UNIT – VIII

SAMPLING THEORY

1. Explain: i)Null hypothesis ii) Type I and Type II errors iii) level of significance iv)
confidence intervals v) one tailed and two tailed tests vi) random sampling vii) Null
Hypothesis viii) Confidence limits ix) Standard error x) test of significance
(June 2013,Dec 2012, Jun 2012, Jun 2011,Dec 2011, Jan 2010, jun 2008)

2. A coin was tossed 400 times and the head turned up 216 times. Test the hypothesis that the
coin is unbiased at 5% level significance. (Jun 2013, Jun 2011,dec 2011)
3. A biased coin is tossed 500 times and head turns up 120 times. Find 95% confidence
limits for the proportion of heads turning up in infinitely many tosses. (Given that zc = 1.96)

4. A coin was tossed 1000 times and the head turned up 540 times. Decide on the
hypothesis
that the coin is unbiased. (Dec 2010)

5. Find the probability that in 100 tosses of a fair coin between 45% and 55% of the outcomes
are heads. (Jun 2009)

6. A die was thrown 9000 and a throw of 5 or 6 was obtained 3240 times. On the assumption of
random throwing, do the data indicate that the die is biased? (Dec 2009)

7. In 324 throws of a six faced die, an odd no. turned up 181 times. Is it reasonable to think that
the die is an unbiased one? (July 2007)
8. A sample of 100 days is taken from a coastal town of a certain district and 10 of them
are found to be very hot. What are the probable limits of hot days in the district? (Dec 2010)

9. The mean of a certain normal population is equal to the standard error of the mean of
the
sample of 100 from that distribution. Find the probability that the mean of the sample of 25
from the distribution will be negative. (Dec 2008)

10. A sugar factory is expected to sell sugar in 100 kg bags. A sample of 144 bags taken from a
day’s output shows the average and s.d of weights of these bags as 99 and 4kg respectively.
Can we conclude that the factory is working as per standards? (Table value of Z = 1.96 at 5%
level) (Dec 2012)

11. A random population of 400 items chosen from an infinite population is found to have a
 mean of 82 and a s.d of 18. Find the 95% confidence limits for the mean of the population
from which the sample is drawn. (Jun 2012)
12. A sample of 100 dry battery cells tested to find the length of life produced by a company and
the following results are recorded: mean life = 12hrs, S.D = 3hrs. Assuming data to be
normally distributed, find the expected life of a dry cell: i)have more than 15 hrs
ii) between 10hrs and 14hrs (Jun 2011)

13. A sample 1000 days is taken from meteorological records of a certain district and 120 of
them are found to be foggy. What are the probable 99% confidence limits to the proportion of
foggy days in the district? (Jun 2010)

14. A mechanist is making engine parts with axle diameter of 0.7 inch. A random sample of 10
parts shows mean diameter 0.742 inch with a standard deviation of 0.04 inch. On the basis of
this sample, would you say that the work is inferior? (Jun 2009, Dec 2008)

15. In the past, a machine has produced washers having a thickness of 0.50mm. to determine
whether the machine is in proper working order, a sample of 10 washers is chosen for which
the mean thickness is found as 0.53mm with s.d 0.03mm. test the hypothesis that the machine
is in proper working order, using a level of significance of i) 0.05 and ii) 0.01. (Jun 2012)

16. In a city A, 20% of a random sample of 900 school boys has a certain slight physical defect.
In another city B, 18.5% of a random sample of 1600 school boys had the same defect. Is the
difference between the proportions significant? (Dec 2008, Dec 2014)
17. Given a random sample of 5 pints from different production lots, we want to test whether
the fat content of a certain kind of ice-cream exceeds 14%. What can we conclude at 0.01
level of significance about null hypothesis µ=14% if the sample has the mean 14.9% and
S.D =
0.42% given t0.01 for 4 d.f = 4.6 (Jun 2008)
18. Life X of a certain computer is approximately normally distributed with mean 800hrs and
S.D 40hrs. If a random sample of 30 computers has an average life of 788hrs, test the
hypothesis that µ = 800hrs against alternate hypothesis µ≠800hrs at 5% and 1% level of
significance. (Jun 2010)
19. The mean life time of a sample of 100 fluorescent light bulbs produced by a company is
computed to be 1570 hours and with a standard deviation of 120 hours. If µ is the life time of
all the bulbs produced by the company, test the hypothesis µ=1600 hours against the
alternative hypothesis µ≠1600 hours using a level of significance of 0.01. (Dec 2009)

