal were evicted
from their lands in Calamba for not having paid their due rents. The incident (when Rizal was ten)
stemmed from an accusation that Rizal's mother, Teodora, tried to poison the wife of a cousin, but
she said she was trying to help. With the approval of the Church prelates, and without a hearing, she
was ordered to prison in Santa Cruz in 1871. She was made to walk the ten miles (16 km) from
Calamba. She was released after two-and-a-half years of appeals to the highest court.[22] In 1887,
Rizal wrote a petition on behalf of the tenants of Calamba, and later that year led them to speak out
against the friars' attempts to raise rent. They initiated a litigation which resulted in the Dominicans'
evicting them from their homes, including the Rizal family. General Valeriano Weyler had the
buildings on the farm torn down.
Upon reading the article, Rizal sent a representative to challenge Retana to a duel. Retana
published a public apology and later became one of Rizal's biggest admirers, writing Rizal's most
important biography, Vida y Escritos del José Rizal.[36][note 9]

Return to Philippines (1892–96)

Exile in Dapitan

Bust of Padre Guerrico in clay, by Rizal.

Rizal's pencil sketch of Blumentritt.

Upon his return to Manila in 1892, he formed a civic movement called La Liga Filipina. The league
advocated these moderate social reforms through legal means, but was disbanded by the governor.
At that time, he had already been declared an enemy of the state by the Spanish authorities
because of the publication of his novel.
Rizal was implicated in the activities of the nascent rebellion and in July 1892, was deported
to Dapitan in the province of Zamboanga, a peninsula of Mindanao.[37] There he built a school, a
hospital and a water supply system, and taught and engaged in farming and horticulture.[38] Abaca,
then the vital raw material for cordage and which Rizal and his students planted in the thousands,
was a memorial.[citation needed]
The boys' school, which taught in Spanish, and included English as a foreign language (considered
a prescient if unusual option then) was conceived by Rizal and antedated Gordonstoun with its aims
of inculcating resourcefulness and self-sufficiency in young men.[39] They would later enjoy
successful lives as farmers and honest government officials.[40][41] [42]One, a Muslim, became a datu,
and another, José Aseniero, who was with Rizal throughout the life of the school, became Governor
of Zamboanga.[43][44]
In Dapitan, the Jesuits mounted a great effort to secure his return to the fold led by Fray Francisco
de Paula Sánchez, his former professor, who failed in his mission. The task was resumed by
Fray Pastells, a prominent member of the Order. In a letter to Pastells, Rizal sails close to
the deism familiar to us today.[45][46][47]
We are entirely in accord in admitting the existence of God. How can I doubt His when I am
convinced of mine. Who so recognizes the effect recognizes the cause. To doubt God is to doubt
one's own conscience, and in consequence, it would be to doubt everything; and then what is life
for? Now then, my faith in God, if the result of a ratiocination may be called faith, is blind, blind in the
sense of knowing nothing. I neither believe nor disbelieve the qualities which many attribute to Him;
before theologians' and philosophers' definitions and lucubrations of this ineffable and inscrutable
being I find myself smiling. Faced with the conviction of seeing myself confronting the supreme
Problem, which confused voices seek to explain to me, I cannot but reply: ‘It could be’; but the God
that I foreknow is far more grand, far more good: Plus Supra!...I believe in (revelation); but not in
revelation or revelations which each religion or religions claim to possess. Examining them
impartially, comparing them and scrutinizing them, one cannot avoid discerning the human
'fingernail' and the stamp of the time in which they were written... No, let us not make God in our
image, poor inhabitants that we are of a distant planet lost in infinite space. However, brilliant and
sublime our intelligence may be, it is scarcely more than a small spark which shines and in an
instant is extinguished, and it alone can give us no idea of that blaze, that conflagration, that ocean
of light. I believe in revelation, but in that living revelation which surrounds us on every side, in that
voice, mighty, eternal, unceasing, incorruptible, clear, distinct, universal as is the being from whom it
proceeds, in that revelation which speaks to us and penetrates us from the moment we are born until
we die. What books can better reveal to us the goodness of God, His love, His providence, His
eternity, His glory, His wisdom? ‘The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth
his handiwork.[48]

His best friend, professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, kept him in touch with European friends and fellow-
scientists who wrote a stream of letters which arrived in Dutch, French, German and English and
which baffled the censors, delaying their transmittal. Those four years of his exile coincided with the
development of the Philippine Revolution from inception and to its final breakout, which, from the
viewpoint of the court which was to try him, suggested his complicity in it.[23] He condemned the
uprising, although all the members of the Katipunan had made him their honorary president and had
used his name as a cry for war, unity, and liberty.[49]
He is known to making the resolution of bearing personal sacrifice instead of the incoming
revolution, believing that a peaceful stand is the best way to avoid further suffering in the country
and loss of Filipino lives. In Rizal's own words, "I consider myself happy for being able to suffer a
little for a cause which I believe to be sacred [...]. I believe further that in any undertaking, the more
one suffers for it, the surer its success. If this be fanaticism may God pardon me, but my poor
judgment does not see it as such."[50]
In Dapitan, Rizal wrote "Haec Est Sibylla Cumana", a parlor-game for his students, with questions
and answers for which a wooden top was used. In 2004, Jean Paul Verstraeten traced this book and
the wooden top, as well as Rizal's personal watch, spoon and salter.

