FINAL Hydraulics Thesis

2018
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

1338 ARLEGUI ST., QUIAPO, MANILA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING
CE 411-CE42FA2
FINAL REQUIREMENT
FINAL PAPER
“The Effects to the Changes of Sidewall Angle of Labyrinth Weir on Discharge

Coefficient of Flow Over One Cycle Compound Trapezoidal Plan”
SUBMITTED BY:
AGUSTIN, BENEDICT WILLAND
AQUINO, CLIFFORD JET
CABHOG, ROMY JR.
PADRON, JUSTINE
PULGO, SHIELA MAY
OCTOBER 2019
Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 1

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FINAL EXPERIMENT
The Effects to the Changes of Sidewall Angle of Labyrinth Weir on Discharge Coefficient of
Flow Over One Cycle Compound Trapezoidal Plan
Objective:
The researchers basically aim:

 To measure the discharge coefficient of Trapezoidal Labyrinth Weir at different
Orientation (Inverse and Normal Orientation).
 To determine the effects in changing sidewall angle of labyrinth weir on
discharge coefficient of flow over and through the trapezoidal one cycle
Labyrinth weir.
 To determine the relationship between the coefficients of discharge Non-Linear
Weir (trapezoidal Labyrinth Weir) and Linear Weir.
 To determine the most efficient type of weir to be used in hydraulic structure
like dams and levees.
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)
The students shall be able:

 Use the techniques and skills of using weirs in determining the coefficient discharge
of a fluid.
 Determine the relationship between the coefficients of discharge Non Linear Weir
(Trapezoidal Labyrinth Weir) and Linear Weir.
 To apply the idea of the result of the experiment in relation to fluid and/or hydraulic
structures.
 To understand the significance of all the knowledge learned in the course Hydraulic
Engineering.
Discussion:
Abstract:
Labyrinth Trapezoidal weirs have important advantages compared to conventional weirs

in term of discharge capacity, length of the channel opening, and nappe height over the
weir. A different equation is needed for each number of cycles to determine the discharge
coefficient of labyrinth Trapezoidal weir. In this study we will discuss the 5 physical model
that can affect to the changes of sidewall angle of labyrinth weir on discharge coefficient
of flow over and through the compound trapezoidal one cycle Labyrinth weir. The
research showed here mainly objectives at determining the coefficient of discharge for
flow-over trapezoidal labyrinth weir by performing tests at wide range of values of side
wall angles (α) from 30°, 45° & 60° and compound linear weir to be compared. The

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experiments are carried out on the one-cycle trapezoidal compound labyrinth weir models
with half flat crest and various sidewall angles 30°, 45° & 60°.
Chapter One:
The Problem and its Background
Introduction:
Weir is an artificial barrier in a watercourse. Provision of weir increases water surface

level upstream, for some flow conditions. Typically, all the weirs are characterized by a
drop-in water level in the water course from elevated upstream level to natural
downstream level. This drop may tend to disappear during high flood conditions. In
engineering terms, a weir must be able to satisfy the fundamental requirements.
Trapezoidal labyrinth weirs offer significant flow magnification for the available width of
approach channel and that of the downstream chute. These types of weirs may find great
utility and hence will have to be designed and provided for river linking projects.
Labyrinth Trapezoidal weirs have important advantages compared to conventional weirs

in term of discharge capacity, length of the channel opening, and nappe height over the
weir. A different equation is needed for each number of cycles to determine the discharge
coefficient of labyrinth Trapezoidal weir. The purpose of the labyrinth weir is to increase
the discharge per unit length of structure normally obtained from a conventional weir
when operating under identical head conditions.
A labyrinth weir is a structure designed to convey large flows at low heads by increasing
the effective length of the weir crest with respect to the channel breadth. Although
generally less efficient than other weir types of the same effective length, the available
increase in weir length more than compensates for this. This type of weir consists of series
of slender walls having a repeating shape in plan, Fig. 1 shows General type of Labyrinth
Weir. Over the past few decades, labyrinth spillways have been constructed throughout
the world. A labyrinth spillway is an overflow weir folded in plain view to provide a longer
total effective length for a given overall spillway width. Fig. 2 shows a typical layout. Fig.
3 shows a typical layout of inverse and normal orientation. There are many factors such
as head to crest height ratio, angle of side walls, vertical aspect ratio, apex width and
approach and conveyance channel conditions that influence the capacity of weir and hence
the hydraulic design of labyrinth weir.
In this experiment, we will able to determine the discharge coefficient of a Trapezoidal

Labyrinth Weir at different Orientation (Inverse and Normal Orientation) using Tullis
Methods. We will able to determine the relationship of Non Linear Weir and Linear Wei

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Statement of the Problem:
In this study, the discharge capacity of the Labyrinth Weirs will be determine.
 The following questions would be answered according from the experiment data
and results.
 What are the effects of in changing sidewall angle of labyrinth weir on discharge
coefficient of flow over and through the trapezoidal one cycle Labyrinth weir?
 What are the relationship between the coefficients of discharge Non Linear Weir
(Trapezoidal Labyrinth Weir) and Linear Weir?
 What are the most efficient type of weir to be used in hydraulic structure like
dams and levees?
Significance of the Study:
 This study will further determine the optimum value of discharge coefficient for
Trapezoidal Labyrinth weir:
 Economy – This is a big focus because weir are commonly used to control the flow
rates of rivers, can be altered to increase or decrease the volume of water that may
cause flooding.
 Environment – The usage of weir can help improve fish numbers, stabilize water
levels, and stabilize effects of river alteration.
 Society – It will serve as an informative study in the acquisition of broader and

additional knowledge and will be a great help for future reference in hydraulics
considering the standards given by the research organization and stability of weirs
and eventually in the civil engineering field.
 Profession – This study will provide further knowledge in the field of hydraulics
engineering, thereby opening more studies and research towards the future.

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Conceptual Framework:
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
* Labyrinth *Design of labyrinth

*Test results of
trapezoidal weir
Trapezoidal weir with different angles the Discharge
with side angle of in different coefficient of
15°-45° and orientations trapezoidal
Linear *Set up the labyrinth weir at
Trapezoidal Weir Rectangular Flume different angles
and orientations.
*Multi-Purpose *Start the test
Flume experiment. *The actual
discharge to the
*Stop Watch *Get the data in theoretical
*Ruler different discharge
orientations.
* Protractor *The hydraulic
*Compare and performance of
Collect the data for the trapezoidal
result. labyrinth weir
using Tullis
Methods.
Scope and Delimitation
This study would focus on the getting the Discharge Coefficient of the Labyrinth
Trapezoidal Weirs. The test would be done using Multi-Purpose Flume. The effect of
viscosity and surface tension could be neglected by selecting model and velocity of
sufficient magnitude. The Labyrinth Trapezoidal Weirs tested in different
orientations and angles to further observed the effectivity of labyrinth weirs the usage
of the Multi-purpose Teaching Flume in determining the principles of a flowing fluid such as
the flow rate based on the type of weir being use. In line with this, discharge in each weir can
be computed. In this experiment, the researchers use only Trapezoidal Labyrinth Weir with
different angle namely: (15°-45° side wall angle Trapezoidal Weir) and 90° Trapezoidal
Labyrinth weir. There will be 5 trials in every weir to be able to get precise values to avoid
errors.

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Chapter Two:
Review of Literature
Literature and Studies
 The weirs are usually located at right angles to the direction of flow. The
discharging capacity of weir is mostly influenced by shape of the crest, length of the
crest, and the height relative to the upstream depth. The weir capacity has been
greatly influenced by the crest length, among these parameters. In subsequent
section, certain examples of existing dams are provided where attempt has been
made to increase the crest length; (Falvey and Treille, July 1995, “Hydraulic and
Design of Fusegates” , Journal of Hydraulic Engineering , page 512)
 Open channel flow meters measure the flow of liquids in open channels and are
particularly relevant to measuring the flow of water in rivers as part
of environmental management schemes. The normal procedure is to build a weir
or flume of constant width across the flow and measure the velocity of flow and the
height of liquid immediately before the weir or flume with an ultrasonic or
radar level sensor, as shown in Figure 16.16. The volume flow rate can then be
calculated from this measured height.

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(Alan S. Morris, Reza Langari, in Measurement and Instrumentation (Second

Edition), 2016)
 A review of literature indicates that the characteristics of flow over broad-crested

weirs have been studied extensively by many researchers. Ramamurthy et al.
experimentally investigated the effect of rounding the upstream corner of broad-
crested weirs on the flow properties and discharge coefficient. Hager and Schwalt
performed laboratory experiments on broad-crested weirs to study the flow
features. This study showed that the broad crested weir with 901 upstream face
slopes is more accurate than with a round-edged upstream face. They also
presented design guidelines for a sharp-cornered vertical-faced broad-crested weir.
(Ramamurthy et al. Hager and Schwalt “ )
 Poureskandar and et al. (2010a) studied the influence of flow characteristics on

discharge coefficient in a compound rectangular broad crest weir in an
experimental scale. In this study broad crest weir with a rectangular-rectangular
section with different sizes of central width, crest length and height were studied
using 15 different experimental models. The effect of these parameters on discharge
coefficient, velocity coefficient and Submergence threshold were surveyed too.
Results showed that by increasing the ratio of water head to length of weir, values
of discharge Coefficient increase as well. Also in the compound section the
reduction of central width and height increases the submergence threshold.
(Poureskandar and et al. (2010a)
 Honar et al (2010) studied the discharge coefficient of side weirs in both flat and
inclined weirs by using neuro-fuzzy networks with bell and gusian membership
functions and hybrid and back-propagation methods, with 200 repetitions. Results
showed that adding fuzzy logic to neural network with gusian membership function

