1920 Level MS Core Physics BTG Questions Chapters 1-2 PDF

11S Core Physics
Questions
Table of Contents
Chapter Heading
1. Temperature and Heat
2. Electricity
3. Magnetism
4. Induced and Alternating Currents
5. Electronics
6. Waves
Physics Basic Questions: Level MS
Chapter 1:
Temperature and Heat
Section 1.2 (Page-3)
BT 1.
(a) Describe an experiment used to check the calibration of a Celsius thermometer. What
are the correct safety procedures that you need to be aware of? Explain.
Solution: Experiment on pg. 3 – 4, in the manual:

1. Using the procedure shown in the first diagram below, mark the ice point
on the thermometer.
2. Set up the apparatus shown in the second diagram below. Once the water
starts to boil, heat very gently.
3. Ensure that the thermometer bulb is just above the surface of the boiling
pure water. If the thermometer is submerged in the water, it will read the
temperature of the water, which may be superheated, but if it remains just
above it, it will read the temperature of the steam in equilibrium with the
water.)
4. Wait until the reading of the thermometer is constant, than note the
reading in your lab book.
5. Take the reading of the barometric pressure in the room.
6. Answer the following questions and include the answers in your report:
a) Why should there be a second hole in the cork?
SABIS Proprietary 1
b) Suppose that the reading of the barometer was 760 mm Hg, and
your temperature reading was NOT 100oC. What do you
conclude?
c) Suppose that the reading of the barometer was NOT 760 mm Hg,
and that your temperature reading was 100oC. What do you
conclude?
T (b)
Solution: C
Section 1.3.4 (Page-13)
BG 2. (a) State Boyle’s law.
Solution: For a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, the volume is inversely
proportional to the pressure.
(V = constant or PV = constant.)
P
(b) Describe an experiment supporting Boyle’s Law.
Solution: Experiment on pg. 6 – 7, in the manual:
The device used to verify Boyle’s Law is shown in the diagram below.
The fixed mass of gas under study is the air closed in the long, vertical tube,
on the left.
The volume of this air can be read on the volume scale, next to the tube;
The pressure of this air can be found by using the Bourdon pressure gauge on
the right side of the device. (When no air has been pumped, the gauge reads
the atmospheric pressure.)
1. Slowly increase the pressure of the air, using the foot pump.
2. Read the pressure on the Bourdon gauge and the corresponding volume
from the vertical volume scale.
3. Repeat the experiment for several values of p and V.
4. Tabulate your results as shown below.
p (kPa) V (cm3) p×V (MPa×cm3) 1/p (1/MPa)
5. Notice that as the pressure increases, the volume decreases. Moreover,

the product p × V is constant.
6. Draw a graph of V (cm3) vs. 1/p (1/ MPa)
BG 3. A car tire was tested before being driven on a motorway. The reading on the tyre-pressure
gauge which reads the pressure above atmospheric pressure was 120,000 N/m2 and the
temperature was 7 C. At the end of the journey the temperature of the tyre was found to
be 35 C. What reading would you expect on the same tyre pressure gauge if the volume of
air in the tyre remained constant and atmospheric pressure throughout the journey was also
constant?
Given: Required to find:

P1 – Patm = 120,000 Pa P2 – Patm = ?
t1 = 7 C
t2 = 35 C
V = constant
Patm = constant
Solution: P1 = 120,000 + 100,000 = 220,000 Pa

Using the Pressure Law: P1/ T1 = P2 / T2 
 220,000 / 280 = P2 / 308 
 P2 = 242,000 Pa
P2 is the pressure including the atmospheric pressure.

Therefore, the reading on the pressure gauge is:
P2 – Patm = 242,000 – 100,000 =

= 142,000 Pa = 142 kPa.
B 4. An empty bottle is corked when the air inside is at 10 C and the barometer reads 75 cm of
mercury. If the cork blows out when the pressure inside the bottle exceeds the atmosphere’s
pressure by 100 cm of mercury, calculate the temperature to which the bottle must be heated
to cause the cork to be expelled. Assume that the volume of the bottle remains constant
when heated.

t1 = 10 C t2 = ?
P1 = 75 cm Hg = Patm
P2 = Patm + 100 cm Hg
V = constant
Solution: Using the Pressure Law: P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 

 75 / 283 = 175 / T2 
 T2 = 660 K; t2 = 387 C.
BG 5. 1000 cm3 of air at 10 C and atmospheric pressure is heated to 80 C. What will be the new
volume if the pressure remains constant?

V1 = 1000 cm3 V2 = ?
t1 = 10 C
P1 = Patm
t2 = 80C
P = const
Solution: Using Charles’ Law: V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 

 1000 / 283 = V2 / 353 
 V2 = 1247 cm3  1.3 L.
B 6. A thick walled steel cylinder used for storing compressed air is fitted with a safety valve,
which lifts at a pressure of 1.0 x 106 Pa. It contains air at 17 C and 0.8 x 106 Pa. At what
temperature will the valve lift?

t1 = 17 C t2 = ?
P1 = 0.8 x 106 Pa
P2 = 1.0 x 106 Pa

 8.8 x 10 / 290 = 1.0 x 106 / T2
6

 T2 = 362.5 K; t2  90 C.
B 7. A fixed mass of gas has a volume of 2.0 m3 at 27 C. What is its new volume when:
(a) It is heated to 327 C, at constant pressure?

(b) It is cooled to –123 C, at constant pressure?

m = constant V2 = ?
V1 = 2.0 m3
t1 = 27 C
(a) t2 = 327 C
(b) t2 = - 123 C
P = constant
Solution: (a) Using Charles’ Law: V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 

 2 / 300 = V2 / 600 
 V2 = 4 m3.
(b) Using Charles’ Law: V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 
 2 / 300 = V2 / 150 
 V2 = 1 m3.
B 8. A container holds a fixed amount of gas at 0 C. To what temperature must it be heated for
its pressure to double? Assume the container does not expand.

m = const. t2 = ?
t1 = 0 C
P2 = 2 P1
V = const.

 P / 273 = 2P / T2 
 T2 = 546 K; t2 = 273C.
B 9. A fixed mass of gas occupies a volume of 200 cm3 at a temperature of 27 C and a pressure
of 105 Pa. Calculate the volume when:
(a) The pressure is doubled at constant temperature.