Arrest and trial

By 1896, the rebellion fomented by the Katipunan, a militant secret society, had become a full-blown
revolution, proving to be a nationwide uprising.[51] Rizal had earlier volunteered his services as a
doctor in Cuba and was given leave by Governor-General Ramón Blanco to serve in Cuba to
minister to victims of yellow fever. Rizal and Josephine left Dapitan on August 1, 1896, with letter of
recommendation from Blanco.
Rizal was arrested en route to Cuba via Spain and was imprisoned in Barcelona on October 6, 1896.
He was sent back the same day to Manila to stand trial as he was implicated in the revolution
through his association with members of the Katipunan. During the entire passage, he was
unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on him, and had many opportunities to escape but refused to do
so.
While imprisoned in Fort Santiago, he issued a manifesto disavowing the current revolution in its
present state and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their achievement of a national
identity were prerequisites to freedom.
Rizal was tried before a court-martial for rebellion, sedition and conspiracy, and was convicted on all
three charges and sentenced to death. Blanco, who was sympathetic to Rizal, had been forced out
of office. The friars, led by then-Archbishop of Manila Bernardino Nozaleda had 'intercalated' Camilo
de Polavieja in his stead as the new Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines after pressuring
Queen-Regent Maria Cristina of Spain, thus sealing Rizal's fate.

Execution
A photographic record of Rizal's execution in what was then Bagumbayan.

Moments before his execution on December 30, 1896 by a squad of Filipino soldiers of the Spanish
Army, a backup force of regular Spanish Army troops stood ready to shoot the executioners should
they fail to obey orders.[52] The Spanish Army Surgeon General requested to take his pulse: it was
normal. Aware of this the sergeant commanding the backup force hushed his men to silence when
they began raising "vivas" with the highly partisan crowd of Peninsular and Mestizo Spaniards.
His last words were those of Jesus Christ: "consummatum est", – it is finished.[19][53][note 10]
He was secretly buried in Pacò Cemetery in Manila with no identification on his grave. His sister
Narcisa toured all possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the cemetery with guards
posted at the gate. Assuming this could be the most likely spot, there never having been any ground
burials, she made a gift to the caretaker to mark the site "RPJ", Rizal's initials in reverse.
His undated poem Mi último adiós, believed to have been written a few days before his execution,
was hidden in an alcohol stove, which was later handed to his family with his few remaining
possessions, including the final letters and his last bequests.[54]:91 During their visit, Rizal reminded his
sisters in English, "There is something inside it", referring to the alcohol stove given by the Pardo de
Taveras which was to be returned after his execution, thereby emphasizing the importance of the
poem. This instruction was followed by another, "Look in my shoes", in which another item was
secreted. Exhumation of his remains in August 1898, under American rule, revealed he had been
uncoffined, his burial not on sanctified ground granted the 'confessed' faithful, and whatever was in
his shoes had disintegrated. And now he is buried in Rizal Monument in Manila.[22]
In his letter to his family he wrote: "Treat our aged parents as you would wish to be treated...Love
them greatly in memory of me...December 30, 1896."[23] He gave his family instructions for his burial:
"Bury me in the ground. Place a stone and a cross over it. My name, the date of my birth and of my
death. Nothing more. If later you wish to surround my grave with a fence, you can do it. No
anniversaries."[55]
In his final letter, to Blumentritt – Tomorrow at 7, I shall be shot; but I am innocent of the crime of
rebellion. I am going to die with a tranquil conscience.[23] Rizal is believed to be the first Filipino
revolutionary whose death is attributed entirely to his work as a writer; and through dissent and civil
disobedience enabled him to successfully destroy Spain's moral primacy to rule. He also
bequeathed a book personally bound by him in Dapitan to his 'best and dearest friend.' When
Blumentritt received it in his hometown Litoměřice (Leitmeritz), he broke down and wept.

Works and writings

Rizal wrote mostly in Spanish, the lingua franca of the Spanish Philippines, though some of his
letters (for example Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos) were written in Tagalog. His works have
since been translated into a number of languages including Tagalog and English.
Novels and essays
 Noli Me Tángere, novel, 1887 (literally Latin for 'touch me not', from John 20:17)[56]
 El Filibusterismo, (novel, 1891), sequel to Noli Me Tángere
 Alin Mang Lahi ("Whate'er the Race"), a Kundiman attributed to Dr. José Rizal[57]
 The Friars and the Filipinos (Unfinished)
 Toast to Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo (Speech, 1884), given at Restaurante Ingles, Madrid
 The Diaries of José Rizal
 Rizal's Letters is a compendium of Dr. Jose Rizal's letters to his family members, Blumentritt, Fr.
Pablo Pastells and other reformers
 "Come se gobiernan las Filipinas" (Governing the Philippine islands)
 Filipinas dentro de cien años essay, 1889–90 (The Philippines a Century Hence)
 La Indolencia de los Filipinos, essay, 1890 (The indolence of Filipinos)[58]
 Makamisa unfinished novel
 Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos, essay, 1889, To the Young Women of Malolos
 Annotations to Antonio de Moragas, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (essay, 1889, Events in the
Philippine Islands)

The Triumph of Science over Death, by Rizal.

Poetry
 A La Juventud Filipina (To The Philippine Youth)
 El Canto Del Viajero
 Briayle Crismarl
 Canto de María Clara
 Himno Al Trabajo (Dalit sa Paggawa)
 Felicitación
 Kundiman (Tagalog)
 Me Piden Versos
 Mi primera inspiracion
 Mi Retiro
 Mi Ultimo Adiós
 Por La Educación (Recibe Lustre La Patria)
 Sa Sanggol na si Jesus
 A Mi Musa (To My Muse)
 Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo
 A Man in Dapitan
Plays
 El Consejo de los Dioses (The council of Gods)
 Junto Al Pasig (Along the Pasig)[59]:381
 San Euistaquio, Mártyr (Saint Eustache, the martyr)[60]
Other works
Rizal also tried his hand at painting and sculpture. His most famous sculptural work was "The
Triumph of Science over Death", a clay sculpture of a naked young woman with overflowing hair,
standing on a skull while bearing a torch held high. The woman symbolized the ignorance of
humankind during the Dark Ages, while the torch she bore symbolized the enlightenment science
brings over the whole world. He sent the sculpture as a gift to his dear friend Ferdinand Blumentritt,
together with another one named "The Triumph of Death over Life".
The woman is shown trampling the skull, a symbol of death, to signify the victory the humankind
achieved by conquering the bane of death through their scientific advancements. The original
sculpture is now displayed at the Rizal Shrine Museum at Fort Santiago in Intramuros, Manila. A
large replica, made of concrete, stands in front of Fernando Calderón Hall, the building which
houses the College of Medicine of the University of the Philippines Manila along Pedro Gil Street in
Ermita, Manila.