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and hybrid method with three fuzzy rules can reduce 1.58 % and 5.53 % of the
mean of percent error criteria for estimating discharge coefficient of flat and
inclined side weir respectively, that means neuro-fuzzy networks has more
accuracy than other approaches in computing discharge coefficient of side weirs.
(Honar et al (2010))
 Arvanaghi and Nasehi Oskuei (2013) modeled the discharge coefficient for sharp-
crested weirs by fluent numerical model using CFD method. Results depicted that
fluent can model the flow well over sharp-crested weirs. Effect of height of weir,
Froude and Reynolds numbers on discharge were compered by using experimental
and numerical data. According to results for a specific value of these parameters,
discharge Coefficient tends to a constant of 0.7. (Arvanaghi and Nasehi Oskuei
(2013))
 A weir is a simple device that has been used for centuries to regulate discharge and
upstream water depths and to measure flow rates. Weirs have been implemented
in streams, canals, rivers, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir geometries
and, therefore, types of weirs; a labyrinth weir is a linear weir that is folded in plan-
view. This is done to increase the length of the weir relative to the channel or
spillway width, thereby increasing the flow capacity of the structure over a linear
weir for a given driving head. Other similar weirs or specific labyrinth-type weir
designs are: skewed or oblique weirs (Kabiri-Samani 2010; Noori and Chilmeran
2005), duck-bill weirs (Khatsuria et al. 1988), piano-key weirs (Ribeiro et al. 2007;
Laugier 2007; Lempérière and Ouamane 2003), and fuse gates (developed by
HydroPlus).
 The discharge coefficient depends on the total head, weir height, thickness, crest
shape, apex configuration, and angle of side wall. While viscosity and surface
tension are also significant variables, their influence is limited at velocities of
sufficient magnitude and by appropriate model geometries. The purpose of this
study is to systematically investigate the discharge capacity of sharp-crested
trapezoidal labyrinth weir using a broad range of experiments, and considered
together with the other effective dimensionless parameters. Most of the design and
performance information regarding labyrinth weirs has been developed from
physical model studies, often for a specific prototype installation. (e.g., Avon,
Dungo, Hyrum, Keddara, Lake Brazos, Lake Townsend, Ute, and Woronora)
 The flow capacity of a weir is largely governed by the weir length and crest shape.
A labyrinth weir is a linear weir folded in plan-view; these structures offer several
advantages when compared to linear weir structures. Labyrinth weirs provide an
increase in crest length for a given channel width, thereby increasing flow capacity
for a given upstream head. As a result of the increased flow capacity, these weirs
require less free board in the upstream reservoir than linear weirs, which facilitates
flood routing and increases reservoir storage capacity under base flow conditions

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(weir height may be increased). In addition to spillways, labyrinth weirs are also
effective drop structures, energy dissipaters, and flow aeration control structures.
(Wormleaton and Soufiani 1998; Wormleaton and Tsang 2000).
 In most layouts of broad crested weirs also the hydrostatic pressure is fully
accomplished in the middle of the crest. However, in cases where the weir length is
too small it might be that the hydrostatic pressure is not fully accomplished. The
broad-crested weir is in addition to irrigation systems used for highways, railroads
and for hydropower structures. Also, an application as a simple discharge
measurement structure is possible. An important feature of a broad-crested weir is
the up- and downstream side slope angle, which may vary between a vertical end
(standard broad-crested weir) and a 1:2 ramped slope (standard embankment-
weir). (Hager, 1986)
 This study was conducted to improve labyrinth weir design and analyses techniques
using physical-model-based data sets from this and previous studies and by
compiling published design methodologies and labyrinth weir information. A
method for the hydraulic design and analyses of labyrinth weirs is presented.
Discharge coefficient data for quarter-round and half-round labyrinth weirs are
offered for 6° ≤ sidewall angles ≤ 35°. Cycle efficiency is also introduced to aid in
sidewall angle selection. Parameters and hydraulic conditions that affect flow
performance are discussed. The validity of this method is presented by comparing
predicted results to data from previously published labyrinth weir studies. A
standard geometric design layout for arced labyrinth weirs is presented. Insights
and comparisons in hydraulic performance of half-round, trapezoidal, 6° and 12°
iv sidewall angles, labyrinth weir spillways located in a reservoir with the following
orientations are presented: Normal, Inverse, Projecting, Flush, Rounded Inlet, and
Arced cycle configuration. Discharge coefficients and rating curves as a function of
HT/P are offered. Finally, approaching flow conditions and geometric similitude
are discussed; hydraulic design tools are recommended to be used in conjunction
with the hydraulic design and analysis method. (Brian Mark Crookston, Doctor of
Philosophy Utah State University, 2010)
 The concept of labyrinth sharp crest spillway (LSCS) has been used in the study to
increase capacity without lowering spillway crest. Existing spillway is considered
as the Ogee type. Six kinds of LSCS have been used in the research. The
experiments were performed in the laboratory by using an open flume. Ogee
prototype was made of wood and LSCS was made of acrylic. During the
experiment, water was flowed into the flume with varying discharge. At any change
of water thickness above spillway, the water discharge was measured. Observation
has been done both on the Ogee and LSCS. The experimental results showed that
the ability of LSCS in flowing water is greater than Ogee. Water flowed through
the LSCS, particularly trapezoid type-1, about 170% more than that of Ogee. Thus,
LSCS is considered to be valuable as an alternative spillway in case of dam safety.
Increase of the reservoir water level is quite worrying and interested to be

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examined. Increased spillway capacity without reducing the reservoir volume is an

alternative that is selected in this study. (Civil Engineering, Sebelas Maret University,
Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36, Surakarta, Indonesia)
 The capacity of an existing spillway can be increased by lengthening the spillway

crest, or increasing the discharge coefficient or operating head, or any combination
of these approaches. Constructing a labyrinth weir in an existing spillway is an
example of an effective way to increases the spillway crest length and the
corresponding discharge capacity for the same operating head. Thus, labyrinth
weir are well suited to the sites where increasing the spillway width and maximum
reservoir water surface elevation would be difficult, yet larger discharge are
needed. This type of weir consists of series of slender walls having a repeating shape
in plan, usually triangular or trapezoidal with vertical upstream faces and steeply
sloping downstream faces. In this paper extensive physical modeling of the
labyrinth spillway, primarily flume studies, has been performed, resulting in the
development of Lux and Tullis methods are compared for a given labyrinth
spillway. (B.V. Khode and A.R. Tembhurkar 1 2 G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering,
Nagpur, India 1 Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India)
 Weirs are common structure to regulate discharge and flow control in water
conveyance channels and hydraulic structures. Labyrinth weirs considered one of
economical and effective methods to increase the efficiency of weirs that crest
length of weirs increase without a related increase in structure width. Therefore,
flow discharge will be increase. Compared to use compound weir, there are some
benefits including the simultaneous passage of floating materials such as wood, ice,
etc. Also, sedimentations are pass through compound weir. The trapezoidal
Labyrinth weir is one of the combined models. In present study 15 physical models
that discussion effect changes sidewall angle of labyrinth weir on discharge
coefficient of flow over and through the compound trapezoidal one cycle Labyrinth
weir. Also, it is developed design curves with various shapes and configurations.
The research showed here mainly objectives at determining the coefficient of
discharge for flow-over trapezoidal labyrinth weir by performing tests at wide
range of values of side wall angles (α) from 6° to 35° and compound linear weir to
be compared. Anees K. Idrees, Riyadh Al-Ameri, Lloyd H.C. Chua, Subrat Das School
of Engineering, Deakin University, 3216 Australia
 Physical and numerical modelling were used to investigate the hydraulic

performance of labyrinth weirs operating under high headwater ratios (greater
than 1). Physical modelling was conducted in a rectangular flume in a laboratory
setting. Numerical modelling was conducted with commercially available
computational flow dynamic (CFD) software (Flow-3D). Preliminary results
indicate that the CFD model can accurately predict the labyrinth weir head-
discharge relationship obtained from the physical model, including upstream heads
(relative to the crest) that exceed the weir height. Furthermore, the information
presented in this paper indicates that the hydraulic design curves developed by

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Crookston in 2010 may be acceptable for headwater ratios up To 2.0 or more. 9-11
February 2012 B.M. Crookston, G. S. Paxson, and B. M. Savage Schnabel Engineering
and Dept. of Civil and Environ. Engineering, Utah State University, USA, Schnabel
Engineering, USA, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Idaho State University, USA.
 Labyrinth weirs provide higher discharge capacity than conventional weirs,

with the ability to pass large flows at comparatively low heads. Labyrinth
weirs are primarily used as spillways for dams where the spillway width is
restricted. In recent years, many research investigations have considered the
hydraulic performance of labyrinth weirs, particularly as dependent on the
geo-metric features. The previous work has improved the design basis for such
weirs. However, their design still requires experimentally derived and generalized
performance curves. It is especially important to observe the behavior of the
weir nappe to ensure the design provides hydraulic optimization and to
account for pressure fluctuations, possible vibrations, resonance effect, noise
and flow surging. In the present study, discharge coefficients were experimentally
determined for both circular labyrinth weirs and sharp crested trapezoidal
labyrinth weirs of varying side wall angle (α). Additional studies were
completed with nappe breakers included to reduce the impact of vibration on
the labyrinth weirs. In general, the test data indicated that nappe breakers placed
on the trapezoidal labyrinth weirs and circular labyrinth weirs reduced the
discharge coefficient by up to 4% of the un-amended weir.Omer Bilhan, M.Emin
Emiroglu, Carol J. Miller, Department of Civil Engineering, Nevsehir HBV University,
Nevsehir, Turkey, Department of Civil Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey,
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit,
MI, USA, 26 May 2016.
 Describe a spillway providing Protection against the possible maximum flood of an

earth dam and reservoir in north central Oregon. The zoned-filled earth dam is
31m high, across Six Mile Canyon. To counter a dam failure under maximum flood
conditions, a labyrinth type spillway was integrated into the dam crest. After a
description of the spillway requirements for two stages Of reservoir development,
various spillway types are discussed. Among the straight crest, the controlled crest,
and the labyrinth crest types, the latter was selected for the final design for reasons
stated previously. The straight crest length was 110m so that two symmetrical
triangular plan-shape labyrinth portions of 39° intended angle were selected along
the 36.60m wide over flow section, crest shape of semi-circular of diameter 0.46m
to increase the discharge. Cassidy et al.(1985)
 A labyrinth weir is a structure designed to convey large flows at low heads by

increasing the effective length of the weir crest with respect to the channel
breadth.The crest shape is one of the most important factors which affect the
discharge capacity for labyrinth weirs. It is found that the labyrinth weirs are
hydraulically more efficient than the other normal weirs for higher discharge. The
discharge over the labyrinth weir is same as an equivalent length straight weir for

