A. Three definition of communication with different author.

1. Keith Davis: Communication is a process of passing information and understanding from

one person to another.

2. 2. John Adair: Communication is essentially the ability of one person to make contact
with another and make himself or herself understood.

3. Abraham Nosnik: In other words, communication is a way to establish contact with

others through ideas, facts, thoughts and behaviors, looking for a reaction to the
statement that has been sent.

B. Five characteristic of communication.

Two or More Persons: The first important characteristic of communication is that there must be
a minimum number of two persons because no single individual can have an exchange of ideas
with himself. A listener is necessary to receive one’s ideas. Therefore, there must be at least two
persons-the sender of information and the receiver.
Exchange of Ideas: Communication cannot be thought of in the absence of exchange of ideas. In
order to complete the process of communication there must be an exchange of ideas, orders,
feelings, etc., among two or more than two persons.
Mutual Understanding: Mutual understanding means that the receiver should receive the
information in the same spirit with which it is being given. In the process of communication, it is
more important to understand the information rather than carry it out.
Direct and Indirect Communication: It is not necessary in communication that the receiver and
giver of information should be face-to-face with each other. Communication can be both direct
and indirect. Direct communication means face-to-face conversation, while indirect
communication is through other means.
Continuous Process: Communication is an endless process, as is the case with business where
the manager continuously assigns work to his subordinates, tries to know the progress of the
work and gives directions.
 C.Five Reason why communication is important

Positive Work Culture – At the heart of a great work culture is “Communication”. When the
employees are clear about what is expected of them, it will boost productivity and job
satisfaction, resulting in a positive work culture.

Facilitates Growth of the Organization – Growth of an organization is fueled by effective

communication. When employees have a clear idea of the organization’s visions and goals, then
the growth and innovation of the company are inevitable.

Builds Effective Team – The productivity of a team is based on how they act, react and behave
with each other. Communicating openly, clearly and with empathy will help in building rapport
with a team and boost their spirit towards productively.

Establishes Transparency – Transparency generates trust among employees. Trust creates an

environment where people are honest and accountable. In such a company, management
trusts employees with bigger responsibility and opportunity. On the other hand, employees
trust that the company has their best interests at heart. Overall creating an environment that
fosters growth.

Company – Client Relationship: A smooth and trustworthy relationship between the company
and client can be built over clear communication. Clients value a brand when communication is
open a clear. These valued clients will be able to speak positively about the company. This kind
of marketing is important as it is based on personal experience.
 C. Five function of communication

Inform: Let's take a look at how Yummy Cakes uses communication to inform within
their organization. The idea of informing within an organization is to provide data and
information so that employees can effectively complete their job. Information ensures
that an employee is aware of the rules and procedures of an organization. It also
eliminates job uncertainty for workers when they are fully informed.

Persuasion: Another essential function of information would be the element of

persuasion. Yummy Cakes uses persuasion as an element of their communication plan.
It is the ability to change the attitude or behavior of employees, vendors, clients, etc.

Instructive Function - gives instruction, gives emphasis, hold important information

Aesthetic Function - to entertain, to give pleasure and enjoyment

Social Interaction - greeting, exchanging pleasantries

D. The eight stages of communication

1. Message
The first step in communication process is sender has an idea. That contains the
information or tidings to convey or send to him or her. The message may be verbal,
nonverbal, oral, written, or symbolic. Besides that, message can come from feeling,
thought, inspiration, and many more. You conceive an idea and want to share it. For
example, in advertising that simply writes some words and put image to convey the
public.

2. Encoding
The next step is the sender encodes the idea in message. This process kwon as encoding,
refers to putting thoughts, idea, or information into a message that your receiver will
understand, you are encoding it. For example, many symbols have universal meaning,
such as a red circle with a red line thought it to denote no or skip and add some image or
symbol such as P is mean no parking

3. Choice of medium and channel

Next, sender produces the message in a medium. The senders need to choose the
medium and channel to be used, that way you to present that message to your intended
audience. The medium and channel of communication are of two types, personal and
nonperson.
4. Transmission
After you choice of the medium and channel, it continues to provide new communication
channels you can use to transmit your messages. Medium is which carrier the message
and channel is which allows access for the message. For example, a shampoo company
choose the television is a channel and medium for transmit the message to target
audience.