Reactions after death

An engraving of the execution of Filipino insurgents at Bagumbayan (now Luneta).

Historical marker of José Rizal's execution site.

Retraction controversy
Several historians report that Rizal retracted his anti-Catholic ideas through a document which
stated: "I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings, publications and conduct have
been contrary to my character as a son of the Catholic Church."[note 11] However, there are doubts of
its authenticity given that there is no certificate[clarification needed] of Rizal's Catholic marriage to Josephine
Bracken.[61] Also there is an allegation that the retraction document was a forgery.[62]
After analyzing six major documents of Rizal, Ricardo Pascual concluded that the retraction
document, said to have been discovered in 1935, was not in Rizal's handwriting. Senator Rafael
Palma, a former President of the University of the Philippines and a prominent Mason, argued that a
retraction is not in keeping with Rizal's character and mature beliefs.[63] He called the retraction story
a "pious fraud."[64] Others who deny the retraction are Frank Laubach,[19] a Protestant minister; Austin
Coates,[30] a British writer; and Ricardo Manapat, director of the National Archives.[65]
Those who affirm the authenticity of Rizal's retraction are prominent Philippine historians such
as Nick Joaquin,[note 12] Nicolas Zafra of UP[66] León María Guerrero III,[note 13] Gregorio
Zaide,[68] Guillermo Gómez Rivera, Ambeth Ocampo,[65] John Schumacher,[69] Antonio Molina,[70] Paul
Dumol[71] and Austin Craig.[22] They take the retraction document as authentic, having been judged as
such by a foremost expert on the writings of Rizal, Teodoro Kalaw (a 33rd degree Mason) and
"handwriting experts...known and recognized in our courts of justice", H. Otley Beyer and Dr. José I.
Del Rosario, both of UP.[66]
Historians also refer to 11 eyewitnesses when Rizal wrote his retraction, signed a Catholic prayer
book, and recited Catholic prayers, and the multitude who saw him kiss the crucifix before his
execution. A great grand nephew of Rizal, Fr. Marciano Guzman, cites that Rizal's
4 confessions were certified by 5 eyewitnesses, 10 qualified witnesses, 7 newspapers, and 12
historians and writers including Aglipayan bishops, Masons and anti-clericals.[72] One witness was the
head of the Spanish Supreme Court at the time of his notarized declaration and was highly
esteemed by Rizal for his integrity.[73]
Because of what he sees as the strength these direct evidence have in the light of the historical
method, in contrast with merely circumstantial evidence, UP professor emeritus of history Nicolas
Zafra called the retraction "a plain unadorned fact of history."[66] Guzmán attributes the denial of
retraction to "the blatant disbelief and stubbornness" of some Masons.[72] To explain the retraction
Guzman said that the factors are the long discussion and debate which appealed to reason and logic
that he had with Fr. Balaguer, the visits of his mentors and friends from the Ateneo, and the grace of
God due the numerous prayers of religious communities.[72]
Supporters see in the retraction Rizal's "moral courage...to recognize his mistakes,"[68][note
14]
his reversion to the "true faith", and thus his "unfading glory,"[73] and a return to the "ideals of his
fathers" which "did not diminish his stature as a great patriot; on the contrary, it increased that
stature to greatness."[76] On the other hand, senator Jose Diokno stated, "Surely whether Rizal died
as a Catholic or an apostate adds or detracts nothing from his greatness as a Filipino... Catholic or
Mason, Rizal is still Rizal – the hero who courted death 'to prove to those who deny our patriotism
that we know how to die for our duty and our beliefs'."[77]

"Mi último adiós"

Main article: Mi último adiós
The poem is more aptly titled, "Adiós, Patria Adorada" (literally "Farewell, Beloved Fatherland"), by
virtue of logic and literary tradition, the words coming from the first line of the poem itself. It first
appeared in print not in Manila but in Hong Kong in 1897, when a copy of the poem and an
accompanying photograph came to J. P. Braga who decided to publish it in a monthly journal he
edited. There was a delay when Braga, who greatly admired Rizal, wanted a good facsimile of the
photograph and sent it to be engraved in London, a process taking well over two months. It finally
appeared under 'Mi último pensamiento,' a title he supplied and by which it was known for a few
years. Thus, the Jesuit Balaguer's anonymous account of the retraction and the marriage to
Josephine was published in Barcelona before word of the poem's existence had reached him and he
could revise what he had written. His account was too elaborate for Rizal to have had time to write
"Adiós."
Six years after his death, when the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 was being debated in the United
States Congress, Representative Henry Cooper of Wisconsin rendered an English translation of
Rizal's valedictory poem capped by the peroration, "Under what clime or what skies has tyranny
claimed a nobler victim?"[78] Subsequently, the US Congress passed the bill into law, which is now
known as the Philippine Organic Act of 1902.[79]
This was a major breakthrough for a U.S. Congress that had yet to grant the equal rights to African
Americans guaranteed to them in the U.S. Constitution and at a time the Chinese Exclusion Act was
still in effect. It created the Philippine legislature, appointed two Filipino delegates to the U.S.
Congress, extended the U.S. Bill of Rights to Filipinos and laid the foundation for an autonomous
government. The colony was on its way to independence.[79] The Americans, however, would not
sign the bill into law until 1916 and did not recognize Philippine independence until the Treaty of
Manila in 1946—fifty years after Rizal's death. This same poem, which has inspired independence
activists across the region and beyond, was recited (in its Indonesian translation by Rosihan Anwar)
by Indonesian soldiers of independence before going into battle.[80]

