Statistics R Charts and Graphs Assignment

National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences - FAST
Computer Science Department

Probability and Statistics

Fall 2019
Assignment # 1

Name: Hammad Ali
Roll No: i17-0329
Section: B
Date: 1-Oct-2019
Submitted To: Dr Nadia Khan

Probability and Statistics (Fall 2019) Assignment#1
Question 1)
According to the Union of Concerned Scientists (www.ucsusa.org), as of November 2012, there
were 502 low Earth orbit (LEO) and 432 geosynchronous orbit (GEO) satellites in space. Each
satellite is owned by an entity in either the government, military, commercial, or civil sector. A
breakdown of the number of satellites in orbit for each sector is displayed in the accompanying
table. Use this information to construct pair of graphs (i. Rectangles, Pie Chart) that compare
the ownership sectors of LEO and GEO satellites in orbit. What observations do you have about
the data?
Ownership Sectors LEO Satellites GEO Satellites

Government 229 59
Military 109 91
Commercial 118 281
Civil 46 1
Solution)
1) Pie Chart

# Leo and geo data

leoData <- c(229,109,118,46)
geoData <- c(59,91,281,1)
colors <- rainbow(length(leoData))
label <- c("Government","Military", "Commercial", "Civil")
# percentage calculations
percentLeo<- round(100*leoData/sum(leoData), 1)
percentGeo<- round(100*geoData/sum(geoData), 1)
par(mfrow=c(1,2))
pie(leoData, labels = percentLeo, main = "Leo",col = colors)
pie(geoData, labels = percentGeo, main = "Geo", col = colors)
legend("bottomright", label , cex = 0.9, fill = colors)

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2) Rectangle Chart
x <- c(229,109,118,46)
colours = rainbow(length(x)) # No. of items
Family <- c("LEO","GEO") # no of columns
type <- c("Government","Military", "Commercial", "Civil") # of items
y <- c(59,91,281,1)
rectanglePercent <- c(round(100*(x/sum(x)), 1))
rectanglePercent2 <- c(round(100*(y/sum(y)), 1))
Values <- matrix(c(rectanglePercent ,rectanglePercent2), nrow = 4, ncol = 2, byrow
= FALSE)

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width = sum(x):sum(y)
barplot(Values, width , main = "Satellites", names.arg = Family, xlab = "Year",

ylab = "type", col = colours)
Question#2)
Do social robots walk or roll? According to the United Nations, social robots now outnumber industrial
robots worldwide. A social (or service) robot is designed to entertain, educate, and care for human users.
In a paper published by the International Conference on Social Robotics (Vol. 6414, 2010), design
engineers investigated the trend in the design of social robots. Using a random sample of 106 social
robots obtained through a web search, the engineers found that 63 were built with legs only, 20 with
wheels only, 8 with both legs and wheels, and 15 with neither legs nor wheels.
a. What type of graph is used to describe the data?
b. Identify the variable measured for each of the 106 robot designs.
c. Use graph to identify the social robot design that is currently used the most.
d. Compute class relative frequencies for the different categories shown in the graph.

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Solution)
a. Bar graph as one bar for each category is suitable for this type of data.
b. The variables for measurement are
i. Legs only
ii. Wheels only
iii. Both
iv. None
c. Graph R code
types <-c("Legs Only","Wheels Only","Both","None")

obs <- c(63,20,8,15)
barplot(obs,names.arg=types,main = "Social Robots Experiment",xlab="Types",ylab =
"No. of Robots", col = "blue") # horizontal
The robots with legs only are used the most.
d. Relative Frequency = Class Frequency/Total Frequency

Total Frequency = 15+8+63+20=106

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Type Relative Frequency
None 0.14
Both 0.08
Legs Only 0.59
Wheels Only 0.19
Question 3)
Use R Code to construct a pie chart to organize the data given in problem 2. What can you conclude?
data <- c(63, 20, 8, 15)

colours = rainbow(length(data))
labels <- c("Legs Only","Wheels Only", "Legs And Wheels", "

None")
percent <- round(100*data/sum(data),1)
pie(data,percent,main = "Social robot experiment", col = rainbow(length(data)))
legend("topright",labels,cex = 0.8, fill = rainbow(length(data))
Conclusion: The robots with legs only are used the most. On the other hand, very few robots
have both legs and wheels