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low head, whereas, with increase in head over the weir, the coefficient of discharge
continues to decrease due to interference of jet and the weir Capacity ultimately
equal to that of the linear weir having crest length equal to the channel width.
Basappa Meti, Nagaraj Sitaram, Vahini.M Assistant Professor Government Engineering
College Haveri Karnataka, India, Principal MV Jayaram College of Engineering
Bangalore,India (2018).
 Weirs have important roles in dam safety in which they should spill floods with
high return period. Designers generally enhance width of the weirs to increase their
discharge capacity. This procedure involves topography as well as economic
limitations. Here, arced weirs can be considered as an alternative. In plain view,
arced weir is part of a circle that increases the crest length for a given channel
width. This increases the flow capacity at a similar heads. Such structures are also
recommended for modification and increasing the capacity of the existing
spillways. Discharge capacity of labyrinth weirs is a function of flow height,
effective crest length, height of weir and shape of the crest. Discharge coefficient is
also a function of height of flow, height of weir, weir thickness and crest shape. In
this study, hydraulic characteristics of arced labyrinth spillways are numerically
investigated. Here, the effect of crest shape on the discharge coefficient of the
labyrinth spillway is included. In the first step, dimensionless parameters affecting
the performance of arced weirs are introduced using Buckingham π theorem. In
this study, result of 16 geometry models was used to develop a hydraulic design and
analysis formulation for arced labyrinth weirs. Discharge coefficient data for Half-
Round, Quarter-Round, Sharp-crest and Flat-crest arced labyrinth weirs are
presented for 6̊ ≤ sidewall angles ≤ 24̊ and various head water ratio (0.1≤ H0/P ≤
0.9). The study has shown that half round crest shape could increase the discharge
coefficient about 22% compared to other crest shapes. Also, the results show that
factors such as local submergence and nappe interference near an upstream apex
has a negative impact on performance of arced labyrinth weirs. The local
submergence area is directly related to the flow head, crest shape and sidewall
angle. For high head conditions, the local submergence may decrease the efficiency
of a labyrinth spillway. Efficiency parameter is defined as the ratio of discharge of
arced weir to that of liner weir with the same width. From efficiency curves
indicates that reduce of sidewall angle can improve efficiency. As a result, the
highest efficiency related to arced labyrinth spillway with sidewall angle (α = 6̊ ).
ALi Gholizadeh, Masoud Ghodsian , Rouzbeh Panahi, M.Sc. of Water Engineering,
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Eng., Tarbiat Modares University, Professor of
Hydraulic Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Eng., Tarbiat Modares
University, Assistant Professor of Marine Structures, Faculty of Civil and Environmental
Eng., Tarbiat Modares University, (2016).
 Side weirs are widely used for flow diversion in irrigation, land drainage, urban
sewage systems and also in intake structures. It is essential to correctly predict the
discharge coefficient for hydraulic engineers involved in the technical and

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economical design of side weirs. In this study, the discharge capacity of triangular
labyrinth side weirs is estimated by using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
(ANFIS). Two thousand five hundred laboratory test results are used for
determining discharge coefficient of triangular labyrinth side weirs. The
performance of the ANFIS model is compared with multi nonlinear regression
models. Root mean square errors (RMSE), mean absolute errors (MAE) and
correlation coefficient (R) statistics are used as comparing criteria for the
evaluation of the models’ performances. Based on the comparisons, it was found
that the ANFIS technique could be employed successfully in modeling discharge
coefficient from the available experimental data. There are good agreements
between the measured values and the values obtained using the ANFIS model. It is
found that the ANFIS model with RMSE of 0.0699 in validation stage is superior in
estimation of discharge coefficient than the multiple nonlinear and linear
regression models with RMSE of 0.1019 and 0.1507, respectively.Prabhata K.
Swamee;Prof. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Roorkee, Roorkee‐247667, India
 To estimate the outflow over a rectangular sharp-crested side weir, the discharge
coefficient in the weir equation needs to be known. Although this type of structure
has been designed and used extensively by hydraulic engineers, a universally
acceptable discharge coefficient does not exist. In this study over 250 laboratory
tests were conducted, and the results were analyzed to find the influence of the flow
hydraulics and the geometric, channel, and weir shapes on the coefficient. The
results show that for subcritical flow the De-Marchi assumption of constant energy
is acceptable, and the weir discharge can therefore be used. Furthermore, it was
discovered that the De-Marchi coefficient of discharge is a function of the upstream
Froude number and the ratios of weir height to upstream depth and weir length to
channel width, whereas the channel slope in subcritical flow can be ignored. Hence,
an accurate equation for the coefficient of discharge is introduced . (S. M.
Borghei;M. R. Jalili; and M. Ghodsian, Asst. Prof. of Civ. Engrg., Sharif Univ. of
Technol., Tehran, Iran. “Discharge Coefficient for Sharp-Crested Side Weir in
Subcritical Flow”, December 1997)
 Prediction and modeling of hydraulic phenomenon is an important part of

hydraulic engineering activities. One of the applications of prediction and modeling
is estimating the discharge coefficient for hydraulic structures. Side weirs are
widely used for allocating and removing excess flow in water engineering projects.
The governing equation on side weir hydraulic characteristics is spatially varied
flow (SVF). Computer modeling of hydraulic characteristics this structure includes
the calculation of water surface profiles and estimating the discharge coefficient
(Cd sw ). The numerical method was used to calculate the water surface profile and
there are several ways to estimate the Cd sw , such as experimental formulas and
computational intelligence techniques. In this paper, the Fourth Runge Kutta
method is used for numerical solution of SVF and firstly to estimate Cd sw , some
famous empirical equations are assessed. Among the empirical formulas, the
Borghei is the most accurate one. To increase the accuracy of computer modeling,

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the Multilayer Neural network (MLP) is developed to estimate Cd sw . The result

shows that using neural network to estimate Cd sw increases the accuracy of the
final model about 16 %. (Abbas Parsaie Lorestan UniversityLorestanIran, “The Effect
of Predicting Discharge Coefficient by Neural Network on Increasing the Numerical
Modeling Accuracy of Flow Over Side Weir”, January 2015)
 In this study highlights the possibility of increasing the discharge of side channel
using inclined side weir with different crest height upstream of flow, five models
were used and flow profile were studied along the side weir. Devised an equation to
calculate the coefficient of discharge for the rectangular sharp crested weir, and
used for calculated the discharge passing over the side weir for all cases of inclined
side weir and compare it with the laboratory measured data. The laboratory data
proved the correct of theoretical equation and observed to increase the discharge
of the inclined weir by (40%) compared to standard horizontal weir. (Ahmed y. AL-
TAEE, “Theoretical Analysis of Flow over the Side Weir Using Runge Kutta Method”,
December 2011)
 The discharge coefficient of a lateral opening in a prismatic trapezoidal main

channel is determined for subcritical flow conditions from considerations of the
conservation of energy and the conservation of momentum. The latter requires an
empirical relationship for the local downstream component of the spillage velocity
with the local downstream velocity in the main part of the channel. The discharge
coefficients obtained by both considerations for a broad range of Froude numbers,
combination of both side slopes of 1V: mH with m=0,m=0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0, and
different lengths of lateral opening are found to be nearly the same. The measured
water depth just downstream of the lateral opening is not recommended for use in
the numerical determination of the discharge coefficient and the reasons are
discussed in detail. The discharge coefficient is found to be related to the upstream
Froude number and this relationship is empirically established. Hin‐Fatt Cheong,
Member, ASCE, Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., National Univ. of Singapore,
Singapore 0511 “Discharge Coefficient of Lateral Diversion from Trapezoidal
Channel”,
o July 01, 1991)
 Side weirs are hydraulic structures that are used as discharge adjustments to divert
the surplus water flowing from the main channel. Predicting the discharge
coefficient is one of the most important parameters in the side weir design process.
In practical situations, it is preferred to predict the discharge coefficient with
simple equations. The goal of this study is to develop accurate standard equations
for use in predicting the discharge coefficient of a high-performance, modified
triangular side weir. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm was used
to optimize the parameters of the equations. Four different forms of the equations
and two non-dimensional input combinations were used to develop the most
appropriate model. The results obtained by our simple standard equations

2018
optimized by the PSO algorithm were compared with those of complex nonlinear
regression equations, and our equations were more accurate in modeling the
discharge coefficient. Our method reduced the error in the results by as much as
43% compared to the regression methods, and its simplicity makes it useful in
solving practical problems. (Hossein Bonakdari; )