Later life of Bracken

Josephine Bracken, whom Rizal addressed as his wife on his last day,[81] promptly joined
the revolutionary forces in Cavite province, making her way through thicket and mud across enemy
lines, and helped reloading spent cartridges at the arsenal in Imus under the revolutionary General
Pantaleón García. Imus came under threat of recapture that the operation was moved, with Bracken,
to Maragondon, the mountain redoubt in Cavite.[82]
She witnessed the Tejeros Convention prior to returning to Manila and was summoned by
the Governor-General, but owing to her stepfather's American citizenship she could not be forcibly
deported. She left voluntarily returning to Hong Kong. She later married another Filipino, Vicente
Abad, a mestizo acting as agent for the Tabacalera firm in the Philippines. She died
of tuberculosis in Hong Kong in March 15, 1902, and was buried at the Happy Valley
Cemetery.[82] She was immortalized by Rizal in the last stanza of Mi Ultimo Adios: "Farewell, sweet
stranger, my friend, my joy...".

Polavieja and Blanco

Polavieja faced condemnation by his countrymen after his return to Spain. While visiting Girona,
in Catalonia, circulars were distributed among the crowd bearing Rizal's last verses, his portrait, and
the charge that Polavieja was responsible for the loss of the Philippines to Spain.[83] Ramon Blanco
later presented his sash and sword to the Rizal family as an apology.[citation needed]

Criticism and controversies

Attempts to debunk legends surrounding Rizal, and the tug of war between free thinker and Catholic,
have kept his legacy controversial.
Rizal Shrine in Calamba City, Laguna, the ancestral house and birthplace of José Rizal, is now a museum
housing Rizal memorabilia.

José Rizal's original grave at Paco Park in Manila. Slightly renovated and date repainted in English.

National hero status

The confusion over Rizal's real stance on the Philippine Revolution leads to the sometimes bitter
question of his ranking as the nation's premier hero.[84][85] But then again, according to the National
Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) Section Chief Teodoro Atienza, and Filipino
historian Ambeth Ocampo, there is no Filipino historical figure, including Rizal, that was officially
declared as national hero through law or executive order.[86][87] Although, there were laws and
proclamations honoring Filipino heroes.
Made national hero by colonial Americans
Some[who?] suggest that Jose Rizal was made a legislated national hero by the American forces
occupying the Philippines. In 1901, the American Governor General William Howard Taft suggested
that the U.S. sponsored Philippine Commission name Rizal a national hero for Filipinos. Jose Rizal
was an ideal candidate, favourable to the American occupiers since he was dead, and non-violent, a
favourable quality which, if emulated by Filipinos, would not threaten the American rule or change
the status quo of the occupiers of the Philippine islands. Rizal did not advocate independence for the
Philippines either.[88] Subsequently, the US-sponsored commission passed Act No. 346 which set the
anniversary of Rizal’s death as a “day of observance.”[89]
Renato Constantino writes Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero" who was promoted as the
greatest Filipino hero during the American colonial period of the Philippines – after Aguinaldo lost the
Philippine–American War. The United States promoted Rizal, who represented peaceful political
advocacy (in fact, repudiation of violent means in general) instead of more radical figures whose
ideas could inspire resistance against American rule. Rizal was selected over Andrés Bonifacio who
was viewed "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was considered "unregenerate."[90]
Made national hero by Emilio Aguinaldo
On the other hand, numerous sources[91] quote that it was General Emilio Aguinaldo, and not the
second Philippine Commission, who first recognized December 30 as "national day of mourning in
memory of Rizal and other victims of Spanish tyranny. As per them, the first celebration of Rizal Day
was held in Manila on December 30, 1898, under the sponsorship of the Club Filipino.[92]
The veracity of both claims seems to be justified and hence difficult to ascertain. However, most
historians agree that a majority of Filipinos were unaware of Rizal during his lifetime,[93] as he was a
member of the richer elite classes (he was born in an affluent family, had lived abroad for nearly as
long as he had lived in the Philippines) and wrote primarily in an elite language (at that
time, Tagalog and Cebuano were the languages of the masses) about ideals as lofty as freedom
(the masses were more concerned about day to day issues like earning money and making a living,
something which has not changed much today).[94]
Teodoro Agoncillo opines that the Philippine national hero, unlike those of other countries, is not "the
leader of its liberation forces". He gives the opinion that Andrés Bonifacio not replace Rizal as
national hero, like some have suggested, but that be honored alongside him.[95]
Constantino's analysis has been criticised for its polemicism and inaccuracies regarding Rizal.[96] The
historian Rafael Palma, contends that the revolution of Bonifacio is a consequence wrought by the
writings of Rizal and that although the Bonifacio's revolver produced an immediate outcome, the pen
of Rizal generated a more lasting achievement.[97]

