FPGA Based Energy Detection Spectrum Sensing for
Cognitive Radios under Noise Uncertainty
Mona A. Fouda*1, Adly S. Tag Eldien*2, and Hala A.K. Mansour*3.
Communication and Electronics Department.
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha University.
Cairo, Egypt.
Emails: Mona.A.Fouda@ieee.org 1, adlytag@feng.bu.edu.eg 2,
and hala.mansour@feng.bu.edu.eg 3.
Abstract—To improve the efficiency of bandwidth usage, the
cognitive radios concept has emerged. Spectrum sensing is a
pivotal function in cognitive radio systems so that the secondary
users can be able to access the free spectrum holes without
interfering with primary users. Energy detection is the most
common and easiest spectrum sensing technique for cognitive
radios. In this paper, the conventional energy detection receiver
operating characteristic curve and performance metrics are
simulated under additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
environment by using Monte Carlo simulation. Also, the
performance of energy detection is analyzed under different
types of M-ary modulation. The analysis of performance will
carry the assumption of noise uncertainty. This performance
gain is compared with conventional energy detection without
any noise effect. In addition, the relation between a number of
samples and signal to noise ratio wall (SNR wall) is provided
and simulated. The simulation tool used in the analysis is
MATLAB software. Finally, the implementation of energy
detection technique in the time domain and frequency domain is
designed on Xilinx Spartan-3E (XC3S500E-FG320) Field
Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) kit by using Verilog
language and Xilinx ISE Simulator version 14.1.
Keywords—Cognitive radios, spectrum sensing techniques,
energy detection, a white Gaussian noise channel, signal
detection, modulation techniques, noise uncertainty, Field
Programmable Gate Array.
I. INTRODUCTION
Cognitive radio (CR) allows us to solve the problem of
spectrum rareness due to rigid licensing policies [1] by
allowing Secondary users (SUs) to use the white holes of
spectrum band when primary users (PUs) are not using it
without any interference [2]. This operation is defined as
spectrum sensing so that, this is the most important function
in CR concept [3]. There are various techniques used for
spectrum sensing which can be classified into: non-
cooperative or (transmitter detection) sensing techniques and
cooperative sensing techniques. The non-cooperative
spectrum sensing techniques are divided into: semi-blind
technique, blind technique and non-blind technique. The
semi-blind technique does not require any prior information
about the signal which needs to be detected (PU), but it needs
to know information about noise only so it is known as
(semi-blind). An example of a semi-blind technique is the
energy detection (ED). The blind technique does not need
any information about the PU or noise, so this is called
“blind” such as the Wavelet spectrum sensing and Eigen
‹,(((
values based detection. The non-blind technique requires all
information about both signal detection PU and noise. Many
algorithms are built on this technique such as the matched
filter detection and cyclostationary feature detection. Each
one of these techniques has its own advantages and
drawbacks [4].
In this paper, the ED technique is analyzed. It is the most
primness technique which can detect the spectrum blindly
without any need to know prior information about PU signal.
The ED can also be known as a blind signal detector as it
does not depend on the signal structure. It detects the
presence of a signal in the spectrum by comparing the energy
of received signal with a known threshold over the noise
floor. ED technique faces more than one challenge such as:
the hardware implementation, the sensing time, and the
difficult detection of the signal in a spread band, and noise
uncertainty and the detection is impossible robust under low
SNR known as (SNR wall) [5]. So in this paper, we will
focus on the effect of the noise uncertainty on detection
performance and SNR wall. Also, the FPGA hardware
architecture of spectrum sensing for energy detection
technique is designed totally on ISE without any external
device or using MATLAB this is the architecture will be
provided.
The rest of this paper is organized as follow: Section II
discusses the earlier work on ED. In Section III, the research
aim is presented and the system model is formulated. In
Section IV, The MATLAB simulation results are discussed.
In Section V, FPGA implementation is described. Finally,
the paper concludes in Section VI.
II. RELATED WORK
This section describes the earlier work on ED according to:
A. The Energy detection under non-fading channels
Most of the work in a literature which use ED focus on its
performance gain over non-fading channels (AWGN) like [6]
which discusses the performance of ED in AWGN using
low-pass and band-pass filters. In [7], the authors discussed
the spectrum sensing ED over AWGN with reducing the
value of probability false alarm (Pf). In [8], the authors
described the performance of ED in AWGN environment and
simulated the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve
by using MATLAB. In [9], the authors studied the ED
performance evaluation under AWGN with improving the

