NAME: LEKU BERTRAND NEMBO

MATRICLE: UBa18T0183

OPTION: MECHANICAL MANUFACTURING

COURSE: MATERIALS 1

LEVEL: 2OO

CHAPTER 4

1. Non-ferrous metals are classified into the following;

- Heavy metals such as Copper, Zinc, Lead, Tin etc.
- Light metals such as Aluminum, Magnesium, Titanium etc.
- Precious metals such as Gold, Silver, Platinum etc.
- Refractory metals such as Tungsten, Nickel, Chromium etc.
2.
i) Copper
Properties
- It is a good conductor of electricity.
- It tensile strength varies from 300 to 470 MN/m2.
- It melting point is 1084⁰C.
- It is soft, malleable, and ductile with a reddish brown appearance.
- It is non-corrosive under ordinary conditions and resists weather very effectively.
- Easy to alloy with other metals like zinc, nickel and tin.
- Occurs naturally but its greatest source is in minerals like chalcopyrite.

Uses

- It is used in making electric cables and wires for electric machinery, motor etc.
- It is used in household utensils.
- Used in production of boilers, condensers, roofing.
- Used to form alloys like brass, bronze, and gun metal.
- Copper, brass, or bronze can also be used for decoration such as jewellery, statues and
building parts.

ii) Zinc

Properties

- It has a tensile strength of 19 to 25 MPa.

- It is bluish-white.
- When heated to 200⁰C, zinc loses its elasticity and turns to a gray powder.
- Has high heat capacity and heat conductivity.
- It possesses specific gravity of 6.2 and low melting point of 480⁰C.
- It possesses high resistance to corrosion.
 Uses

- It is commonly used as a protective coating on iron and steel in the form of a galvanized or
sprayed surface.
- Used for generating electric cells and making brass and other alloys.
- The oxide of zinc is used as pigment in paints.
- Zinc oxide is used in medicine.

iii) Aluminum

Properties

- It is ductile, malleable and very good conductor of heat and electricity.

- Has a very high resistance to corrosion than ordinary steel.
- Form useful alloys with iron, copper, zinc, and other metals.
- Has excellent corrosion resistance and can be easily cast machined and formed.
- It tensile strength varies from 95 to 157 MN/m2.
- Its specific gravity is 2.7 and melting point is 658⁰C.

Uses
- Used for overhead cables.
- Used in huge variety of products including cans, foils, kitchen utensils.
- Used in machinery and equipment because of its corrosion resistance and mechanical
strength.

iv) Magnesium

Properties

- It is a shiny, silver or gray colored metal that is light in weight and strong.
- It is very reactive towards the halogens such as chlorine or bromine and burns to form the
dihalides, magnesium chloride, magnesium chloride and magnesium bromide.
- The surface of magnesium metal is covered with a thin layer of oxide that helps protect the
metal from attack by air.
- The density is 1.738 g/m L which means the metal will skin in water, but it is still relatively
light weight.

Uses

- Is used in products that benefit from being light weight, such as car seats, luggage, laptops,
cameras and power bank.
- Also added to molten iron and steel to remove sulfur.
- As magnesium ignites easily in air and burns with a bright light, its used in flares, fireworks
and sparklers.
- In human magnesium is essential to the working of hundreds of enzymes. Humans take
about 250 to 350 miligrams of magnesium each day.
 v) Lead

Properties

- Soft, silvery white or grayish metal.

- Malleable, ductile and dense and is a poor conductor of electricity.
- Highly durable and resistant to corrosion.
- Ability to absorb gamma radiation and x-radiation.
- Specific density of 11.29 g/cm3 at 20⁰C (⁰F).
- Melting and boiling point of 327.5⁰C and 1744⁰C respectively.

Uses

- Used in the manufacture of storage batteries.

- Used in ammunition as a constituent of solder, type metal.
- Used as a protective shielding around nuclear reactors.
- In heavy and industrial machinery, sheets and other parts made from lead compounds may
be used to dampen noise and vibration because lead effectively absorbs electromagnetic
radiation of short wave lengths.

vi) Tin

Properties

- It is soft, silvery white metal with a bluish tinge.

- Has a melting and boiling point of 231.97 and 2270⁰C respectively.
- Non-toxic, malleable and adapted to all kinds of cold working such as rolling, spinning and
extrusion.
- Resist corrosion from distilled sea and soft tap water and can be attacked by strong acids,
alkalis, and acid salts.
- It is not easily oxidized and resist corrosion because it is protected by an oxide film.

Uses
- Widely used for plating steel cans used as food containers.
- Used as an oxidation-resistant coating material.
- Used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion such as tin cans.
- A niobium tin alloy is used for superconducting magnets.
- Used for bearings in metals and in solder.

vii) Nickel
Properties
- It is hard, silvery white metal which is malleable and ductile. The metal can take on high
polish and it resists tarnishing in air.
- It is ferromagnetic and is a fair conductor of heat and electricity.
- Most nickel compounds are blue to green.
- Has a melting and boiling point of 1455 and 2990⁰C respectively.
 Uses
- Used to plate other metals to protect them.
- Mainly used in making alloys such as stainless steel.
- Many coins contain nickel.
- Used in batteries, including rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries.
- Finely divided nickel is used as catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils.
- Nickel steel is used for burglar-proof vaults.

viii) Plutonium
Properties
- It is silvery radioactive metal that tarnishes in air to give a yellow oxide coating.
- The metal is chemically reactive, forming compounds with carbon, nitrogen, silicon and the
halogens.
- Has a melting and boiling point of 639.4⁰C and 3230⁰C respectively.
- Highly reactive and forms a number of different compounds.

