THE IMPACT OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION TO THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF

THE STUDENTS

ENCISO, BENJAMIN ZACHARY C.

USON, SERGE ANDRE D.

DOMINGUEZ, MICHAELLA J.

LIGUTAN, MADELYN D.

SUBMITTED TO:

MS. JONALYN PERINA

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT IN THE SUBJECT

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

2019
 CHAPTER 1

I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Researchers focused much their attention in studying the importance of sleep among students
for the reason of the thought that it is a significant factor of a good and a healthier life.

In the present times, many students especially in higher grades, like senior high schools
and colleges, are at a high risk of not having a right amount of sleep they need at their ages. 97%
of teenagers get less than the recommended amount of sleep (Sleep Statistics, 2018). Wherein
according to the University of Georgia (2019), college students, like Americans overall, are
sleeping less, and if you are like most college students, chances are you are not getting enough
sleep. Though not getting the right amount of sleep is more than, than what you think. As Peters
(2019), Peri (2019), and Allan (2019) say, you can die from lack of sleep. However, according to
Kittredge (2018), health line (2019), and National Sleep Foundation (2019), the amount of sleep
you need per night is largely determined by your age.

The sleep duration they recommend by age group, are as follows:

Older adults (65+): 7–8 hours, Adults (18–64 years): 7–9 hours, Teenagers (14–17
years): 8–10 hours, School children (6–13 years): 9–11 hours, Preschoolers (3–5 years): 10–13
hours, Toddlers (1–2 years): 11–14 hours; Infants (4–11 months): 12–15 hours, Newborns (0–
3 months): 14–17 hours.

Being a student is fun but one of the most challenging part of life also. As students encounter
different difficulties and often lead to pressure, but because of their young ages, definitely they
can’t handle the burden only by themselves.

This study touches the effects of sleep deprivation among students. As stated by Web MD
(2019) in Walker (2017) no aspect of our biology is left unharmed by sleep deprivation. It sinks down
into every possible corner and crack and yet no one is doing anything about it. Things have to change:
in the workplace and our communities, our homes and families.
 Sleep deprivation is a serious thing we should focus on. It doesn’t have any good benefits, except
for this study which says sleep deprivation has been tied to depression symptoms and for some people,
it’s the only thing that works, according to Geddes (2018), Matthews (2017), Dallaspezia and
Benedetti (2015). However, strong evidences for this research has not been revealed.

In the Philippines there is a study that says 46% of Filipinos don’t get enough sleep, according
to Instrella, Francisco and Aguilera (2017). As specified by Philippine Daily Inquirer (2017) in
Healthy Living Index Survey (2016), the Philippines has one of the highest rates of sleep
deprivation in Asia—46 percent of Filipinos do not get enough sleep, while 32 percent said they
sleep for less than six hours. Lack of sleep is one of the main factors that affects Filipinos
productivity. However, studies have shown that, in the last few decades, children (and therefore,
adults) have been sleeping less and less, according to Phil Star (2015).

I. Statement of the Problem

In this study, the researchers aim to determine the factors and effects of sleep deprivation
on the academic performance of the students.

Specifically, the study aimed to:

1. Determine the profile of the students as to:

a. Age
b. Gender
2. Determine the daily amount of sleep that the students get?
3. Identify the performance quality of each student?
 II. Significance of the Study

The results of the study will be of great benefit to the following:

Students. The study will provide information and arouse students’ awareness and alertness
towards the unwanted effects of sleep deprivation in their body and to their whole being. The study
will aim to empower the voice of the students as to their stands about the issue.

Parents. This review will help the parents know that their kids may have been facing sleep
deprivation, which may give them awareness about the intriguing effects to their children’s and
even to themselves of having a lack of sleep.

Teachers. The study will aim to inform the teachers about the situation that students are
facing nowadays.

Other Researchers. The result of this study will serve as reference and will give sound and
factual information as they choose to conduct similar studies. It may also serve as backdrop on
their present works.