(b) The absolute temperature is doubled at constant pressure.

m = const. V2 = ?
V1 = 200 cm3
t1 = 27 C
P1 = 105 Pa
(a) P2 = 2 P1; T = const.
(b) T2 = 2 T1; P = const
Solution: (a) Using Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2 

 V2 = 10 x 200 / (2 x 105)
5

 V2 = 100 cm3.
(b) Using Charles’ Law: V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 

 200 / 300 = V2 / 600 
 V2 = 400 cm3.
B 10. A gas is heated in a closed container so that its volume cannot change. Which of the
following will NOT happen? Explain why
A The average speed of the molecules will increase.

B The molecules will move in all directions.
C The number of molecules will increase.

D The pressure of the gas will increase.
Solution: “C” will NOT happen, because the amount of gas is fixed, as the container is
closed.
Section 1.5. (Page-17)
B 11. A hot piece of iron of mass 5.00 kg at temperature 60 °C is placed in 3.00 liters of water in a
Copper pot of mass 1.00 kg at room temperature 300 K. Determine the equilibrium
temperature of the system. Neglect energy losses to the surroundings.

m iron = 5.00 kg tf = ?
m copper = 1.00 kg
V water = 3.00 l
t iron = 60 C
T water = T copper = 300 K
Solution: From tables: c iron = 0.48 kJ.kg-1.K-1

c copper = 0.39 kJ.kg-1.K-1
c water = 4.2 kJ.kg-1.K-1
V water = 3.00 × 10-3 m3

m water = w × Vw = 1000 × (3 × 10-3) = 3 kg.
Tiron = 60 + 273 = 333 K
Assuming no energy loss to the surroundings,

Q lost (by iron) = Q gained (by copper and water) 
 m iron c iron Tiron = m copper c copper Tcopper + m water c water Twater 
 m iron c iron Tiron = (m copper c copper + m water c water) Tcopper 
 5.00 × 0.48 × (333 – Tf) = (1.00 × 0.39 + 3.00 × 4.2) (Tf - 300) 
 Tf = 305 K; tf = 32 C
B 12. A 2.2-kg piece of lead is placed in an aluminum beaker, of mass 500 g, containing 10 liters
of water. An electric heater, of power 2000 W, is used to heat the system from 20 °C to 80
°C in 21 min 22 sec. Determine the specific heat capacity of lead. Give one factor that
affects your result and state how it does so and how you can reduce its effect.

m lead = 2.2 kg c lead = ?
m Al = 0.5 kg
V water = 10 l
P = 2000 W
t1 = 20 C
t2 = 80 C
τ = 21 min. 22 s
Solution: From tables: c Al = 0.90 × 103 J.kg-1.K-1

c water = 4.2 × 103 J.kg-1.K-1
m water = w Vw = 1000 kg/ m3 × (10 × 10-3) m3 = 10 kg.

τ = 21 min. 22 s = 1282 s
    t = 80 – 20 = 60 oC; T = 60 K
Assuming no energy loss to the surroundings,

Q supplied (by heater) = Q gained (by water + lead + Al) 
 P × τ = mw cw T + m lead c lead T + mAl cAlT 
 2000 × 1282 = [10 × (4.2 × 103) × 60] + (2.2 × c lead × 60) +
+ [0.5 × (0.90 × 103) × 60] 
 c lead  129 J.kg-1.K-1 = 0.13 kJ.kg-1.K-1
A factor that affects the result: Part of the heat given to the system is lost
to the surroundings (the result is
overestimated).
In order to reduce this effect: The beaker should be covered and
insulated.
BG 13. How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 5 kg of a substance of specific heat
capacity 300 J/kg C by 10 C?

m = 5 kg Q=?
c = 300 J/ kg C
t = 10 oC
Solution: Q = m c t = 5.0 × 300 × 10 = 15,000 J = 15 kJ
B 14. 2000 J of energy is needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of paraffin by 1 C. How much
heat is needed to raise the temperature of 2 kg of paraffin by 10 C?

Q1 = 2,000 J Q2 = ?
m1 = 1 kg
    t1 = 1 oC
m2 = 2 kg
    t2 = 10 oC
Solution: If 2000 J are needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg by 1 oC, therefore the
specific heat capacity of paraffin is c = 2000 J/kg.oC
OR:
Q1 = m1 c t1  c = Q1 / m1 t1 = 2000 J/kg.oC
Q2 = m2 c t2 = 2 × 2000 × 10 = 4 × 104 J  Q2 = 40 kJ
B 15. A cup full of water can be boiled using a small electric heater.
(a) Calculate the energy needed to raise the temperature of a cup full of water of 0.20 kg
from 20 to 100 C. (Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg.)

m = 0.20 kg Q=?
ti = 20 oC
tf = 100 oC
c = 4,200 J/kg.oC
Solution: t = tf – ti = 80 oC
Q = m c t = 0.20 × 80 × 4,200 = 67,200 J = 67.2 kJ 
 Q  67 kJ
(b) If the power rating of the electric heater was 240 W, calculate the time taken to supply
this quantity of energy.

P = 240 W τ=?
Solution: Q=E=P×τ 
 τ = Q / P = 67,200 /240  τ = 280 s
BT 16.
(a) The same quantity of heat was given to different masses of three substances A, B, C.
The temperature rise in each case is shown in the table.
Calculate the specific heat capacities of A, B, C.
Material Mass (kg) Heat (J) Temp. rise (C)

A 1.0 2000 1.0
B 2.0 2000 5.0
C 0.5 2000 4.0
Solution: Using Q = m c T for each,

cA = 2000 / (1.0 × 1.0) = 2000 J/kg oC = 2 kJ/kg oC
cB = 2000 / (2.0 × 5.0) = 200 J/kg oC = 0.2 kJ/kg oC
cC = 2000 / (0.5 × 4.0) = 1000 J/kg oC = 1 kJ/kg oC
T (b)
Solution: D
T (c)
Solution: A
B 17. An immersion heater rated at 100 W supplies heat for 440 s to 2 kg of paraffin oil.
Assuming that the specific heat capacity of paraffin oil is 2200 J/kg.C and that all the
heat from the heater is used to heat the paraffin, find the rise in temperature of the paraffin
oil.
P = 100 W t = ?
τ = 440 s
m = 2 kg
c = 2,200 J/ kg oC
Q supplied = Q gained (by paraffin)
Solution: Using Q = E = m c t:

t = E / mc = P × τ / mc = 100 × 440 / (2 × 2200)
     t = 10 oC; T = 10 K
B 18. If 5 kg of water at 290 K falls through a vertical height of 315 m what would be its
temperature in K after the fall if there is no heat exchange with the air or the ground?
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg. K and g = 10 N/kg).