Critiques of books
Others present him as a man of contradictions. Miguel de Unamuno in "Rizal: the Tagalog Hamlet",
said of him, “a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down desires it. He pivots between fear
and hope, between faith and despair.”[98] His critics assert this character flaw is translated into his two
novels where he opposes violence in Noli and appears to advocate it in Fili, contrasting Ibarra's
idealism to Simoun's cynicism. His defenders insist this ambivalence is trounced when Simoun is
struck down in the sequel's final chapters, reaffirming the author's resolute stance, Pure and
spotless must the victim be if the sacrifice is to be acceptable.[99]
Many thinkers tend to find the characters of María Clara and Ibarra (Noli Me Tángere) poor role
models, María Clara being too frail, and young Ibarra being too accepting of circumstances, rather
than being courageous and bold.[100]
In El Filibusterismo, Rizal had Father Florentino say: “...our liberty will (not) be secured at the
sword's point...we must secure it by making ourselves worthy of it. And when a people reaches that
height God will provide a weapon, the idols will be shattered, tyranny will crumble like a house of
cards and liberty will shine out like the first dawn.”[99] Rizal's attitude to the Philippine Revolution is
also debated, not only based on his own writings, but also due to the varying eyewitness accounts
of Pío Valenzuela, a doctor who in 1895 had consulted Rizal in Dapitan on behalf of Bonifacio and
the Katipunan.

Role in the Philippine revolution

Upon the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in 1896, Valenzuela surrendered to the Spanish
authorities and testified in military court that Rizal had strongly condemned an armed struggle for
independence when Valenzuela asked for his support. Rizal had even refused him entry to his
house. Bonifacio, in turn, had openly denounced him as a coward for his refusal.[note 15]
But years later, Valenzuela testified that Rizal had been favorable to an uprising as long as the
Filipinos were well-prepared, and well-supplied with arms. Rizal had suggested that
the Katipunan get wealthy and influential Filipino members of society on their side, or at least ensure
they would stay neutral. Rizal had even suggested his friend Antonio Luna to lead the revolutionary
forces since he had studied military science.[note 16] In the event that the Katipunan was discovered
prematurely, they should fight rather than allow themselves to be killed. Valenzuela said to
historian Teodoro Agoncillo that he had lied to the Spanish military authorities about Rizal's true
stance toward a revolution in an attempt to exculpate him.[101]
Before his execution, Rizal wrote a proclamation denouncing the revolution. But as noted by
historian Floro Quibuyen, his final poem Mi ultimo adios contains a stanza which equates his coming
execution and the rebels then dying in battle as fundamentally the same, as both are dying for their
country.[102]

Legacy and remembrance

Rizal was a contemporary of Gandhi, Tagore and Sun Yat Sen who also advocated liberty through
peaceful means rather than by violent revolution. Coinciding with the appearance of those other
leaders, Rizal from an early age had been enunciating in poems, tracts and plays, ideas all his own
of modern nationhood as a practical possibility in Asia. In the Noli he stated that if European
civilization had nothing better to offer, colonialism in Asia was doomed.[note 17]

Government poster from the 1950s

Though popularly mentioned, especially on blogs, there is no evidence to suggest that Gandhi or
Nehru may have corresponded with Rizal, neither have they mentioned him in any of their memoirs
or letters. But it was documented by Rizal's biographer, Austin Coates who interviewed Jawaharlal
Nehru and Gandhi that Rizal was mentioned, specifically in Nehru's prison letters to his daughter
Indira.[103][104]
As a political figure, José Rizal was the founder of La Liga Filipina, a civic organization that
subsequently gave birth to the Katipunan led by Andrés Bonifacio,[note 18], a secret society which would
start the Philippine Revolution against Spain that eventually laid the foundation of the First Philippine
Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo. He was a proponent of achieving Philippine self-government
peacefully through institutional reform rather than through violent revolution, and would only support
"violent means" as a last resort.[106] Rizal believed that the only justification for national liberation and
self-government was the restoration of the dignity of the people,[note 19] saying "Why independence, if
the slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow?"[107] However, through careful examination of his
works and statements, including Mi Ultimo Adios, Rizal reveals himself as a revolutionary. His image
as the Tagalog Christ also intensified early reverence to him.
Rizal, through his reading of Morga and other western historians, knew of the genial image of
Spain's early relations with his people.[108] In his writings, he showed the disparity between the early
colonialists and those of his day, with the latter's injustices giving rise to Gomburza and the
Philippine Revolution of 1896. The English biographer, Austin Coates, and writer, Benedict
Anderson, believe that Rizal gave the Philippine revolution a genuinely national character; and that
Rizal's patriotism and his standing as one of Asia's first intellectuals have inspired others of the
importance of a national identity to nation-building.[30][note 20]
The Belgian researcher Jean Paul "JP" Verstraeten authored several books about Jose Rizal: Rizal
in Belgium and France, Jose Rizal's Europe, Growing up like Rizal (published by the National
Historical Institute and in teacher's programs all over the Philippines), Reminiscences and Travels of
Jose Rizal and Jose Rizal "Pearl of Unselfishness". He received an award from the president of the
Philippines "in recognition of his unwavering support and commitment to promote the health and
education of disadvantaged Filipinos, and his invaluable contribution to engender the teachings and
ideals of Dr. Jose Rizal in the Philippines and in Europe". One of the greatest researchers about
Rizal nowadays is Lucien Spittael.
Several titles were bestowed on him: "the First Filipino", "Greatest Man of the Brown Race", among
others. The Order of the Knights of Rizal, a civic and patriotic organization, boasts of dozens of
chapters all over the globe.[110][111] There are some remote-area religious sects who venerate Rizal as
a Folk saint collectively known as the Rizalista religious movements, who claim him as a sublimation
of Christ.[112] In September 1903, he was canonised as a saint in the Iglesia Filipina Independiente,
however it was revoked in the 1950s.[113]