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Question 4)
Component Bar Graph
Take a suitable data set to construct the component bar diagram through R-lang.
Data Set Link:

https://i01.appmifile.com/webfile/globalweb/company/ir/announcement_us/2018_ANNUAL_REPORT.pdf
Xiaomi Computers Annual reports of sales of smartphones
years = c(2015,2016,2017,2018)
current = c(14212521,20147852,24587598,39215389)
nonCurrent = c(25489584,30124578,61547896,106254875)
# converting to million dollars
current = current / 1000000
nonCurrent = nonCurrent / 1000000
colors = c("Red","Green")
barNames = c("Current Assets","Non-current Assets")
barplot(rbind(current,nonCurrent), width = .3, main = "Xiaomi Computers total
assets",names.arg = years, xlab = "Years", ylab = "Assets (Million Dollars)", col =
colors)

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b) Multiple Bar Graph

Data set link:
Xiaomi Computers sales of electronic devices and services of past 3 years
years = c(2016,2017,2018)
smartPhones = c(12.4,45.3,102.5)
lifestyleProducts = c(11.4, 44.5, 67.4)
internetServices = c(9.2, 17.5, 45.5)
others = c(14.5, 19.7, 34.9)
colors = c("Red","Green","Yellow","Blue")
barNames = c("Smartphones","Lifestyle Products", "Internet Services", "Others");
barplot(rbind(smartPhones,lifestyleProducts,internetServices,others), width = .3,
beside = TRUE, main = "Xiaomi Computers total devices and services sold in past 3
years",names.arg = years, xlab = "Years", ylab = "No. of devices (in million)",
col = colors)
legend("topleft",barNames, cex = 1 , fill = colors)

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Question 5)
Collect the data (40-50 values) on a targeted variable which must be continuous:
(i) Construct the frequency distribution.
(ii) List the mid-points for your frequency distribution, as well as the relative and cumulative
frequencies.
(iii)Draw a histogram depicting the data from the frequency table in # (ii) above and
superimpose a frequency polygon on top of a histogram
(iv) Show the histogram and density curve in one graph.
(v) Show the histogram, density curve and frequency polygon in one graph.
(vi) Also construct an Ogive for the data considered before through R.
(i) and (ii)

Data set link: https://www.projectplace.com/resources/knowledgebase/technical-details/latency-test/
# Internet Speed latency in 50 countries while connecting to Google.com (in ms)

data=c(94,68,66,68,62,67,67,89,88,88,88,88,86,86,84,84,83,5 3,52,51,51,57,57,49,49,
49,49,48,48,48,46,46,45,45,45,44,43,43,43,43,43,42,42,40,39,37,37,36,35,34)
sort(data)
n<-length(data)
n
maxi<-max(data);
maxi
mini<-min(data);
mini
r<-(maxi-mini)
r
noOfClasses=ceiling(1+3.322*log10(n))
noOfClasses
h<-ceiling(r/noOfClasses)
h
# h = width, r = range
breaks<-seq(mini,maxi+h,h)
breaks
dataDistribution<-cut(data,breaks,right=F)
dataDistribution
frequency = table(dataDistribution)
frequency
table = cbind(frequency)

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table
MidPoints<-seq(mini+h/2,(maxi+h)-h/2,h)
MidPoints
cumulative_freq=cumsum(table)
cumulative_freq
RF = table/n
RF
# change column name of RF from "frequency" to "Relative Frequency"
colnames(RF)<- "Rel f"
finalTable = cbind ( frequency ,MidPoints,cumulative_freq,RF)
finalTable
Output
frequency MidPoints cumulative_freq Rel f
[34,43) 9 38.5 9 0
.18
[43,52) 20 47.5 29 0 .40
[52,61) 4 56.5 33 0 .08
[61,70) 6 65.5 39 0 .12
[70,79) 0 74.5 39 0 .00
[79,88) 5 83.5 44 0 .10
[88,97) 6 92.5 50 0 .12

iii) Frequency polygon superimposed on Histogram
data=c(94,68,66,68,62,67,67,89,88,88,88,88,86,86,84,84,83,5 3,52,51,51,57,57,49,49,
49,49,48,48,48,46,46,45,45,45,44,43,43,43,43,43,42,42,40,39,37,37,36,35,34)
h1<-hist(data, xlab="Observations", ylab="Frequency", main="Freq. Polygon on