detection with a single user in the channel with no fading,
also to improve the system performance they applied
Multiple-input and multiple-output Space-time block coding
(MIMO-STBC). However, the authors in [10] studied the
performance of ED over AWGN comparing with the
cyclostationary.
B. The Energy detection under different types of modulation
Most of the papers working on ED used binary Phase-
shift keying (BPSK) or quadrature phase shift keying
(QPSK) as a modulation technique. This is shown in [11]
which discuss the performance of the ED by including
QPSK, but the threshold detection is dynamically adapted to
noise levels based on the Constant False Alarm Rate method.
The effect of changing the type of modulation techniques is
not discussed in this paper.
C. The Energy detection under Noise uncertainty
One of the most challenges facing the performance of ED
is the noise uncertainty is discussed in [12] which studies the
double threshold ED performance with noise variance in
different channels, but the authors did not study the effect of
noise uncertainty on ROC of ED. In [13], the authors
analyzed the probability of detection (Pd) with SNR only for
ED and Akaike's Information Criteria (AIC) two-stage
spectrum sensing ED under noise uncertainty. Also in [14],
the authors presented a modified two-stage spectrum sensing
technique and studied the performance of modified technique
simulated under noise uncertainty. In [15], the authors
discussed the ED under Middleton class A noise and the
simulation of SNR wall is provided. In [16], the authors
described the effect of noise uncertainty on ED and matched
filter and simulated the ROC curve under the noise, but they
used the positive noise only in their simulation and ignored
the effect of SNR wall on the performance. In [17], the
authors introduced the concept of signal and noise
uncertainty and derived a closed form for Pf and Pd under
noise uncertainty, which has been evaluated for spectrum
sensing.
D. FPGA Implementation for Energy detection
The implementation of spectrum sensing techniques is
one of the biggest challenges facing the evaluation of the
performance. In [18], the authors provided VHDL
implementation of the ED method by using Xilinx tool, but
the simulation result of ED process is not provided, only the
architecture of energy detection part is given in this paper. In
[19], the authors given the implementation of energy
detection on Xilinx virtex2proXC2VP30 (FFG896-7) FPGA
the authors used Xilinx system generator, MATLAB and
hardware in loop (HIL) to verify the algorithm. The
simulation results only give the same MATLAB results, but
this paper didn't provide the hardware architecture in the time
domain and frequency domain. Our paper added some
advantages over the previous literature like the ED
performance metrics under AWGN is discussed and the
simulation result included the effect of changing the number
of samples on the ROC curve and the effect of SNR on Pd is
studied over different Pf values then the effect of noise