Species named after Rizal

José Rizal was imprisoned at Fort Santiago and soon after he was banished at Dapitan where he
plunged himself into studying of nature. He then able to collect a number of species of various
classes: insects, butterflies, amphibians, reptiles, shells, snakes and plants.
Rizal sent many specimens of animals, insects, and plants for identification to the (Anthropological
and Ethnographical Museum of Dresden[114]), Dresden Museum of Ethnology. It was not in his
interest to receive any monetary payment; all he wanted were scientific books, magazines
and surgical instruments which he needed and used in Dapitan.
During his exile, Rizal also secretly sent several specimens of flying dragons to Europe. He believed
that they were a new species. The German zoologist Benno Wandolleck named them Draco
rizali after Rizal. However, it has since been discovered that the species had already been described
by the Belgian-British zoologist George Albert Boulenger in 1885 as Draco guentheri.[115]
There are three species named after Rizal:

 Draco rizali – a small lizard, known as a flying dragon

 Apogania rizali – a very rare kind of beetle with five horns
 Rhacophorus rizali – a peculiar frog species. Rhacophorus rizali[116]
Historical commemoration
 Although his field of action lay in politics, Rizal's real interests lay in the arts and sciences, in
literature and in his profession as an ophthalmologist. Shortly after his death, the
Anthropological Society of Berlin met to honor him with a reading of a German translation of his
farewell poem and Dr. Rudolf Virchow delivering the eulogy.[117]
 The Rizal Monument now stands near the place where he fell at the Luneta in Bagumbayan,
which is now called Rizal Park, a national park in Manila. The monument, which also contains
his remains, was designed by the Swiss Richard Kissling of the William Tell sculpture in Altdorf,
Uri.[note 21] The monument carries the inscription: "I want to show to those who deprive people the
right to love of country, that when we know how to sacrifice ourselves for our duties and
convictions, death does not matter if one dies for those one loves – for his country and for others
dear to him."[23]
 The Taft Commission in June 1901 approved Act 137 renaming the District of Morong into the
Province of Rizal. Today, the wide acceptance of Rizal is evidenced by the countless towns,
streets, and numerous parks in the Philippines named in his honor.

Close-up image of Rizal's statue at the Rizal Monument in Manila.

the whole Rizal Monument in Manila

 

Second Tallest José Rizal statue in the world. Located at Calamba, Laguna, Rizal's hometown. It was
inaugurated on 2011, synchronous on the 150th Birth Celebration of the hero.

Rizal on the obverse side of a 1970 Philippine peso coin

The Rizal Park at the Bulacan State University

 

The Portrait of Rizal, painted in oil by Juan Luna

 Republic Act 1425, known as the Rizal Law, was passed in 1956 by the Philippine legislature
requiring all high school and colleges to offer courses about his life, works and writings.
 Monuments erected in his honor can be found in Madrid;[119] Tokyo;[120] Wilhelmsfeld,
Germany; Jinjiang, Fujian, China;[121] Chicago;[122] Jersey City; Cherry Hill Township, New
Jersey; Honolulu;[123] San Diego;[124] Los Angeles including the suburbs Carson and West Covina
(both near Seafood City, Mexico City, Mexico;[125] Lima, Peru;[126] Litomerice, Czech
Republic;[127] Toronto;[citation needed]Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[citation needed]
 A two-sided marker bearing a painting of Rizal by Fabián de la Rosa on one side and a bronze
bust relief of him by Philippine artist Guillermo Tolentino stands at the Asian Civilisations
Museum Green marking his visits to Singapore in 1882, 1887, 1891 and 1896.[128]
 A Rizal bronze bust was erected at La Molina district, Lima, Peru, designed by Czech sculptor
Hanstroff, mounted atop a pedestal base with four inaugural plaque markers with the following
inscription on one: "Dr. José P. Rizal, Héroe Nacional de Filipinas, Nacionalista, Reformador
Political, Escritor, Lingüistica y Poeta, 1861–1896."[129][130]
 A Rizal bust sits in front of the Filipino American Council of Chicago, celebrating a one-day visit
Dr. Rizal made to Chicago on May 11, 1888, as seen below.

The USS Rizal (DD-174) launched in 1918

 

The statue of Rizal at the Rizal Park in Wilhelmsfeld, Germany

The National Historical Institute logo for the 150th Birth Anniversary of José Rizal

The Hong Kong Government erected a plaque beside Dr. José Rizal's residence in Hong Kong

 A plaque marks the Heidelberg building where he trained with Professor Becker while in
Wilhemsfeld. There is a small Rizal Park in that city where a bronze statue of Rizal stands. The
street where he lived was also renamed after him. A sandstone fountain in Pastor Ullmer's
house garden where Rizal lived in Wilhelmsfeld, was given to the Philippine government and is
now located at Rizal Park in Manila.[131]
 Throughout 2011, the National Historical Institute and other institutions organized several
activities commemorating the 150th birth anniversary of Rizal, which took place on June 19 of
that year.
 The London Borough of Camden placed a Blue Plaque at 37 Chalcot Crescent, where Rizal
lived for some time, with the words: "Dr. José Rizal, Writer and National Hero of the Philippines".
 A monument in honor of Rizal was planned[clarification needed] in Rome.[132]
 In the City of Philadelphia, the 'City of Murals' first Filipino mural in the US east coast honoring
José Rizal was to be unveiled[clarification needed] to the public in time for Rizal's Sesquicentennial year-
long celebration.[133]
 A street in Chanakyapuri, the Diplomatic Enclave of New Delhi, India, is named Dr. Jose P. Rizal
Marg[citation needed]
 The Grand Oriental Hotel in Colombo, Sri Lanka has a suite named after Jose P. Rizal as he
had stayed there in May 1882.[citation needed]
 Nearly every town and city in the Philippines contains a street named after Rizal (Rizal street
and Rizal Avenue)[citation needed]
 At least ten towns / cities in the Philippines are named "Rizal" (for example: Rizal –
Cagayan)[citation needed]
 A road in the Chanakyapuri area of New Delhi (India) is named Dr. Jose P Rizal Marg[citation needed]
 A road in Medan, Indonesia is named Jalan Jose Rizal after him[citation needed]
 The USS Rizal (DD-174) was a Wickes-class destroyer named after Rizal by the United States
Navy and launched on September 21, 1918.
 The José Rizal Bridge and Rizal Park in the city of Seattle are dedicated to Rizal.[134]
 On 19 June 2019, on Rizal’s 158th birthday, he was honored with a Google Doodle.[135]

