Mmw reviewer

CHAPTER 1

PATTERNS & NUMBERS IN NATURE

 Pattern – regular, repeated, recurring forms or designs

o Help identify relationships, logical connections to form generalizations and make predictions
o Indicate a sense of structure and organization
o (example) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 [add 2 to find answer]
 Numbers in Nature
o SNOFLAKES AND HONEYCOMBS
 Symmetry – mirrored image as a result of drawing an imaginary line across an object
 Line/bilateral symmetry – left and right portions are the same
 Rotational symmetry/Order of Rotation – same appearance as the original even if it is
rotated by several degrees
 Angle of rotation – smallest angle that a figure can be rotated while still preserving the
original formation
360°
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑛

 Packing problems – finding optimum method of filling up a given space such as cubic or
spherical container.
o TIGER STRIPES AND HYENA SPOTS
 “Chemical reactions and diffusions processes in cells determine growth patterns. (Alan
Turing)
o SUNFLOWER
 Clockwise and counterclockwise arcs
o SNAIL SHELL
 Protoconch – shells
 Equiangular spiral – as distance from spiral center increase, the amplitude of angles form by
the radii to the point and tangent to the point remain constant
o Flower Petals
 Fibonacci
o World Population
 𝐴 = 𝑃𝑒 𝑟𝑡
 A = size of population after growth
P = initial no. of people
R = rate of growth
T = time
 E = Euler constant 2.718

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE

 Sequence – ordered list of numbers called terms that may have repeated values
 (example) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13
 Fibonacci Sequence
o From Leonardo of Pisa
o Hypothesized from breeding and reproduction of rabbits
o Golden Ratio = 1.618
(1.618)𝑛 −(1−1.618)𝑛
o 𝑋𝑛 =
√5

o Try on Fib 8 (21 answer)

MATH FOR OUR WORLD

 Organization – analysis and better decisions

 Predictions – mathematical models for representation of existing data to generate analysis, interpretations,
and predictions
 Control – way natural objects and phenomenon behave
 Indispensable - it is necessary cuz it fits with everything

ACTIVITY!!!

 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36
 A, C, E, G, I, K
 22, 21, 25, 24, 28, 27, 31
 41, 39, 37, 35, 33, 31
 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216
 16, 32, 64, 128, 256
 CSD, ETF, GUH, IVJ, KWL
 1, 4, 13, 40, 121, 364, 1093
 FIB(19) 4179
 FIB(20) 6762
CHAPTER 2

VARIABLES

 Can be used as a placeholder when you are pertaining to something

o Example

Statement Translation
Are there numbers with the property
Are there numbers a & b with the
that the sum of their squares equals the
property that 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
square of their sum
Given any real number, its square is
Given any real number r, 𝑟 2 ≥ 0
nonnegative

 STATEMENTS U MUST REMEMBER

(ito bale yung main statements u have to remember kasi yung susunod na mga statements are basically a
mix lang)
Statement Definition Example

True for all/for every elements in a set. All positive numbers are
Universal
Generalization. greater than 0

If something is true, then something else

If 378 is divisible by 18, then
Conditional has to be true. Second statement is
378 is divisible by 6
DEPENDENT to first statement.
May or may not be true; there is at least
There is an even prime
Existential one property that is true.
number
Dependent
 OTHER STATEMENTS
(Dito naman, sa test, idedetermine niyo anong klaseng statement yung given doon then ire-rewrite yung
statement. PLS TAKE NOTE!! Universal conditional lang ang pwede maging independent sa isa’t isa, the rest
hindi mo sila mapaghihiwalay kasi palaging nakadepende ang existential sa statement na kasama niya.
REMINDER! Any description of the same variable will be combined pag nire-write niyo yung statement)
Statement Definition Sample Statement Pure 1st part Pure 2nd part
First part of [an example of a  For all nonzero  If a real number is
statement is universal real numbers x, nonzero, then its
universal, second conditional] 𝑥2 is positive. square is positive
Universal For all real
part is conditional.  All nonzero real  If x is a nonzero
Conditional numbers x, if x is numbers have real number, then
“For All” “For Ever” a nonzero, then positive squares 𝑥2 is positive.
+ “If-Then” 𝑥2 is positive.