Researchers. The result of this study will satisfy the needed knowledge of the researchers
about the problem. The researchers will know the present proportion between students who are
sleep deprived and who are not.

Generality. This study will greatly benefit everyone, that will give knowledge and wisdom to
each and everyone about this universal issue, sleep deprivation. The humanity should be aware of
the great destruction of getting a lack of sleep, not just in their body, but also to their mind, social
life, and the entire aspects of their life will be affected.
III. Scope and Delimitation

Out of 233 Laboratory High School students of Partido State University, 39 students will
be used as a sample in conducting the survey and interview. Due to limited time allotted, this
is the only place that the researchers have chosen to conduct this research.

The research data was based on interview and survey of PSU-LHS students based on their
experiences on having a lack of sleep. It focused on age and gender as variables in interpreting
the sleep time frame of students.

Figure 1. Map of Partido State University

 Chapter II

I. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies

Going to sleep late at night and getting up early in the morning is the nightmare of every
students. Almost all teenagers, as they reach puberty, become walking zombies because they are
getting far too little sleep, Maas (2007) in Carpenter (2019). As stated by Consumer Affairs (2019),
at least once a week, more than one-quarter (28 percent) of high school students fall asleep in
school, 22 percent fall asleep doing homework, and 14 percent arrive late or miss school because
they oversleep.

The National Sleep Foundation stated that sleep is food for the brain and as important as
the air you breathe, the water you drink and the food you eat. According to Gonzalez and Sleeprate
(2015), sleep is defined as a natural behavioral state where the eyes are closed, governed by the
nervous system that becomes relatively inactive, and is characterized by perceptual disengagement
and motor inactivity. Sleep is also a vital indicator of overall health and well-being throughout
your life, according to National Sleep Foundation and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

Horan stated that in 1942, 8 hours of sleep was the norm, now 6.8 is the average. Altogether
this worldwide amassed sleep debt is one large alarm bell.

Based from Sleep Cycle, there is no country in the world manages to achieve 8 hours of
sleep on a regular basis. As the recommended range of sleep for an adult is 7-9 hours a night, this
highlights a worrying lack of sleep throughout the world.

Not one country manages an average of 8 hours of sleep a night. In fact, in Japan, the
national average is 5 hours and 59 minutes, representing a drastically low sleep average for the
country. The 5 worst countries for average hours of sleep, in order of worst sleepers, include:
Japan = 5 hours and 59 minutes; Saudi Arabia = 6 hours and 8 minutes; Sweden = 6 hours and
10 minutes; India = 6 hours and 20 minutes; The Philippines = 6 hours and 22 minutes.
 This study on sleep deprivation touches important impacts from three (3) aspects that affect
students, stated as follows:

(1) Cognitive- When you lose sleep, it’s harder to focus and pay attention. This affects school
performance and job productivity as stated by National Sleep Foundation (2019). When
you lack sleep, you often say you feel “foggy”. Why is that so? As said by Peri (2019) there
are three reasons; (1) sleepiness slows down your thought processes, (2) Excessive sleepiness
impairs memory, (3) Poor sleep makes learning difficult.
Also, lacking sleep may have a greater risk factor, which are: Depression, Irritability,
Anxiety, Forgetfulness, Fuzzy thinking, according to Health (2019)
(2) Physical- On the word of Cohen (2014), here are the areas where being sleep deprived
affects your body. (1) Stomach. Production of leptin, the hormone that makes you feel full
and regulates fat storage, is 15.5 percent lower in those who habitually sleep just five hours,
according to University of Wisconsin researchers. Hence the 10 A.M. doughnut craving.
Waistline. A poor sleeper’s BMI is 3.6 percent greater on average, according to Stanford
University researchers who found that those who typically get only five hours of shut-eye
a night has more body fat. If you snag only four hours, expect to consume an extra 559
calories the following day, per the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. “A lack of sleep
can affect body weight. Two hormones in the body, leptin and ghrelin, control feelings of
hunger and satiety, or fullness. The levels of these hormones are affected by sleep.
According to Davis (2018), sleep deprivation also causes the release of insulin, which leads
to increased fat storage and a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.
(3) Social- Many studies say that sleep deprivation kills someone’s urge to socialize with other
people. According to a three-part study conducted at the University of California,
Berkeley and published in the journal Nature, researchers have found that not only are
those who experience sleep loss less eager to interact with people, but results show sleep-
deprived people tend to come across as socially unappealing to others as well (msn
lifestyle, 2019). As stated by Gordon et al in Psychology Today (2017), there are three
areas that are known to be impacted by lack of sleep, (1) Close relationships. Sleep has a
big impact on our social relationships, especially our most intimate ones. When one partner
has slept poorly the night before, there’s more conflict in the relationship the next day.
 This is because we have less empathy when we’re sleep deprived, and we’re less
likely to engage in effective conflict resolution. (2) Person perception. To effectively
interact with others, we need to accurately read their emotional facial expressions. Yet
people who are sleep deprived have a lot more difficulty doing this. (3) Social stress.
Negative experiences, such as conflict with a spouse or family member, being
discriminated against, or feeling rejected, can make a good night’s sleep hard to get.
Although stressful social situations are inevitable, our ability to cope with these
experiences depends on how well rested we are.

