Sewage Treatment Plant

A VISIT REPORT ON

“SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT”
TAPOVAN, NASHIK
DATE OF VISIT:-23rd Jan 2019

Under The Guidance of

Prof. P. P. Thakare

Loknete Goplaroji Gulve Polytechnic, Vilholi, Nashik, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Page 1
 Sewage Treatment Plant

1. Objective of the Visit

To study the various units of sewage treatment plant & to know various
chemical & biological processes used for the treatment of sewage waste water.

Description

A sewage water treatment plant started in year 2003, situated at Tapovan,

Panchavati which is 10 km from Nashik city on the bank of river Godavari. The
sewage treatment plant consists of inlet pipe, grit chamber, distribution chamber,
UASB reactor, aeration tank & at the last chlorination tank.

The sewage treatment plant having the capacity of 130 MLD. The plant
collect waste water coming from residential zone. The total initial cost of the plant
is about 43 crore. The sewage water collected from mhasarul, hirawadi, new
ganesh wadi & kapila.from this plant 500 to 600 unit electricity power is
generated. After collecting sewage water by pumping from the places they are
passed through screening chamber & all the solid particles in water are removed
either by mechanically or by manually.

Fig.1 STP PLANT

The following treatment is given to the waste water.

Loknete Goplaroji Gulve Polytechnic, Vilholi, Nashik, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Page 2
 Sewage Treatment Plant

1) Physical Process
2) Biological Process
3) Chemical Process

FLOW DIAGRAM OF VARIOUS TREATMENT UNITS OF STP

Fig.2 FLOW DIG. OF STP

1 PHYSICAL PROCESS:

The physical treatment is divided into two types

1) preliminary physical process

2) primary physical process

In this plant, preliminary treatment is given for sewage water which is

collected in inlet tank by pumping. Then after screening is done with 6mm fine
screen. In this plant mechanical screening & one manual screening are used. After
screening gritting is done by using 4 chambers having velocity is 0.3 to 0.4 m/s.

Loknete Goplaroji Gulve Polytechnic, Vilholi, Nashik, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Page 3
 Sewage Treatment Plant

the main purpose of gritting is to settle the solids & after particle having greater
density which is settle at down or bottom.

Fig.3 SCREENING

2. BIOLOGICAL PROCESS

Biological treatment is mainly divided into 2 parts

2.1) anaerobic process
2.2) aerobic process
2.3) facultative process.

2.1) ANAEROBIC PROCESS:

The sewage water is called as UASB reactor from collection chamber

using 12m/s of distribution pipe. In this plants there are 6 UASB reactor tank. In
UASB tank sewage water is collected from bottom at very low speed.

2.2) AEROBIC PROCESS:

After anaerobic the water goes aerobic treatment increase dissolved O2 in

water. The water collected in aerator lagoon, no of aerator tank which is about 10

Loknete Goplaroji Gulve Polytechnic, Vilholi, Nashik, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Page 4
 Sewage Treatment Plant

Hp from which the water is circulated from top to bottom so that increase the O2
in water.

2.3) CHEMICAL PROCESS:

In chemical treatment only chlorination is done. Due to chlorination water

is free from bacteria & other pathogenic bacteria. In chlorination chlorine is used
which is in liquid or gaseous form. Generally chlorine mixing time is 30 min. for
10 MLD capacity approx. 2 kg/hr chlorine is used. Storage of 1 chlorine cylinder
is 900 kg.

Fig.4 CHLORINATION TANK

3. UNITS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

3.1) Inlet Chamber:

The inlet chamber consist of waste water which is treated through the
process which include waste water from different areas of Nashik city i.e.
mhasarul, hirawadi. Waste water is pumped & carried out for the process of
screening. The screening is done by either mechanically or manually.

Loknete Goplaroji Gulve Polytechnic, Vilholi, Nashik, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Page 5
 Sewage Treatment Plant

Fig.5 INLET CHAMBER

3.2) GRIT CHAMBER:

Sewage contain both type of material namely organic & inorganic. The
purpose of providing grit chamber in sewage treatment process is to remove grit,
sand & such other inorganic matter from sewage. In general grit chamber are
placed after pumping station & before the screen. The detention time of water is
10 to 15 min.

