GHAVP plant drainage flood modelling

Methodology

Prepared for Tata Consulting Engineering, Mumbai

April, 2019
CONTENTS
1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1
1.1 Study Area ............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Objective ............................................................................................................... 1

2 Methodology ........................................................................................... 2
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Modelling Framework .......................................................................................... 2
2.3 Hydrological model .............................................................................................. 3
2.4 Rainfall and climate change .............................................................................. 5
2.5 The Network Model .............................................................................................. 6
2.6 Overland Flow Model........................................................................................... 7

3 Output……………………… ...................................................................... 7

FIGURES
Figure 2-1 The three pre-defined time/area curves available in MIKE URBAN ........... 4
Figure 2-2 Hourly Rainfall (cm) for 10000-year return period of 48-hour duration
considering 15% increment due to climate change ......................................................... 6

TABLES
Table 2-1 Hourly Rainfall (cm) for 10000-year return period of 48-hour duration
considering 15% increment due to climate change ......................................................... 5
1 Introduction

1.1 Study Area

The Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant site is located near the village Gorakhpur in
Fatehabad district of Haryana, a northern state in India. The geographical extent of the
plant site is from 75° 36' 32" E to 75° 39' 11" E longitude and from 29° 25' 49" N to 29° 27'
14" N latitude approximately and covered in Survey of India toposheet no. H4311. The site
is lying within three villages namely; Gorakhpur Kajalheri and Kumharia. The geographical
area within plant boundary is about 5.4 km2. The district Fatehabad is located in the
western part of Haryana and bounded by Punjab in north, district Hisar in south, district
Jind in east and Rajasthan and district Sirsa in the west.

1.2 Objective
The objective of the study is to

 Modelling the project site having various drains graded at established level in
the entire network considering rainfall intensity of 1 in 10,000 year frequency
+ climate change (15% increase of the rainfall value) using MIKE FLOOD
software.
 To check HFL for the above surface drain layout and details of drain, ensuring
escape routes or entrance/ exit roads to safety related areas are not flooded
for 1 in 10,000 year frequency rainfall (i.e. Maximum water level shall not
exceed the top of the road crown) at any point of time during the entire
duration of the rainfall event considered. If the section designed does not
satisfy, then suggest the size and network of drain for safe discharge.

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2 Methodology

2.1 Introduction
The storm water and flood modelling is based on a dynamic simulation model, capable of
simulating storm runoff and overland flows and inundation, under the impact of extreme
rainfall. Several steps are involved and outlined separately in the following.

The first step covers preparation of boundary data required for the flood modelling:

 Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curve for rainfall;

 Climate change factor for rainfall
 Water level at outfall of drains
In the second step the flood model is set-up. It includes:

 Hydrological model for catchment runoff;

 One-dimensional hydrodynamic model of storm water drains;
 Two-dimensional model for overland flow; and
 Coupling of one-dimensional and two-dimensional models into one integrated
flood model.
The third step covers definition of scenarios and simulation and analysis of results. It
includes:

 Simulations and analyses of present drain sizes (baseline simulations)

 Simulation and analyses of modified drain sizes and network if required
 Sensitivity of Manning’s n

2.2 Modelling Framework

The simulation model of the urban catchment in the plant area will be developed with MIKE
URBAN – an integrated, GIS-based modelling system for urban catchments and urban
water networks – water supply, wastewater and storm water.

MIKE URBAN Model Manager is a true GIS environment powered by software components
ARC Ob-jects, operating on data stored in a standard geo-database format. This, along
with a large number of specialized tools for data processing and visualization, total
openness to other data formats and state-of-the-art computational modules for
precipitation-runoff, for flows and pollution transport in complex networks as well as for
surface flows and inundations, creates a powerful and efficient working environment for
the analysis of complex systems.

The following parts of MIKE URBAN have been used for this study:

MU Model Manager: catchment and network data import and processing, boundary time
series management, creation of the simulation scenarios, presentations of results.

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 MU MOUSE Runoff Model for urban hydrology (Time-Area method): precipitation-runoff
model for the transformation of rainfall time-series to surface runoff

MU MOUSE Network flow model: model for the simulation of flows in the river channel
network.

MU 2D Overland: two-dimensional hydrodynamic model for the simulation of surface flows

and inundations.

2.3 Hydrological model

The geographical extent of model will be defined by plant area which are covered by NIH
study. The sub-catchment for plant area will be delineated based on grading line.

For surface runoff computation, the MIKE URBAN MOUSE Surface Runoff Model A will be
applied. The concept of surface runoff computation of MOUSE Runoff Model A is founded
on the so-called "Time-Area" method.

The shape of the runoff hydrograph is controlled by the concentration time and a time-area
curve. These two parameters represent a conceptual description of the catchment reaction
speed and the catchment shape.

The hydrological model input parameters are:

 Catchment Area - the total surface area of the catchment.

 Impervious area - fraction of the catchment area, considered to contribute to the
runoff. Runoff coefficient considered in the Design Basis Report is 0.9 for inside plant
area which is conservative. So in hydrological model impervious area will be
considered as 90%. Outside it is considered as 0.3.
 Initial Loss - defines the precipitation depth, required to start the surface runoff. This
is a one-off loss, comprising the wetting and filling of catchment depressions. In KEIP
(Kolkata Environment Improvement Project) initial loss was considered as 1 mm.
Same will be considered here. A sensitivity test will be done without initial loss.
 Time/Area Curve - accounts for the shape of the catchment layout, determines the
choice of the available T/A curve to be used in the computations. Three types of the
T/A curves are applied:
- TA Curve1 - rectangular catchment

- TA Curve2 - divergent catchment

- TA Curve3 - convergent catchment

Time area curve type is defined by the equation:

𝐴50
≤ 0.37 , 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝐴

𝐴50
0.37 < ≤ 0.60 , 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝐴

𝐴50
> 0.60 , 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝐴

Where A50 is the area that is within 50% of the distance to point that is located furthest
from the connection point to drainage system.