uncertainty on the ED performance is described and
simulated in all cases by negative and positive values. Also
the paper proved that the ED is a semi-blind technique by
studying the effect of change the type of modulation
technique of the transmitted signal PU and the study evident
that no find any effect on the performance of ED in case
change the type of modulation this study takes the MPSK
and MQAM in its consideration over different number of
samples. A proposed model for ED technique in case time
domain and frequency domain on FPGA is implemented by
using Verilog language, which it provided the reduction in
device utilization system comparing with the previous work
by using Xilinx Spartan-3E kit[20].
III. SYSTEM MODEL
The conventional ED measures the energy of the received
signal in a certain frequency band; this detected energy is
compared with an appropriately selected threshold to
determine the presence or the absence of PU signal by using
the binary hypothesis testing problem [21] as follow:
ሺ–ሻǡ୭ ǡ ሺ‹•ƒ„•‡–ሻ
›ሺ–ሻ ൌ  ൜ ሺͳሻ
•ሺ–ሻ ൅ ሺ–ሻǡଵ Ǥሺ‹•’”‡•‡–ሻ
Where y (t) is the received signal, n(t) denotes the additive
ɐʹ and s(t) is the transmitted signal PU. The two hypotheses
indicate the presence of PU when the energy (E) greater than
the threshold (Ȝ) and vice versa. If the y(t) is sampled then
the nth sample y(n) is given as:
ሺሻǡͳ ൑  ൑ ୭ ǡ
›ሺሻ ൌ  ൜ ሺʹሻ
•ሺሻ ൅ ሺሻǡͳ ൑  ൑ ଵ Ǥ
Where M is the total number of samples. The energy of the
received signal during the sensing period is calculated by
energy detector and the output of this detector is known as
test statics, the test statics of energy is compared by pre-
defined threshold Ȝ to decide the final decision about the PU
presence or absence. By applying the Nyman-Pearson
criterion to the binary hypothesis given in (2), the test
statistics of ED is given by:
୑
Ȧ ൌ ෍ȁ›ሺሻȁଶ ሺ͵ሻ
୬ୀଵ
The performance of energy detection is evaluated by the
following parameters depend on the binary hypothesis cases.
A. Performance metrics:
According to the test statistics under using the binary
hypothesis H0 and H1 the four cases probability for detection
are obtained as shown in figure 1:

Figure 1. The binary hypothesis cases.
• Case one and two are defined the probability of detection
(Pd), which is the first performance metric. This metric
decides that the signal is present when H1 is true, i.e.,
• P (H1|H1) is a true positive or the signal is absent when H0
is true, i.e., P (H0|H0) is a true negative. So that a
higher Pd is preferred for good performance.
• Case three is defined the probability of false alarm (Pf),
which is the second performance metric. This metric
decides that the signal is present when H0 is true, i.e., P
(H1|H0) is false alarm where in the real the signal is
absent, but the detection says that the signal is present
so the SU is prevented from using the spectrum by the
false way. So that the Pf lead to poor in spectrum usage
and a higher Pf is not preferred for a good
performance.
• Case four is defined the probability of missed-detection
(Pm), which is the third performance metric. This
metric decides that the signal is absent when H1 is true,
i.e., P (H0|H1) is miss detection, and thus Pm=1-Pd in
the real the signal is present, but the detection says that
the signal is absent so the SU can detect the spectrum
in case the PU presence. So that the Pm lead to occur
interference between SU and PU. A higher Pm causes
bad performance due to a harmful interference has
been occurred. Finally, for a reliable detection must
have a higher Pd or a lower Pm with a lower Pf. The
simulation results will prove that by using the
following equations:
ɉȂ ‫ ߪܯ‬ଶ
୤ ሺ߉ ൐ ɉȁ‫ܪ‬଴ ሻ  ൌ ܳሺ ሻሺͶሻ
ξʹ‫ ߪܯ‬ଶ
ଶ
ɉȂ ‫ ߪܯ‬ሺͳ ൅ ܴܵܰሻ
ୢ ሺ߉ ൐ ɉȁ‫ܪ‬ଵ ሻ  ൌ ܳሺ ሻሺͷሻ
ξʹ‫ ߪܯ‬ଶ ሺͳ ൅ ܴܵܰሻ
These equations are derived using the
complementary cumulative distribution function as in
[21], where Q (.) stands for the Gaussian Q-function.
The pre-defined threshold Ȝ is decided the signal is
absent or present. It's various from 0 to ’. The
operating value of the threshold is based on the
performance metrics. The common threshold depends
on the Pf as the following equation:
ɉ ൌ ܳ ିଵ ሺͳ െ ୤ ሻ ൅ ξʹߪ ଶ ൅ ߪ ଶ ሺ͸ሻ
• By drawing the above equations, the fourth performance
metric is obtained, this is called receiver operating

