CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

Tourism sector is one of the main important sectors of the economy.

Many countries take advantage of covering the budget deficit with the

help of profits coming from tourism. That is why tourism sometimes is

called a factory without chimney. But tourism has its own unique

features that differentiate this sector from the others. Like in the other

service industries, in tourism the customers, that is, the tourists come to

the destination where the tourism services are provided (Robbins, 2005)

As the matter of fact, it is difficult to think of tourism sector without

transportation. Transportation is the main mean to carry passengers, that

is, the tourists to the actual site where tourism services are performed.

The travel and tourism experience of tourists and the ideas about tourism

products start and end with transportation. The development of

transportation, transportation vehicles, infrastructure and using new

technologies in this sector speed up the development of tourism. If we

pay attention to the statistics of World Tourism Organization, we may see

that the tourism dynamics has changed and increased rapidly between

2005 to 2016.

The mode of transportation of tourism that affects people lives is the

railway transportation because we need to considered that this type of

1
transport is the oldest one and gives a new way of service. One of the hot

issues nowadays is the innovation of the railways especially the Manila

to Clark Railway. The passenger ’s, families, students and travelers

asking is the Manila and Bulacan is ready for this opportunity especially

Clark, Pampanga.

New railway project need to consider deliver smart solutions as

regards safety, security, punctuality, availability, accessibility, seamless

operation, capacity, connectivity, sustainability and other performances.

Listing all of these, there are still no study that clearly defines the

possible opportunities and challenges that can be brought about by the

construction of the Manila-Clark Railway.

Background of the Study

Transportation and property are important in physical and

economic development of towns and cities all over the world. Property

and land values tend to increase in areas with expanding transportation

networks, and increase less rapidly in areas without such improvements.

Rapid and continued rise in housing and land prices are expected in

cities with transportation improvements and rapid economic and

population growth (Goldberg, 2010).

Road networks are observed in terms of its components of

accessibility, connectivity, traffic density, level of service, compactness,

and density of particular roads. Level of service is a measure by which

2
the quality of service on transportation devices or infrastructure is

determined, and it is a holistic approach considering several factors

regarded as measures of traffic density and congestion rather than overall

speed of the journey (Mannering, Walter, and Scott, 2004).

Access to major roads provides relative advantages consequent

upon which commercial users locate to enjoy the advantages. Modern

businesses, industries, trades and general activities depend on transport

and transport infrastructure, with movement of goods and services from

place to place becoming vital and inseparable aspects of global and

urban economic survival. Developments of various transportation modes

have become pivotal to physical and economic developments. Such

modes include human porterage, railways, ropeways and cableways,

pipelines, inland waterways, sea, air, and roads (Said and Shah, 2008).

The railroad tourism industry development in each country has

dependency to three major factors: the passenger growth, track growth

and related railway fleet expansion. The statistical studies which had

been done show that the passenger railways demand will pass 307

million during next 15 years. Information about railway trips usually has

the number of tourist, naturally it is opportunity in country for having

railway for different purposes which one of them is for tourism. It is

necessary to note that usually the calculation of the trend of growth of

railroad travels in past, and anticipation of the number of travelers in the

future (2005) also occurs the number of tourist. Thus, with creation of

3
infrastructure for railroad routes and make the tourism areas accessible

and near to railroad routes will double the number of tourists. Attracting

20% of travelers who use their own cars in each country and also

attracting 50% of travelers who use buses, it is possible to attract at least

3.6 million of traveler toward using train. Assuming that in future many

tourist facilities in these will be created, and the rate of tourists to these

areas by train will be increased and reaches to 20% of total amount of

travelers. (Nejati, 2008)

Specific Details About the Manila-Clark Railway?

Statement of the Problem

Understanding the possible impact of the construction of the Manila-Clark

Railway is vital for all of the stakeholders of the project involved. This research can

therefore provide that. It is aimed at providing a guideline in optimizing possible

opportunities of the Manila- Clark Railway Project.

Specially, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. How will the Railway Project and Development help the tourism industry?

2. What are the perceived issues of the Railway Project?

3. What are the possible recommendations in addressing the issues for Manila-

Clark Railway Project and Development?

Objectives of the Study

4
 The accompanying explanation plot the objectives of the study important to the

issues raised beforehand:

o To determine the beneficial contribution of Railway Project and

Development in the tourism industry.

o To know the perceived issues of the Railway Project.

o To determine the possible recommendations in addressing the issues for

Manila - Clark Railway Project and Development.