As stated by Walker, the less sleep you get, the less you want to socially interact.
In turn, other people perceive you as more socially repulsive, further increasing the grave
social isolation impact of sleep loss. That vicious cycle may be a significant contributing
factor to the public health crisis that is loneliness.

Therefore, having the right amount of sleep is very important for the proper flow our
healthy life. However, even though sleep is vital and has noticeable consequences like these, the
worth of sleep is underestimated in our society.

II. Conceptual Framework

Performance Task

Impact

of Sleep Deprivation

Written Works Sleep Time Frame

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm

III. Theoretical Framework

Restoration
Theory

Theory of Sleep

Evolutionary

Theory

Figure 2. Theoretical Paradigm

 The researchers found different theories regarding to this study, which is sleep deprivation,
that will help strengthen the foundation of their study. There are two main theories of sleep:
namely, Restoration Theory and Evolutionary Theory.

Restoration Theory

The theory of Oswald (1980), Restoration Theory, claims that sleep reestablishes worn-out
resource of energy. He argues that sleep, especially Rapid Eye Movement (REM), helps to bring
back energy, repair cells and allow growth to occur. The theory of restoration strongly believed
that, sleeping is essential for revitalizing and restoring the physiological processes that keep the
body and mind healthy and properly functioning, Cherry (2019) and Ezenwanne, 2011). Various
experts and studies have agreed on this concept. One of which is Dement (1960), where he
conducted an experiment. Dement deprived participants of REM sleep for 4-7 nights. During their
first uninterrupted night, participants rem sleep increases by 10%, which is called a REM rebound.
“This suggests the importance of REM and the possibility that the purpose of sleep is to get into
REM sleep. The participants reported anxiety, irritability and difficulty concentrating which shows
that REM sleep is needed to avoid these affects and enable brain recovery which corresponds with
Oswold’s theory. Even so, Dement’s study has low ecological validity, it has low population
validity because there were only 8 participants and they were a self-selected sample. Participants
would probably have shown demand characteristics because the experiment took place in a lab. It
also has low mundane realism because people would not usually sleep in a lab and be interrupted
repeatedly, Helpme (2018).
Evolutionary Theory

According to Rigby (2016), evolutionary theory of sleep focuses on the behavioral features
of sleep to explain its function the beings still in quiet part of sleep rather than the physiological
features.

Evolutionary theory (ET) less eagerly describes the need for these different stages of sleep.
Like restoration theory, the ET suggests that sleep serves some restorative function as a method
for animals to save energy. In this way, sleep is similar to hibernation.

However, the ET goes further by asserting that sleep also helps to protect us at night when
we might be vulnerable to predators. Sleep is thus an evolutionarily stable strategy which increases
individual, and in turn species, survival. The ET predicts that animal species should vary in their
sleep needs depending on how much time they need to search for food each day and how safe they
are from predators when they sleep as stated by Gross (2005).