2018
 A labyrinth weir is a polygonal overflow weir that is characterized by its hydraulic

performance and distinct geometric shape (triangular, trapezoidal or rectangular
cycles). The present study provides new knowledge and design information on the
performance and operation of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and
gene expression programming (GEP) techniques for predicting discharge
coefficient of labyrinth weirs in a flume. Discharge coefficient, Cd, was considered
as a function of headwater ratio, upstream Froude number, magnification ratio,
sidewall angle, apex ratio, and cycle width ratio (dimensionless parameters). The
records obtained through 300 laboratory data sets were used to determine the Cd of
labyrinth weirs. The results showed that the best GEP model determined
the Cd values of the normal and inverted orientation labyrinth weir with a RMSE
of 0.0139, 0.590, DC of 0.977, 0.852 and R of 0.996, 0.923, respectively by using the
four dimensionless parameters of Fr, HT/P, Lc/Wand A/w as input variables. The
best ANFIS model determined the Cd value of the normal orientation labyrinth
weir by using all six dimensionless parameters (RMSE = 0.0110,
DC = 0.964, R = 0.987) and inverted orientation labyrinth weir by using three
dimensionless parameters of HT/P, α, and w/p as input variables (RMSE = 0.0290,
DC = 0.952, R = 0.987). The results of sensitivity analysis showed that Fr in the
GEP model and Fr and HT/P in the ANFIS model are the most effective variables
for determining Cd for normal and inverted orientation labyrinth weirs,
respectively. It was found that when low headwater ratios were eliminated from
analysis, performance accuracy of the models was improved. (Kiyoumar
Roushangar; Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Iran “Evaluation of the
Performance of Evolutionary algorithm in the Estimating length of hydraulic Jump”,
March 2015)

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 Water shortage is one of the problems that limit economic development in China.
However, farmers adopt flood irrigation in most irrigated areas for lacking of
suitable flow-measurement devices, which leads to water waste. Thus, studying
convenient and adaptable flow-measurement devices is particularly important.
Side weirs have simple structure and high precision. They are installed in the side
of channels and directly connected with the small channels without changing the
cross-section structures of channels. To explore convenient and adaptable flow-
measurement devices used in small channels or water inlets in the field, a simple
trapezoidal side weir combined with diversion sluices for small channels was
designed. Based on previous researches of rectangular side weirs, different angles
of side weir were set at -9 °, -6 °, -3 °, 0 °, 3 °, 6 ° and 9 °. Experiments were conducted
in rectangular channel under different discharges up to 40 L/s to study side weirs'
hydraulic characteristics in Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water
Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas in Northwest A&F University. Flow
profiles, Froude number, discharge coefficient and head loss were obtained from
experiments. Water profiles in different locations were compared, which reflected
that the flow profiles nearby side weir fluctuated obviously. Based on the
dimensionless, the relationship between discharge coefficient and its impact factors
were studied. The results showed that side weirs could affect flow in main channel,
and the influence range was from side weir to the center of main channel. Flow
profiles function derived from this study could be applied in practice, with
maximum relative error 1.85%. Moreover, discharges formula was established
based on it. Discharge coefficient decreased with increasing ratio between side weir
height and flow depth upstream when the crest angles of trapezoidal side weirs were
greater than 0° and increased when the crest angles of trapezoidal side weirs were
less than 0°. While the relationship between discharge coefficient and Froude
number shows the opposite trends, namely discharge coefficient increased with
Froude number when the crest angles of trapezoidal side weirs were greater than
0° and decreased when crest angles of the trapezoidal side weirs were less than 0°.
Regression models developed for discharge versus water head, side weir width
could meet the common requirements of flow measurement in irrigated areas,
whose maximum absolute of relative error was 8.97%. The percentage of head loss
was bigger when discharge was smaller under the same crest angle of side weir. The
percentage of head loss changed more obviously when the side weir crest angle was
bigger under the same discharge. Thus, to get small head loss, discharges over side
weirs shouldn't be too small and side weir crest angles shouldn't be too big in the
practical application. Regression models developed for flow depths versus
discharges and crest angles of side weirs had high precision with determination
coefficient more than 0.9, and it was suggested to be used for calculation of the
appropriate height of side weir when the geometric dimension of channels and
discharge ranges are known. The study could provide useful information for
application of side weir in channels. (Authors: Wang, Yingying; Wang, Wen'e∗; Hu,
Xiaotao; Ge, Wanyi, “Experiment on hydraulic characteristics of trapezoidal side weir
for small channels”, Volume 32, Number 18, 1 September 2016)

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 Accurate determination of discharge coefficient is one of the major concerns in the

process of the designing of side weirs. Relation between the modified side weirs
discharge coefficient to various geometric and hydraulic situations leads to a high
flow complexity around the weirs. In this study, two types of support vector
regression (SVR) methods were employed to model the discharge coefficient of a
modified triangular side weir. Two types of SVR are obtained by using the radial
basis and polynomial as the kernel functions. Six different non-dimensional input
combinations with different input variables were used to find the most appropriate
one. The results show that both SVR-rbf and SVR-poly methods perform better
when the number of input variables is higher, and there is no compaction in the
non-dimensional input variables. Comparison between the investigated models
shows that the SVR-rbf by RMSE of 0.063 performs much better that SVR-poly
by RMSE of 0.084. Amir HosseinZajiaHosseinBonakdariaShahaboddinShamshirbandb
 Current design methods and research have primarily investigated the hydraulic
characteristics of labyrinth weirs when the approach flow is perpendicular to the
weir axis, a condition consistent with most in-channel and in-reservoir applications
where the approach velocity is negligible. In some cases, a perpendicular approach
flow and weir axis alignment may not be possible. The head–discharge
characteristics of a four-cycle, 15° labyrinth weir with a channelized approach flow
were evaluated with three different approach flow angles (0°, 15°, and 45°) using
laboratory-scale physical models. Although the data presented are specific to the
geometry of the weir and channels tested, they provide a general indication of
variations in discharge efficiency as a function of approach flow angle. The
experimental data were also compared with the head–discharge characteristics of
a prototype labyrinth weir model study that featured significant approach flow
angles. For approach flow angles under 15°, no measurable loss in discharge
efficiency occurred, relative to an approach flow angle of 0°. The discharge
efficiency reduced by as much as 11% for the 45° approach flow angle case. Flow
instability was observed downstream of the weir, producing unique flow patterns
in the labyrinth cycles and on the spillway apron. M. R. Dabling, P.E., M.ASCE,
Water Engineer, CH2M, 4246 S. Riverboat Rd., Ste. 210, Salt Lake City, “Labyrinth
Weirs with Angled Approach Flow” , February 01, 2018)
 A model experimental study was conducted for the discharge capability of different
shapes of the crest of a weir. The flow rate and the head over the weir measured by
laboratory experiments were used as two parameters for characterizing the head
discharge relationship. Experiments indicated that the head discharge relationship
for different radii located upstream and downstream of the crest of the weir had
different features. A series of detailed experiments investigated the effects of
different upstream rounding radii on the discharge capability when the
downstream rounding radius was constant and the round ratio between the radius
of the rounded upstream corner to the weir breath in the direction of flow was equal

2018
to 1.00. Experimental results showed that the rounded upstream corner could
increase the discharge capability. The discharge capability increased as the
upstream round ratio became larger and did not change when the round ratio
varied from 0.10 to 0.30 and from 0.75 to 1.00 in this experiment. Based on the
experimental data distribution, the empirical formula for the discharge coefficient
was fitted with the round ratio as the group parameter. (Jing Gong et al. Geng and
Wei)
conveyance channels and hydraulic structures. Labyrinth weirs considered one of
flow discharge will be increased. Compared to use compound weir, there are some
be compared. (Anees K. Idrees et al. Al-Ameri and Das, “Determination of discharge
coefficient for flow over one cycle compound trapezoidal planform labyrinth Weir”,
August 2016)

2018
 Weirs are a commonly used system to adjust water surface level and to control the
flow in canals and hydraulic structures. Labyrinth weirs are a type of weirs that
can pass through a certain amount of flow which has a lower upstream water level
than the linear weirs, by increasing the effective length. In the present study, the
performance of multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks, radial basis function
networks and support vector machines with different kernel functions were
investigated in order to estimate the discharge coefficient (C d) of labyrinth weirs
with quarter-round crests. For this purpose, 454 laboratory data were used. The
non-dimensional parameters of L/W, a, W/P, and H t /P were considered as the
input, and the non-dimensional parameter of C d was regarded as the output in the
models. In comparison with the other models, the performance of the MLP model
with RMSE, R, and DC of 0.019, 0.985, and 0.971, respectively, was more
acceptable and closer to the experimental data. Also, the data density plot and the
violin plot showed that the dispersion and distribution of the probability of the
estimated data to the MLP model with the data obtained from the laboratory have
a very close and similar adaptation. (Reza Norouzi Sarkarabad et al. Ghaderi and
Daneshfaraz, “Investigation of discharge coefficient of trapezoidal labyrinth weirs
using artificial neural networks and support vector machines”, August 2019)
 Labyrinth weirs provide an effective means to increase the spillway discharge

capacity of dams and are often considered for renovation projects required due to
an increase in expected flood inflow to the reservoir of an existing dam. Free crest
spillways are hydraulically efficient and safe in operation. Since their discharge
capacity is directly proportional to the crest length several types have been
developed with the purpose to increase the length of the latter. In recent years
many research investigations have considered the hydraulic performance of
labyrinth weirs, particularly as dependent on the geometric features. The previous
work has improved the design basis for such weirs. In the present study, discharge
coefficients were experimentally determined for sharp crested trapezoidal
labyrinth weirs of varying side wall angle (α). The experimental results of 21
physical models were used to develop a hydraulic design and analysis method for
labyrinth weirs. The present research primarily aims at evaluating various
characteristics of a flow-over labyrinth weir by conducting experimentations at
wider range of values for important parameters. (Omer Bilhanand Emiroglu,
“Experimental Investigation of Discharge Capacity of Labyrinth Weirs with and without
Nappe Breakers”, World Journal of Mechanics , August 2016)
 Use of Labyrinth spillway is particularly suitable where the spillway width and
upstream water surface are limited and larger discharging capacities are required.
It is an effective method to increase the spillway crest length without an associated
increase in structure width. It consists of a series of relatively slender walls having
a respective plan form, shaped generally triangular or trapezoidal with a vertical