Assumption

The topic that is being tackled exist based on the assumption that the Manila-

Clark National Railway project can bring not just positive but also negative impacts to

the tourism industry of the province.

Significance of the Study

Add an introductory paragraph how special and how timely the topic is.

This study will be helpful to the other courses especially in

Tourism graduates, as they serve this as premise and also can be a guide

to accomplish their qualities they have to describe with specific end of

goal to have a place in the industry they want. This study will likewise

be useful to the other courses especially in tourism establishments to

light and have an idea, whoever read this study they will enhance their

self and take after the attributes required by the company once the

individual apply an occupation in specific tourism establishments they

5
may utilized those abilities and qualities later on achievement of the

company.

This will have benefit to the economy of Pampanga and the impact

of this study on the global business environment is huge and relevant.

This will make very good catch to other tourist and in other local people

because you don’t have to travel in hour if you are in manila in just 55

minutes you are now in Pampanga. No traffic, no hassle to ride another

car or a transportation.

The other recipients of this study are the students who are having

this study. It will help them to give an idea and advocates’ tries to assess

the prerequisites expected to have a place in the economy. The project’s

goal is designed to help the economy transportation to improve the

tourism industry.

Scope and Limitations

The researchers focused on the tourism impact of the Manila-Clark National

Railway Project to the tourism industry of Pampanga. This project of department of

transportation covers the geographic location of Manila to Clark and has 17 stations

which starts with Tutuban and Solis Station in Manila, passed through the cities of

Caloocan and Valenzuela and then passes through Meycauayan, Marilao, Bocaue,

Balagtas, Guiguinto, Malolos, and Calumpit in Bulacan, then go through Pampanga via

Apalit, San Fernando, Angeles, Clark, Clark International Airport, and the proposed

New Clark City. The researchers delimit the study to the perceived direct and indirect

6
impacts of the project to the economy and the community. Tourism impacts were also

classified as either positive or negative to the scope of interest which is the province of

Pampanga. Choosing the province as the scope of the study was just appropriate since

the province caters to the second major gateway of Luzon Island and has been

highlighted as a premiere economic city through the years.

Definition of Terms

To better understand this study, some terms are defined conceptually and operationally:

 Tourism. Comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places

outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for

leisure, business and other purposes. (Conceptual Definition)

-This refers to an industry that conceptualize travel. (Operational Definition)

 Opportunities. A set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something.

(Conceptual Definition)

-This refers to chances or benefits that will gained of a business or industry.

(Operational Definition)

 Development. the act, process, or result of developing. (Conceptual

Definition)

-This refers to innovating a project in a transportation sector. (Operational

Definition)

7
 Railway. A railroad operating with light equipment or within a small

area. (Conceptual Definition)

-This refers to a railroad that compasses a train to carry passengers and bring

to their destination. (Operational Definition)

 DOTr. The Department of Transportation (DOTr; Filipino: Kagawarán ng

Transportasyon) is the executive department of the Philippine government

responsible for the maintenance and expansion of viable, efficient, and

dependable transportation systems as effective instruments for national recovery

and economic progress. (Conceptual Definition)

 Perceived Issues – Operational Definition

 Possible Recommendations – Operational Definition

8
 CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the related literature and studies both local from foreign

sources after the thorough and in-depth search done by the researchers. This materials

provided insight, knowledge and information to the researchers their research. The

researchers choose the country of origin based because they want to widen more

information and detail about the railway development in assessing the possible issues,

advantage and disadvantage, opportunity in conducting a railway project. And they use

this as a strategy for their research to build more knowledge in their present study.

Those that were include in this chapter helps in familiarizing information that are

relevant and similar to the present study.

Railway Project Opportunities

Railway development are becoming important in the tourism industry. It can

strengthen economic development and it can generate permanent opportunities and

eliminating poverty in the country and this can also increased the number of foreign

tourist to the country. Rail is a vital service to global society and the transport backbone

of a sustainable economy. It has an unprecedented opportunity to achieve the

sustainability which is required for the twenty first century. By doing so, Rail will be

able to respond to the expected growth in transport demand, both passenger and freight.