characteristic (ROC) curve. The ROC curve is a
graphical plot of Pd or Pm respect to Pf. it is often used
to evaluate the detection performance capability of a
detector by showing the trade-off between Pd and Pf.
Also, the complementary ROC is a curve plot the
relation between Pm and Pf.
• Sensing gain is the last performance metric. It shows the
detection performance over large SNR. Also, it is
defined as how fast Pm decreases with the increase in
SNR in this region. Therefore, in a low SNR, there will
be more difficult to detect signal than in a higher SNR
and the performance will be impairment. To improve
the detection performance, we must increase the value
of M to be able to detect signal at minimum SNR, the
relation between SNR and M is given by:
ሾܳ ିଵ ሺ୤ ሻ െ ܳ ିଵ ሺୢ ሻξʹ ൅ ͳሿଶ 
 ൌ  ሺ͹ሻ
ଶ
B. Energy detection over AWGN for different types of
modulation techniques:
The additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel is a
non-fading wireless channel. In this model, AWGN is used
by zero mean and variance ɐʹ the only noise is harmful on
this communication M-ary modulation techniques; M-ary
phase shift keying (MPSK) and M-ary Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (MQAM); are used to modulate the transmitted
signal PU [22] in this simulation. The energy detection
technique is a semi-blind technique does not depend on the
information about the PU so that, the changing occur on PU
does not affect the performance of detection. Therefore, the
change in the modulation type techniques must have no
effect on the performance; this is proven in the simulation
results.
C. Energy detection under noise uncertainty and SNR wall:
• One of the limitations of spectrum sensing is the
sensitivity to noise uncertainty. The noise uncertainty
exists in every practical system and it is caused by
many factors like thermal noise, quantization noise and
interference between PUs or between SUs, temperature
changes and filtering effect. All of these can be caused
the noise power estimation error which it is referred to
noise uncertainty. Due to noise uncertainty, the
performance of detection deteriorates rapidly at low
SNR. The threshold selection depends on the accurate
noise power estimation and it is not always possible, so
the error estimation must be taken in simulation
considerations so that, assume there is uncertainty േ‫ݔ‬
dB in noise model and in linear scale terms defined ɏ
10x/10 with SNR and large M, the probability of false
alarm and detection are given by:
ɉ െ ߪ ଶߩ
୤ ൌ ͳ െ ܳ ‫ۇ‬ ‫ ۊ‬ሺͺሻ
ට ʹ ଶ
‫یߩ ߪ ܯ ۉ‬
 SNR gives several possible values of probability of false
ଶ ͳ
‫ ۇ‬ɉ െ ߪ ሺߩ ൅ ܴܵܰሻ ‫ۊ‬ alarm and detection and requiring a higher probability of
ୢ ൌ ͳ െ ܳ ‫ۈ‬ ‫ ۋ‬ሺͻሻ detection requires a sacrifice in terms of the probability of
ට ʹ ߪ ଶ ሺͳ ൅ ܴܵܰሻ False alarm and vice versa.
‫ܯ ۉ‬ ߩ ‫ی‬
• The effect of SNR on the probability detection is shown
• As in (7), when the SNR small decrease to zero the in Figure 3 at Pf =0.15 and M=100, 1000, and 10000.
sample number M increase to ’. This is possible when
the accurate noise power, but in case of noise
uncertainty, the power estimation is not accurate, so an
absolute SNR wall exits which below it; the detection
is impossible. Therefore, at the effect of noise
uncertainty the number of samples M require to
achieve the Pd and Pf is given by:
ͳ
ሺିଵ ሺͳ െ ˆ ሻɏ െ ିଵ ሺͳ െ † ሻሾ ൅ ሿሻଶ 
ɏ
 ൌ ʹ ሺͳͲሻ
ɏଶ െ ͳ ଶ
ሺ െ  ሻ
ɏ
Where ࣋ is a linear scale for noise uncertainty . Referred to
SNR wall the increasing in M under the effect of noise it
doesn't improve the detection at low SNR so the SNR doesn't
effect by increasing M at SNR wall. In practical, the energy
detector can't implement at this SNR level.
Figure 3. The relation between SNR and Pd
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
Figure 3 shows that the detection performance decreases as
This section will show all simulation results for Section III.
the signal’s SNR decreases and increasing M in the ideal
MATLAB version R2013a is used as a simulation tool. In the
case which improves the minimum SNR that can be
simulation, the Mont Carlo method is used with 10000
detected.
iterations under non-fading channel AWGN. The
• The relation between the threshold and Pf is opposite
performance metrics of detection are simulated in case no
where the threshold increases the Pf decreases and vice
noise uncertainty and with noise uncertainty for a different versa. Figure 4 shows this relation at M=1000.
number of samples. The simulation results achieved the
desired Pd ൒ 0.9 and Pf ൑0.1 at low SNR up to -20 dB for
ED. The following results without any noise power
estimation error:
A. Performance metrics results :
• Over the AWGN channel with zero mean and variance by
assuming SNR = -10 dB and M = 200, 500, and 2000
The ROC curve is plotted as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 4. Energy detection threshold versus the Pf.