m = 5 kg T2 = ?
T1 = 290 K
h = 315 m
c = 4200 J/ kg.K
Q transferred (from/ to water) = 0
Solution: First, find T from the equation Ep = Q = m c T;

Then find T2 , using T = T2 – T1.
Ep = m g h = 5 × 10 × 315 = 15,750 J

Ep = Q = m c T 
 T = Ep / mc = 15,750 / (5 × 4,200) = 0.75 K
T2 = T + T1 
 T2 = 0.75 + 290  T2 = = 290.75 K
BGT 19.
I) The diagram below shows a graph of temperature against time of a substance which is
heated at a constant rate from a low to high temperature.
E
C D
Temperature in C A B
0
Time in minutes
Use the letters to answer the following questions. Give an explanation for each of
your answers.
G (a) Which parts of the graph correspond to the substance existing in two states at the
same time?
Solution: AB & CD

(The temperature stays constant during these intervals.)
(b) Over which part is the substance increasing in temperature at the fastest rate?
Solution: B  C (The graph is the steepest.)
(c) Which point of the graph corresponds to the molecules of the substance having the
greatest average kinetic energy?
Solution: Point E (Greatest average kinetic energy means highest temperature.)
T (d)
II)
Solution: B
B 20. Explain the meaning of the following terms:
(i) Specific heat capacity.
Solution: SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY = heat energy released or absorbed by 1 kg of

a substance when it changes its temperature by 1 0C or 1 K.
(ii) Specific latent heat of fusion.
Solution: SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF FUSION = heat energy released or absorbed

by 1 kg of a substance when it changes from SOLID to LIQUID state or from
LIQUID to SOLID state, respectively, without any change in temperature.
(iii) Specific latent heat of vaporization
Solution: SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION = heat energy released or

absorbed by 1 kg of a substance when it changes from LIQUID to GAS state
or from GAS to LIQUID state, respectively, without any change in
temperature.
BG 21. 3.00 kg of ice at 0 C are supplied with 1509 kJ of heat. The specific latent heat of ice is
335000 J/kg and the specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kg C).
G a) How much heat is used in melting the ice?

M ice = 3.00 kg (a) Q fusion = ?
t initial = 0 0C (b) Q water
Q supplied = 1,509 kJ (c) t final = ?
L fusion = 335,000 J / kg
cwater = 4200 J/kg.0C
Solution: Q fusion = m ice L fusion = 3.00 × 335,000 = 1,005,000 J = 1,005 kJ
b) How much heat is used to warm the water?
Solution: Q water = Q supplied – Q fusion = 1,509 kJ – 1,005 kJ = 504 kJ
G c) What will be the final temperature of the water?
Solution: Q water = m water × c water × t 
     t = Q water / (m water × c water) = 504,000 / (3.00 × 4,200) = 40 0C
 tfinal = 0 + 40 = 40 0C
BT 22.
I) Design an experiment using an electrical heater to determine the specific latent heat
of vaporization of water.
Solution: Experiment on page 27, in the manual:
The apparatus shown in the figure above gives an estimate of the specific
latent heat of vaporization of water.
1. Connect the electric immersion heater to its power supply and measuring
circuit.
2. Fill a beaker with hot water and cover it with a lid.

3. Weigh water + beaker + lid; let m1 be the total mass.
4. Insert the heater through the hole in the lid.
5. Heat the water until it just begins to boil, and remove the lid to allow
steam to escape.
6. At the same time read the joulemeter (page 21) or start the clock and read
the ammeter and the voltmeter (page 20).
7. After 15 minutes switch off the heater and replace the lid.
8. Take a second reading of the joulemeter or stop the clock and record the
time of heating.
9. Remove the heater and lagging, and weigh again water + beaker + lid, let
m2 be the total mass.
m: mass of water converted into steam, m = m1 – m2

t: time of heating,
I: current reading from ammeter,
V: voltage reading from voltmeter.
Q = IVt (or Q is the difference of the two readings if a joulemeter is used)

Q
Q = mL <=> L =
m
T II)
Solution: a) (i) 1. 20 oC
2. 16 oC
(ii) More heat is lost at higher temperature.
b) E = P × t = 60 × 210 = 12,600 J
E = m × c × t
c = E / m × t = 4.2 J / g oC
c)
B 23. Design an experiment using an electrical heater to determine the specific latent heat of fusion
of water.
Solution: Experiment on page 26, in the manual.
1. Connect the electric heater to its power supply and measuring circuit.
2. Put ice of know mass, m, at 0oC, into a thermo flask containing water at
0oC and upon heating, keep stirring the mixture.
3. Turn on the stopwatch when heating starts.
4. Record the values of the current I and voltage V.
5. Once the ice has just melted, turn the heater and the stopwatch off and
record the time t it took the ice to melt.
6. The heat energy supplied by the heater is Q = VIt.
Q IVt
7. Use the equation Lf = = to calculate the latent heat of fusion,
m m
where
m = mass of ice
t = time of heating
I = current read from the ammeter
V = voltage read from the voltmeter
BG 24. Explain why when water evaporates from a porous pot, the remaining water cools down.
Solution: According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, the intermolecular potential

energy of the molecules that leave the liquid is greater than that of the
molecules which remain in the liquid. This extra-energy comes from the
expense of the average kinetic energy of the remaining molecules, which
become slower, and by this, the temperature of the remaining liquid
decreases.
B 25. A compound strip of copper and iron is straight at room temperature. Give a labeled diagram
and explain what happens when it is heated.
Solution:
The bimetallic strip bends in the direction of the iron strip, as the copper strip
expands more and becomes longer (the outer strip must be longer than the
inner one).
BT 26. (a) Use the kinetic theory to explain conduction.
Solution: The faster moving molecules in the hotter parts of matter collide with the
slower moving molecules in the colder parts in contact with them, thus
passing on to them a part of their kinetic energy. Therefore, kinetic energy
“travels” across matter, from molecule to molecule, and with it, the heat.
(b) Explain why conduction in metals is fast.
Solution: A metallic object consists of atoms with many “free” electrons, which can
move throughout the whole body of metal.
If a part of the object is hotter than another, these electrons travel fast across
the metal and carry thermal energy with them, much faster than molecular
collision does, from molecule to molecule.
T (c) jhg
Solution: B
BG 27. Explain the following:

