Name: Annalie Jeane B.

Manalo
First Take Home Exercise: Various experts view on Reading
1. Partnership for Reading, National Reading Panel, Reading First Law (2002) - reading is
"a complex system of deriving meaning from print" that requires:
a) an understanding of how speech sounds are related to print- viewed
that Phonemic Awareness Instructions and Phonics Instructions are
significantly better on the forms of training in helping the reader acquire
phonemic awareness because this skill enables to apply in reading to
manipulate speech sounds in words and spelling.
b) decoding (word identification) skills,
c) fluency - found a better, and more extensive, body of research on guided
oral reading procedures. Generally, the Panel found that these
procedures tended to improve word recognition, fluency (speed and
accuracy of oral reading), and comprehension with most groups.
d) vocabulary and background knowledge,
e) active comprehension strategies, and - found a variety of methods by
which readers acquire vocabulary through explicit instruction and
improve their comprehension of what they read. The Panel also found
that although there has been considerable success in teaching a variety
of effective text comprehension strategies that lead to improved text
comprehension, the most promising lines of research within the reading
comprehension strategies area focused on teacher preparation to teach
comprehension and enhance vocabulary.
f) a motivation to read.
These key elements define the content of reading instruction, and research provides
guidelines for building many of the important skills.

2. Nell Duke and P. David Pearson (2002) - Effective Practices for Developing Reading
Comprehension. They viewed that reading should be in place in addition to
comprehension strategy instruction—such as reading real texts for real purposes,
reading a range of text genres, and writing texts for others to understand. They highlight
the importance of routine for improving comprehension and how teachers can support
learners in building strategic thinking, which is likely to be more important that gaining
mastery of specific strategies.

3. Robert Ruddell, Martha Rapp Ruddell, Harry Singer (1994) – A reading model is a
graphic attempt, to depict how an individual perceives a word, processes a clause and
comprehend a text.

1 | First Take Home Exercise: Various Experts view on Reading

 4. Diane Henry Leipzig (2001) –
a. Reading is a multifaceted process involving:
i. Word Recognition - Identify the words in print
ii. Comprehension - Construct an understanding from them
iii. Fluency - Coordinate identifying words and making meaning so that
reading is automatic and accurate
iv. and motivation.
b. Reading in its fullest sense involves weaving together word recognition and
comprehension in a fluent manner.

5. Christine Cziko, Cynthia Greenleaf, Lori Hurwitz, Ruth Schoenbach (2000)

a. Reading is not just a basic skill - students' reading ability goes to primary grade
teachers, and upper elementary and secondary school teachers at each grade
level need teach only new vocabulary and concepts relevant to new content.
Seen this way, reading is a simple process: readers decode (figure out how to
pronounce) each word in a text and then automatically comprehend the
meaning of the words, as they do with their everyday spoken language. This is
not our understanding of reading.
b. Reading is a complex process - The text evoked voices, memories, knowledge,
and experiences from other times and places—some long dormant, some more
immediate. If you were reading complex text about complex ideas or an
unfamiliar type of text, you were working to understand it, your reading most
likely characterized by many false starts and much backtracking. You were
probably trying to relate it to your existing knowledge and understanding.
c. Reading is problem solving - complex process of problem solving in which the
reader works to make sense of a text not just from the words and sentences on
the page but also from the ideas, memories, and knowledge evoked by those
words and sentences.
d. Fluent reading is not the same as decoding - Skillful reading does require
readers to carry out certain tasks in a fairly automatic manner. Decoding skills—
quick word recognition and ready knowledge of relevant vocabulary, for
example—are essential to successful reading. However, they are by no means
sufficient, especially when texts are complex or otherwise challenging.
e. Reading is situationally bounded - A person who understands one type of text is
not necessarily pro-ficient at reading all types. Reading is influenced by
situational factors, among them the experiences readers have had with
particular kinds of texts and reading for particular purposes.