First part of  All pots

statement is have lids

universal, second
part is existential.
Universal Every pot has a
Existential lid  For all pots P, there is a lid for P
“For all” “For  For all pots P, there is a lid L such that L
Every” + “There is” is a lid for P
“Has” (and the [NOTE: this is an example of rewritten version
likes) na hindi pinaghiwalay yung description]
 Some person in my class is at least as
First part of
There is a old as every person in my class
statement is
person in my  There is a person p in my class such
existential, second
Existential class who is at that p is at least as old as every person
part is universal.
Universal least as old as in my class
every person in  There is person p in my class with the
“There is” + “For
my class property that for every person q in my
all/every”
class, p is at least as old as q
LANGUAGE OF SETS

 Set - collection of elements

 Notation – statement
o 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆 or 𝑥 ∉ 𝑆
o Translation:
x is an element of S
x is not an element of S
 Roster Notation – writing/listing all elements between braces
 Ellipsis – “. . .” read as “and so forth”
 Axiom of Extensions – states that set is determined by WHAT THE ELEMENTS ARE, regardless of
arrangement.

ADDITIONAL NOTES:

 If may situation na nagpapakita ng ganto

A = {1,2,3}
B = {3,2,1}
C = {1,1,2,2,3,3}
They are considered na related kasi their elements are the same numbers lang
 If may situation na nagpakita nito {0} = 0 (and the likes), it is wrong or {0} ≠ 0 kasi {0} is a set while 0
is just a number
 If may lumabas na ganito A = {1,{1}} (set within a set bale), then it mean you have 2 elements sa set A
kasi nakapalood sa set A ang isa pang set. Bilangin niyo lang bale kung ilan ang nakapaloob sa brace
regardless kung may brace din yung nasa loob.

 Symbols
(take note po na pwede lagyan ng superscript and symbols to determine whether positive siya or negative)
Symbol Definition Set
R Any number na hindi imaginary Set of all real numbers
Z Any number na hindi fraction Set of all integers
Q Numbers expressed in fractions Set of all rational numbers
Positive integers (0 is excluded
N kasi it is NEITHER positive nor Set of nonnegative integers
negative)
 Origin – middle point in a line where the set of all points are placed
 Continuous – real number line
 Discrete – set of integers
 Set Builder Notation – another way to specify set uses
o {𝑥 ∈ 𝑆|𝑃(𝑥)}
o Translation: x is an element of S such that P of x is true
o “ | “ -> such that
o Take note na yung P(x) is just a representation of what you must find para masabi na element si x ng
set na yun
o TIP WHEN ANSWERING: unahin mo idetermine mga possible answers mo before you filter out anong
klaseng sagot hinahanap niya.
Example
List of possible answers
Question Translation (regardless where it is Final answer
R,Z,Q,N)
x is an element of a real
number such that x is
{𝑥 ∈ 𝑅| − 2 < 𝑥 < 5} {-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4} {-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
greater than -2 but less
than 5
x is an element of an
integer such that x is
{𝑥 ∈ 𝑍| − 2 < 𝑥 < 5} {-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4} {-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
greater than -2 but less
than 5
x is an element of a
positive integer such
{𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 + | − 2 < 𝑥 < 5} {-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4} {1, 2, 3, 4}
that x is greater than -2
but less than 5

 Subsets – basic relation between sets

o 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 or 𝐴 ⊈ 𝐵
o Translation:
A is a subset of B
A is not a subset of B
o A subset can only be a subset if EVERY ELEMENT OF A is an element of B
 Proper Subset – every element of A is in B, but there is at least one element of B that is not in A.
Example: 𝐴 = {𝑍 + } 𝐵 = {𝑛 ∈ 𝑍|0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 100} 𝐶 = {100, 200, 300, 400, 500}