G (a) Why does newspaper wrapping keep hot things hot and cold things cold?
Solution: Paper is a good heat insulator; more, if it is crumpled, the “trapped” air
between its layers is also a very good insulator and it cannot be carried away
by convection.
(b) Why would fur coats keep their owners warmer if they were worn inside out?
Solution: Fur contains a lot of air between its fibers. This air is quickly warmed up by
the body, to a near body temperature.
* When the coat is worn as usually, this air is immediately carried away
from the body by convection, leaving the body always in contact with
air at the outside temperature.
* When the coat is worn inside out, the air between its fibers remains
where it is, (no more convection) and it acts as an insulator : the
temperature difference between the body and the (now trapped) air
between the fibers is less than before, as the heat absorbed by the air
is not carried away anymore, with the air. Consequently, the rate of
conduction away from the body also decreases.
B 28. Activity
1. Why conventional ovens are painted black on the inside and white on the outside?
Solution: * The black paint is a good radiator of heat energy. As its temperature
increases, it radiates more energy.
* White is the best reflector of heat energy; heat energy which is radiated
from the oven towards the outside, will be reflected by the white, external
surface, back into the oven.
2. Why are the pipes sticking out of the backs of refrigerators painted black, but
refrigerators are mostly painted white on the outside?
Solution: * The black (paint) is the best absorber and the best radiator of heat energy,
amongst all colors. So it quickly absorbs the heat from inside the pipes
and radiates it away.
* The white paint on the outside of the refrigerator reflects the heat energy
coming from the exterior (white is the best reflector amongst all colors).
3. Why are car radiators made of metal? Why are they painted black? Why do they have
many “fins” of fine metal, and why should a fan blow against the radiator?
Solution: * Metals are good conductors of heat energy; therefore, a metallic radiator
conducts heat away from the motor more than a radiator made of another
material.
* Black is the best absorber and radiator of heat energy; therefore, the black
paint on the radiator absorbs heat from the motor and radiates it away
from it, more than a paint of another color would do.
* More fins increase the surface of metal in contact with the air; therefore,
more heat is lost by conduction.
* The fan speeds up the loss of energy by forcing convection currents.
4. A cylinder block of a motorcycle gets very hot and must be cooled. Which of the
following helps the cooling process: (a) painting the block dull black, (b) polishing it
until it is shiny, (c) removing the metal fins, or (d) stopping the air flow to it?
Solution: (a) - painting the block dull black, so that it absorbs more heat from the block
and it radiates it away.
5. If you wrap a dark blue clay teapot with aluminum foil will it cool faster or slower?
Solution: Slower.
6. It is better to paint houses white all over on the outside, be it in a sunny, warm country,
or in a cloudy, cold country. Explain.
Solution: White color is the best reflector of radiant energy, amongst all colors.
By painting the walls white,
* the heat inside the house is reflected back into the inside, which is
convenient in cold countries;
* the heat coming from outside is reflected back to the outside, which
is convenient in hot countries.
7. Conduction, convection and radiation are involved when heat leaves a radiator into a
room. Explain.
Solution: * Radiation is involved as all bodies radiate energy (hot bodies do it more
than the others), therefore the radiator does it, too. (This energy is absorbed by air
inside the whole room, increasing its temperature.)
* Conduction takes place from the radiator to the air in contact with it.
* Convection currents occur as, by warming up, the air in contact with the
radiator expands, becomes less dense, rises, and it is replaced by denser,
cold air. (These currents transfer heat energy to the entire room.)
8. Vacuum flasks are painted silver on the inside. Can you suggest a reason?
Solution: A silvered surface is a very good reflector of heat - it reduces transfer of

radiation through it, by reflecting it back from where it came (to the inside, in
case inside there is a hot drink and to the outside, in case inside there is a cold
drink, that has to be kept cold).
B 29. Draw a simple diagram to show the construction of a vacuum flask. Explain how the use of a
vacuum flask reduces heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation.
Solution:
Stopper
Silvered
Surfaces
Case
Air
Double -Walled
Glass Vessel
Vacuum
Felt Pad
1. The vacuum between the double walls of the glass vessel prevents heat
transfer by conduction and convection [actually, it only reduces (it does
not prevent) heat transfer by conduction, as it is not an absolute vacuum].
2. The silvered surfaces reduce heat transfer by radiation, as they are good
reflectors of radiant energy.
3. The stopper prevents heat transfer by convection and reduces heat
transfer by conduction.
BGT 30.
G a) Three beakers are of identical size and shape; one beaker is painted matt black, one
is dull white and one is gloss white. The beakers are filled with boiling water. In
which heater will the water cool most quickly? Give a reason.
Solution: Water cools most quickly in the matt black beaker, as:
* black bodies are the best absorbers and the best radiators of heat energy,
from amongst all “colors”, therefore heat energy is taken away from this
beaker at the fastest rate;
* being matt, the beaker also ensures that no heat is reflected from it, back
into the body of water.
b) State a process, in addition to conduction, convection and radiation, by which heat

energy will be lost from the beakers.
Solution: Evaporation.
T c)
jhfj
Solution: (a) (i) - Read the temperature on both thermometers at same time.
- Burner should be placed at same distance from surfaces.
(ii) Dull black surface is hotter than shinny surface.
(b) (i) Means large or more expansion, change in reading for small change
in temperature.
(ii) Temperature rise is small and the difference in temperature is small.
(iii) Distance between each degree on the scale is the same.
B 31. An electric filament lamp with a clear glass bulb is switched on and gives a bright white
light. The bulb contains a small quantity of argon. Give an account of the parts played by
conduction, convection and radiation in the loss of heat from the lamp filament.
Solution: Heat is lost from the filament mostly by radiation; a small amount of heat is
lost by convection and conduction, due to the small amount of gas inside the
bulb.
(The gas in contact to the filament is heated directly by the filament, by
conduction and radiation, and it moves away from the filament, due to its
now decreased density, forming convection currents. When, by these
currents, hot gas reaches the glass bulb, it transfers heat to it, by conduction.
The gas transfers heat to the glass also by radiation.)
B 32. Give three different ways to keep the house warm during winter. Explain.
Solution: 1) Double walls with cavity insulation, about 15 cm thick, to reduce heat loss
by conduction and convection.
2) Double/triple glazing: convection currents are stopped; air is a poor
conductor, so conduction doesn’t cause a large heat loss.
3) Effective floor covering (about 10 cm thick): the thicker the insulator, the
lower the rate of heat loss.
T
T 33
33..
Solution: C
T 34.
Solution: (a) (i) Y could be iron, Zinc or Aluminum, NOT Copper.