Loknete Goplaroji Gulve Polytechnic, Vilholi, Nashik, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Page 6
 Sewage Treatment Plant

Fig.6 GRIT CHAMBER

Fig.7 GRIT CHAMBER

3.2) UASB REACTOR:

After water is collected in collection chamber the water is distributed to the

UASB reactor. The key feature of up flow anaerobic sludge blanket process that allows
the use of high volumetric COD loading comparative other anaerobic processes is the
development of dense granulated sludge. The important design consideration are:

1. Waste water characteristics in terms of composition and solid contents.

2. Volumetric organic load.

Loknete Goplaroji Gulve Polytechnic, Vilholi, Nashik, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Page 7
 Sewage Treatment Plant

3. Up flow velocity.
4. Reactor volume.
5. Physical features.
6. Gas collection system (Methane gas is collected which is used to generate
electricity.)

Fig.8 USAB REACTOR

Fig.9 USAB REACTOR

3.3. AERATION TANK:

After water is treated in UASB reactor, it’s carried out for the process of

Loknete Goplaroji Gulve Polytechnic, Vilholi, Nashik, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Page 8
 Sewage Treatment Plant

aeration tank. This process aims at bringing water in intimate contact with air. In the
process of aeration oxygen is absorbed by water and carbon di oxide is liberated. The
aeration easily removed hydrogen sulphide and hence the odour due to this gas is
removed by aeration. Detention period of aeration tank is 16.5 hr. depth of aeration
tank is 6.5m.

Fig.10 AERATION TANK

Fig.

Fig.11 AERATION TANK

Loknete Goplaroji Gulve Polytechnic, Vilholi, Nashik, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Page 9
 Sewage Treatment Plant

3.4. DRYING BED SLUDGE

In this method of sludge disposal, sludge is dried by spreading over the

land. Simple sludge drying beds are used in many countries, particularly in
developing countries, as they are a cheap and simple method to dry sewage
sludge. Drainage water must be captured; drying beds are sometimes covered but
usually left uncovered. Mechanical devices to turn over the sludge in the initial
stages of the drying process are also available on the market.

Drying beds are typically composed of four layers consisting of gravel and
sand. The first layer is coarse gravel that is 15 to 20 centimetres thick. Followed
by fine gravel that is 10 centimetres thick. The third layer is sand that can be
between 10 to 15 centimetres and serves as the filter between the sludge and
gravel. Sludge dries up and water percolates to the first layer that is collected at
the drainage pipe that is beneath all layers.

Uses of dried sludge:

Sludge cakes formed on the surface of drying beds should be carefully

removed. It should be observed that sand is not being taken out along with the
sludge cakes. This sludge has got the fertilising value as it contains nitrogen,
phosphoric acid & potash.

Fig.12 DRYING BED SLUDGE

Loknete Goplaroji Gulve Polytechnic, Vilholi, Nashik, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Page 10
 Sewage Treatment Plant

4. GRIT CHAMBER

Grit chambers are basin to remove the inorganic particles to prevent damage
to the pumps, and to prevent their accumulation in sludge digesters.

Types of Grit Chambers:

Grit chambers are of two types: mechanically cleaned and manually

cleaned. In mechanically cleaned grit chamber, scraper blades collect the grit settled
on the floor of the grit chamber. The grit so collected is elevated to the ground level
by several mechanisms such as bucket elevators, jet pump and air lift. The grit
washing mechanisms are also of several designs most of which are agitation devices
using either water or air to produce washing action. Manually cleaned grit chambers
should be cleaned at least once a week. The simplest method of cleaning is by means
of shovel.

4.1) Aerated Grit Chamber:

An aerated grit chamber consists of a standard spiral flow aeration tank

provided with air diffusion tubes placed on one side of the tank. The grit particles tend
to settle down to the bottom of the tank at rates dependent upon the particle size and
the bottom velocity of roll of the spiral flow, which in turn depends on the rate of air
diffusion through diffuser tubes and shape of aeration tank. The heavier particles
settle down whereas the lighter organic particles are carried with roll of the spiral
motion.