(UNI,2003)

9
 For railway construction, the prime purpose is to induce or create employment,

at the time of project construction, labor force will be utilized thereby creating

employment in the vicinity of the project and promote social development, it creates a

new opportunity for rural and urban community’s mobility interaction is expected to

increased between larger cities and province. The flow of new technology, government

support service and commercial services will definitely increase. (Sanare,1998)

According to National Railway Museum and University of New York sharing

expertise and training will also bring a boarder range of disciplines to help understand

railway. This will become the hub for our collective activities, and serve to reinforce the

important, valuable and special relationship between the two organisations. (Elis,2002)

According to the study of Viktorya Snezhkova, the development opportunity of

railways as a transportation is the most environmentally friendly mode of transportation

and it is less harmful for the environment. The railway infrastructure is well developed

has free capacity for handling bigger passenger that more give a growth and

employment to the country. (Snezhkova,2010)

Based on the research of Daphne Dawn Kayster, conclude that the passengers

train in one country can established n international benchmark for train travel. It will

create a good advertising amongst its target market, both locally and overseas.

(Kayster,2014)

Based on a feasibility study conducted by Jedd Carlo F. Ugay project

development office in department of transport and communications, developing railway

in the Philippines will provide world class passenger rail service, will capitalized the
10
Philippines economic and urban growth, and it will be maintain and increased the public

private partnership by business to business basis. (Ugay,2015)

An innovation of railway can open new doors for a country. A country can use

that innovation to be more competitive but can also bring it to the service in which the

country competes, to make an innovation more profitable, a country can look for

foreign market. The more markets that can conquered, the more profitable an innovation

can be.(Maarten,2009)

According to Steve Baker, it is convenient to live and work if one

country has railways, good road and air links. It is important that we

have a fast, frequent and reliable train for people arriving for work,

education and leisure. (Baker, 2017)

Train as an important passenger mode of transport and it is more

becoming dominant in many routes. Railway services were much higher

capacity is required and to reduce travel time compared to other mode of

land transportation such as bus, car and train. (Givoni, 2006)

Underlying Issues of Railway Project

Newly railway line construction task as it is followed by enormous social and

economic benefits. On the background of increase in environmental pollution generated

in the transport sector. And this improvement is associated with a new railway line

construction which had a high demand, it assumes added significance. (Ranade,2007)

11
 The SPECCTA address the cognition issues and to support economic and land

development under the direction (FDOT) planning and environmental management. It is

the result of dramatic densification occurring in the eastern areas the need to make a

comprehensive amendment of the mobility needs. The railway has been receiving

intense redevelopment pressure with land uses changing from low to high intensity

interconnections and congestion. (Wolfe,2006)

The economic circumstances of railways in the principal countries of the world;

to compare the service in their broadest and most comprehensive aspect, as regard their

development, the traffic produce, the receipts, the working expenditures, the present

financial condition, the prospect and the security of the passenger. The pending problem

of conduct the railway are the terminal charges, unsatisfying services, pooling which

has for a number of gears past been adopted by a large number of leading railways,

discrimination and unequal rates. (Jeans,2014)

Synthesis

The result of the study that imposed in related literature and studies that their is a

tourism opportunity of developing a railway project and it have a positive effect for a

country to be more competitive and it is useful for everyday life living. Since it is

establishing it may encounter issues or problem before and during the development.in

the study, the topic that the researcher conducted in internet,books,journal,article in

news, and thesis was help to determine that there is a possible opportunity, issues and

recommendation in founding a project like the railway transportation.

12
 Conceptual Framework
The researchers formulated a framework for the study using the

IPO model or Input- Process – Output. In the IPO model, a process is

viewed as a series of boxes (processing elements) connected by inputs

and outputs. This model will provide the general structure and guide for

the direction of the study. Substituting the variables of this study on IPO

model, the researcher came up with the following:

I P O
 Content Triangulated Guideline in
Analysis for Theme Analysis optimizing
possible
the Railway for the
opportunities of
Projects Stakeholders the Manila to
 Interview Insights Clark Railway
Results for Regarding the Project and
Perceived Railway Project Development
Issues and
Assess the result
Challenges of and give
the Railway possible
Project recommendation

Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework

Provide an interpretation of the Diagram

13
 CHAPTER 3

Research Design and Methodology

This chapter covers the research design and methodology, including

the design of the research, mode of inquiry, subject of the study, research

locale, instrumentation, data gathering procedure and analytical tools

that will focus on the possible guidelines of Tourism Opportunities of

Manila-Clark Railway Project and Development.