2 | First Take Home Exercise: Various Experts view on Reading

 6. Kenneth Goodman (1998), Kenneth Goodman (1981) - presents a conception of reading
as a guessing game. These misreadings are not called errors; they are "miscues. Goal of
reading is constructing meaning in response to text. It requires interactive use of
graphophonics, syntactic and semantic cues to construct meaning.

7. Adams (1990) – viewed the need not remain trapped in the phonics versus teaching-for-
meaning dilemma. She proposes that phonics can work together with the whole
language approach to teaching reading and provides an integrated treatment of the
knowledge and process involved in skillful reading, the issues surrounding their
acquisition, and the implications for reading instruction. Thinking and Learning About
Print.
8. Barr, Sadow, Blachowicz (1990) – viewed that drawing on both the 'bottom-up' and
'top-down' approaches is the interactive model, which presents reading as a process in
which the reader uses the lexical and syntactic information in a text, not necessarily
linearly, to construct meaning while utilizing his own knowledge, expectations and
assumptions. It is this integrative model which is applied in the comprehension of
academic content.

9. Dechant (1991)
a. Top-down reading models suggest that processing of text begins in the mind of
the readers with:
i. Meaning-driven processes
ii. An assumption about the meaning of a text.
b. Readers identify letters and words only to confirm their assumptions about
meaning of the text.
c. A bottom-up reading model emphasizes a single-direction, part-to-whole
processing of text.
i. Emphasizes the written or printed text
ii. Says reading is driven by a process that results in meaning
iii. Influences reader’s world knowledge.

10. Flesch (1995) – viewed with Reading Ease Formula that tells how easy or difficult a text
is to read. It also tells us how difficult it is to understand.

11. Klein, Peterson, Simington (1991) – reading is a process, strategic, interactive and
reading instruction requires orchestration. He viewed that reading means getting
meaning from certain combinations of letters. Teach the child what each letter stands
for and he/she can read.

3 | First Take Home Exercise: Various Experts view on Reading

Online References:

Partnership for Reading, National Reading Panel, Reading First Law (2002)

https://www.nichd.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/pubs/nrp/Documents/report.pd
f
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Reading_Panel
https://lincs.ed.gov/publications/html/mcshane/chapter2.html

Nell Duke and P. David Pearson (2002)

https://lincs.ed.gov/professional-development/resource-collections/profile-348
https://www.learner.org/workshops/teachreading35/pdf/Dev_Reading_Comprehension.pdf

Robert Ruddell, Martha Rapp Ruddell, Harry Singer (1994)

https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieLaudato/reading-models-and-schema-theory

Diane Henry Leipzig (2001)

http://www.adlit.org/article/352/

Christine Cziko, Cynthia Greenleaf, Lori Hurwitz, Ruth Schoenbach (2000)

https://www.nwp.org/cs/public/print/resource/787

Kenneth Goodman (1998), Kenneth Goodman (1981)

http://people.uncw.edu/kozloffm/goodman.html
https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieLaudato/reading-models-and-schema-theory

Adams (1990)

https://www.readingrockets.org/articles/researchbytopic/4831

Barr, Sadow, Blachowicz (1990)

cms.education.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/...EC63.../TheoreticalBasisforthisCurriculum.doc

Dechant (1991)

https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieLaudato/reading-models-and-schema-theory

Flesch (1995)

https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1GCEU_enPH854PH854&biw=1366&bih=657&q=Kle
in,+Peterson,+Simington+(1991)&tbm=isch&source=univ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwmdX-
3_TjAhVFUN4KHSvMCjkQsAR6BAgJEAE#imgrc=GoIKc_5Si8BkYM:

Klein, Peterson, Simington (1991)

https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1GCEU_enPH854PH854&biw=1366&bih=657&q=Kle
in,+Peterson,+Simington+(1991)&tbm=isch&source=univ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwmdX-
3_TjAhVFUN4KHSvMCjkQsAR6BAgJEAE#imgrc=GoIKc_5Si8BkYM:

4 | First Take Home Exercise: Various Experts view on Reading