20. If the S.D of the life time of TV tubes is estimated as 100hrs, how large a sample must
we
take in order to be i)95% and 99% confident that the errors in the estimated mean life time
will not exceed 20hrs? (Jun 2008)
21. The weights of 1500 ball bearings are normally distributed with mean of 635 gms and
standard deviation of 1.36 gms. If 300 samples of size 36 each are drawn from this
population, find the expected mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of
 means, if sampling is done i) with replacement ii) without replacement. When sampling is
done with replacement, how many samples will have their mean, greater than 635.5 gms.

Given P(0≤z≤2.203)=0.4861. (Jun 2008)

22. An unbiased coin is thrown n times. It is desired that the relative frequency of the appearance
of head should lie between 0.49 and 0.51. Find the smallest value of n that will ensure this
result with i)95% confidence; ii)90% confidence. (Dec 2010)

23. A sample of 12 measurement of the diameter of metal ball gave the mean 7.38mm with s.d
1.24mm. Find 95% and 99% confidence limits for actual diameter given t 0.05(11) = 2.2 and
t0.01(11) = 3.11 (Jun2013)

24. The mean and S.D of marks scored by a sample of 100 students are 67.45 and 2.92. Find:
i) 95% and ii) 99% confidence intervals for estimating the mean marks of the students
population. (Jun2012)

25. The means of two samples of sizes 100, 200 are respectively 67.5 and 68.0 cm. Can the
samples be regarded as drawn from the same population of S.D of 2.5cm? (Jun2011)

26. Find the mean and variance of student’s t-distribution for the following variable
values in a sample of eight:-4, -2, -2, 0, 2, 2, 3, 3 taking the mean of the universe to
be zero. (Dec 2010, Jun 2007)
27. A certain stimulus administered to each of 12 patients resulted in the following
change in blood pressure: 5, 2,8,-1,3,0,6,-2,1,5,0,4(in appropriate units). Can it be
concluded that, on the whole the stimulus will change the blood pressure? Use
t0.05(11)=2.201. (Jun2013,Dec 2011, Dec 2010, Dec 2008)
28. Ten individuals are chosen from a population and their heights in inches are found to be 63,
63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 70, 71, 71. Test the hypothesis that the mean height of the universe is
66 inches. (t0.05 = 2.262 for 9 d.f) (Jun2012, Jan 2010)

29.The nine items of a sample have the following values: 45, 47, 50,52,48,47, 49,
53, 51. Does the mean of these differ significantly from the assumed mean of 47.5?
(Jun 2013, Jun 2011, Jan 2010)
30. Eleven school boys were given a test in drawing. They were given a month’s further
tuition and a second test of equal difficulty was held at the end of it. Do the marks give
evidence that the students have benefited by extra coaching? (Given t0.05 for 10 d.f = 2.2281)
 Boy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Marks I test X1 23 20 19 21 18 20 18 17 23 16 19

Marks II test X2 24 19 22 18 20 22 20 20 23 20 17

(Dec 2010, Dec 2009, Jun 2008, Dec 2014)

31. In experiments on pea breeding, the following frequencies of seeds were obtained:

Round and yellow Wrinkled and Round and Wrinkled and total
yellow green
green

315 101 108 32 556

Theory predicts that the frequencies should be in proportions 9:3:3:1. Examine the
correspondence between theory and experiment. (Jun 2013)

32. A set of five similar coins is tossed 320 times and the result is as follows: Test the hypothesis

that the data follow a binomial distribution. (Jun 2013)

No. of 0 12 3 4 5
heads
Frequency 6 2 7 112 7 32
7 2 1

33. A die was thrown 60 times and the frequency distribution for the number appearing on the
face x is given by the following table: Test the hypothesis that the die is unbiased. Given that

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
frequency 15 6 4 7 11 17
 (Dec 2012)

34. The following table gives the number of aircraft accidents that occurred during the various
days of the week. Find whether the accidents were uniformly distributed over the week.