Research Design

Research Design as a “blueprint for conducting a study with maximum

control over factors that may interfere with the validity of the findings”.

(Burns and Grove,2003) Research Design is “a plan that describes how,

when and where data are to be collected and analysed”. (Parahoo,1997).

It serves as “the research overall platform for answering the research

question or testing the research hypothesis”. (Polit,2001)

The research approach is descriptive – exploratory that will focus on

the opinion of the respondents on the Tourism Opportunities, benefits,

issues and recommendation for the project and development of the

railway.

Descriptive research “is design to provide a picture of a situation as it

naturally happens”. (Burns and Grove 2003) it may be used to justify

14
current and present opportunities that will develop theories. For the

purposed of this study, descriptive research was used to obtain the

picture of the government especially the DOTr, tourist that coming

Pampanga and the community who affected for the development which is

the Apalit, San Fernando, and Angeles City.

Exploratory research is

Mode of Inquiry

Mode of Inquiry concern the process one adopts to find answer to

questions. According to the mode of inquiry, there are two types with

special reference to mode of inquiry are the qualitative and quantitative

approaches. (Jin, 2014)

For this research, the researchers will implement the qualitative

and quantitative approach for collecting data and data analyses, while

conducting research.

According to Ross (1999), Qualitative approaches to research is

based on a “world view” which is holistic and has the following beliefs.

1.) There is not a single reality. 2.) Reality based upon the perceptions

that are different for each person and change over time. 3.) What we

know has meaning only within a given situation of context.

By using Qualitative approaches, in person-interview will used to get

the opinion of the selected persons in government sector of Pampanga,

15
tourist and community respondent for the incoming project of the

developing railway. Interviewer will ask the respondent questions in a

face-to-face situation, by in-person interview it is flexible because of

structured questionnaires.

Respondents/ Subjects of the study

The respondents of this study tapped the concerned staff DOTR of

Pampanga, tourist coming from the province of Pampanga and the

community of Apalit, San Fernando and Angeles for having a data in this

particular research railway project will affect these three towns for the

development.

For the qualitative portion of the study, purposive sampling will be

used to determine the target respondent by directing interview the person

based on the following qualifications:

1.) Must have at least 5 years of experience working in

government of DOTR.
2.) It must expertise and have knowledge about transportation

development.
3.) Must willing to participate on the research study.
Create a criteria as well for the tourists and the community residents

Research Locale

The location of the research will be Clark City where the DOTR

located for the interview purposes and for the respondents that the

16
researcher will give answer the questionnaire will be coming from the

towns of Apalit, City of San Fernando and Angeles because these three

towns will affect the development.

Apalit is a first class municipality in the province of Pampanga, on

Luzon Island in the Philippines. Apalit is 55 kilometers (34 mi) from

Manila, 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) from the provincial capital, San Fernando,

and 28 kilometers (17 mi) from Angeles. Mostly tricycles, jeepneys and

buses are used as a public transportation around Pampanga or even going

to Manila.

City of San Fernando is a first-class component city in the

Philippine province of Pampanga, of which it is the provincial capital. It

is located 66 kilometers (41 mi) north of manila, and 17 kilometers

(11mi) south of Clark Air Base in Angeles city. Also buses are the main

transportation going to Manila.

Angeles City is a highly urbanized city located geographically within

the province of Pampanga in the Philippines. Angeles is 83 kilometers

(52 mi) from Manila and also buses are the main transportation or even

private vehicles. This research will try to assess the opinions and

answers of the community, tourist and government if the development

will totally give them aconvenience and helpful to the tourism industry.

The researcher want to know if these development of railways affect

their lifestyle in everyday living since the most transportation that

Pampanga had is only buses, jeepneys, tricycle, and public cars.

17
Instrumentation

The instrumentation that will be used in gathering the necessary

data for the research include the following:

A. Semi-structured Interview

Personal interviews are the most flexible type of interview

to get accurate data. It can be used any type of questionnaire

if it is structured or unstructured interview.

The data that will be gathering will be analyzed to

sense as the evidence of the findings of the research. Due to

limited time to conduct this research, survey can give data

and information from the respondents with only a small

period of time used together all of these data.

B. Content Analysis

How did review of related literature and studies contribute

to the conduct of your study?