2018
upstream face. Continued efforts are being focused towards development of design
curves with different shapes and configurations. The research presented here
mainly aims at determining the crest coefficient for flow-over trapezoidal labyrinth
weir by conducting experimentations at wide range of values of side wall angles (")
from 6° to 30°. (Bhalchandra V Khode et al. Tembhurkar, Porey and Ingle,
“Experimental Studies on Flow over Labyrinth Weir”, Journal of Irrigation and
Drainage Engineering , December 2013)
 The discharge coefficient depends on the total head, weir height, thickness, crest
shape, apex configuration, and angle of side wall. While viscosity and surface
tension are also significant variables, their influence is limited at velocities of
sufficient magnitude and by appropriate model geometries. The purpose of this
study is to systematically investigate the discharge capacity of sharp-crested
trapezoidal labyrinth weir using a broad range of experiments, and considered
together with the other effective dimensionless parameters. Most of the design and
performance information regarding labyrinth weirs has been developed from
physical model studies, often for a specific prototype installation. (e.g., Avon,
Dungo, Hyrum, Keddara, Lake Brazos, Lake Townsend, Ute, and Woronora)
 A rectangular labyrinth weir has a very good flood release capacity as well as strong
economical and structural advantages. In this study, combined analytical and
experimental investigations were undertaken for a rectangular labyrinth weir. The
analytical model is based on the synthesis of general weir equations and spatially
varied flow dynamic equations. A comprehensive set of experiments led to
characterization of the flow behavior for low and high heads over the weir and
indicated the influences of weir geometry on the release capacity. The results show
that this type of weir represents an effective weir alternative and could be five times
more efficient than a corresponding traditional broad-crested weir. These types of
weirs may thus find great use in water and dam engineering projects. An equation
for the free-flow discharge coefficient of a rectangular labyrinth weir is presented.
(Abdorreza Kabiri-Samani, Amir Javaheri, Seyed Mahmood Borghei, “Discharge
Coefficient of Rectangular Labyrinth Weir”, Volume 166 Issue 8, September
2013, pp. 443-451)
 The theory of lateral flow through a two-dimensional channel outlet is used to

derive an expression for the outflow through a trapezoidal lateral weir discharging
from a trapezoidal channel. The analysis is an extension of the existing
hydrodynamic model for lateral flow through a rectangular weir located in the side
of a rectangular channel. The weir discharge coefficient is expressed as a function
of a parameter relating the geometry of the weir and the channel and a parameter
denoting the ratio of the mean velocity of the channel to the resultant jet velocity of
the weir flow. Experimental results are provided to validate the proposed

2018
expressions for the weir discharge coefficient ( Ramamurthy et al. Carballada and
Tim, “A note on the flow through trapezoidal lateral weirs” January 1983)
 The various sharp crested weirs have been in use as normal weirs, for flow
measurement and control in the field as well as laboratory. The characteristics of
these weirs have been extensively studied by researchers. Majority of these
investigators have expressed discharge coefficient of weirs in terms of flow and fluid
properties. However, the study on inclined weirs has attracted very little attention
of the researchers. This paper is concerned with the experimental study and
theoretical analysis conducted by the authors on inclined trapezoidal weir. The
general discharge equation for the inclined trapezoidal weir in terms of the angle
of inclination of the plane of the weir with respect to the plane normal to the flow
axis (vertical plane) has been developed. Further, an advantage of inclination in
reducing the free board requirement on upstream of the weir in the channel is also
highlighted (A. V. Shivapur, Mysore N. Shesha Prakash, “ Flow Over Inclined Sharp
Crested Triangular Weir”, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, June 2012).
 A series of laboratory experiments have been conducted to investigate the value of

discharge coefficient (Cd) due to flow over compound sharp crested weir consists
of a rectangular weir over a trapezoidal weir and below three shapes of gates with
fixed dimensions which are rectangular, semi-circular and triangular. The effect
for each of depth of water at the first step of compound weir (h1), depth of water
at the second step of compound weir (h2), distance between lower edge of weir and
top edge of gate (y3), total head upstream of combined structure (H), width of first
step of compound weir (b1), width of second step of compound weir (b2) and width
of third step of compound weir (b3) was taken into consideration in developing new
formulas describing the relation between the coefficient of discharge (Cd) and other
hydraulic and geometric parameters which are mentioned above. The experiments
were conducted in a laboratory channel which is built of blocks and concrete. The
total length of the flume is (18 m), width of (1 m) and (1 m) deep. The laboratory
models were installed 7 m away from the main gate which controls running of the
water from the main reservoir into the flume. Using the programs of Excel 2013
and IBM SPSS 21, three non-linear relationships were derived to calculate Cd in
terms of the hydraulic and geometric parameters, where higher values for
coefficients of determination (R 2) has been achieved. Index Terms— Composite
weir, gates, coefficient of discharge, combined structure, flume, actual discharge
(Omran et al. ,Hassan and Khassaf, “The Effect of Flow Conditions and Geometric
Parameters on the Scour Value Downstream Composite Structures of Weir and Gate”,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January, 2016, P.P. 115-128)
conveyance channels and hydraulic structures. labyrinth weirs considered one of

2018
flow discharge will be increase. Compared to use compound weir, there are some
be compared.
The following equation may be obtained by discharge over crest labyrinth weir
and the discharge through the groove of weir that can be expressed as
𝑸𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐 = 𝑸𝒈𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐 + 𝑸𝒘𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐
Where:
Qgtheo and Qwtheoare = theoretical discharge
𝟐
𝑸𝒘𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐 = √𝟐𝒈𝑳𝒄 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓
𝟑
Where:
𝒗𝟐
HT = ho + 𝟐𝒈, , Total Head
ho= head over of crest of Weir
V= Velocity
G= Gravitation
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽
𝑸𝒈𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐 = [ 𝒙 √ 𝒙 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 ]
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
Where:
𝒗𝟐
B1= Groove Width
G= Gravitation
DISCHARGE ACTUAL:
𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒅𝒈 + 𝑸𝒈𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐
𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒅𝒘 + 𝑸𝒘𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐

2018
Where
Qgact, Qwact are actual discharge through the groove and over crest of weir
respectively.
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽
𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒅𝒈 [ 𝒙 √ 𝒙 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 ]
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
+ 𝑪𝒅𝒘 [ √𝟐𝒈𝑳𝒄 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 ]
𝟑
Where
Cdg, Cdw are discharge coefficient for the groove and the weir respectively.
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒅𝒄 ([ 𝒙 √ 𝒙 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 ] + [ √𝟐𝒈𝑳𝒄 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 ])
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐 𝟑
(Anees K. Idrees, Riyadh Al-Ameri, Lloyd H.C. Chua, Subrat Das School of
Engineering, Deakin University, 3216 Australia, “Determination of Discharge
Coefficient for Flow over One Cylcle Compound Trapezoidal Plan From Labyrinth
Weir”, Volume 7, Issue 4, July-August 2016, pp. 314–328)
 The capacity of an existing spillway can be increased by lengthening the spillway

crest, or increasing the discharge coefficient or operating head, or any combination
of these approaches. Constructing a labyrinth weir in an existing spillway is an
example of an effective way to increases the spillway crest length and the
corresponding discharge capacity for the same operating head. Thus, labyrinth
weir are well suited to the sites where increasing the spillway width and maximum
reservoir water surface elevation would be difficult, yet larger discharge are
needed. This type of weir consists of series of slender walls having a repeating shape
in plan, usually triangular or trapezoidal with vertical upstream faces and steeply
sloping downstream faces. In this paper extensive physical modeling of the
labyrinth spillway, primarily flume studies, has been performed, resulting in the
development of Lux and Tullis methods are compared for a given labyrinth
spillway.
LUX METHOD:
𝒘𝒄
𝒑
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒘 [ 𝒘 ] 𝒘𝒄 𝑯√𝒈𝑯
𝒄
+ 𝒌
𝒑
Where
Q= Discharge of one cycle
Cw= Discharge Coefficient
w/p= Vertical aspect ratio

2018
(B.V. Khode and A.R. Tembhurkar 1 2 G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, India
1 Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India, “Evaluation and Analysis
of Crest Coefficient for Labyrinth Weir” page 835)
 Labyrinth weirs provide an effective means to increase the spillway discharge

capacity of dams and are often considered for renovation projects required due to
an increase in expected flood inflow to the reservoir of an existing dam. Free crest
spillways are hydraulically efficient and safe in operation. Since their discharge
capacity is directly proportional to the crest length several types have been
developed with the purpose to increase the length of the latter. In recent years many
research investigations have considered the hydraulic performance of labyrinth
weirs, particularly as dependent on the geometric features. The previous work has
improved the design basis for such weirs. In the present study, discharge
coefficients were experimentally determined for sharp crested trapezoidal
labyrinth weirs of varying side wall angle (α). The experimental results of 21
physical models were used to develop a hydraulic design and analysis method for
labyrinth weirs. The present research primarily aims at evaluating various
characteristics of a flow-over labyrinth weir by conducting experimentations at
wider range of values for important parameters.for the discharge coefficient of
labyrinth weirs.
o Cd= 3.22 +0.40 h /P) where Cd is the discharge coefficient, h is the depth of
flow over the weir crest and P is the weir height.
𝒘𝒄
𝒑
𝒄
+ 𝒌
𝒑
where Q is the discharge over labyrinth weir, Cd is the discharge coefficient, Ht is the
total upstream head U measured relative to the weir crest, Wc is the channel width and
P is the weir height.. (“INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS,
MECHANICAL AND MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING Vol.6 Num.4 - 2016 (1305-
1316) 1307 “Omer BILHAN, M. Emin EMIROGL)
 Labyrinth weirs are often a favorable design option to regulate upstream water
elevations and increase flow capacity; nevertheless, it can be difficult to engineer
an optimal design due to the complex flow characteristics and the many geometric
design variables of labyrinth weirs. This study was conducted to improve labyrinth
weir design and analyses techniques using physical-model-based data sets from this
and previous studies and by compiling published design methodologies and
labyrinth weir information. A method for the hydraulic design and analyses of
labyrinth weirs is presented. Discharge coefficient data for quarter-round and half-
round labyrinth weirs are offered for 6° ≤ sidewall angles ≤ 35°. Cycle efficiency is
also introduced to aid in sidewall angle selection. Parameters and hydraulic
conditions that affect flow performance are discussed. The validity of this method