(ii) Z is a galvanometer, or micrometer or milliammeter.
(b) Hot junction is placed in a hot body, the temperature difference causes a
current to flow and produces an e.m.f in the wire, the reading of the
galvanometer changes when temperature changes, therefore a voltage
vs. temperature graph is plotted, which is used for calibrating the
thermocouple.
(c) Dull black surface.
Chapter 2: Electricity
B 1. A metal rod placed on a beaker is in contact with a light metal-coated ball. We touch the end
of the metal rod with a charged rod and the ball at the other end is repelled. After the
charged rod is removed, the metal rod still repels the ball. Suppose that now you touch the
ball with a metal rod you hold in your hand. What do you predict will happen and why?
Solution: * The ball will come back and touch the metal rod on the beaker again,
(because the ball will lose all of its charge through the metal rod in your
hand and through your body, to the ground);
* When the ball touches again the metal rod on the beaker (which hasn’t lost
its initial charge taken from the charged rod), it will be repelled once
again, (because it again charges with the same type of charge as the one
on the metal rod on the beaker).
BT 2. I) Suppose you hold a metal rod in your hand and you move one end of the rod toward a
positively charged sphere hanging from an insulating thread.
(a) What do you expect to observe?
Solution: The sphere will be attracted towards the metal rod.
(b) How do you explain the observation?
Solution: The charges on the metal rod redistribute themselves - the negative ones
come closer to the positively charged sphere, so attraction occurs between the
sphere and the near end of the rod.
T II)
Solution: B
T III)
Solution: B
B 3. You have two metal spheres of the same size mounted on insulating stands, a strip of plastic
and a piece of paper. Describe what you would do to give the two spheres
a) equal charges of the same sign.
Solution: 1. Put the two spheres in contact with each other;

2. Rub the plastic strip with paper;
3. Touch one of the spheres with the strip;
4. Separate the spheres.
b) equal charges of the opposite signs.
Solution: 1. Put the two spheres in contact with each other;

2. Rub the plastic strip with paper;
3. Bring the strip near one of the spheres;
4. Separate the spheres;
5. Move the strip away.
BT 4.
I) Two metal rods are mounted on insulating blocks and aligned along a common axis,
with a space between them. One is positively charged, the other negatively. A light
sphere with a conducting coating suspended by a long insulating thread is introduced
into the space between the rods. What do you predict will happen? On what reasoning
do you base your prediction?
Solution: Assuming that the sphere is placed exactly in the middle between the two
rods and the two rods carry exactly the same amount of charge, nothing will
happen, as the ball will be subjected to equal and opposite electric forces.
T II)
II) jh
Solution: (a) – Bring the rod close, but NOT touching the plate.
– Touch the metal plate with the earth lead so that negative charges
come to the metal plate from the earth.
– KEEPING the charged rod near the plate, remove the earth lead and
therefore the metal plate will be negatively charged.
(b) (i) Q = It = 20 x 10-3 x 15 = 0.30 C.

(ii) V = IR = 20 x 10-3 x 10 x 103 = 200 V.
B 5. How many electrons should a neutral object gain or lose in order to acquire a charge of
7.4 × 10−9 C?

−9
Q = 7.4 × 10 C n= ?
Solution:
B 6. An old fashioned gold-leaf electroscope consists of two thin gold leaves hanging from a metal
rod in a glass container. If you electrify a plastic rod, and then bring it near the knob of the
electroscope, the gold leaves separate. When you take the rod away, the leaves hang straight
down once again. Use the model for electric charge to explain the behaviour of the
electroscope.
Solution: * When the electrified rod is near the knob, the leaves are both charged by
induction with the same type of charge as the rod (negative) so they
repel each other.
* When the rod is taken away, the induced charge from the two leaves
disappears and the leaves go back to their initial state (hang straight
down).
B 7. The leaves of an electroscope are hanging straight down. Electrify a glass rod and then touch
it to the knob of the electroscope. The leaves separate and remain separated when you
remove the glass rod. Explain the behavior of the electroscope. What difference (if any) do
you expect if the knob of the electroscope is touched with a charged plastic rod?
Solution: *) The leaves are being charged with the same type of charge (positive, as
the rod), so they repel each other. After the rod is removed, the leaves
retain their charges, so they keep repelling each other with the same
strength.
**) No difference in behavior would occur; the leaves would also charge
with similar charges, this time – of negative sign – and they would also
repel each other.
B 8. A leaf electroscope may be used as a simple charge detector.
(a) Why does the leaf diverge when a negative charge is brought near the cap of an
uncharged electroscope?
Solution: The leaf and the metal plate acquire negative charges by influence, and
therefore they repel each other.
(b) What happens when the electroscope is weakly positively charged and a strong negative
charge is brought near the cap?
Solution: The divergence of the leaf decreases to zero (a number of electrons repelled
from the cap neutralize the positive charges on the leaf and on the metal
plate, so they don’t repel each other anymore), and then increases again to a
larger value (another, (big) number of following electrons repelled from the
cap make the leaf and the metal plate negatively charged, so they repel each
other again).
BG 9. Explain how to distinguish experimentally between positively charged, negatively charged

and electrically neutral bodies.
Solution: Charge a gold-leaf electroscope by bringing it in contact with a negatively

charged plastic strip. The electroscope acquires a negative charge and its leaf
diverges. Bring the charged body near to the metal cap of the electroscope:
a) If the leaf diverges more, then the object is negatively charged.
b) If the divergence of the leaf decreases, then the object is positively
charged or neutral; Earth the electroscope and bring the body close to the
metal cap.
i. If the leaf diverges, the body is positively charged,
ii. Otherwise it is neutral.
B 10. Draw the electric field lines:

a) Around single positive charge;
b) Around single negative charge;
c) Around pair of equal charges of opposite signs;
d) Between two equally, oppositely charged parallel plates
Solution:
B 11. A battery carries charge round a circuit for 50 s. If the current in the circuit is 10 A, what
quantity of charge passes through the battery?

t = 50 s Q= ?
I = 10 A
Solution: Q = It = 10 × 50 = 500 C = 5.0 × 102 C
B 12. Find the potential difference when a charge of 2.0 C passes across two points, if the
energy released is 18 J.