Rizal in popular culture

Adaptation of his works
The cinematic depiction of Rizal's literary works won two film industry awards more than a century
after his birth. In the 10th FAMAS Awards, he was honored in the Best Story category for Gerardo
de León's adaptation of his book Noli Me Tángere. The recognition was repeated the following year
with his movie version of El Filibusterismo, making him the only person to win back-to-back FAMAS
Awards posthumously.[citation needed]
Both novels were translated into opera by the composer-librettist Felipe Padilla de León: Noli me
tangere in 1957 and El filibusterismo in 1970; and his 1939 overture, Mariang Makiling, was inspired
by Rizal's tale of the same name.[136]
Ang Luha at Lualhati ni Jeronima is inspired by the third chapter of Dr. Jose Rizal's El Filibusterismo
in which Padre Florentino tells the story of a young woman who fell in love with a student who, after
years of waiting, becomes the Archbishop of Manila. Additional characters were added to the story
for artistic purposes in giving light to the life of Jeronima who, by unexpected twist of fate, casts a
curse upon the lonely river that gave her happiness and sorrow.[137]

Biographical films/TV series

 Portrayed by Eddie del Mar in the 1956 film, Ang Buhay at Pag-ibig ni Dr. Jose Rizal
 Portrayed by Albert Martinez in the 1997 film, Rizal sa Dapitan.
 Portrayed by Dominic Guinto and Cesar Montano in the 1998 film, José Rizal.
 Portrayed by Joel Torre in the 1999 film, Bayaning 3rd World.
 Portrayed by Nasser in the 2013 TV series, Katipunan.
 Portrayed by Jhiz Deocareza and Alden Richards in the 2014 TV series, Ilustrado.
 Portrayed by Jericho Rosales in the 2014 film, Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo.
 Portrayed by Tony Labrusca in the 2019 iWant original series, Ang Babae sa Septic Tank 3: The
Untold Story of Josephine Bracken
Other
 Rizal appeared in the 1999 video game Medal of Honor as a secret character in multiplayer,
alongside other historical figures such as William Shakespeare and Winston Churchill. He can
be unlocked by completing the single-player mode, or through cheat codes.[138][139]
 The Tekken series introduced a character by the name of Josie Rizal in acknowledgement of
José Rizal.

Dr. José Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, is not only admired for possessing
intellectual brilliance but also for taking a stand and resisting the Spanish colonial
government. While his death sparked a revolution to overthrow the tyranny, Rizal
will always be remembered for his compassion towards the Filipino people and the
country.

Humble beginnings

José Protasio Rizal Mercado Y Alonso Realonda was born on June 19, 1861 to
Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo in the town of Calamba in the province of
Laguna. He had nine sisters and one brother. At the early age of three, the future
political leader had already learned the English alphabet. And, by the age of five, José
could already read and write.

Upon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila (now referred to as Ateneo De Manila
University), he dropped the last three names in his full name, after his brother’s advice –
hence, being known as José Protasio Rizal. His performance in school was outstanding
– winning various poetry contests, impressing his professors with his familiarity of
Castilian and other foreign languages, and crafting literary essays that were critical of
the Spanish historical accounts of pre-colonial Philippine societies.

A man with multiple professions

While he originally obtained a land surveyor and assessor’s degree in Ateneo, Rizal
also took up a preparatory course on law at the University of Santo Tomas (UST). But
when he learned that his mother was going blind, he decided to switch to medicine
school in UST and later on specialized in ophthalmology. In May 1882, he decided to
travel to Madrid in Spain, and earned his Licentiate in Medicine at the Universidad
Central de Madrid.

Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines © walterericsy / Shutterstock

Apart from being known as an expert in the field of medicine, a poet, and an
essayist, Rizal exhibited other amazing talents. He knew how to paint, sketch,
and make sculptures. Because he lived in Europe for about 10 years, he also
became a polyglot – conversant in 22 languages. Aside from poetry and
creative writing, Rizal had varying degrees of expertise in architecture,
sociology, anthropology, fencing, martial arts, and economics to name a few.

His novels awakened Philippine nationalism

Rizal had been very vocal against the Spanish government, but in a peaceful
and progressive manner. For him, “the pen was mightier than the sword.” And
through his writings, he exposed the corruption and wrongdoings of
government officials as well as the Spanish friars.

Rizal's novels © Sky Harbor / Wikimedia Commons

While in Barcelona, Rizal contributed essays, poems, allegories, and editorials
to the Spanish newspaper, La Solidaridad. Most of his writings, both in his
essays and editorials, centered on individual rights and freedom, specifically
for the Filipino people. As part of his reforms, he even called for the inclusion
of the Philippines to become a province of Spain.

But, among his best works, two novels stood out from the rest – Noli Me
Tángere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo (The Reign of the Greed).