2018
is presented by comparing predicted results to data from previously published

labyrinth weir studies. A standard geometric design layout for arced labyrinth
weirs is presented. Insights and comparisons in hydraulic performance of half-
round, trapezoidal, 6° and 12° sidewall angles, labyrinth weir spillways located in
a reservoir with the following orientations are presented: Normal, Inverse,
Projecting, Flush, Rounded Inlet, and Arced cycle configuration. (Crookston, Brian
Mark (2010). "Labyrinth Weirs". All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper802).
 A method is presented for the hydraulic design and analysis of labyrinth weirs
based upon the experimental results of physical modeling. Discharge coefficient
data for labyrinth weirs with quarter-round and half-round crest shapes are
presented for sidewall angles ranging from 6 to 35°. Cycle efficiency is also
introduced as a design aid, which compares the hydraulic performance of different
cycle geometries. Geometric parameters that affect flow performance are
discussed. The predictive accuracy of the design method is evaluated through
comparisons to previously published labyrinth weir head-discharge data. The
companion paper examines nappe behaviors that affect flow performance and
presents hydraulic design considerations specific to nappe characteristics.
(Crookston, B.M. (2013). “Hydraulic Design and Analysis of Labyrinth Weirs. I:
Discharge Relationships". Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
/Volume 139 Issue 5)
 Optimizing the many geometric variables in the hydraulic design of a labyrinth

weir can be challenging. For example, the sidewall angle (α), total crest length (Lc),
crest shape, number of cycles (N), the configuration of the labyrinth cycles, and the
orientation and placement of a labyrinth weir must all be determined.
Furthermore, the geometry of a labyrinth weir causes complex 3-dimensional flow
patterns that must be considered. The flow rate passing over the labyrinth is
dependent on the crest length, which can be controlled by modifying the number of
folds. (Bilhan O. & Emiroglu M. (2016). “Experimental Studies on Determination of
Discharge Capacity of Circular Labyrinth Weirs Located on a Straight Channel ".
International Journal of Electronics, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering
Vol.6 Num.3 - 2016 (1227-1239).
 Trapezoidal labyrinth weirs offer significant flow magnification for the available
width of approach channel and that of the downstream chute. These types of weirs
may find great utility and hence will have to be designed and provided for river
linking projects. There are many factors such as head to crest height ratio, angle of
side walls, vertical aspect ratio, apex width and approach and conveyance channel
conditions that influence the capacity of weir and hence the hydraulic design of
labyrinth weir. In this paper, a mathematical model for optimum C for labyrinth
is proposed and a methodology has been suggested for the optimal d hydraulic
design of trapezoidal labyrinth weir. (Ghare , Mhaisalkar & Porey.(2008). “An

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Approach to Optimal Design of Trapezoidal Labyrinth Weirs". World Applied

Sciences Journal 3 (6): 934-938, 2008 ISSN 1818-4952. )
 The capacity of a labyrinth spillway is a function of the total head, the effective
crest length, and the crest coefficient. The crest coefficient depends on the total
head, weir height, thickness, crest shape, apex configuration, and the angle of the
side legs. Data and a procedure are presented for designing labyrinth weirs for
angles between 6° and 35°, and for a range of heads. The design procedure allows
the angle of the side legs and the number of cycles to be varied until the desired
layout and capacity are achieved. The solution is presented in a spreadsheet format
that automatically calculates the dimensions for the labyrinth. Even though the
design procedure is quite accurate, it is recommended that the capacity and
performance be verified with a model study. The model can evaluate factors not
included in the design procedure, like aeration effects at low heads, unusual flow
conditions in the approach channel, and flow conditions in the discharge channel.
(Tullis, Amanian & Waldron. “Design of Labyrinth Spillways”. Journal of Hydraulic
Engineering. p.247-255)
 Houston (1983) conducted a study of Hyrum Dam where the test program included
various weir orientations and placements of the labyrinth weir relative to the
reservoir discharge channel (normal, inverse, flush, and partially projecting) of the
two cycle labyrinth weir. Examples of linear and arced cycle configurations, and
four general labyrinth weir orientations and placements are presented in Fig. 2-12

2018
(Crookston, Brian Mark, "Labyrinth Weirs" (2010).All Graduate Theses and

Dissertations.Paper 802. )
 The purpose of labyrinth weir is to increase the discharge per unit width of channel
beyond that usually obtained from a conventional weir under identical head
conditions. This is achieved by compressing a large length of crest in concertina
form into the space available on site. An increase of discharge ranging up to six fold
or more can be obtained. Described are the results of a program of research
labyrinth weirs that is aimed to provide comprehensive performance and design
data. The experimental work covered the effects of all primary parameters
affecting performance such as crest length magnification plan geometry, number
of cycles, etc. Parallel with the experimental work a mathematical model was
constructed and computer program developed which will predict performance to
±4% accuracy or better over a wide range of operating conditions. Finally a simple
design method is instilled from the experimental and theoretical results. 9Hay,
Nessim (1970). “Performance and Design of Labyrinth Weirs”. Journal of the
Hydraulic Division. Volume 96, Issue 11, pp. 2337-2357 )

2018
 Labyrinth weirs have gained greater common application in the world due to their
inherent advantage in linking with flow increase and structural stability. They can
pass unexpected discharging floods over structure safely. The design is appropriate
for utility at sites where the head over crest is limited or the weir width is limited
by the topography. The labyrinth weir is considered a successful solution for
increase in the storage capacity. The following conclusions are drawn:
1. Coefficient of discharge values were obtained from the design curves based on
experimental data from the flume on labyrinth weirs of sidewall angle
6,8,10,12,15,20,35,90 degrees and half round crest 2. The compound coefficient of
discharge firstly increases when the head reaches maximum value and then
decreases gradually.
2. The compound coefficient of discharge is minimum for a sidewall angle of 6o and
increases with increasing the sidewall angle under restricted width of weir.
3. Regression analysis is a good selection to estimate compound coefficient of
discharge for rang α between 6o to 90o when the HT < 0.75.
4. The impact of labyrinth weir orientation was evaluated. The present study indicates
that weir orientation does not significantly affect efficiency of discharge.
5. The statistical results show that the α = 20° is the best angle for normal orientation
based on the coefficient of variance (CV) that gave less value 18.8 %. While, in the
inverse orientation the α = 35° was the best angle for the coefficient of variance
(CV) 16.7%, compared with others.
6. The different between discharge coefficient of Prototype dam calculated by (Khode
et al., 2011)and estimated discharge coefficient from equations in table 2 was
between ± 6%.
(Ghare, A., Mhaisalkar, V. & Porey, P. 2008. An approach to optimal design of

trapezoidal labyrinth weirs. World Applied Sciences Journal, 3, 934-938.)

2018
Chapter Three:
Methodology
In this chapter the experimental design, materials and methods, treatment of data,
and the decision criteria were discussed. The main objective is to present the
methodology and research design
Technical/Experimental
The objective of this experimental research is to determine the sidewall angle that
will be efficient and effective design of a one cycle trapezoidal form labyrinth weir.
Different angles of the trapezoidal weir would be prepared while the flow rate of the
water in the apparatus will be remained constant.
Materials and Methods

This study would be using the experimental procedure. The instrument that will
be using is the Multi- Purpose Teaching flume. The other materials such as the
trapezoidal weir with different angles specifically 15, 25, 35, 45 and 90 degrees will be
provided.
Resources/Instrument Required:
 Water
 Tint (Food Coloring)
 Multi-purpose Teaching Flume
 Ruler
 Protractor
 Linear Weir (Trapezoidal Weir 90°)
 Non-Linear Weir (15°-45° side wall angle Trapezoidal Weir)
Procedure:
1. Set up the Multi – Purpose Teaching Flume, the rectangular weir, the triangular
and the trapezoidal, timer, and a ruler on the area of the experiment.

2018
2. Get the measurements of the weirs using a ruler?

3. Add the right amount of water tint in the tank of the flume.
4. Set up to start the flume and install the rectangular weir on any location in the
flume.
5. With a given flow rate, start the flume and let water rise up to the point where it
is stable.
6. Measure the height of the water flowing through the gate.
7. Repeat steps 4 to 6 with the triangular as well as the trapezoidal gate
8. Compare results.
9.
𝑽𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑴𝑬
𝑽𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑴𝑬𝑻𝑹𝑰𝑪 𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑾 𝑹𝑨𝑻𝑬 =
𝑻𝑰𝑴𝑬
Figure 1:
GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF LABYRINTH WEIRS:
Triangular (A) Trapezoidal (B) Rectangular (C)

2018
Figure 2:
LAY OUT AND DETAILS OF TRAPEZOIDAL LABYRINTH WEIR
Figure 3:
Normal vs. inverted orientation in channelized flume

2018
Figure 4:
TULLIS METHOD:
DISCHARGE THEORETICAL
𝑸𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐 = 𝑸𝒈𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐 + 𝑸𝒘𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐
Where:
Qgtheo and Qwtheoare = theoretical discharge
𝟐
𝑸𝒘𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐 = √𝟐𝒈𝑳𝒄 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓
𝟑
Where:
𝒗𝟐
ho= head over of crest of Weir
V= Velocity
G= Gravitation
Lc= Length cycle

2018
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽
𝑸𝒈𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐 = [ 𝒙 √ 𝒙 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 ]
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
Where:
𝒗𝟐
B1= Groove Width
G= Gravitation
DISCHARGE ACTUAL:
𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒅𝒈 + 𝑸𝒈𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐
𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒅𝒘 + 𝑸𝒘𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐
Where
Qgact, Qwact are actual discharge through the groove and over crest of weir respectively.
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒅𝒈 [ 𝒙 √ 𝒙 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 ] + 𝑪𝒅𝒘 [ √𝟐𝒈𝑳𝒄 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 ]
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐 𝟑
Where
Cdg, Cdw are discharge coefficient for the groove and the weir respectively.
Coefficient of Discharge (Cd)= ratio of total head and weir height (HT/P)
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒅𝒄 ([ 𝒙 √ 𝒙 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 ] + [ √𝟐𝒈𝑳𝒄 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 ])
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐 𝟑
LUX METHOD:
𝒘𝒄
𝒑
𝒄
+ 𝒌
𝒑
Where
Q= Discharge of one cycle
Cw= Discharge Coefficient
w/p= Vertical aspect ratio