Day sun Mon Tue Wed Thru Fri Sa total

t
No. of 14 16 8 12 11 9 14 84
accidents

(Jun 2010, Jun 2009)

35.
Genetic theory states that children having one parent of blood type M and the other

of blood type N will always be one of the three types M, MN, N and that the
proportions of these types will on an average be 1: 2: 1. A report states that out of
300 children having one M parent and one N parent, 30% were found to be of type
M, 45% of type MN and the remaining of type N. Test the theory by chi-square test.
(Jun 2012)

36. A set of five similar coins is tossed 320 times and the result is as follows: Test the hypothesis
that the data follow a binomial distribution.

No. of 0 1 2 3 4 5
heads
Frequency 6 27 72 112 71 32

37. A survey conducted with 64 families with 3 children each and recorded as follows:

No. of male 0 1 2 3
 children

No. of families 6 19 29 10

Apply chi-square test to test whether male and female children are equiprobable at 5% level of
significance.
(Jun 2011, Dec 2014)

34. Fit a Poisson distribution to the following data and test for its goodness

of fit at 5% level of significance. Given for γ=3 is 7.82.

x 0 1 2 3 4
Frequenc 419 352 154 56 19
y

(Jun 2008)

1. Discuss i)Absorbing state ii) transient state recurrence state iv) periodic state \Y{Dec
11-7, Model II-5}
2. A software engineer goes to his work every day by the motor bike or by car. He never
goes by bike on two consecutive days but if he goes by car on a day, then he is equally likely to
go by car or by bike on the next day. Find the transition matrix for the chain of the mode of
transport he uses. If car is used on the first day of week find the probability that (i) bike is used
(ii) car is used of the fifth day. \Y{Dec 11-6}
3. Discuss i)Absorbing state ii) transient state recurrence state by means of an example
each \Y{Dec 10-6, June 10-7,}
4. A man’s gambling luck follows a pattern. If he wins a game the probability of winning
the next game is 0.6. However, if he loses a game the probability of loss in the next game is
0.7. There is an even chance that he wins the first game. (i) Find the transition matrix for the
Markov process. (ii) find the probability that he wins the third game. (iii) Find out how often in
the long run he wins \Y{June 11-7June 10-7}
5. Find the fixed probability vector of the regular stochastic matrix \Y{June 09-7}

0.5 0.25 0.25

0.5 0.0 0.5
0 1 0
6. A company changes his car every year if he has a car of make A he changes over to
make B. From Make B he changes to make C. If he has a car of make C, then he gives equal
preference to change over to make A or Make B car. If he had a car of make C in year 2008,
find the probability that he will have a car of (i) make A in 2010 (i) make C in 2010 \Y{June 09-
7}
7. Verify the matrix A is a regular stochastic matrix \Y{Dec 10-7}

0 0 1
0.5 0.25 0.25
0 1 0
8. Find the fixed probability vector of the regular stochastic matrix \Y{June 11-7}

0 1 0
0 0 1
0.5 0. 0
5
9. Find the fixed probability vector of the regular stochastic matrix \Y{Dec 09-7}

0 1 0
0.5 0.0 0.5
0.5 0.25 0.25
10. A man trades his car every year for a new car. If he has a car of Maruti he changes
over to Ambassador. From Ambassador he changes to Santro. However if he has a Santro,
then he is like to trade if for a new Santro, or Maruti or Ambassador Car. If he had a car of
Santro in year 2000, find the probability that he will have a car (i) Maruti in 2002 (i) Santro in
2003 \Y{ Model-I 5, Dec 09-7}
11. Find the fixed probability vector of the regular stochastic matrix \Y{June 10-7, Model
II-6}

0 1 0
1/6 ½ 1/3
0 2/3 1/3
12. Three students A,B and C are playing a game throwing a ball. A always throws to B and
B always throws to C. However, C is likely to throw to A or B equally likely. If C has the ball, find
the probability that each of them may have the ball after three throws. \Y{June 10-7, Model-I
5}
13. Show that the Markov chain whose transition probability matrix is irreducible. Also
find the corresponding stationary probability vector. \Y{Model-I -6}

0 2/3 1/3
½ 0 ½
½ ½ 0