Validation of Instrument

The validation of the interview questions will be

based from the consultation with the subject matter experts.

Subject matter experts served as the technical experts who

will evaluate on whether the instrument can tap the core

18
 topic of the study. The experts assessed if all of the research

questions were tackled by the questions used in the survey

questionnaire. They also provide additional insights on how

can questions be clearly understood by the research

participants.

As for this research, there were three subject matter

experts utilized. They were selected based on their academic

qualification to evaluate a research manuscript and

instrument or their lived technical-industry experience on

travel and transportation.

Data Gathering Procedures

In order to have a successful and proper way of collecting data

from the respondents, the proponents of this study came up with these

series of steps.

Step 1: Specification of the problem statement.

Step 2: Conducting date analysis or review of related literature

and studies.

Step 3: Defined who will be the respondents.

Step 4: Formulation of interview questions and appointed letter

for approval in interview basis.

Step 5: Validation of interview questions

19
 Step 6: Facilitation of the semi-structured interview

Step 7: Analysis and classification of data.

Step 8: Formulation of Conclusion and Generation.

Provide a detailed explanation per step

Analytical Tools and Techniques

For the qualitative data, the proponents used the following

techniques to analyze the insights of the government, community and

tourist with regards to the construction of the Manila-Clark National

Railway Project.

1. Triangulation Method : The researchers matching of the responses

of the government, tourist and community point of view. To have

the validity and reliability answers if the railway project will have

an opportunities, issues and their recommendation for this

development.

2. Themed Analysis: This is the arrangement of responses according

to themes. All similar responses will be grouped accordingly to

determine the existing themes for the issues and concerns of the

tourism opportunities of Manila to Clark railway project and

development.

20
 Chapter 4

Analysis, Presentation and Interpretation of Data

Introductory Paragraph

Perceived Benefits

21
 This portion of the findings highlights the potential

benefits of the Manila-Clark National Railway Project to

different stakeholders such as the local community, tourists

and transportation industry administrators of the country.

Theme Description Statement Related Content

Theme 1 ****** ******** Related

-Participant 1 Literature

********

-Participant 3

*********

-Participant 4
Theme 2 ****** ******** Related

-Participant 1 Literature

********

-Participant 3

*********

-Participant 4
Theme 3 ****** ******** Related

-Participant 1 Literature

22
 ********

-Participant 3

*********

-Participant 4
Table 4.1 Perceived Benefits of the Manila-Clark Railway Project

Generalization

Perceived Challenges

This highlights potential issues that may arise due to

the pursual of the Manila-Clark National Railway Project to

the affected communities.

Theme Description Statement Related Content

Theme 1 ****** ******** Related

-Participant 1 Literature

********

-Participant 3

*********

-Participant 4
Theme 2 ****** ******** Related

-Participant 1 Literature

23
 ********

-Participant 3

*********

-Participant 4
Theme 3 ****** ******** Related

-Participant 1 Literature

********

-Participant 3

*********

-Participant 4
Table 4.2 Perceived Challenges of the Manila-Clark Railway Project

Generalization

Optimal Strategies for the Development of Railway Project

Based from the interview with engineering and

transportation experts, these are some of the strategies that

can be considered for the implementation of the project.

Theme Description Statement Related Content

Theme 1 ****** ******** Related

-Participant 1 Literature

24
 ********

-Participant 3

*********

-Participant 4
Theme 2 ****** ******** Related

-Participant 1 Literature

********

-Participant 3

*********

-Participant 4
Theme 3 ****** ******** Related

-Participant 1 Literature

********

-Participant 3

*********

-Participant 4
Table 4.3 Perceived Challenges of the Manila-Clark Railway Project

25
Generalization

Chapter 5

Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation

Introductory Paragraph

Summary of Findings

SOP1:_____________

Answer: ____________________________________________________

SOP2: _______________

Answer:________________________________________________

SOP3:_______________

Answer:________________________________________________

26
Conclusion

Based from the collected data and gathered insights, the

perceptions of the different stakeholders vary with regards to the

opportunities and challenges brought about by the Manila-Clark National

Railway Project. This can be seen through …….

The implementation of the project will bore than successful if they

---------.

Recommendation

The results of the study all led to a proposed guideline in

optimizing the impacts brought about by the Manila-Clark National

Railway Project.

Create a proposed Action Plan based from the results of the study.

Follow this table template.