Questions Answer Reason

𝐵⊆𝐴 False 0 is not a positive integer
 All elements in C are present in
set A, HOWEVER! Not all
C is a proper subset of A True
elements in A is present in C (1-
99 and so on)
Only one element in C is present
𝐶⊆𝐵 False
in set B
𝐶⊆𝐶 True Sets are subsets of themselves
REMINDER!!! PLS BASAHIN NG MAIGI KUNG ELEMENT OR SUBSET AND SYMBOL OTHERWISE MAGKAKAMALI KAYO 

 Ordered Pair – (a,b) consisting a and b together with the specification that a is the first element and b is the
second element

Questions Answer Reason

Is (1,2) = (2,1)? False 1≠ 2 and 2 ≠ 1
First elements of the pairs are 3
and √9 which is the same cuz
5 1
Is (3, ) = (√9 )? True root of 9 is 3. And the second
10 2
elements are both equivalent to
1/2
What is the first element of
1 First element is simply 1
(1,1)

 Cartesian Product – You will simply pair the elements sa dalawang set na given
o 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑏)|𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
o Translation: A cross B, is the set of all ordered pairs such that a is in set A and b is in set B
Example: A = {1, 2, 3} B = {u,v}

Questions Answer
Find 𝐴 × 𝐵 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(1,u), (2,u), (3,u), (1,v), (2,v), (3,v)}
Find 𝐵 × 𝐴 𝐵 × 𝐴 = {(u,1), (u,2), (u,3), (v,1), (v,2), (v,3)}
Find B× 𝐵 𝐵 × 𝐵 = {(u,u), (u,v), (v,u), (v,v)}
LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

 Relation – a relation from sets A & B is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵, given an ordered pair (x,y) in 𝐴 × 𝐵 , x is related to
y by R.
o 𝑥 𝑅 𝑦 means that (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 -> x is related to y by R
o Domain – Set A
o Co-domain – Set B
𝑥−𝑦
Example (Subset): A = {1,2} B = {1,2,3} Given any (x,y)∈ 𝐴 × 𝐵, (x,y) )∈ 𝑅 means that 2
is an integer

STEPS!!
1. Pair up 𝐴 × 𝐵
𝑥−𝑦
2. Among sa partners, use the values to answer
2

3. Determine whether or not the answer is an integer

𝑥−𝑦
4. List down the pairs na nagsasatisfy sa 2

Question Answer Reason

𝑥−𝑦
What are the ordered pairs are Pairs that satisfies 2
thru
R = {(1,1),(1,3),(2,2)}
in 𝐴 × 𝐵 which are in R? substitution
Is 1 R 3? Yes, because it is an element of R
Check the answers in the first
Is 2 R 3? No, because it is not an element of R
question
Is 2 R 2? Yes, because it is an element of R
Simply set A and set B
Or any sets involved to
What is domain and co-domain Domain of R is (1,2) answer R (kung sakali man na
of R? Co-domain is (1,2,3) ang sabi is 𝐵 × 𝐴 then B is the
Domain and A is the co-
domain)

Example (Circle Relation): Define a relation C from R to R as follows: For any (x,y) ∈ 𝑅 × 𝑅 , (x,y) ∈ 𝑅
Means that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
Note: bold R pertains to Real numbers
Question Answer
1. Is (1,0) ∈ 𝐶? 1. Yes, because it satisfies 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
2. Is (0,0) ∈ 𝐶? 2. No, because it does not satisfy 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
−1 √3
3. Is ( , ) ∈ 𝐶? 3. Yes, because it satisfies 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
2 2

