Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
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Before the Dawn of History
• Beliefs
– Sickness caused by evil forces
– punishment from the gods
• Remedies
– Offer sacrifices like food and prayers
– Use of natural resources like plants, mud
History of Pharmacy
• Antiquity
• Middle Ages
• Modern Europe
Ancient Babylon
• Babylon
– Jewel of ancient Mesopotamia
– cradle of civilization
– earliest known record of
practice of the art of the
apothecary
• Receptaria
– more modest formularies
Damian and Cosmas
• Damian – the apothecary
• Cosmas – the physician
• Twinship of the health
professions
• Arabian descent
• Their careers were cut short
in the year 303 by martyrdom
• After canonization, they
DAMIAN AND COSMAS - became the patron saints of
PHARMACY'S Pharmacy and Medicine
PATRON SAINTS
Monastic Pharmacy
• Practice of Pharmacy and
Medicine passed from lay
practitioners to the clerics
• Monasteries (5th -12th century)
– Center of intellectual life
• Monks
– Collected and cultivated medicinal
plants
– Distilled aromatic and cordial
waters
Monastic Pharmacy
• Famous manuscripts:
– De Viribus Herbarum
(Herbs Used by the People)
– Abbot Odo in France
– Causae et Curae –
Abbess Hildegard in Germany
The Arabs
• Separated the arts of
apothecary and physician
• Established in Bagdad (late
8th century) the 1st privately
owned drugstore
• treaties were more influential
and authoritative in Europe
THE FIRST APOTHECARY
SHOPS
• More refined and elegant
way of administering drugs
Arabian Era (980 – 1037 A.D.)
• Ibn Sina
– Known as Avicenna by the
Western world
– Pharmacist, poet,
physician, philosopher,
diplomat
– His pharmaceutical
teachings – contribution to
AVICENNA –
THE "PERSIAN
the sciences of Pharmacy
GALEN" and Medicine
Magna Carta of 1240
• Issued by Frederick II,
head of the Holy Roman
Empire
• Edict creating pharmacy
as an independent
branch of public welfare
service
• Pharmacy was separated
SEPARATION OF from Medicine in Sicily
PHARMACY AND MEDICINE
and southern Italy
Magna Carta of 1240
• Limitation of the numbers of
pharmacies
• Fixed the prices of remedies
• Required official
supervision to
pharmaceutical practice
• Made the use of prescribed
SEPARATION OF
PHARMACY AND MEDICINE
formulary compulsory
The First Official Pharmacopoeia
• Originated in Florence, Italy
• The Nuovo Receptario written in Italian
• Published and became the legal
standard for the city-state in 1498
Paracelsus (1493 – 1541 A.D.)
• Revolutionalized Pharmacy
• Medicinal active “quintessences” from
natural resources
• led to important discoveries in drug
therapy
• transformed pharmacy from botanical
science to chemical science
The Society of Apothecaries of
London
• In 1617, Francis Bacon
formed a separated company
• Master, Wardens and Society
of the Art and Mystery of the
Apothecaries of the City of
London
• First organization of
pharmacists in the Anglo-
Saxon World
Italy
• Cradle of European
professional pharmacy
– 1st professional European
apothecary shop
– 1st post-antique antidotary
– 1st pharmacopoeia
– 1st real botanical garden