Q = 2.0 C V=?
W = 18 J
Solution: 
B 13. 2.0 C of electrons leaves the negative terminal of a 1.5 V dry cell to the positive terminal
through a thin wire. How much heat energy is released in the wire? Where does this energy
come from?

Q = 2.0 C W =?
V = 1.5 V
Solution: 
The energy comes from the dry cell (from the chemical energy stored in
it).
B 14. An electric bulb draws a current of 0.40 A under a voltage of 12 V. Calculate the
electric power of the bulb and the energy it consumes in 5.0 min.

I = 0.40 A P= ?
V = 12 V W=?
t = 5.0 min
Solution: 
Section 2.12.1(Page-108)
BG 15. (a) Define electric current. What is the direction of an electric current?
Solution: An electric current is a flow of negatively charged particles, or of positively

charged particles, or of both.
By convention, current always flows from the positive to the negative
terminal of a generator.
(b) What is the definition of the SI unit of electric current?
Solution: 1A (one ampere) is the flow past a point, of one coulomb of charge in every
second (1A = 1 C/ s).
Remark: Even though the above statement and relation are true,
they don’t represent the (standard) definition of an
ampere. This will be given later.
B 16. For each of the following devices, indicate the type of energy that is being converted to
electrical energy:
(a) storage battery.
Solution: Chemical energy
(b) thermocouple.
Solution: Heat energy
(c) electric generator.
Solution: Mechanical energy
(d) photoelectric cell.
Solution: Light energy
BG 17. (a) What is the definition of the SI unit of electric charge?
Solution: 1 C (one coulomb) is conveniently described as being about 6.25 × 1018

elementary charges.
To define one coulomb, the relation 1A = 1C/ s, in the
appropriate form (1C = 1A.1s) is used:
1 C (one coulomb) is the charge carried past a point by a steady current of
one ampere, in one second.
Remark: The definition (above) was not given in the manual
when the electric charge was studied, as the current, its
intensity and its unit hadn’t been studied yet.
(b) What is the definition of the SI unit of potential difference?
Solution: 1V (one volt) is the potential difference between two points (A & B), which
makes one coulomb of positive charge, moving
spontaneously between A and B, to release one joule of
energy. (1V = 1 J/ C)
OR
The potential difference between two points A and B is 1V (one volt)

if one coulomb of positive charge, moving spontaneously
between A to B, releases one joule of energy.(1V = 1 J/ C)
BG 18. A hair dryer draws a 9.1 A current.

(a) How much charge flows through it in 3.5 min.?
(b) If the hair dryer is connected across a 110 V line how much work is being done?
(c) What is the dryer’s power rating?

I = 9.1 A (a) Q= ?
(a) t = 3.5 min (b) W=?
(b) V = 110 V (c) P=?
Solution: (a)
(b)
(c)
BG 19. A 75 W light bulb is connected across a 110 V household line.

(a) Calculate the current flowing through the bulb.
G (b) If the bulb remains lit for 1.75 h how much work will be done?

P = 75 W (a) I= ?
V = 110 V (b) W=?
(b) t = 1.5 h
Solution: (a)
(b)
B 20. Consider a normal 60 W lamp used at home where the voltage is 240 V. What is the current
that passes through it?
How many coulombs pass through this lamp in one second?

P = 60 W I= ?
V = 240 V Q=?
t=1s
Solution:
B 21. The voltmeter reads 5.8 V, what is the potential difference across the electric device D and
that across the combined lamps? If the p.d. across L1 is 2.8V, what is the p.d. across L2?

V = 5.8 V VD = ?; V12 = ?
V1 = 2.8 V V2 = ?
Solution:
By the uniqueness of potential difference between two points (Kirchhoff’s

second rule), the potential difference is the same across D and the lamps, and
it is equal to the reading of the voltmeter.
Hence V = VMN = 5.8 V.

V1 + V2 = VMN
2.8 + V2 = 5.8  V2 = 3.0 V
BG 22.
G a) We have seen that when current is drawn from a generator, the p.d. across its
terminals drops from E to V due to internal resistance. If the current drawn is I,
determine the p.d. across the internal resistance r, and deduce an expression for r in
terms of E, V and I.
Solution: u = Ir
u=
b) The potential difference across the terminals of a dry cell is measured when a
variable current is drawn from the cell. The p.d. is 5.5 V when the current is 1.0 A
and 5.0 V when the current is 2.0 A. Determine the internal resistance of the cell and
the p.d. across its terminals when no current is drawn from it.

V1 = 5.5 V r =?
I1 = 1.0 A E=?
V2 = 5.0 V
I2 = 2.0 A
Solution:
BGT 23.
G a) Define resistance and state Ohm’s law.
Solution: Electrical resistance is a characteristic property of any conductor, defined as

the ratio of the potential difference across the conductor to the current
through it:
R = V/ I
Ohm’s Law : “The electrical resistance of a given conductor is constant”.
b) What are the factors upon which the resistance of a conductor depends? What is the
relation between resistance and resistivity? Deduce the SI units of resistivity.
Solution: The resistance of a uniform conductor is directly proportional to its length

and inversely proportional to its cross sectional area.
l m2
  SI 
RA
R     m
A l m
T (c)
c)
Solution: (i) RAB = 7.92 Ω ; RCD = 1.98 Ω

(ii) V/ (V) I/ (A) R/ (Ω)
BG 24. A spool of 20-gauge copper wire at 20.0 C has a total resistance of 0.655 . Calculate
the length of the wire in meters, (the resistivity of copper is copper = 1.724 x 10–6 .cm at
20.0 C) knowing that the cross-sectional area of the wire is 0.517 mm2.

t = 20.0 oC l=?
R = 0.655 Ω
copper/ 20.0 oC = 1.724 x 10–6 .cm
A = 0.517 mm2
Solution:
B 25. A spool of wire 64.0 m long and 0.255 mm in diameter is found to have a resistance of 1440
 at 20 C. Calculate the resistivity of the material.

l = 64.0 m ρ=?
d = 0.255 mm
R = 1,440 Ω
t = 20 oC
Solution:
d2 (0.255 103 )2
A r  2
   5.11108 m2
4 4
l R  A 1440  5.11108
R    1.15 106 .m
A l 64.0
BG 26. An electric bulb is connected to a 1.5 V cell. An ammeter records the current in the
cell to be 0.25 A and a voltmeter records the potential difference across the cell to be
1.0 V.
a) Draw a diagram of the above scenario.
b) What is the current through the bulb?
c) What is the potential difference across the bulb?
d) What is the resistance of the bulb assuming the resistance of the connecting wires to
be negligible?
G e) How much power is consumed by the bulb?
f) What is the total power given out by the cell?
g) How much power is wasted inside the cell, due to its own internal resistance to
electric current?
h) Calculate the value of the internal resistance of the cell.
G i) Calculate the heat produced inside the cell in 3 min 20 s.