4. Is −2 𝐶 0? 4. No, because it does not satisfy 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1

5. Is 0 𝐶 (−1)? 5. Yes, because it satisfies 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1

6. Is 1 𝐶 1? 6. No, because it does not satisfy 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1

 o Arrow Diagram of Relation – simply match it with an arrow. PLEASE BE MINDFUL OF THE LABELS
ARROW HEAD
 FUNCTION – relation with domain and co-domain that satisfies the following
o Every element from the first set is the FIRST element in an ordered pair F
o The first element must not be repeated in the ordered pair F
Example: A = {2,4,6} B = {1,3,5}
Question Answer Reason
Is R = {(2,5), (4,1), (4,3), (6,5)} a Because 4 is repeated as the first
No
function? element.
Because not all elements in A has
an ordered pair. (how come? Pag
ni-list down niyo yung mga
For all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐴 ×, (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈
No sagot, 6 won’t have a pair kasi
𝑆 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 ?
walang element sa B na pag in-
add mo sa 6, may sagot na nasa
set B din)
Because it satisfies all the
criteria to be a function (lahat ng
Is 𝑇 = {(2,5), (4,1), (6,1)} Yes element sa set A ay may pair,
and at the same time hindi siya
nauulit)

 Function Machines – another useful way to think of a function (just remember these machines and outputs)
o 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 → 𝐹𝑈𝑁𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑀𝐴𝐶𝐻𝐼𝑁𝐸 → 𝑓(𝑥)𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
o 𝑥 → 𝑆𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑅𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝐹𝑈𝑁𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 → 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
o 𝑛 → 𝑆𝑈𝐶𝐶𝐸𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑅 𝐹𝑈𝑁𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 → 𝑔(𝑛) = 𝑛 + 1
o 𝑟 → 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑇 𝐹𝑈𝑁𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 → ℎ(𝑟) = 2
o NOTE: f(x) is same as g(x) so kung sa midterms niyo, ginamit yung g(x), same lang gagawin niyo.
CHAPTER 3

INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING

 Inductive Reasoning – forming conclusion from specific examples

 Conjecture – conclusion formed by using inductive reasoning
o Used to predict numbers [sequences lang]
o Make a conjecture [may steps lang kayo na susundan to find the answer]
o Solve an application [problem solving bale]
o Finding counterexamples [counterexamples – providing a false statement for the original statement
given]
 Deductive Reasoning – process of reaching a conclusion by applying general principles
o Used to establish conjectures
 Logic Puzzles [lalabas toh sa exam niyo, you have to determine ano yung mga roles ng isa’t isa with the use
of clues, all I can say nalang is READ THE CLUES CAREFULLY and when naclose na yung isa niyong option,
close niyo na yung lahat

Example: determine the jobs with the clues

Clues:

1. Maria gets home from work after the banker but before the dentist
2. Sarah, who is last to get home, is not the editor
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at the same time

1. The banker lives next door to Brian

Editor Banker Chef Dentist
CORRECT! Because
X because Maria is X because Sarah is X because Brian is
Sean other choices are
already the Editor already the Chef already the dentist
eliminated
CORRECT! Because
X because Sarah is
Maria other choices are X because of clue 1 X because of clue 1
already the Chef
eliminated
CORRECT! Because
Sarah X because of clue 2 X because of clue 2 other choices are X because of clue 3
eliminated
CORRECT! Because
X because Maria is X because Sarah is
Brian X because of clue 4 other choices are
already the Editor already the Chef
eliminated
PROBLEM SOLVING WITH PATTERNS

 Sequence – ordered list of numbers

 Terms – numbers in a sequence separated by a comma
 𝑎𝑛 = nth term of a sequence
o Prediction of sequence
o Finding nth term formula [kayo gagawa nung formula niyo, ang pinakatip ko nalang sainyo is to take
note the difference ng mga block per horizontal and vertical line]
o Fibonacci sequence [in this situation, use 𝐹𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛−1 + 𝐹𝑛−2 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 ≥ 𝟑]

PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES

 Polya’s Problem Solving Strategy - four step strategy [honestly, kayo talaga bahala papaano gagawin ninyo
dito as long as u follow the steps and tama sagot niyo]
1. Understand the problem [ano yung hinihingi sa problem]
2. Devise a plan [find a way or solutions na pwede niyo gamitin]
3. Carry out the plan [list, compute, etc, kung anuman ang nakasulat sa devise a plan, yun gagawin niyo]
4. Review the solution [write the final answer and double check]
 Reading and interpreting Graphs – used to display numerical info in a visual format
CHAPTER 4

