TERM – PAPER

PHYSICS
PHY102
TOPIC: IMPORTANCE OF
SEMICONDUCTOR ON
TECHNOLOGY

Submitted by:
submitted to:
Name: sandeep kaur
k.sreekanth
Section:e1001
reddy
Roll no: re1001 a21
Reg.no: 11006842

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to thank all those who helped us. Without them , we could not
have completed this project.

First and foremost , we would like to thank to our supervisor MR.

……………………………. For the valuable guidance and advice .
He inspired us greatly to work on this project . His willingness to
motivate us contribute tremendously to our project. we also would like
to thank him for showing us some example that related to the topic of
our project.

Besides, we would like to thank the authority of LPU for providing us

with a good environment and facilities to complete this project .

Finally , an honorable mention goes to our families and friends for

their understanding and support on us in completing this project.
Without the help of the particular that mentioned above , we would
face many difficulties while doing this project.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part 1 : Introduction

Part 2 : What is a
semiconductor?

Part 3 : Semiconductor
device application

Part 4 : Transistors and

integrated circuits

Part 5 : Conclusions

Part 6: References
 ABSTRACT

Modern life
pulses to the rhythm set by
semiconductors. They are
in a staggering array
of products, from mobile
phones and laptops,
to traffic lights and trainers.
Their ubiquitous
nature makes them big
business.

The UK has a vibrant

semiconductor
industry. UK companies
compete in global
semiconductor markets by
combining
technological innovation
with business model
innovation. In doing so,
these companies
make an important
contribution towards
the UK’s economic success,
with the UK
Part 1: Introduction
Semiconductors are an
invisible part of
the fabric of modern life
Semiconductors are
ubiquitous in modern
life, encountered in a huge
array of products:
from the alarm clock, to the
fridge, the family
car (a recent model will
have 50 processors),
semiconductor market
worth $6 billion in 2009
– third in Europe, behind
France and Germany.
Equally the industry has an
important impact
at the regional level, and
the South West
semiconductor cluster is
one of the largest
silicon design clusters in
the world.
the traffic lights on the way
to work – and of
course, every computer
and mobile phone.
Their presence in the very
fabric of modern
life has only come about
due to remarkable
advances in science,
technology, software and
manufacturing.
The semiconductor industry
has been
intimately connected to the
story of
technological progress over
the past half a
century. The early years of
the industry in
California are credited with
the birth of Silicon
Valley,1 and saw the first
venture capital
investments.2 In the past
couple of decades,
virtually every aspect of
technological progress
– including the spread of
personal computers,
the internet, digital
cameras and mobile
phones – has been driven
by innovation and
competition in the
semiconductor industry.
As semiconductors become
an essential part
of an ever wider range of
goods, standard
designs in areas like
memory chips have
emerged to serve large
parts of the market, and
this part of the industry
behaves somewhat
like a commodity industry,
with fierce price
competition and a focus on
process innovation.
At the other end of the
industry, demanding
customers such as
smartphone manufacturers
drive constant product
innovation, and
pressure to incorporate the
latest technology
advances.
Future technological and
economic progress
also appears to be
dependent on
improvements
in semiconductor
technology. The cost of a
transistor has fallen, on
average, by 35 per
cent every year over the
past 50 years (when
adjusted for inflation).3
Moore’s Law (taken
from a statement made by
Gordon E. Moore4
in 1965) states that the
number of transistors
that can fit into an
integrated circuit at
minimum cost doubles
every two years. This
predicts exponential growth
for the number
of transistors in a circuit.
Part 2: What is a
semiconductor?
A semiconductor is a
material that has an
electrical conductivity
between that of a
conductor and an insulator.
What makes
them so useful is that the
behaviour of
the material can be easily
manipulated.
The pure silicon crystals are
‘doped’ with
impurities. Then by
introducing an electric
field, a current can flow.
Semiconductors
can also react to exposure
to light, pressure
and heat. These properties
allow current to
flow only under certain
conditions, creating
the capacity for a switch
that acts as a logic
gate or for a sensor.
Electronic components
made from semiconductor
materials
include transistors, solar chemical purity is required
cells, many types to avoid defects.
of diode(LEDs) and digital
and analogue integrated
circuits (ICs). Silicon is used
to create most
semiconductors, and a very
high level of