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Figure 2-1 The three pre-defined time/area curves available in MIKE URBAN

Time of concentration (tc) is another input into hydrological model. It is the time required
for water to travel from the most remote portion of the watershed to its outlet or design
point. Time of concentration is the time at which whole watershed contributes to the runoff
if the duration of rainfall excess is equal or greater than the time of concentration and after
tc the discharge become constant. Following formula will be used for estimating time of
concentration:

Henderson and Wooding (1964): derived the time of concentration for overland flow on a
plan using the kinematic wave theory, which can be stated as:

tc = i(1-m)/m(L/α)1/m

where m and α are the parameters in a kinematic depth-discharge relationship, and are
given follows when Manning’s flow formula is used:

α = (1/n)S0.5 and m = 5/3

After incorporating α and m it becomes

𝐿0.6 × 𝑛0.6
𝑡𝑐 = ( )
𝑖 0.4 × 𝑆 0.3

where n is the Manning’s roughness coefficient, L is the length of plane ranging from 15 to
150 m, S is the slope of the plane [dimensionless] and i is the rainfall intensity for a duration
equal to the time of concentration.

Kirpich Formula (1940): the Kirpich formula is given by:

tc = 0.01947 L0.77S-0.385

in which tc is in min, L is the length of the channel from headwater to the outlet (m), and S
is the slope (m/m). For areas less than 50 ha, Kirpich is used.

IRC-SP-13-2004: derives time of concentration from following relation

tc = (0.87 x L3/H)0.385

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 Where, tc = Time of concentration in hours

L = distance from critical point to outlet in km

H = fall in level in m

2.4 Rainfall and climate change

The design of storm water drains is based on design rainfall, determined from statistical
analysis of past rainfall. Rainfall intensity is already calculated and presented in different
reports. These reports are

Design basis report on surface drains (GHAVP-1&2/DBR/15300/00001) prepared by TCE

Hydrological Drainage Study and Design of Site Drainage System for GHAVP-1 to 4 Site
prepared by NIH (GORAKHPUR_DR / NIH/10000/2014/M/000)

After going through these reports following information are collected and will be used in
flood models.

 The storm water drains are designed by considering the 100-year rainfall +
Climate Change (15%).However, for 100M+CC, the design intensity of rainfall
is taken as 125mm/hour.
 For calculating the inundation check (so that the maximum water level is
below the crown of the road), the event of 10000-year rainfall + Climate
Change (15%) using hourly rainfall for 48hr duration will be considered.
Figure 2-2 shows hourly rainfall for 10000-year return period-48 hour duration and
considering 15% increment due to climate change. The values of rainfall are given in Table
2-1.

Table 2-1 Hourly Rainfall (cm) for 10000-year return period of 48-hour duration considering 15%
increment due to climate change

10000 Year 10000 Year 10000 Year

Time (Mean) + Time (Mean) + Time (Mean) +
(h) CC (cm) (h) CC (cm) (h) CC (cm)

1 3.327 17 6.863 33 3.12

2 3.535 18 12.478 34 2.6

3 3.535 19 18.717 35 2.08

4 3.743 20 31.195 36 2.08

5 4.159 21 9.359 37 0.52

6 4.159 22 6.655 38 0.52

7 4.159 23 5.199 39 1.04

8 4.159 24 4.367 40 1.04

9 4.159 25 2.08 41 1.56

10 4.159 26 2.08 42 2.08

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 11 3.535 27 2.6 43 2.08

12 3.12 28 2.6 44 2.08

13 4.991 29 2.6 45 1.56

14 5.199 30 3.12 46 1.04

15 5.199 31 3.12 47 0.52

16 6.239 32 3.12 48 0.52

This rainfall will be used as input to hydrological model.

35

30

25

10000 Year (Mean) +

Rainfall (cm)

20 CC (cm)

15

10

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47
Time (hr)

Figure 2-2 Hourly Rainfall (cm) for 10000-year return period of 48-hour duration considering 15%
increment due to climate change

2.5 The Network Model

The hydraulic network will be generated based on layout drainage designed by TCE. These
are

 Layout of surface drains

 Layout of roof drains
 Layout of garland drains
Manning’s n for surface drains shall be considered as per clause no. 3.1.5 of Design basis
report on surface drains.

The drains are outfall to Matkana Pond. It is noticed from NIH report that storage capacity
of pond will not be sufficient to store water generated from 10000yr-48 hr rainfall. Hence

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 there will be backwater effect. This location will be connected with 2D overland flow model
(which is set up based on topographic survey) and let the model calculate water level and
dynamic impact on drains.

2.6 Overland Flow Model

The 2D overland flow model will be generated from contour lines and grading of plant area.
Initially based on surveyed contour DEM will be prepared. Then it will be modified using
grading of plants, road levels etc. For floodplain Manning’s n is considered as 0.05 by NIH.
This value was used before plant layout details are done. Based on present plant layout it
can be varied. So few scenario analysis will be done.

The overland flow model has no boundary conditions in itself. The overland flows will be
generated through interface of this model and the 1D network model. The two models will
be linked at locations of each node in the 1D model, by means of a weir type link.

3 Output
Output from model will be:

1. Water Level discharge and velocity at all drains (both dynamic and Maximum)

2. Water level, discharge and velocity at any location of inundated area

3. Maximum water level at road, entry and exit location