E = 1.5 V a) diagram
IA = 0.25 A b) Ib = ?
VV = 1.0 V c) Vb = ?
t = 3 min.20 s d) Rb = ?
e) Pb = ?
f) P total/ cell = ?
g) P wasted/ cell = ?
h) r=?
i) W=?
Solution: a) A
b) I b = 0.25 A
c) V b = 1.0 V
d) R b = V b / I b = 4.0 Ω
e) P b = V b I b = 0.25 W
f) P total/ cell = E I = 1.5 × 0.25 = 0.375  0.38 W
(I = I A = I b)
g) P wasted/ cell = P total/ cell - P b  0.38 – 0.25 = 0.13 W
h) r = u / I = (E – V) / I = (1.5 – 1.0) / 0.25 = 2.0 
(u – the internal p.d.)
i) W = P wasted/ cell × t  0.13 × (3 × 60 + 20) = 26 J
OR:
W = u I t = (E – V) I t = (1.5 – 1.0) × 0.25 × (3 × 60 + 20) = 25 J
(u – the internal p.d.)
Remark:
The two results are not identical, as the first one is only an
approximate one, while the second one is exact. The
approximation that led to the first result was made at f),
propagated at g) and then here.
B 27. When an electric immersion heater is connected to the 110 V mains supply, a current of 50 A
flows through it. The water tank contains 100 kg of cold water at 30°C. Calculate the
temperature of the water after 1.0 hour. Assume the tank itself has no heat capacity and is
perfectly lagged. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 × 103 J/(oC.kg)

V = 110 V t2= ?
I = 50 A
m = 50 kg
t1 = 30 oC
τ = 1.0 hr
c = 4.2 × 103 J/ (oC.kg)
Solution: P τ = IV τ = m c Δt =>
=> 50 × 110 × 3,600 = 100 × (4.2 × 103) × Δt =>
=> Δt = 47 oC
t 2 = t1 + Δt = 30 + 47 = 77 oC
B 28. An electric fire has three bars, each rated at a power of 2.0 kW. Calculate the current that
will flow through the fire when it is connected to a 110 V mains supply.

3 × (P = 2.0 kW) I=?
V = 110 V
Solution: The three bars are connected in parallel and their powers will add in the same
way as their currents.
P 6, 000
P = 6 kW = 6 × 103 W => I=   55 A
V 110
B 29. A torch bulb is labeled “6.0 V, 0.5 A”. Calculate the power of the bulb and the energy
converted in 20 minutes.

V = 6.0 V P= ?
I = 0.5 A W=?
T = 5 min
Solution: P = IV = 0.5 × 6.0 = 3.0 W

W = Pt = 3.0 × 1,200 = 3.6 × 103 J
B 30. Derive an expression for the equivalent resistance of three resistors in series.
Solution:
V1 V2 V3 V
<=>
I R1 R2 R3 I R
R – the equivalent resistor of (R1, R2, R3) group
V = V1 + V2 + V3 <=>
<=> IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 <=>
<=> R = R 1 + R2 + R
B 31. Derive an expression for the equivalent resistance of three resistors in parallel.
V
Solution:
I1 R1
V V
<=>
I I2 R2 I I R
V
I3 R3
R – the equivalent resistor of (R1, R2, R3) group
Kirchhoff’s First Law:
I = I1 + I2 + I3 <=>
V V V V
<=> = + + <=>
R R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
<=> = + +
R R1 R2 R3
B 32. Resistors of 2.00  and 4.00  are connected in series across a battery composed of 1.5 V
dry cells. An ammeter in the circuit shows a current of 0.50 A.
(a) What is the total potential difference applied across the circuit by the battery?
(b) What are the possible arrangements of the cells in the battery?

R1 = 2.00  (a) V = ?
R2 = 4.00     b possible arrangements of cells in 
    V battery
I = 0.50 A
Solution: (a) V = RI = (2.00 + 4.00) × 0.50 = 3.0 V
(b) * A series pair:
* A series combination of two groups of any number of cells in

parallel.
* A parallel combination of series pairs:
* A parallel combination of any of the arrangements of the other cases
BG 33.
G (a) A 1.5 V dry cell is connected to a small light bulb with resistance of 3.5 . How
much current flows through the bulb?

V = 1.5 V I= ?
R = 3.5 Ω
Solution: I = V/ R = 1.5/ 3.5 = 0.43 A
(b) A current 6.25 A flows through a microwave oven. If the resistance of the circuit in
the oven is 17.6 , what is the voltage drop across the oven?

I = 6.25 A V= ?
R = 17.6 Ω
Solution: V = RI = 17.6 × 6.25 = 110 V
B 34. A 12.0V storage battery is connected to three resistors, 6.75 , 15.3  and 21.6 
respectively. The resistors are joined in series. Calculate the total resistance and find the
current in the circuit.

E = 12.0 V R= ?
R1 = 6.75 Ω I=?
R2 = 15.3 Ω
R3 = 21.6 Ω
Solution:
Assume the internal resistance of the battery is zero => V=E

I = V/ R = 12.0 / 43.7 = 275 mA
BT 35.
I.) Three resistors, 14.0 , 4.00  and 6.00 , respectively, are connected in series to a
voltage source. A voltmeter across the 4.00  resistor shows a voltage drop of 2.00
V. Calculate:
(a) the current through the circuit;

(b) the voltage output of the source;
(c) the potential difference across each of the other resistors.

R1 = 14.0 Ω (a) I=?
R2 = 4.00 Ω (b) V=?
R3 = 6.00 Ω (c) V1 = ?; V3 = ?
V2 = 2.00 V
Solution: (a) I = V2/ R2 = 2.00/ 4.00 = 500 mA

(b) V = Re I = (14.0 + 4.00 + 6.00) × 0.5 = 12.0 V
(c) V1 = R1 I = 14.0 × 0.5 = 7.00 V ; V3 = R3 I = 6.00 × 0.5 = 3.00 V
T (d)
II.)
Solution: C
B 36. Three resistors 18.0 , 9.00  and 6.00  are connected in parallel to a voltage source. A
4.00 A current flows through the 9.00  resistor.
(a) Calculate the total resistance.