• For M = 1000 and SNR = -15dB, the complementary

ROC curve is simulated in Figure 5 and it's proved that
the Pm increases at Pf increases and vice versa opposite
the relation between Pd and Pf.

Figure 2. The ROC curve for ED over different M.

This figure observed that an operating point of M and



Figure 5. The complementary ROC curve.
• For M = 1000 and SNR = -15dB the SNR versus Pd curve
is simulated in Figure 6 for different values of Pf (from
0.012 to 0.2025). The figure shows that by increasing
the Pf (9%) it leads to an increase in Pd up to 1.9 times
over a certain SNR values as follows:
Figure.7 The detection performance under the different M-ary
modulation Types.
C. Energy detection under noise uncertainty and SNR wall:
The following results are simulated in case of noise
uncertainty േ‫ ݔ‬dB. The following figures indicate the
performance degradation of energy detector under noise
uncertainty for different M.

Figure 8. The ROC curve under noise uncertainty.

Figure 6. The relation between SNR and Pd over different Pf values

B. Energy detection over AWGN for different types of
modulation techniques:
To evaluate the performance of ED over the AWGN for
different types of modulation techniques in this simulation
the MPSK and MQAM are used and the simulation result
shown that the energy detection is a semi-blind detection
technique doesn't depend on any change occur on the PU Figure 9. The SNR Vs Pd under noise uncertainty.
signal. In figure (6), the performance of detection doesn't
change by changing the modulation type the performance is • Comparing between the ROC Curve with and without
the same at MPSK as MQAM by assuming Pf=0.15 and േ‫ ݔ‬dB noise uncertainty. Figures 10 and 11 show
M=1000 so the performance of the ED is independent of the that the effect of noise on the detection performance.
modulation detected.



Figure 10. Comparison between ROC curve with/without noise
uncertainty with x = + 0.1dB.
Figure 11. Comparison between ROC curve with/without noise
uncertainty with x = -0.1 dB.
• Figure 12 shows the SNR wall. For x=0 dB, SNR
improves as M increasing. When noise uncertainty for
x=0.1 and x=1 dB, there is a certain SNR the
performance of ED remains unreliable.
Figure 12. The SNR versus M.
V. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
The spectrum sensing algorithm based on ED for single
node detection for non-cooperative CR is implemented in
Xilinx Spartan-3E (XC3S500E-FG320) FPGA by using
Verilog language and Xilinx ISE Simulator version 14.1. The
whole system is designed totally on ISE without any need for
another tool like MATLAB or Xilinx system generator. The
ED is the common spectrum sensing technique due to it has