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

 Statistics – collection, organization, summarization, presentation, and interpretation of data

 Descriptive statistics – branch of stat that involves collection, organization, summarization, and
presentation of data
 Inferential statistics – branch that interprets and draws conclusion from data
 Population – entire group of consideration; symbolized by µ
 Sample – subset of population; symbolized by x̄
Σ 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Arithmetic Mean – aka mean; average of data; makes use of Summation Notation Σ;
𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

 Median – middle number [of an odd set of data] or mean of two middle numbers [of an even set of data]
 Mode – number that occurs most frequently
 Weighted Mean – sum of the products of each data. Often used when some data are more important than
Σ (𝑥 × 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
others; 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
Σ of weight

 Raw Data – data that have not been organized or manipulated in any manner
 Frequency distribution – table that lists observed events and the frequency of occurrence of each observed
events [bale ilang beses ito lumabas… frequency… frequent]

MEASURES OF DISPERSION

 Range – difference between greatest and least data value

 Standard Deviation – set of numerical data makes use of the amount by which each individual data value
deviates from the mean.
Σ(𝑥−𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)2
o Standard Deviation of Population 𝜎 = √
𝑛

Σ(𝑥−𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠)2
o Standard Deviation of Sample 𝑠 = √ 𝑛−1

 Steps!!
1. Determine the mean
2. Calculate the deviation
3. Square the deviation
4. Divide
5. Root
 Variance – square of a standard deviation of the data 𝜎 2 (variance of population) 𝑠 2 (variance of sample)
Bale you just have to square the answer.
MEASURES OF RELATIVE POSITION

 z-scores – number of standard deviations that x is above or below the mean of the data
𝑥−𝜇
o Population - 𝑧𝑥 𝜎
𝑥−𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
o Sample - 𝑧𝑥 𝑠

 Percentiles – p% of the data values

o Examples: the median annual salary of physicians is 74,480. 90th percentile for annual salary of
physician is 105,900. What is the percent of physicians whose
1. Salary is more than 74,480 50% kasi median meaning middle
2. Salary is less than 105,900 90% kasi 105,900 is the 90th percentile
3. Salary is between 74,480 and 105900 40% kasi between 50% and 90% so 90-50 = 40
o Percentile for a Given Data Value
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑥
1. 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 = × 100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠

 Example: on an examination given to 900 students, Elaine’s score of 602 is higher

than the scores of 576 students who took the exam
576
o 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 900
× 100 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 64

 Quartiles – quarters of the data

o Steps!
1. Rank the data
2. Find the median and name it 𝑄2
3. Find median between starting point to 𝑄2 then name it 𝑄1
4. Find median between 𝑄2 to end point then name it 𝑄3
 Box and Whisker plots – visual summary of set of data [example lang yung nasa baba]

NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS

 Grouped Frequency Distribution – table where large sets of data are displayed
 o Class – each interval sa table [upper class boundary and lower class boundary]
o Histogram – graph of the frequency distribution table
o Relative Frequency Distribution - type of frequency distribution that lists the percent of the data
in each class
o Relative Frequency Histogram – percent of the frequency on the vertical axis
 Normal Distribution and Empirical Rule
 Normal Distribution – forms a bell shaped curve that is symmetric about a vertical line through the mean
of the data
o PROPERTIES OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
1. Graph is symmetric about a vertical line through the MEAN.
2. Mean median and mode are equal
3. Y-value of each point on the curve us the percent (pero naka decimal)os the data at the
corresponding x value
4. Areas under the curve are symmetric
5. Total area under the curve is 1 or 100%
 Empirical Rule

Please take note po na there is a 0.15% pag

lumampas na sa 2.35% kasi if u add them all
together (without 0.15%) it is only 99.7% so
if meron kayong question na ina-ask on
ilang percent yung FURTHER THAN __, add
0.15% Thanku

How to use empirical rule to solve applications:

A survey of 1000 US gas stations found the prive charge for a gallon of regular gas could be closely
approximated by normal distribution with a mean of $3.10 and a standard deviation of $0.18. How many of
the stations
Questions Answer Solution
a. Charge between 2.74 and
950 US gas 13.4%+34%+34%+13.4% = 95%
3.46 for a gallon of regular
stations 95% ×1000 gas stations = 950
gas?
3.28 is more than the mean, therefore nasa bandang
𝜇 + 𝜎 na area siya ng empirical rule [34% agad].
b. Charge less than 3.28 for a Since and hanap is less than 3.28, u have to add 34%
840 gas stations
gallon of regular gas? to 50% kasi remember that the mean is equivalent
to 50%
50%+34% = 84%
 Steps!! [gamitin nating yung sa question 1]
1. Take note of mean and standard deviation, and determine the values sa graph ng empirical rule.
a. Mean = 3.10 Standard Deviation = 0.18
b. 𝜇 − 3𝜎 = 3.10 − (3 ∗ 0.18) = 2.56 e. 𝜇 + 𝜎 = 3.10 + 0.18 = 3.28
c. 𝜇 − 2𝜎 = 3.10 − (2 ∗ 0.18) = 2.82 f. 𝜇 + 2𝜎 = 3.10 + (2 ∗ 0.18) = 3.46
d. 𝜇 − 𝜎 = 3.10 − 0.18 = 2.92 g. 𝜇 + 3𝜎 = 3.10 + (3 ∗ 0.18) = 3.64
2. Replace the symbols sa graph with the result
3. Plot where the values from given question
4. Add the percentage equivalent na nakalagay na sa graph [yung 13.5% etc etc]
5. Sum of the percent × population [ito is if ang hanap is ILANG __ ANG GANITO, pero if percent lang
naman hanap, use the answer in step 4]

 Standard Normal Distribution – normal distribution that has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1
[dito kayo gagamit z table]
𝑥−𝜇 𝑥−𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
o 𝑧𝑥 = 𝜎
𝑧𝑥 = 𝑠
gagamitin niyo lang it pag hindi binigay directly ang z

Simple Example: find the area of the standard normal distribution between z= -1.44 and z = 0]

 Just determine equivalent of -1.44 sa z table

 The answer is 0.425 square unit

Another Example: Find the area of the standard normal distribution to the right of z = 0.82
 Remember na 0.500 and equivalent ng dalawang halves
 Determine equivalent of 0.82 sa z table [sagot is 0.294]
 Subtract 0.500 and 0.294 [there will be a situation na ia-add niyo sila, it occurs pag kunyare
hinahanap yung area to the left and lampas yung z sa mean and vice versa]
 Answer is 0.206 square units

Another Example: Find the area of the standard normal distribution between z = 0.25 and z = -1.5
 Find equivalents sa z table [0.25 = 0.099 and -1.5 = 43.3]
 Take note na the equivalents are measurements na mula sa mean/sa gitna
 Add 0.099 and 43.3
 Answer is 53.2%
This is going to be overwhelming
kasi andaming symbols sa formula
LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION pero trust me, medyo madali siya
kasi direct substitution na siya, so
 Linear Regression – used to determine whether two variables are related because oki?
 Bivariate data – two variables in the data
 Scatter plot/Scatter diagram – graph to illustrate bivariate data
 Least-Squares Regression Line –[for set of bivariate data] is the line that minimizes sum of the squares of
the vertical deviations from each data point to the line
o ŷ = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑛Σ𝑥𝑦 −(Σx)(Σy)
o 𝑎= 𝑛Σ𝑥 2 −(Σx)2
and 𝑏 = ȳ − 𝑎
Σ𝑥 Σ𝑦
o PLEASE TAKE NOTE THAT x̄ = 𝑛
ȳ= 𝑛

 Linear Correlation coefficient – used to determine strength of a linear relationship between two variables

 Positive correlation – if answer is positive; if one variable increase, then other variable increases
 Negative Correlation – if answer is negative; if one variable increase, the other variable decreases

Same lang itsura nila sa negative correlation, ang

difference lang is decreasing or pababa yung line ng
negative.