In both novels, Rizal harshly criticized the Spanish colonial rule in the country
and exposed the ills of Philippine society at the time. And because he wrote
about the injustices and brutalities of the Spaniards in the country, the
authorities banned Filipinos from reading the controversial books. Yet they
were not able to ban it completely. As more Filipinos read the books, their
eyes opened to the truth that they were suffering unspeakable abuses at the
hands of the friars. These two novels by Rizal, now considered his literary
masterpieces, are said to have indirectly sparked the Philippine Revolution.

Rizal’s unfateful days

Upon his return to the Philippines, Rizal formed a progressive organization
called the La Liga Filipina. This civic movement advocated social reforms
through legal means. Now Rizal was considered even more of a threat by the
Spanish authorities (alongside his novels and essays), which ultimately led to
his exile in Dapitan in northern Mindanao.

This however did not stop him from continuing his plans for reform. While in
Dapitan, Rizal built a school, hospital, and water system. He also taught
farming and worked on agricultural projects such as using abaca to make
ropes.

Rizal Shrine in Dapitan City © Iamjepoi / Wikimedia Commons

In 1896, Rizal was granted leave by then Governor-General Blanco, after

volunteering to travel to Cuba to serve as doctor to yellow fever victims. But at
that time, the Katipunan had a full-blown revolution and Rizal was accused of
being associated with the secret militant society. On his way to Cuba, he was
arrested in Barcelona and sent back to Manila to stand for trial before the
court martial. Rizal was charged with sedition, conspiracy, and rebellion – and
therefore, sentenced to death by firing squad.
Days before his execution, Rizal bid farewell to his motherland and
countrymen through one of his final letters, entitled Mi último adiós or My Last
Farewell. Dr. José Rizal was executed on the morning of December 30, 1896,
in what was then called Bagumbayan (now referred to as Luneta). Upon
hearing the command to shoot him, he faced the squad and uttered in his final
breath: “Consummatum est” (It is finished). According to historical accounts,
only one bullet ended the life of the Filipino martyr and hero.

His legacy lives on

After his death, the Philippine Revolution continued until 1898. And with the
assistance of the United States, the Philippines declared its independence
from Spain on June 12, 1898. This was the time that the Philippine flag was
waved at General Emilio Aguinaldo’s residence in Kawit, Cavite.

Monument in memory of Jose Rizal at Rizal Park © ARTYOORAN / Shutterstock

Today, Dr. Rizal’s brilliance, compassion, courage, and patriotism are greatly
remembered and recognized by the Filipino people. His two novels are
continuously being analyzed by students and professionals.
Colleges and universities in the Philippines even require their students to take
a subject which centers around the life and works of Rizal. Every year, the
Filipinos celebrate Rizal Day – December 30 each year – to commemorate his
life and works. Filipinos look back at how his founding of La Liga Filipina and
his two novels had an effect on the early beginnings of the Philippine
Revolution. The people also recognize his advocacy to achieve liberty through
peaceful means rather than violent revolution.

Jose P. Rizal Bridge in Seattle © Joe Mabel / Wikimedia Commons

In honor of Rizal, memorials and statues of the national hero can be found not
only within the Philippines, but in selected cities around the world. A road in
the Chanakyapuri area of New Delhi (India) and in Medan, Indonesia is
named after him. The José Rizal Bridge and Rizal Park in the city of Seattle
are also dedicated to the late hero.

Within the Philippines, there are streets, towns/cities, a university (Rizal

University), and a province named after him. Three species have also been
named after Rizal – the Draco rizali (a small lizard, known as a flying
dragon), Apogania rizali (a very rare kind of beetle with five horns) and
the Rhacophorus rizali (a peculiar frog species).

To commemorate what he did for the country, the Philippines built a memorial
park for him – now referred to as Rizal Park, found in Manila. There lies a
monument which contains a standing bronze sculpture of Rizal, an obelisk,
and a stone base said to contain his remains. The monument stands near the
place where he fell during his execution in Luneta.

In Calamba, Laguna
19 June 1861
JOSE RIZAL, the seventh child of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonso y Quintos, was born in Calamba, Laguna.

22 June 1861
He was baptized JOSE RIZAL MERCADO at the Catholic of Calamba by the parish priest Rev. Rufino Collantes with Rev.
Pedro Casañas as the sponsor.

28 September 1862
The parochial church of Calamba and the canonical books, including the book in which Rizal’s baptismal records were
entered, were burned.

1864
Barely three years old, Rizal learned the alphabet from his mother.

1865
When he was four years old, his sister Conception, the eight child in the Rizal family, died at the age of three. It was on
this occasion that Rizal remembered having shed real tears for the first time.

1865 – 1867
During this time his mother taught him how to read and write. His father hired a classmate by the name of Leon Monroy
who, for five months until his (Monroy) death, taught Rizal the rudiments of Latin.

At about this time two of his mother’s cousin frequented Calamba. Uncle Manuel Alberto, seeing Rizal frail in body,
concerned himself with the physical development of his young nephew and taught the latter love for the open air and
developed in him a great admiration for the beauty of nature, while Uncle Gregorio, a scholar, instilled into the mind of the
boy love for education. He advised Rizal: "Work hard and perform every task very carefully; learn to be swift as well as
thorough; be independent in thinking and make visual pictures of everything."

6 June 1868
With his father, Rizal made a pilgrimage to Antipolo to fulfill the vow made by his mother to take the child to the Shrine of
the Virgin of Antipolo should she and her child survive the ordeal of delivery which nearly caused his mother’s life.

From there they proceeded to Manila and visited his sister Saturnina who was at the time studying in the La Concordia
College in Sta. Ana.

1869
At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first poem entitled "Sa Aking Mga Kabata." The poem was written in tagalog and had
for its theme "Love of One’s Language."