2018
Chapter Four:
Data and Result
DISCHARGE ACTUAL
Table 1
Result of 𝟑𝟎°Trapezoidal Weir of One Cycle Compound Labyrinth Weir in Normal Orientation.
Trial Orientati Angle Wc Ho P Qa k A C'

on
1 Normal 30 0.82 0.055 0.2315 8 0.1 0.9725 0.1878020
43 1
2 Normal 30 0.82 0.047 0.2315 7 0.1 0.9725 0.2250287
43 21
3 Normal 30 0.82 0.04 0.2315 6 0.1 0.9725 0.2662973
43 81
4 Normal 30 0.82 0.034 0.2315 5 0.1 0.9725 0.3071480
43 75
5 Normal 30 0.82 0.028 0.2315 4 0.1 0.9725 0.3623093
43 62
Table 1.2
Result of 𝟑𝟎°Trapezoidal Weir of One Cycle Compound Labyrinth Weir in Reverse Orientation.

on
1 Reverse 30 0.82 0.05 0.2315 8 0.1 0.9725 0.2272404
43 32
2 Reverse 30 0.82 0.043 0.2315 7 0.1 0.9725 0.2688417
43 76
3 Reverse 30 0.82 0.036 0.2315 6 0.1 0.9725 0.3287621
43 98
4 Reverse 30 0.82 0.03 0.2315 5 0.1 0.9725 0.3945146
43 38

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5 Reverse 30 0.82 0.025 0.2315 4 0.1 0.9725 0.4544808

43 63
Table 2
Result of 𝟒𝟓°Trapezoidal Weir of One Cycle Compound Labyrinth Weir in Normal Orientation.

on
1 Normal 45 0.82 0.045 0.2224 8 0.1 0.9735 0.2802409
94 56
2 Normal 45 0.82 0.04 0.2224 7 0.1 0.9735 0.3103449
94 65
3 Normal 45 0.82 0.034 0.2224 6 0.1 0.9735 0.3681798
94 89
4 Normal 45 0.82 0.028 0.2224 5 0.1 0.9735 0.4523979
94 08
5 Normal 45 0.82 0.022 0.2224 4 0.1 0.9735 0.5862478
94 67
Table 2.1
Result of 𝟒𝟓°Trapezoidal Weir of One Cycle Compound Labyrinth Weir in Reverse Orientation.
Trial Orientati Angle L Ho P Qa k A C'

on
1 Reverse 45 0.82 0.05 0.2224 8 0.1 0.9735 0.2269951
94 74
2 Reverse 45 0.82 0.042 0.2224 7 0.1 0.9735 0.2814920
94 31
3 Reverse 45 0.82 0.035 0.2224 6 0.1 0.9735 0.3474415
94 93
4 Reverse 45 0.82 0.029 0.2224 5 0.1 0.9735 0.4217359
94 81
5 Reverse 45 0.82 0.023 0.2224 4 0.1 0.9735 0.5363780
94 11

2018
Table 3
Result of 𝟔𝟎°Trapezoidal Weir of One Cycle Compound Labyrinth Weir in Normal Orientation.
Trial Orientation Angle Wc Ho P Qa k X C'

1 Normal 60 0.82 0.04 0.271 8 0.1 0.967 0.356751
6 94 846
2 Normal 60 0.82 0.034 0.271 7 0.1 0.967 0.432052
6 94 408
3 Normal 60 0.82 0.028 0.271 6 0.1 0.967 0.546048
6 94 744
4 Normal 60 0.82 0.023 0.271 5 0.1 0.967 0.674389
6 94 122
5 Normal 60 0.82 0.019 0.271 4 0.1 0.967 0.790585
6 94 808
Table 3.1
Result of 𝟔𝟎°Trapezoidal Weir of One Cycle Compound Labyrinth Weir in Reverse Orientation.
Trial Orientation Angle Wc Ho P Qa k X C'

1 Reverse 60 0.82 0.039 0.271 8 0.1 0.967 0.375281
6 94 363
2 Reverse 60 0.82 0.033 0.271 7 0.1 0.967 0.458634
6 94 145
3 Reverse 60 0.82 0.027 0.271 6 0.1 0.967 0.587245
6 94 837
4 Reverse 60 0.82 0.023 0.271 5 0.1 0.967 0.674389
6 94 122
5 Reverse 60 0.82 0.018 0.271 4 0.1 0.967 0.880868
6 94 755

2018
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS (ANOVA)
Table 4 Lux Method
NORMAL ORIENTATION
30 DEGREE 45 DEGREE 60 DEGREE
0.187802 0.280241 0.356752

0.225029 0.310345 0.432052
0.266297 0.36818 0.546049
0.307148 0.452398 0.674389
0.362309 0.586248 0.790586
Table 4.1
NORMAL ORIENTATION(LUX METHOD)

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
NORMAL ORIENTATION
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 TRIAL 4 TRIAL 5

2018
Table 5 Lux method
REVERSE ORIENTATION
0.22724 0.226995 0.375281
0.268842 0.281492 0.458634
0.328762 0.347442 0.587246
0.394515 0.421736 0.674389
0.454481 0.536378 0.880869
Table 5.1
REVERSE ORIENTATION(LUX METHOD)

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
REVERSE ORIENTATION

2018
Table 6 Tullis Method
NORMAL ORIENTATION
0.633551 0.787194 0.710904
0.604003 0.627503 0.644925
0.579662 0.573222 0.625742
0.546092 0.55023 0.583331
0.512755 0.544909 0.504455
Table 6.1
NORMAL ORIENTATION(TULLIS)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
NORMAL ORIENTATION

2018
Table 7 Tullis Method
REVERSE ORIENTATION
0.842693 0.560131 0.78449
0.788077 0.556386 0.720919
0.763964 0.539967 0.702548
0.716655 0.507273 0.583331
0.641038 0.496344 0.568062
Table 7.1
REVERSE ORIENTATION (TULLIS)

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
REVERSE ORIENTATION

2018
DATA COMPUTATIONS
NORMAL ORIENTATION
TRIAL 1
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02315m ; 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎°
H=0.055m ; 𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝟖
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝟐 𝒙 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝟓 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐 𝒙 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 ] + (𝟑 √𝟐𝒈𝑳𝒄 𝑯𝟏.𝟓
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟎
𝟖 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟓𝟏
TRIAL 2
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02315m ; 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎°
H=0.047m ; 𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝟕
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟎
𝟕 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟑

2018
TRIAL 3
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02315m ; 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎°
H=0.04m ; 𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝟔
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟎
𝟔 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟗𝟔𝟔𝟐
TRIAL 4
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02315m ; 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎°
H=0.034m ; 𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝟓
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟎
𝟓 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟔

2018
TRIAL 5
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02315m ; 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎°
H=0.028m ; 𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝟒
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟎
𝟒 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟓
REVERSE ORIENTATION
TRIAL 1
REVERSE ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02315m ; 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟎
𝟖 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟐𝟔𝟗𝟑

2018
TRIAL 2
REVERSE ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02315m ; 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟎
𝟕 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟎𝟕𝟕
TRIAL 3
REVERSE ORIENTATION
b=0.02315m ; 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟎
𝟔 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟒
TRIAL 4
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02315m ; 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎°
Lc=0.082m

2018
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟎
𝟓 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟓
TRIAL 5
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02315m ; 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟎
𝟓 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎𝟔𝟒𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟖

2018
NORMAL ORIENTATION 𝟒𝟓°
TRIAL 1
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02224m ; 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟒𝟓
𝟖 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟒 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟒
TRIAL 2
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02224m ; 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪′ [ 𝒙 √ 𝒙 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝑯𝒕 𝟏.𝟓 ] + ( √𝟐𝒈𝑳𝒄 𝑯𝟏.𝟓
𝒕 )
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐 𝟑
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟒𝟓
𝟕 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟒 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟑

2018
TRIAL 3
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02224m ; 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟒𝟓
𝟕 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟒 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟐
TRIAL 4
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02224m ; 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟒𝟓
𝟓 = 𝑪′ [ 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟒 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟑

2018
TRIAL 5
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02224m ; 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟒𝟓
𝟒 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟒 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟗
REVERSE ORIENTATION
TRIAL 1
REVERSE ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02224m ; 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟒𝟓
𝟖 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟒 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟏

2018
TRIAL 2
REVERSE ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02224m ; 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟒𝟓
𝟕 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟒 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟔𝟑𝟖𝟔
TRIAL 3
REVERSE ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02224m ; 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟒𝟓
𝟖 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟒 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟔𝟕

2018
TRIAL 4
REVERSE ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02224m ; 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟒𝟓
𝟖 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟒 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟕𝟑
TRIAL 5
REVERSE ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02224m ; 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟒𝟓
𝟖 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟒 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟒

2018
NORMAL ORIENTATION 𝟔𝟎°
TRIAL 1
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02716m ; 𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟔𝟎
𝟖 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟔 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟒
TRIAL 2
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02716m ; 𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟔𝟎
𝟕 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟔 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
( √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟏.𝟓 )
𝟑
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟓

2018
TRIAL 3
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02716m ; 𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟔𝟎
𝟔 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟔 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟒𝟐
TRIAL 4
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02716m ; 𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟔𝟎
𝟓 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟔 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟏

2018
TRIAL 5
NORMAL ORIENTATION
DATA:
b=0.02716m ; 𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎°
Lc=0.082m
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝜽 𝟐
𝒕 )
𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟑𝟐 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟔𝟎
𝟒 = 𝑪′ [𝟑 𝒙 √ 𝒙𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟔 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟏.𝟓 + 𝒙√ 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟏.𝟓 ] +
𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
(𝟑 √𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐)𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟏.𝟓 )
𝑪′ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟓

2018
LUX METHOD:
NORMAL ORIENTATION Angle 30

𝒘𝒄
𝒑
𝒄
+𝒌
𝒑
0.82
8/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2315 ] 0.82(0.055)√9.81(0.055)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2315
𝑪𝒘 =0.1878
0.82
7/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2315 ] 0.82(0.047)√9.81(0.047)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2315
𝑪𝒘 =0.2250
0.82
6/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2315 ] 0.82(0.04)√9.81(0.04)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2315
𝑪𝒘 =0.2663
0.82
5/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2315 ] 0.82(0.034)√9.81(0.034)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2315
𝑪𝒘 =0.3072

2018
0.82
4/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2315 ] 0.82(0.028)√9.81(0.028)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2315
𝑪𝒘 =0.3623
REVERSE ORIENTATION Angle 30
0.82
8/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2315 ] 0.82(0.05)√9.81(0.05)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2315
𝑪𝒘 =0.2272
0.82
7/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2315 ] 0.82(0.043)√9.81(0.043)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2315
𝑪𝒘 =0.2688
0.82
6/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2315 ] 0.82(0.036)√9.81(0.036)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2315
𝑪𝒘 =0.3288
0.82
5/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2315 ] 0.82(0.03)√9.81(0.03)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2315
𝑪𝒘 =0.3945

2018
0.82
4/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2315 ] 0.82(0.025)√9.81(0.025)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2315
𝑪𝒘 =0.4545
0.82
8/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2224 ] 0.82(0.045)√9.81(0.045)
0.82
0.2224 + 0.1
𝑪𝒘 =0.2802
0.82
7/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2224 ] 0.82(0.04)√9.81(0.04)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2224
𝑪𝒘 =0.3103
0.82
6/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2224 ] 0.82(0.034)√9.81(0.034)
0.82
0.2224 + 0.1
𝑪𝒘 =0.3682

2018
0.82
5/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2224 ] 0.82(0.028)√9.81(0.028)
0.82
0.2224 + 0.1
𝑪𝒘 =0.4524
0.82
4/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2224 ] 0.82(0.022)√9.81(0.022)
0.82
0.2224 + 0.1
𝑪𝒘 =0.5862
0.82
8/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2224 ] 0.82(0.05)√9.81(0.05)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2224
𝑪𝒘 =0.2270
0.82
7/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2224 ] 0.82(0.042)√9.81(0.042)
0.82
0.2224 + 0.1
𝑪𝒘 =0.2815
0.82
6/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2224 ] 0.82(0.035)√9.81(0.035)
0.82
0.2224 + 0.1
𝑪𝒘 =0.3475

2018
0.82
5/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2224 ] 0.82(0.029)√9.81(0.029)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2224
𝑪𝒘 =0.4217
0.82
4/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2224 ] 0.82(0.023)√9.81(0.023)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2224
𝑪𝒘 =0.5364
0.82
8/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2716 ] 0.82(0.04)√9.81(0.04)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2716
𝑪𝒘 =0.3568
0.82
7/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2716 ] 0.82(0.034)√9.81(0.034)
0.82
0.2716 + 0.1
𝑪𝒘 =0.4321
0.82
6/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2716 ] 0.82(0.028)√9.81(0.028)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2716
𝑪𝒘 =0.5460

2018
0.82
5/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2716 ] 0.82(0.023)√9.81(0.023)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2716
𝑪𝒘 =0.6744
0.82
4/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2716 ] 0.82(0.019)√9.81(0.019)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2716
𝑪𝒘 =0.7906
0.82
8/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2716 ] 0.82(0.039)√9.81(0.039)
0.82
0.2716 + 0.1
𝑪𝒘 =0.3752
0.82
7/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2716 ] 0.82(0.033)√9.81(0.033)
0.82
0.2716 + 0.1
𝑪𝒘 =0.4586
0.82
6/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2716 ] 0.82(0.027)√9.81(0.027)
0.82
0.2716 + 0.1
𝑪𝒘 =0.5872
0.82
5/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2716 ] 0.82(0.023)√9.81(0.023)
0.82
+ 0.1
0.2716
𝑪𝒘 =0.6744

2018
0.82
4/3600 = 𝐶𝑤 [ 0.2716 ] 0.82(0.018)√9.81(0.018)
0.82
0.2716 + 0.1
𝑪𝒘 =0.8809

2018
DOCUMENTATION:
TEACHING FLUME ONE CYCLE LABYRINTH WEIR (ANGLE 45)
INSTRUMENTS ONE CYCLE LABYRINTH WEIR IN OVERSHOT

2018
TRIALS IN NORMAL ORINETAION:
TRIALS IN REVERSE ORINETAION:

2018

2018
References:
Ruqiong Qina, and Chunyi Duan (2017), The Principle and Applications of Bernoulli Equation.
Retrieved from: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/916/1/012038/pdf
David Stephenson (1984), Hydraulics and Head Loss Equations Basic Equations. Retrieved from:
https: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167564808701497?via%3Dihub
J. Chaurette (2016), The Relationship Between Velocity and Flow in a Liquid System. Retrieved
from: http//www.pumpfundamentals.com/effect%20of%20closing%20valve.pdf
R. Shankar Subramanian (2011), Pipe Flow Calculations. Retrieved from:

http://web2.clarkson.edu/ projects/subramanian/ch330/notes/Pipe%20Flow%20Calculations.pdf
Ray Hardee (2015), Calculating Head Loss in a Pipeline. Retrieved from: https://eng-software.com
/media/2196/psi-ray-4-15.pdf
J.P. Thavamani (2016), Research Article Bernoulli Equation in Fluid Flow. Retrieved from:
http://www. journalcra.com/sites/default/files/18311.pdf
Amanda Robb (2003), Bernoulli's Principle Experiment. Retrieved from:

https://study.com/academy /lesson/bernoullis-principle-experiment.html#lesson
Peter Eastwell (2007), Bernoulli? Perhaps, but what About Viscosity? Retrieved from: https://
files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1050910.pdf
J. B. Calvert (2000), Bernoulli's Equation. Retrieved from: https://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech

/fluids/bernoul.htm

2018
B. T. Lebele-Alawa, and F. E. Oparadike (2011), Analysis of the Effects of Valve Propagated

Pressure Surge on Pipe Flow. Retrieved from: https://file.scirp.org/pdf/ENG201111
00005_62451696.pdf
Steven Holzner (2008), Use Bernoulli’s Equation to Calculate Pressure Difference Between Two
Points. Retrieved from: https://www.dummies.com/education/science/physics/use-bernoullis-
equation-to-calculate-pressure-difference-between-two-points/
Ismail Hussain, and Dr. VK Rathaur (2016), A Study on the Significance of Bernoulli’s Equation
in Fluid Dynamics. Retrieved from: www.allsubjectjournal.com
Awinash Kumar (2015), Debottlenecking of Bernoulli’s Apparatus and Verification of

Bernoulli’s Principle. Retrieved from: http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jmce/papers/vol12-issue
3/Version-2/Q1232116146.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267232027_Determination_of_Crest_Coefficient_for_Flow_over
_Trapezoidal_Labyrinth_Weir
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316037958_Discharge_Coefficient_of_Sharp-
Crested_Trapezoidal_Labyrinth_Weirs
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335003941_Investigation_of_discharge_coefficient_of_trapezoida
l_labyrinth_weirs_using_artificial_neural_networks_and_support_vector_machines
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=4
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333690642_Discharge_Coefficient_of_a_Round-Crested_Weir
file:///C:/Users/justine/Downloads/IJCIET_07_04_027.pdf

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2018

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

“The Effects to the Changes of Sidewall Angle of Labyrinth Weir on Discharge

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 1

The researchers basically aim:

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

The students shall be able:

Labyrinth Trapezoidal weirs have important advantages compared to conventional weirs

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 2

The Problem and its Background

Weir is an artificial barrier in a watercourse. Provision of weir increases water surface

Labyrinth Trapezoidal weirs have important advantages compared to conventional weirs

In this experiment, we will able to determine the discharge coefficient of a Trapezoidal

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 3

Statement of the Problem:

Significance of the Study:

 Society – It will serve as an informative study in the acquisition of broader and

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 4

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

* Labyrinth *Design of labyrinth

Scope and Delimitation

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 5

Literature and Studies

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 6

(Alan S. Morris, Reza Langari, in Measurement and Instrumentation (Second

 A review of literature indicates that the characteristics of flow over broad-crested

 Poureskandar and et al. (2010a) studied the influence of flow characteristics on

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 7

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 8

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 9

examined. Increased spillway capacity without reducing the reservoir volume is an

 The capacity of an existing spillway can be increased by lengthening the spillway

 Physical and numerical modelling were used to investigate the hydraulic

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 10

 Labyrinth weirs provide higher discharge capacity than conventional weirs,

 Describe a spillway providing Protection against the possible maximum flood of an

 A labyrinth weir is a structure designed to convey large flows at low heads by

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 11

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 12

 Prediction and modeling of hydraulic phenomenon is an important part of

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 13

the Multilayer Neural network (MLP) is developed to estimate Cd sw . The result

 The discharge coefficient of a lateral opening in a prismatic trapezoidal main

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 14

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 15

 A labyrinth weir is a polygonal overflow weir that is characterized by its hydraulic

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 16

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 17

 Accurate determination of discharge coefficient is one of the major concerns in the

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 18

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 19

 Labyrinth weirs provide an effective means to increase the spillway discharge

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 20

 The theory of lateral flow through a two-dimensional channel outlet is used to

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 21

 A series of laboratory experiments have been conducted to investigate the value of

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 22

𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒅𝒈 + 𝑸𝒈𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐

𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒅𝒘 + 𝑸𝒘𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐

Technological Institute of the Philippines Page 23

 The capacity of an existing spillway can be increased by lengthening the spillway