Uses
- Plutonium -239, which can undergo nuclear chain reactions is used in nuclear bombs and
nuclear reactors.
- Plutonium-238, is used as long-lived heat and power source for space probes.
- Early pacemaker batteries also used tiny amounts of plutonium 238.

3. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc in proportions which can be varied to achieve varying
mechanical and electrical properties.
The composition, properties and uses of important types of brasses include;
i) Red brass with 85% of copper and 15% of zinc.
- It has an excellent corrosion resistance and workability.
- It possesses a tensile strength ranging from 27-31 kg/mm2.
- It has a percentage elongation of 42-48.
 It is used for making heat exchanger tubes, condensers, radiation cores, plumbing pipes,
sockets, hardware.
ii) Yellow brass or Muntz metal with 60% of copper and 40% of zinc.
- It has a tensile strength and high hot workability.
- Has a tensile strength of 38 kg/mm2.
- Its percentage of elongation is 45%.
 It is used for making small various components of machine and electrical equipment
such as bolts, rods.
 Used for making pump parts, valves, taps.
 It is suitable for hot working by rolling, extrusion and stamping.
iii) Cartridge brass which contains 70% of copper and 30% of zinc.
- Has a good combination of strength and ductility.
 - It is generally processed into rolled sheets.
- It is having a tensile strength between 31-37 kg/mm2.
- Percentage elongation of this brass is 55-66%.
 Utilized for making tubes, automotive radiator cores.
 Used for ammunition cases, plumbing and hardware.
iv) Naval brass which contains 50% of copper, 40% of zinc and 1% of tin.
- Has a good combination of strength and ductility.
- Has a tensile strength of 38 kg/mm2 (approximation).
- The percentage elongation of this brass is 47%.
 It is commonly utilized for making hardware casting, piston rods, welding rods.
v) Lead brass which contains 65% copper, 34% zinc and 1% lead.
 Used for making small gears and pinions for clockwork.
vi) Aluminum brass which contains 77.5% of copper, 20.5% of zinc and 2% of aluminum.
- Improves corrosion resistance.
 Used for heat exchanger and condenser tubes.
4. Bronze is a tin alloy of copper which is harder than either of the alloy metal ingredients.
The composition, properties and uses of different type of bronzes include;
i) Constantan which contains 55% of copper and 45% nickel.
- It is high specific resistance.
- Specific resistance is unaffected by temperature variation.
 Used for accurate resistors like thermo-couples, whet-stone bridge, low temperatures
heaters and resistances.
ii) Phosphor bronze or Tin bronze; this alloy typically has a tin content ranging from 0.5-1.0%,
and a phosphorous range of 0.01-0.35%.
- Low coefficient of friction.
- High fatigue resistance.
 Used to manufacture anticorrosive equipment as well as electrical components.
iii) Aluminum bronze; it contains 6-12% of aluminum and the most 6% iron, 6% nickel.
- Has a superior strength and corrosive resistant qualities.
 Used in the manufacturing of marine hardware, sleeve bearings and pumps that
transport corrosive fluids.
iv) Copper nickel or Cupronickel; the nickel content can be as low as 2% or as high as 30%.
 - It is strong and corrosive resistant, high thermal stability.
 Used in the manufacturing of electronic components, marine equipment, ship hulls and
more.
v) Silicon bronze or red silicon bronze; most often zinc content of 20% and a silicon content
not greater than 6%.
 Used in the manufacturing of pumps and valves parts.
5. The various types of aluminum alloys, their various compositions and uses include;
i) Duralumin; contains 3.5-4.5% copper, 0.4-0.7% manganese, 0.4-0.7% magnesium, 94%
aluminum.
- It can easily hot work at a temperature of 500⁰C.
- It can be cold worked after forging and annealing.
 Used in the wrought conditions for forging, stamping, bars and sheets.
 Used in automobile and aircraft components due to its higher strength and lighter
weight.
 Also employed in surgical, non-magnetic work and measuring instruments parts
conducting work.
ii) Y-alloy or copper aluminum alloy; it contains 3.5-4.5% copper, 1.2-1.7% manganese,
1.8-2.3% nickel, 0.6% each of silicon, magnesium, and iron, 92.5% aluminum.
- Addition of copper to aluminum increases its strength and machinability.
 Mainly used for cast purposes, but can also be used for forged components like
duralumin.
 Used in aircraft engines for cylinder heads, pistons, crank cases of internal combustion
engines die casting, pump rods.
iii) Magnalium; it contains 85-95% aluminum, 0-25% copper, 1-5% magnesium, 0-1.2%
nickel, 0-3% tin, 0-0.9% iron, 0-0.03% manganese, 0.2-0.6% silicon.
- It is made by melting the aluminum with 2-10% magnesium in a vacuum and then cooling it
a vacuum or under a pressure of 100 to 200 atmosphere.
 Mainly used for making aircraft and automobile components due to its light weight and
good mechanical properties.
6. The various types of nickel alloys include;

i) Stainless steels
The majority of it contains 8-10% nickel. The most common stainless steel is thee 304
grade with 8% nickel and 18% chromium and balance iron. This is used for such common
items as spoons and forks, saucepans and kitchen sinks.
- Type 316 is used in marine applications, has about the same amount of nickel and chromium
as 304 but with 3% of molybdenum added, the balance again iron.
ii) Nickel copper alloys or MONEL or NICORROS.
Contains 63% nickel minimum, 28-34% copper, and a maximum of 2% manganese and
2.5% iron.
- Has a wider range of environments where they resist corrosion.
 Find wide application in oil refining and marine applications where long corrosion-free
life is required.
iii) Low expansion alloys
Contains 48% nickel and the balance is iron.
iv) Magnetic alloys
Contains 70-80% nickel, with small amount of molybdenum.
v) Nickel chromium base alloys