Part 3: Semiconductor device

applications

All transistor types can be applied to the gate

used as the building blocks
of logic gates, which are
fundamental in the design
of digital circuits. In digital
circuits like
microprocessors,
transistors act as on-off
switches; in the MOSFET,
for instance, the voltage
determines whether the
switch is on or off.
Transistors used for analog
circuits do not act as on-off
switches; rather, they
respond to a continuous
range of inputs with a
continuous range of
outputs. Common analog
circuits include amplifiers
and oscillators.
Circuits that interface or
translate between digital
circuits and analog
circuits are known as
mixed-signal circuits.
Part 4: transistors and
integrated circuits
Power semiconductor
devices are discrete
devices or integrated
circuits intended for high
current or high voltage
applications. Power
integrated circuits combine
IC technology with power
semiconductor technology,
these are sometimes
referred to as "smart"
power devices. Several
companies specialize in
manufacturing power
semiconductors.
The transistor is the key
active component in
practically all modern
electronics, and is
considered by many to be
one of the greatest
inventions of the twentieth
century. Its importance in
today's society rests on its
ability to be mass produced
using a highly automated
process (semiconductor
device fabrication) that
achieves astonishingly low
per-transistor costs.
Although several
companies each produce
over a billion individually
packaged (known as
discrete) transistors every
year, the vast majority of
transistors now produced
are in integrated circuits
(often shortened to IC,
microchips or simply chips),
along with diodes, resistors,
capacitors and other
electronic components, to
produce complete
electronic circuits. A logic
gate consists of up to about
twenty transistors whereas
an advanced
microprocessor, as of 2009,
can use as many as 2.3
billion transistors
(MOSFETs). "About 60
million transistors were
built this year [2002] ... for
[each] man, woman, and
child on Earth."
The transistor's low cost,
flexibility, and reliability
have made it a ubiquitous
device. Transistorized
mechatronic circuits have
replaced electromechanical
devices in controlling
appliances and machinery.
It is often easier and
cheaper to use a standard
microcontroller and write a
computer program to carry
out a control function than
to design an equivalent
mechanical control
function.
ICs have consistently
migrated to smaller feature
sizes over the years,
allowing more circuitry to
be packed on each chip.
This increased capacity per
unit area can be used to
decrease cost and/or
increase functionality—see
Moore's law which, in its
modern interpretation,
states that the number of
transistors in an integrated
circuit doubles every two
years. In general, as the
feature size shrinks, almost
everything improves—the
cost per unit and the
switching power
consumption go down, and
the speed goes up.
However, ICs with
nanometer-scale devices
are not without their
problems, principal among
which is leakage current
(see subthreshold leakage
for a discussion of this),
although these problems
are not insurmountable and
will likely be solved or at
least ameliorated by the
introduction of high-k
dielectrics. Since these
speed and power
consumption gains are
apparent to the end user,
there is fierce competition
among the manufacturers
to use finer geometries.
This process, and the
expected progress over the
next few years, is well
described by the
International Technology
Roadmap for
Semiconductors (ITRS).
 Part 5: conclusions
Semiconductors are the
building blocks of the
information age. They are
making
possible continuing
revolutionary progress in all
facets of life, including
communications,
transportation, health care,
scientific research,
education and
commerce, and are critical
to raising global standards
of living and contributing
to sustainable economic
growth.
The Parties to this Joint
Statement have achieved
virtually barrier-free trade
in
semiconductors among
themselves, including the
elimination of tariffs. They
jointly seek a world
environment devoid of
barriers to trade and
investment, and
support and co-ordinate
initiatives in the World
Trade Organization (WTO) –
including the Information
Technology Agreement
(ITA) – to achieve this
objectiveThese policies are
intended to expand the
global demand for
semiconductors.
 Part 6: References
• Muller, Richard S., and Theodore I. Kamins
(1986). Device Electronics for Integrated
Circuits. John Wiley and Sons.
• www.semits.com
• www.scribd.com
• Intel 65-Nanometer Technology
• Baker, R. J. (2010). CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and
Simulation, Third Edition. Wiley-IEEE. ISBN 978-0-470-
88132-3. http://CMOSedu.com/
• Hodges, D.A., Jackson H.G., and Saleh, R. (2003).
Analysis and Design of Digital Integrated Circuits.
McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-228365-3.
• Rabaey, J.M., Chandrakasan, A., and Nikolic, B. (2003).
Digital Integrated Circuits, 2nd Edition. ISBN 0-13-
090996-3

It is pleasure that you

have read my project
report
.