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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

There are several construction techniques as well as construction materials


used presently in the construction field. Most of the materials used are detrimental
to the environment which are the cause of several calamities. This detrimental
materials concludes cement, aggregate, sand and admixtures etc. Even now-a-
days we are preceding constructions with advance construction materials like
polymer rubbers as well as different sands etc. Though we use advance materials
we are far away from dominating pollution intensity .That is only reason we are
facing multitudinous problems. The most disastrous gas which gets emitted from
construction is CO2. CO2which act as back bone of global warming as well as
cause of several maladies expel from constructions. So many remedies have been
implied as a material, instruments, etc. These materials include different types of
polymers, purifying machines, refineries, etc. But still we are unable to reduce
percentage emission of CO2. As it is been found that obtuse quantity of CO2 get
expelled from construction; impeding it would definitely reduce total percentage
of CO2 emission. This emission should be stopped and CO2 from the air must be
diminished putting this as a main soul we are designing a Plastering mortar by
taking Zeolite as a partial replacement of normal sand. This Zeolite substitute will
consequently adsorb the CO2. Zeolite is manufactured in factories. This kind of
material has property to adsorb CO2 with incredible strength. Because of this
nature this material can be partially substituted in place of aggregate. The Zeolite
is available in powder as well as in fine aggregates form which can be used to
replace sand and cement in plastering mortar in planting the property to absorb
CO2 from the atmosphere. To improve its adsorption capacity Amines like TETA,
TEPA are added to Zeolites (modified zeolites).
1.2 ZEOLITE

Zeolites are porous crystalline aluminosilicates. The zeolite framework


consists of an assemblage of SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra, joined together in various
regular arrangements through shared oxygen atoms to form an open crystal lattice
containing pores of molecular dimensions into which molecules can penetrate.
There are more than 50 different available types of aluminosilicate zeolites with
pore openings ranging from less than 5 Å to larger than 10 Å (Webster et al.,
1999). These porous, crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicates of alkali and alkaline
earth cations possess a three dimensional structure. The negative charge created
by the substitution of an AlO4 tetrahedron for a SiO4 tetrahedron is balanced by
exchangeable cations (e.g., Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+), which are located in large
structural channels and cavities throughout the structure. These cations play a
very important role in determining the adsorption and gas-separation properties
of zeolites. These properties depend heavily on the size, charge density, and
distribution of cations in the porous structure. These natural minerals are found
with a Si/Al ratio ranging between 3 and 5. Synthetic zeolites are manufactured
on a large scale for industrial use, but natural zeolites have not yet found extensive
application as commercial molecular sieves, even though a few, particularly
clinoptilolite are abundant in volcanogenic sedimentary rocks. Of the more than
40 natural zeolites species known today, clinoptilolite is the most abundant in
soils and sediments.

1.3 USES OF ZEOLITE

It’s been applied to


 Gas and radioactive wastewater cleaning
 Removal of NH3 from drinking water and municipal wastewater
 Gas separation
 Gas drying
 Separation of O2 from air.
 Purify natural gas contaminated with large amounts of CO2, H2S and
H2O

1.4 AIM

To study about the CO2 adsorption capacity of modified Zeolite plastering


and its effects on durability properties of concrete.

1.5 SCOPE

These type of CO2 adsorbing plastering can be used in chimneys of thermal


power plants and other CO2 effluent releasing industries so that the CO2 emission
into the atmosphere can be reduced.
CHAPTER 2

SELECTION OF MATERIALS

2.1 CEMENT

PPC grade cement manufactured as per IS 1489 (Part 1):1991 is produced


either by grinding together Portland Cement clinker and pozzolona with addition
of gypsum or calcium sulphate, or by intimately and uniformly blending Portland
Cement and fine Pozzolona.

2.2 ZEOLITE

Industrial manufactured Zeolite is taken under consideration and are tested


as per ASTM C618 (pozzolanic properties) & ASTM C33 (standards for fine
aggregates) as we are partially replacing cement and fine aggregate with Zeolite.
High performance amine TEPA is taken for increasing the capability of Zeolite
to adsorb CO2.

2.3 FINE AGGREGATE

Fine aggregates of zone 2 were procured from Arani area of Tamil Nadu.

2.4 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ZEOLITE

Composition of Zeolite (%).

Chemical component % Of Chemical component


Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 67.79
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) 13.66
Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 01.44
Calcium oxide (CaO) 01.68
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 01.20
Sodium oxide (Na2O) 02.04
Potassium oxide (K2O) 01.42
Sulfur trioxide (SO3) 00.50
Loss on ignition 10.32

Zeolite has high concentrations of SiO2 and Al2O3 compared with OPC.
CHAPTER 3

3.1 METHODOLOGY

COLLECTION OF
JOURNALS

LITERATURE SURVEY

CONCLUSIONS FROM
LITERATURES

MATERIAL COLLECTION
AND TESTING

CASTING OF CUBES
AND WALL PANELS

CURING OF SAMPLES

ZEOLITE MORTAR
PLASTERING ON SAMPLES

TESTING ON AMOUNT
OF CO2 ADSORBED

TESTING EFFECTS OF ZEOLITE ON DURABILITY


PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

RESULTS AND
CONCLUSION
The methodology of the project includes literature collection and the necessary
documents supporting the chosen technologies. By arriving to a conclusion from
the literature, the materials required for the experimental work are to be collected.
The materials should be checked for their originality. After the necessary
materials are collected and tested, the concrete is casted, cured and checked for
its strength.

The required number of specimens (cubes and wall panels) are casted with
the specified material proportions. The casted specimens are cured under normal
curing conditions. The cured specimens are tested for their respective
compressive strengths. Now Amines were introduced into the zeolite prepared by
wet impregnation. In a typical preparation of 40 (wt. %) modifier 13.3 (g) amines
were dissolved in methanol. Then at least modified Zeolite was dried at 150°C
for 3 hrs. After impregnation with TEPA amine solution. Finally, the mixture was
dried by vacuum oven at 105°C for 3 hrs. Water vapor improves CO2 adsorption
on the amine functional groups which increases CO2 adsorption capacity.

These treated Zeolite are partially replaced with that of cement and fine
aggregate and 1:3 ratio mortar is prepared and are to be plastered on the brick
wall panels and concrete surfaces. Then the samples are kept inside a closed
chamber and CO2 rich gas is allowed to pass through and reduction in amount is
found by testing the samples.

3.2 TEST TO BE CONDUCTED

 CO2 Adsorption test


 Chloride intrusion test
 Carbonation test
 Compressive strength test
 Electrochemical corrosion test
 Porosity test
 Permeability test
 etc

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