4.2) Design of Grit Chambers:

 Settling Velocity

The settling velocity of discrete particles can be determined using appropriate

equation depending upon Reynolds number.

v=g(Ss-1)d2

Stoke's law holds good for Reynolds number,Re below 1. Re=vd

For grit particles of specific gravity 2.65 and liquid temperature at 10°C, u=1.01
x 10- 6m2/s. This corresponds to particles of size less than 0.1 mm.
 Transition law:

The design of grit chamber is based on removal of grit particles with

minimum size of 0.15 mm and therefore Stoke's law is not applicable to determine the

Loknete Goplaroji Gulve Polytechnic, Vilholi, Nashik, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Page 11
 Sewage Treatment Plant

settling velocity of grit particles for design purposes.

The settling velocity of discrete particles can be determined using appropriate

equation depending upon Reynolds number.

• Stoke's law:
• v=g(Ss-1)d
Stoke's law holds good for Reynolds number,Re below 1.
Re=vd
u
For grit particles of specific gravity 2.65 and liquid temperature at 10°C, u=1.01
x 10- 6m2/s. This corresponds to particles of size less than 0.1 mm.
• Transition law: The design of grit chamber is based on removal of grit
particles with minimum size of 0.15 mm and therefore Stoke's law is not
applicable to determine the settling velocity of grit particles for design purposes.

v2=4g(rp-r)d

Where, CD= drag coefficient Transition flow conditions hold good for Reynolds
number,Re between 1 and 1000. In this range CD can be approximated by

CD=18.5
Re0.6 (vd/u)0.6

Substituting the value of CD in settling velocity equation and simplifying, we get

v = [0.707(Ss-1)d1.6 u-0.6]0.714

Loknete Goplaroji Gulve Polytechnic, Vilholi, Nashik, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Page 12
 Sewage Treatment Plant

CONCLUSION

From this visit we came to know the thorough study about the introduction,
principle, design, initial & final parts in sewage treatment plant. This visit is really
helpful for our future studies, we studied the working process of sewage treatment
plant & organizational work.

Loknete Goplaroji Gulve Polytechnic, Vilholi, Nashik, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Page 13
 Sewage Treatment Plant

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT IN INDIA

1) Nilgiri Baag Water Treatment Plant Bidi Kamgar Colony, Nashik,

Maharashtra.
2) Akota, Vadodara Sewage Treatment, Water Treatment, Bio Gas
Plant, Turnkey Projects
3) Bhumi Associates Jalgaon Road, Aurangabad Sewage Treatment
Plants.
4) Yessar Enviro Systems, M G R Nagar, Chennai
5) Noble Eco Systems Private Limited Borivali (W), Mumbai
6) Infra Scapes Banjara Hills, Hyderabad

7) Performance Evaluation of Sewage Treatment Plants in Delhi

http://www.cpcb.nic.in/High...
8) Decentralised Sewage Treatment,
guidelines: http://www.cpcb.nic.in/High...
9) 3. Status of Sewage Treatment in India, this is a book but its
contents might be very useful http://www.cpcb.nic.in/Publ...
10) Synergyee Solutions Kalwa, Thane

Loknete Goplaroji Gulve Polytechnic, Vilholi, Nashik, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Page 14
 Sewage Treatment Plant

REFERANCE

1) Fundamentals of water supply and sanitary engg.-

Mr. S.G.Rangwala
2) Study of sewage treatment plant-Mr. K.S. Rangwala

3) https://nptel.ac.in
4) emmer, Frank N. (1979). The Nalco Water Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill
Book Company.
5) Patterson, James W. (1980). Wastewater Treatment Technology. Ann Arbor,
Michigan: Ann Arbor Science. ISBN 0-250-40086-3.
6) Ramseur, Jonathan L. (September 22, 2017). Wastewater Infrastructure:
Overview, Funding, and Legislative Developments (PDF). Washington, DC:
Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
7) Reed, Sherwood C.; Middlebrooks, E. Joe; Crites, Ronald W. (1988). Natural
Systems for Waste Management and Treatment. New York: McGraw-Hill Book

Loknete Goplaroji Gulve Polytechnic, Vilholi, Nashik, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Page 15