5. Reception
The audience receives the message. When audience receives then message, sometime
has problem. Such as misunderstanding, message missed or message ignored. However,
the message is no guarantee the receiver understood correctly. For example, the student
are receive the message from the teacher or lecturer, they will pay attentions for receive
the message.

6. Decoding and Understanding

The audience decodes what is the message and understands its contents. Receivers are
the consumers in the audience who read, hear, or see the message and decode it. For
example, the students after receive the message or information, they will be analyze the
message or information and decode it.

7. Respond
The audience responds to the message. The receivers need to say or does something
answer or reaction to something after receives the message. For example, salesman
introduce product A, and the audience can buy or reject to buy the product A, this
reaction is respond to the salesman.

8. Feedback
The audiences send feedback to you. The receivers when after you give the message,
audiences may also give feedback to the sender. Feedback is information or comment
about something that you have done sender tells you how good or bad. For example, in
a personal selling a product to customer, customer may ask questions, comment or
objection or gives suggestions is a feedback to the sender or spokesman.
 F.Three fundamental objectives of speech

Enjoying being with another person – quite simply, communication requires you to enjoy
being with other people. If you do not want to be around other people, you will have very
little motivation to communicate at all.

Developing the ability to attend to another person – paying attention to other people is
an essential learning skill. As I said earlier, we learn the fundamentals of communication
and indeed all the communication skills we acquire in our preschool years through simple
exposure to communication situations.

Concentration and attention span – In order to learn from an activity or an interaction

we have to be able to sustain attention to it. If we flit between activities too quickly, we
miss learning opportunities.

G. Ten basic function of communication

Message
Sender
Receiver
To send a message
To receive a message
To respond
To make clear the intention of the communication
To further clarify the communication
To end the communication
To create new communication

H. Elements of communication
1. Sender: He is the person who sends his ideas to another person. For example, if a
manager wants to inform his subordinates about the introduction of a new product, he is
the sender.

2. Message The idea, feeling, suggestion, guidelines, orders or any content which is
intended to be communicated is message. For example, message is the introduction of
new product.

3. Encoding: It is the process of converting the idea, thinking or any other component of
message into symbols, words, actions, diagram etc. For example, message is connected
in words and actions.
 4. Media: It is the medium, passage or route through which encoded message is passed by
the sender to the receiver. There can be various forms of media-face to face
communication, letters, radio, television, e-mail etc. For example manager inform about
the introduction of a new product in a meeting through presentation.
6. Decoding: It means translating the encoded message into language understandable by the
receiver.
6. Receiver: He is the person to whom the message has been sent. For example, subordinates
are rec
7. Feedback: It is the response by the receiver. It marks the completion of the communication
process eiders.
8. Noise: It is the hindrance in the process of communication. It can take place at any step in
the entire process. It reduces the accuracy of communication e.g. 1) Disturbance in the telephone
lines, 2) An inattentive receiver 3) Improper Decoding of Message etc.

I. The four Methods or Mode of Delivery

Impromptu speaking is the presentation of a short message without advance preparation.

Impromptu speeches often occur when someone is asked to “say a few words” or give a toast on
a special occasion.
Extemporaneous speaking is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech,
spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes. By using notes rather than a full manuscript,
the extemporaneous speaker can establish and maintain eye contact with the audience and
assess how well they are understanding the speech as it progresses.
Manuscript speaking is the word-for-word iteration of a written message. In a manuscript
speech, the speaker maintains his or her attention on the printed page except when using visual
aids.
Memorized speaking is the rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed
to memory. Actors, of course, recite from memory whenever they perform from a script in a
stage play, television program, or movie scene. When it comes to speeches, memorization can
be useful when the message needs to be exact and the speaker doesn’t want to be confined by
notes.