low cost implementation and less complexity. The proposed
model is implemented in the time domain and frequency
domain by using BPSK modulator as a single carrier and two
pseudo- random sequence generator (PRSG) one to generate
the input signal at sample frequency 1.5625 MHz and a
number of samples (M) is equal 128 samples and the other
used as a noise source. The very large scale integration
(VLSI) hardware for the ED spectrum sensing is divided into
three main parts as: the part one is the energy detector is used
to calculate the energy of received signal its input is the
received signal samples and its output is the energy of
samples. Threshold estimator is the second part which it
takes the noise variance, a number of samples and Pf as input
and its result is the threshold value. The last one is decision
module where this part takes the decision for the presence or
absence for PU by comparing between the energy of samples
which calculated by the part one and the threshold value and
the output is the decision. The simulation runtime is 1000 ns
and Pf is limited in 0.01 to 0.1 as the same range used in
MATLAB simulation results to build the ISE implementation
compatible with the same parameters used in MATLAB .The
VLSI implementation for energy detection is designed by
using Verilog language on ISE simulator and by converting
the three main parts of ED to Verilog files and these files
connected to give schematic of ED as shown in figure 13
where the input signal of this module is generated by PRSG
then modulated by BPSK modulator then go as input for
energy detector to evaluate the energy.
Figure 13. The VLSI implementation block diagram for proposed
ED technique system.
A. A proposed Energy detection model in time domain :
Figure 14 shows that the energy detection model in the
time domain. The model consists of a pre-filter which is
matched to band interest of signal, analog to digital converter
(ADC) to convert the analog signal to digital signal ,
squaring device is squaring the samples and then by
averaging n-samples, we obtain the energy of the signal.
Figure 14. Block diagram of time domain ED.
Figure 15 shows that the decision module output is zero this
means that the energy measured is less than the threshold
value therefore, the PU is absent and the spectrum is free for
SU usage.

Figure 18. The simulation results for ED in the frequency domain.

In figure 19, the device utilization system in frequency
domain needs more resources than in time domain so the
percentage of usage flip-flops and LUT is more than the
Figure 15. The simulation results for ED in the time domain.
device utilization of time domain due to the FFT core
architecture [23].
In the following figure 16, the device utilization system is
provided and it shows the percentage of using the flip flops
and look up table (LUT) and these results compared with the
results in [20] which the total device utilization didn't
provide, but each part of the model has own device
utilization is provided and it's larger than the result of the
whole proposed system device shown in figure 16.

Figure 19. The device utilization for the proposed system of ED in

Figure 16. The device utilization for the proposed system of ED in
the time domain.
B. FPGA Energy detection in the frequency domain :
The architecture of ED in the frequency domain is same
as time domain, but the samples are converted into the
frequency domain by using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
core as shown in figure 17.
the frequency domain.
C. Comparison between the proposed system performance
and the pervious works:
By comparing the our proposed hardware model of ED
with the previous works shown in references [19] and [20]
the comparison provides that our proposed model is totally
designed on ISE ,but the models given in the previous
references depend on external tools with using ISE also the
proposed model results shown the detection status according
to absent or present PU signal in time domain and frequency
domain ,but the previous models given the same result
provided from MATLAB , finally the device utilization for
the proposed system model is better than the device
utilization for reference [19] and [20] as shown in figure 20.

Figure 17. Block diagram of the frequency domain ED.

The following waveforms shown in figure 18 is described
the case of the present of PU where the energy measured is
greater than the threshold value, in this case, the decision
module output is one and the SU cannot access the spectrum
band in this case.
Figure 20. The comparison between device utilization for reference
[19] and [20] and the proposed system model.