In comparing these two theories, Restoration and Evolutionary theory are mostly have the
same purpose on why we sleep. In some way, according to Healthy Sleep (2007), restorative theory
aids to restore what is lost in the body while we are up, where sleep offers an opportunity for the
body to repair and refresh itself. While on the other hand, evolutionary theory suggests that period
of activity and inactivity evolved as a means of conserving energy. This theory accords that all
species have adapted to sleep during periods of time when wakefulness would be the most
hazardous according to Verywell mind (2019).

IV. Synthesis of the Art

This research presents of the review of related studies that sleep has a big impact on the
overall health and well-being of a person. However, according to the study conducted by Sleep
Cycle, various countries don’t meet the right amount of sleep needed of a person. In 1942, 8 hours
of sleep was the norm, now, 6.8 hours is the average, according to Horan.

In connection with this, students are one of the high contributors on the percentage of sleep
deprivation. Hence, students’ performance in school, especially on their cognitive aspect are highly
affected. Resulting to poor grades and performance.
V. Gap Bridged of the Study
Although there were many studies conducted about sleep deprivation, and has numerous
similarities to our study, hence, there are no studies similar to ours in the Province of
Camarines Sur.

VI. Definition of Terms

To allow the reader to have a better understanding on the study, the succeeding words are
defined conceptually and operationally:

Cognitive. According to Meriam Webster Dictionary (2019), cognitive relates to, or

involving conscious mental activities (such as thinking, understanding, learning, and
remembering)

Grades. According to Meriam Webster Dictionary (2019), grade is a level of study that is
completed by a student during a one year.

Performance. According to Meriam Webster Dictionary (2019), performance is an

activity (such as singing a song, or acting in a play) that a person or group does to entertain an
audience.

Performance Task. According to STEM (2019), performance task is any learning activity
or assessment that a students to perform to demonstrate their knowledge, understanding, and
proficiency.

Physical. According to Oxford Dictionary (2019), physical is relating to things perceived

though the senses as opposed to the mind; tangible or concrete.

Sleep. According to Meriam Webster Dictionary (2019), sleep is defined as the natural
state of rest during which your eyes are closed and you become unconscious.

Sleep Deprivation. According to Oxford Dictionary (2019), sleep deprivation is a situation

or condition of suffering from a lack of sleep.

Social. According to Oxford Dictionary (2019), social is needing companionship and

therefore suited to living in communities.
 Written Task. According to Language & Literature (2019), written task demonstrates the
student’s ability to choose an imaginative way of exploring an aspect of the material studied in the
course.
 Chapter III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology, statistical tools, the respondents and
instruments that will be utilized in gathering data. These will enable the researchers to realize the
objectives of this study.

Research Design

This study will involve a descriptive research design using quantitative method. This
method will be used to determine the proportion between students who are sleep deprived and who
are not. It will also include the daily sleep time frame of the students. The present age of every
participant will also be included.

Respondents of the study

The respondents of this study were the selected 39 out of 233 students of Laboratory
High School from Grade 9- Grade 12.

Table 1. Respondents of the Study

PSU-LAB HIGH POPULATION NO. OF SELECTED RESPONDENTS

Grade 9 30 5
Grade 10 74 12
Grade 11 58 10
Grade 12 71 12
TOTAL 233 39
Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers would first send an authorization letter to the Principal to be approved.
This will enable them to gather the necessary data for their study. After which, the researchers will
send a permission letter to the chosen respondents and will immediately conduct a survey. After
retrieving the questionnaires, follow up interviews will be done in order to validate the data
obtained.

Data Analysis and Statistical Tool

“Stratified Sampling Technique” will be used in order to get the total number of
respondents that will be needed in the study.

𝐏
𝒏=
(𝟏 + 𝐏)𝒆𝟐

Where:

P= Total Population

e= Margin of error

1= Constant

233
𝑛=
(1 + 233)(0.16)2

233
=
(234)(0.0256)

233
=
5.9904

𝑛 = 38.89

𝑛 = 39
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