(b) What is the voltage output of the source?
(c) Calculate the current through the other resistors.

R1 = 18.0 Ω (a) Re = ?
R2 = 9.00 Ω (b) V=?
R3 = 6.00 Ω (c) I1 = ?; I3 = ?
I2 = 4.00 A
Solution: (a)
=> Re = 3.00 Ω
(b) V = R2 I2 = 9.00 × 4.00 = 36.0 V
(c) I1 = V/ R1 = 36.0/ 18.0 = 2.00 A;
I3 = V/ R3 = 36.0/ 6.00 = 6.00 A
BG 37. Two resistors of resistance 3.0 Ω and 6.0 Ω are connected in parallel and this combination
is connected in series with a 7.0 Ω resistor and a battery of voltage 9.0 V and negligible
internal resistance.
G (a) Draw a circuit diagram for the above scenario.
(b) Calculate the total resistance of the circuit.
G (c) Find the current through the 3.0 Ω resistor.

R1 = 3.0 Ω (a) diagram
R2 = 6.00 Ω (b) Re = ?
R3 = 7.00 Ω (c) I1 = ?
E = 9.0 V
r=0V
Solution: (a)
(b) Re = R (parallel) + R (series) = 2.0 + 7.0 = 9.0 
(c) I = V / Re ; V = E (because the internal p.d.= 0, as r = 0)

=> I = E / Re = 9.0/ 9.0 = 1.0 A
V (parallel) = R (parallel) × I = 2.0 × 1.0 = 2.0 V
I1 = V (parallel)/ R1 =>
=> I1 = 2.0/ 3.0 = 0.67 A
BT 38. I) Two bulbs are labeled “100W - 120V” and “60W - 120V”.
(a) What is the resistance of each bulb (assumed to remain constant)?
(b) When the two bulbs are connected in parallel across a p.d. of 120 V, what will be
the current in each? What will be the power dissipated by each?
(c) When the two bulbs are connected in series across the same p.d. of 120 V,
What current will they allow to pass? What power will each dissipate? What will
be the pd across each?

P1 = 100 W (a) R1 = ?; R2 = ?
V1 = 120 V (b) parallel: I1 = ?; I2 = ?
P2 = 60 W P1 = ?; P2 = ?
V2 = 120 V (c) series: I = ?
P1’ = ?; P2’ = ?
V1’ = ?; V2’ = ?
Solution: (a) R1 = V12/ P1 = 14,400/ 100 = 144  ;
R2 = V22/ P2 = 1,400/ 60 = 240 
(b) I1 = V/ R1 = 120/ 144 = 0.833 A and I2 = V/ R2 = 120/ 240 = 0.50 A
P1 = V I1 = 120 × 0.833 = 100 W and P2 = V I2 = 120 × 0.50 = 60 W
(c) I = V/ (R1+R2) = 120/ 384 = 0.31 A

P1’ = I2 R1 = (0.31)2 × 144 = 14 W; P2’ = I2 R2 = (0.31)2 × 240 =
= 23 W
V1’ = P1’/ I = 14/ 0.31 = 45 V; V2’= P2’/ I = 23/ 0.31 = 75 V
TT
II) (d)
Solution: D
B 39. What shunt resistance is required to modify a 20.0 Ω, 1.0 mA ammeter into an ammeter that
can read up to 50A?

Rc = 20.0 Ω Rs = ?
Ifs = 1.0 mA
I = 50 A
Solution:
T 40.
1)
Solution: B
T 41.
Solution: B

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11S Core Physics

1. Temperature and Heat

4. Induced and Alternating Currents

Section 1.2 (Page-3)

Solution: Experiment on pg. 3 – 4, in the manual:

Section 1.3.4 (Page-13)

BG 2. (a) State Boyle’s law.

(b) Describe an experiment supporting Boyle’s Law.

Solution: Experiment on pg. 6 – 7, in the manual:

p (kPa) V (cm3) p×V (MPa×cm3) 1/p (1/MPa)

5. Notice that as the pressure increases, the volume decreases. Moreover,

Given: Required to find:

Solution: P1 = 120,000 + 100,000 = 220,000 Pa

P2 is the pressure including the atmospheric pressure.

P2 – Patm = 242,000 – 100,000 =

Given: Required to find:

Solution: Using the Pressure Law: P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 

 T2 = 660 K; t2 = 387 C.

Given: Required to find:

Solution: Using Charles’ Law: V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 

Given: Required to find:

Solution: Using the Pressure Law: P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 

(a) It is heated to 327 C, at constant pressure?

Given: Required to find:

Solution: (a) Using Charles’ Law: V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 

(b) Using Charles’ Law: V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 

Given: Required to find:

Solution: Using the Pressure Law: P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 

(a) The pressure is doubled at constant temperature.

Given: Required to find:

Solution: (a) Using Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2 

(b) Using Charles’ Law: V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 

A The average speed of the molecules will increase.

C The number of molecules will increase.

Section 1.5. (Page-17)

Given: Required to find:

Solution: From tables: c iron = 0.48 kJ.kg-1.K-1

V water = 3.00 × 10-3 m3

Assuming no energy loss to the surroundings,

Given: Required to find:

Solution: From tables: c Al = 0.90 × 103 J.kg-1.K-1

m water = w Vw = 1000 kg/ m3 × (10 × 10-3) m3 = 10 kg.

Assuming no energy loss to the surroundings,

Section 1.5.6 (Page-28)

Given: Required to find:

Solution: Q = m c t = 5.0 × 300 × 10 = 15,000 J = 15 kJ

Given: Required to find:

Q2 = m2 c t2 = 2 × 2000 × 10 = 4 × 104 J  Q2 = 40 kJ

Given: Required to find:

Given: Required to find:

Material Mass (kg) Heat (J) Temp. rise (C)

Solution: Using Q = m c T for each,

Q supplied = Q gained (by paraffin)

Solution: Using Q = E = m c t:

Given: Required to find:

Solution: First, find T from the equation Ep = Q = m c T;

Ep = m g h = 5 × 10 × 315 = 15,750 J

Solution: AB & CD

Solution: B  C (The graph is the steepest.)

Solution: Point E (Greatest average kinetic energy means highest temperature.)

B 20. Explain the meaning of the following terms:

(i) Specific heat capacity.