Generator Protection

Sample Relay Setting Calculations

 .

.
13.8kVLL VT Ratio = 14,440 / 120 = 120

13,800 / 120 = 115 V

M-3425A
 C
B
System
A

a
Van=Vag

n=g ground a
vag=0
Van= -Vng
c b
Vbn=Vbg Vbn=Vbg Vcg Vbg
n

High
Impedance c b
Ground
Vcn Vbn
Software converts
(66.4V) voltages to
LG (66.5V)
LL (115V) quantities
 Ipri nom = MVA*106 / 3*VLL
Ipri nom = 125*106/(1.732*13800)
Ipri nom = 5,230 A

Ct ratio is denoted as RC
RC = 8000/5 = 1600
Isec nom = I pri nom/RC
Isec nom = 5230/1600
Isec nom = 3.27 A
 (used with 21, 51V)

calculates the GSU high side

voltages and currents
• Used for YY and Delta/Delta
connected transformers
• Used for Delta-AB/Y connected
transformers
• Used for Delta-AC/Y
connected transformers
 IS

Rating = 13,800 V

IS = 3.5 x 13,800 = 201.3A

240
V59N = 0.7 x 201.3 = 140.9V
- The neutral-end 4% of the stator winding will be protected by the
27TN or 59D elements

- GSU transformer-winding capacitance will cause a voltage

displacement at the neutral. 10 seconds should be long enough
to avoid this situation, or the voltage generated at the neutral
resistor can be calculated and a high enough setting with small
delay may be applied.
Note: Setpoints should be
coordinated with low
voltage secondary VT
fuses
1.50
1.25

1.00

0.75
0.50
0.25

10% 30% 50% 70% 90%

20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
0.3
Overlap of Third Harmonic (27TN) with 59N Relay
14,400
120 V VT

V
Nameplate

Set Inverse Time Element for Trip

Set Definite Time Element for Alarm

 5%
Alarm
29
X "d ( saturated ) 15.6%
V 100
I pu 6.4 pu
I 15.6
I pri (13.8KV ) 5230(6.4) 33,472 A
I pri 33,472
I sec 20.92 A
Rc 1600
X "d ( saturated ) 15.6%
X sys 10%(125MVA)
V 100
I pu 3.9 pu
X "d X t 15.6 10
I pri (13.8KV ) 5230 3.9 20,397 A
I pri 20,397
I sec 12.75 A
Rc 1600
 45
VK
VS

IS

VK > VS
•

Overfluxing Capability, Diagram

10000
Inverse Time Element Generator V/Hz Capability
Pickup = 110% V/Hz Protection Curve (Inverse)
Curve #2 V/Hz Protection Curve (Definite time)
1000 K= 4.9

t 60 e (115 2.5 K VHz ) / 4.8858

100
Alarm Settings:
Definite Element #2
Pickup = 106% Definite time element #1
Time Delay = 3 sec Pickup = 135%
10
Time Delay = 4 sec

0.1
100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145
 Values shown above are from
generator test sheet

All reactances on generator base (125 MVA)

-
-
-
•

•
•
Egen

X"d (saturated) 15.6%

X sys 10% (125MVA)
E gen 100
I pu 3.9pu
X"d X t 15.6 10
I pri (13.8KV) 5230(3.9) 20,397A
I pri 20,397
I sec 12.75A
Rc 1600
 Xt 10
Vgen 100% 100% 39%
X "d X t 15.6 10

I fault 12.75
MPU 6.67
I pickupVgen (%) 4.9(0.39)
MPU = 6.67
•
•
•
•
 E gen 100
I MinFault 0.46 pu
Xd Xt 206.8 10

I sec I MinFault I no min al 0.46(3.27) 1.5 A

•
•

•
- loadability
- load swings
The fault appears farther than the actual location due to infeed.
 Transformer Transformer Delta- Transformer Delta-
Direct Connected AC Connected AB Connected

VT Connection VT Connection VT Connection

L-L or L-G L-L or L-G L-L or L-G
L-G to L-L L-G to L-L L-G to L-L
VAB VA-VB VBC-VAB VB-VO VAB-VCA Va-Vo
AB Fault Ia-Ib Ia-Ib (3)Ib Ib (3)Ia Ia
VBC VB-VC VCA-VBC VC-VO VBC-VAB Vb-Vo
BC Fault Ib-Ic Ib-Ic (3)Ic Ic (3)Ib Ib
VCA VC-VA VAB-VCA VA-VO VCA-VBC Vc-Vo
CA Fault Ic-Ia Ic-Ia (3)Ia Ia (3)Ic Ic
0.85 power factor corresponds to 31.8º
•

•
•
•

•
•
 Z2

Z1
85o
Z2 reach at
RPFA 1.64 31.8o)

Normal load will not encroach into the Zone-2 characteristic.

TYPICAL GENERATOR CAPABILITY CURVE
TRANSFORMATION FROM MW-MVAR TO R-X PLOT
LOSS OF FIELD PROTECTION
SETTING CHARACTERISTICS
+X

HeavyLoad LightLoad Heavy Load Light Load

- Xd’
XTG +Xmin SG1
-R 2 +R -R +R
Zone 2 - Xd’ Directional
2 Element

ImpedanceLocus
1.0pu During Loss of Field Zone 1
Impedance Locus
Zone1
1.1Xd During Loss of Field
Xd

Zone2

-X
0
 20

Overexcited
Real Power into the System
Reactive Power into the Generator

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Underexcited
-20
MEL GCC

-40
SSSL
MEL
GCC
-60
SSSL

-80
 10
MEL
GCC
SSSL

0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

-10

Zone 2 Zone 1
-20

-30

-40

-50
 20

Overexcited
Real Power into the System
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

-20 Underexcited
GCC
MEL
Reactive Power into the Generator

SSSL
-40
MEL
GCC
-60 SSSL

Zone 2
-80

-100

-120 Zone 1

-140
 x

x
 10
Directional Element

0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

Zone 2
Zone 1
MEL -10
GCC
SSSL

-20

Dir Element
X -30
0 10
-10

-40

-50
 20

Overexcited
Reactive Power into the Generator

Real Power into the System

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Underexcited
-20
MEL GCC
Zone 2

-40
SSSL
MEL
GCC
-60
SSSL

Zone1
-80
•

•
•

•
 Ensure fuse loss and
breaker position (52b)
are set to block.

104
600

92
120
127

600

173
•

•
•
•

•
Field Insulation
Real-Time Monitoring
-

-
Brushes
- Excitation systems have
capacitors installed between the
+/- field and ground for shaft
voltage and surge suppression. To
minimize this effect, injection
frequency may be adjusted
downwards at the expense of
response time.
Brush Voltage
- 64B pickup = unfaulted voltage + 0.5 (faulted brush voltage-
unfaulted brush voltage)
- 64B delay = 600 cycles

- The brush voltage rise (faulted brush voltage-unfaulted

brush voltage) varies directly with the capacitance between
the rotor and ground. Therefore machines with lower
capacitance will exhibit a smaller change in brush voltage
when faulted. These machines may require experimentation
to yield a pickup setting that provides the necessary security
and sensitivity.