Histogram",col="lightblue")
breaks<-seq(0,100,20)
mids<-seq(12,87,15)# mids point
h1<-lines(c(min(breaks),h1$mids, max(breaks)),c(0,h1$counts,0),lwd=3,type="o")

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iv) Histogram and Density Curve in same graph

X=c(94,68,66,68,62,67,67,89,88,88,88,88,86,86,84,84,83,53,5 2,51,51,57,57,49,49,49,
49,48,48,48,46,46,45,45,45,44,43,43,43,43,43,42,42,40,39,37,37,36,35,34)
X
hist(data,prob = TRUE, xlab="Observations", ylab="Frequency", main="Density Curve
and Histogram",col="lightpink")
lines(density(X), col="blue", lwd=2)

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v) Histogram, frequency polygon and density curve on one graph

install.packages("UsingR")
library(UsingR)
data=c(94,68,66,68,62,67,67,89,88,88,88,88,86,86,84,84,83,53,52,51,51,57,57
,49,49,49,49,48,48,48,46,46,45,45,45,44,43,43,43,43,43,42,42,40,39,37,37,36
,35,34)
simple.freqpoly(data,main="Density Curve and Frequency Polygon on
Histogram",col="lightgreen"
,xlab="Observations")
par(new=TRUE)
hist(data,freq=FALSE,main="",xlab="",ylab="",yaxt='n')
lines(density(data))

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vi) Ogive.
data=c(94,68,66,68,62,67,67,89,88,88,88,88,86,86,84,84,83,53,52,51,51,57,57,49,49,49,4
9,48,48,48,46,46,45,45,45,44,43,43,43,43,43,42,42,40,39,37,37,36,35,34)
n<-length(data)
maxi<-max(data);
maxi
mini<-min(data);
mini
r<-(maxi-mini)
r
noOfClasses = ceiling(1+3.322*log10(length(data)))
noOfClasses
h<-ceiling(r/noOfClasses) # To find the width/size of class.
h
MidPoints<-seq(mini+h/2,(maxi+h)-h/2,h)
MidPoints
breaks = seq(mini,maxi+h,h)
dataCut = cut(data, breaks, right=FALSE)
frequency = table(dataCut)
midpoint0 = c(0,MidPoints)
cumuFreq = c(0, cumsum(frequency))
plot(midpoint0,cumuFreq,main="Ogive",xlab="Observations", ylab="Cumulative Frequency")
lines(midpoint0, cumuFreq,col="lightgreen",lwd=3,type="o")

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Probability and Statistics

Ownership Sectors LEO Satellites GEO Satellites

# Leo and geo data

barplot(Values, width , main = ​"Satellites"​, names.arg = Family, xlab = ​"Year"​,

a. What type of graph is used to describe the data?

types <-c(​"Legs Only"​,​"Wheels Only"​,​"Both"​,​"None"​)

The robots with legs only are used the most.

d. Relative Frequency = Class Frequency/Total Frequency

Type Relative Frequency

Legs Only 0.59

Wheels Only 0.19

data <- c(​63​, ​20​, ​8​, ​15​)

labels <- c(​"Legs Only"​,​"Wheels Only"​, ​"Legs And Wheels"​, "

Data Set Link:

Xiaomi Computers Annual reports of sales of smartphones

b) Multiple Bar Graph

Xiaomi Computers sales of electronic devices and services of past 3 years

(i) Construct the frequency distribution.

superimpose a frequency polygon on top of a histogram

(iv) Show the histogram and density curve in one graph.

(i) and (ii)

# Internet Speed latency in 50 countries while connecting to Google.com (in ms)

h1<-hist(data, xlab=​"Observations"​, ylab=​"Frequency"​, main=​"Freq. Polygon on

iv) Histogram and Density Curve in same graph

v) Histogram, frequency polygon and density curve on one graph

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barplot(Values, width , main = "Satellites", names.arg = Family, xlab = "Year",

types <-c("Legs Only","Wheels Only","Both","None")

data <- c(63, 20, 8, 15)

labels <- c("Legs Only","Wheels Only", "Legs And Wheels", "

h1<-hist(data, xlab="Observations", ylab="Frequency", main="Freq. Polygon on