Activity Description Mechanism Time-Frame

1. Stakeholders’ General Provincial First Three

Consultation assembly of Government Months of the

stakeholders Office with the Poject

involving Coordination of

members of the the Department

local of

community, Transportation

representatives

27
 from the tourism

industry as well

as technical

experts from the

Department of

Transportation

to raise

concerns, clarify

issues and

present general

objective of the

project.

2.
3
4
5
6

Table 5.1 Proposed Action Plan for the Implementation of the Manila-

Clark National Railway Project

Generalization

More than the operational recommendation, future researchers can

also work based from the results of the study by focusing on other

variables such as the evaluation of the project implementation.

28
 Appendix A

Interview Questionnaire

29
 Appendix B

Transcript of Interview

Written Dialogue of Interview

30
 Appendix C

The Manila-Clark National Railway Project Plan

31
 Curriculum Vitae

Put the resume of the members here following similar format.

32
 Appendix D

Documentation Pictures

33
References

34
October 02, 2017

Dear Ma’am/Sir,
Good Day!
We are 4 t h year Tourism students of STI College San Fernando taking up
Tourism Research Techniques. We are currently making a study with
regard to the “Tourism Opportunities of Manila – Clark Railway Project
and Development” as a partial requirement for our degree.
We understand that your office handles essential information and data
that we believe will be vital for the study. In line with this, may we
request your good office for an appointment as part of our data
gathering?
We would greatly appreciate the opportunity to be included in your
schedule. Thank you for your time and consideration.

Sincerely,
Dela Cruz, Polly Anne S.
Quitorio, Joleen Nicole A.
Rosel, Andrea G.

Noted by:

35
Mark Chris M. Lapuz
Research Adviser

INFORMED CONSENT

This consent is made to inform you about the nature of this study
and will describe the purpose, procedures, instruments, and the
confidentiality treatment that will be applied on your responses. It will
also serve as the proof that you are willing to participate on this
research.

The research study is part of the requirement for the Tourism

Management at STI College San Fernando. The research title is “The
Tourism Opportunities of Manila-Clark Railway Project and
Development”.

The research is focused on having guidelines of developing

railway in Manila-to Clark.
To considered the benefits in the province of Pampanga, the issues and
concerns that will give impact and recommendation to solve the possible
problems. This interview questionnaire will be an essential tool in
gathering your perceptions that will give an answer in this research. An
unstructured interview will be conducted to get information and data on
what opportunity of railway project will serve in the province of
Pampanga.

The information obtained in the research will not be misused,

misinterpreted and violate human rights and will only serve for academic

36
purposes. If the information is requested by the law and authorities, it
will handled by capable professionals for disclosure.

Please feel free to contact the researcher for any concerns or

inquiries at andrearosel@sfernando.sti.edu or through 09058169072.

C O N FO R M E

____ Yes, I am willing to participate on this research.

____ No, I cannot participate because

_______________________________________________
________________________

______________________
Participant's Signature over printed name

Date

Interview Questionnaire:

1. How will the Railway Project and Development can help the tourism
industry?

2. What are the perceived issues of the Railway Project?

3. What are the possible recommendations in addressing the issues for Manila-
Clark Railway Project and Development?

37
References

Uni;C..(2003). Tourism generating permanent employment opportunities

Springer;K..(2012). Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transport

System

Elis;T..(2012). Ferrovia e turismo cultural- Alternativa para o future da

vils de para rapia caba. Turismo em Analise:Brazil

Snezhkova;V..(2010). Attractiveness of the finish railway

development:Russia

Ranade;P..(2007). Infrastructure Development and its Environmental

Impact:New Delhi

Maarten;S.A..(2009). Master thesis Prorail: 22 July 2009;pp. 9 of 76

Yunnan;D.A..(2012). Kilometer railway rugged in terrain

38
Wolfe;B.S..(2006). South Florida East Coast Corridor Transit Analysis Study

Abdi;T.J..(2015). Development of Railway Transport Sector Strategies

Jeans;M..(2015). Theoretical Calculation of Subway

Bunker;G.B..(2010). National Railway Museum Relationship Strengthen

Ugay; J.C..(2015). Railway Project- Development of Transport and

Communication: Philippines

Kayster;D.D..(2014). Effective Communication in Developing Railway

Tourism

Yoshimura;H..(1998). Environment problems related to Railway

39