 VI. CONCLUSION SNRs over Nakagami-m fading channels with noise uncertainty,"
2016 24th Signal Processing and Communication Application
The non-cooperative CR spectrum sensing is discussed Conference (SIU), Zonguldak, 2016, pp. 309-312.
using energy detection technique over non-fading AWGN [13] P. P. Anaand and C. Charan, "Two stage spectrum sensing for
wireless channel for MPSK and MQAM modulation cognitive radio networks using ED and AIC under noise
technique in case noise estimation error (noise uncertainty," 2016 International Conference on Recent Trends in
uncertainty) and without any noise. The simulation results Information Technology (ICRTIT), Chennai, 2016, pp. 1-6.
[14] H. A.Tag El-Dien, R. M. Zaki, M. M. Tantawy, and H. M.
by MATLAB version R2013a show that the Roc curve,
Abdel-Kader, “Noise Uncertainty Effect on a Modified Two-Stage
complementary ROC curve and the effect of increasing Spectrum Sensing Technique,” Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput.
number of samples on improving the detection Sci., vol. 1, no. 2, p. 341, 2016.
performance at low SNR also the ED performance be [15] E. Xu and F. Labeau, "Impact evaluation of noise uncertainty
reliable at higher Pd and lower Pf. The ED is a semi-blind in spectrum sensing under middleton class a noise," 2015 IEEE 12th
technique this is proven by the simulation. The noise Malaysia International Conference on Communications (MICC),
uncertainty is one of spectrum sensing challenges. The ED Kuching, 2015, pp. 36-40.
performance is effect by noise uncertainty and after SNR [16] M. M. Tanatwy, “Detector with Noise Power Fluctuation
wall the improvement of performance by increasing using Cognitive Radio,” pp. 5967–5973, 2014
[17] M. Lopez-Benitez and F. Casadevall, "Signal Uncertainty in
number of samples is unreliable. VLSI Implementation for
Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio," in IEEE Transactions on
energy detection technique is designed in this paper by Communications, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1231-1241, April 2013.
using Xilinx Spartan-3E (XC3S500E-FG320) with [18] S. Mehta and M. Goel, “a New Technique for Vhdl
Verilog language in Xilinx ISE Simulator version 14.1. Implementation of Techniques,” no. June, pp. 2–6, 2015.
[19] S.Srinu, Samrat L. Sabat, “FPGA implementation of
Spectrum Sensing based on Energy detection for Cognitive Radio”,
References
IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and
Computing Technologies (ICCCCT), 2010.
[1] FCC, “Et docket no.02-135, spectrum policy task force (SPTF) [20] S. S. Rao, “FPGA Implementation of Spectrum Sensing
report,” Federal Communications Commission, Tech. Rep. Techniques for CR Standards,” 2012.
[2] S. Haykin, “Cognitive radio: Brain-empowered wireless [21] S. Atapattu, C. Tellambura, and H. Jiang," Energy Detection
communications,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio". 2014.
Communications, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 201–219, Feb 2005. [22] A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, and T. Hou, Cognitive Radio
[3] T. Yucek and H. Arslan, "A survey of spectrum sensing Communications and Networks Principles and Practice. 2009.
algorithms for cognitive radio applications," in IEEE [23] XILINX, "LogiCORE IP Fast Fourier Transform v7.1," 2011.
Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 116-130,
First Quarter 2009.
[4] V. M. Patil and S. R. Patil, "A survey on spectrum sensing
algorithms for cognitive radio," 2016 International Conference on
Advances in Human Machine Interaction (HMI), Doddaballapur,
2016, pp. 1-5.
[5] R. Umar and A. U. H. Sheikh, “Cognitive Radio oriented
wireless networks: Challenges and solutions,” 2012 Int. Conf.
Multimed. Comput. Syst., pp. 992–997, 2012.
[6] H. Y. M. Darawsheh, “Performance Analysis of Energy
Detection Based Spectrum Sensing over Generalized Fading
Channels in Cognitive Radio Networks,” no. March, 2013.
[7] J. G. Ramani, “Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio using
Energy Detection under Non Fading Environment,” pp. 30–32,no.
March, 2016.
[8] P. S. Yawada, A. J. Wei, M. Junior, and M. Kiki, “Performance
Evaluation of Energy Detection Based on Non-cooperative
Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network,” no. Iccsnt, pp.
1036–1040, 2015.
[9] P. Pandya, A. Durvesh, and N. Parekh, “Energy Detection Based
Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Network,” IEEE ComSoc
Fifth Int. Conf. Commun. Syst. Netw. Technol., pp. 201–206, 2015.
[10] S. Helif, R. Abdulla, and S. Kumar, “A Review of Energy
Detection and Cyclostationary Sensing Techniques of Cognitive
Radio Spectrum,” pp. 177–181, 2015.
[11] N. Swetha, P. N. Sastry and Y. R. Rao, "Analysis of Spectrum
Sensing Based on Energy Detection Method in Cognitive Radio
Networks," 2014 International Conference on IT Convergence and
Security (ICITCS), Beijing, 2014, pp. 1-4.
[12] A. Eslami and S. Karamzadeh, "Performance analysis of
double threshold energy detection-based spectrum sensing in low