FORCED 9 December 2000

MIGRATIONreview
published by
the Refugee Studies Centre in association with the Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project

special feature on

Gender and displacement

plus
• Children in adversity
• UN role in the security of NGO staff
• Southern NGO’s view of ExCom
• Accountability in the media
Updates on • Afghanistan • Malukas •
Dams • Reangs • Detention of asylum
seekers • Appointment of UN Special
Coordinator on Internal Displacement

• News from the Refugee Studies Centre

and the Global IDP Project

• Conferences and
publications
 from the
fromeditors
)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ
SURYLGHVDIRUXPIRUWKHUHJXODUH[FKDQJH

the editors
RISUDFWLFDOH[SHULHQFHLQIRUPDWLRQDQG
LGHDVEHWZHHQUHVHDUFKHUVUHIXJHHVDQG
LQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGSHRSOHDQGWKRVHZKR
ZRUNZLWKWKHP,WLVSXEOLVKHGWKUHHWLPHV
D\HDULQ(QJOLVK6SDQLVKDQG$UDELFE\
WKH5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUH8QLYHUVLW\RI y the time you read this,

2[IRUGLQDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKH*OREDO,'3
3URMHFW1RUZHJLDQ5HIXJHH&RXQFLO
7KH6SDQLVKWUDQVODWLRQ5HYLVWDGH
0LJUDFLRQHV)RU]RVDV LVSURGXFHGE\
+(*2$LQ%LOEDR6SDLQ
(GLWRUV
0DULRQ&RXOGUH\ 'U7LP0RUULV
6XEVFULSWLRQV$VVLVWDQW
6KDURQ(OOLV
)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ
5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUH
4XHHQ(OL]DEHWK+RXVH
6W*LOHV2[IRUG2;/$8.
(PDLOIPU#THKR[DFXN
Corinne Owen
B David Turton will have
retired as Director of the Refugee
Studies Centre. David was a dri-
ving force behind this
publication’s transformation in
1998 from RPN newsletter to
Forced Migration Review and we
have greatly appreciated his
input, both as Director and as a
member of our Editorial Advisory
Board. Stephen Castles starts
as the new Director of the RSC
on 1 February.
Judy El-Bushra, of the British NGO ACORD, has worked closely with us as Guest Editor in preparing
7HO the feature section of this issue with its focus on Gender and Displacement. If you would like to
)D[
Global IDP Project
&KHPLQ0RwVH'XERXOH
&+*HQHYD6ZLW]HUODQG
(PDLOLGSVXUYH\#QUFFK
7HO
)D[
6XEVFULSWLRQUDWHV
,QGLYLGXDOV…86SHUDQQXP
,QVWLWXWLRQV…86SHUDQQXP
)5((IRUUHVLGHQWVRIGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
VWXGHQWVXQZDJHGDQGUHIXJHHV,'3V
6HHSDJH
&RS\ULJKWDQGGLVFODLPHU
0DWHULDOIURP)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ PD\
EHIUHHO\UHSURGXFHGEXWSOHDVHDFNQRZ
OHGJHWKHVRXUFH3KRWRJUDSKVVKRXOGRQO\
EHUHSURGXFHGLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHDUWLFOHV
respond to any of the points raised or add new ones, please write (no more than 700 words) to us by
mid February. Our contact details are given opposite.
We would like to express our thanks to UNICEF for their sponsorship of
this issue of Forced Migration Review.
Our next issue (issue 10, due out April 2001) will include a feature on UNHCR and the 50th
Anniversary of the 1951 Convention, guest-edited by Professor BS Chimni. Would you like to write a
short piece for us? We would particularly welcome contributions from NGO and UN staff in the field, and
from displaced people. How do the successes and limitations of both the Convention and UNHCR
affect displaced people in the country in which you work? How do they affect you and your work? What
do you feel about UNHCR – its mandate and its relationship to the other UN agencies, to governments,
to NGOs and to displaced people? What is there to celebrate? What would you change? What should
we learn from history and what developments would you like to see - or which do you predict - in the
next 10, 20 or 50 years?
Maximum length of written contributions: 3,000 words. Short opinion pieces or pithy exhortations are
also welcomed! Don’t worry if English is not your first language – we are more than happy to edit con-
tributions. Email us today with your ideas (fmr@qeh.ox.ac.uk) or write to us at the address opposite.
LQZKLFKWKH\DSSHDUDQGFUHGLWHG
0DWHULDODQGLQIRUPDWLRQFRQWDLQHGLQ
)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ DUHWKHRSLQLRQV The August 2001 issue will be on Return to Peace, looking at: peace and the restoration of confidence;
RIWKHDXWKRUVDQGGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\ justice; post-conflict power structures; reconciliation and promotion of historical and cultural under-
UHIOHFWWKHYLHZVRIWKH(GLWRUVWKH standing; and separation or integration of communities. Ideally, we would like to publish a mix of
5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUHRUWKH1RUZHJLDQ ‘overview’ articles and ‘local’ reports and examples, including information on appropriate models, good
5HIXJHH&RXQFLO
practice and recommendations for action/follow-up. Please contact us as soon as possible with your
suggestions for contributions, contributors, reports and examples.
)RUWKFRPLQJIHDWXUHV
$SULO81+&5WK$QQLYHUVDU\ With our very best wishes for 2001.
$XJXVW5HWXUQWR3HDFH

Marion Couldrey and Tim Morris

:HEVLWH
Editors
ZZZIPUHYLHZRUJ
SULQWHGE\/',/WGRQHQYLURQPHQWDOO\
IULHQGO\SDSHU Writing for FMR? Here are our submission deadlines:
Issue Articles by Information items by
,661
10 (UNHCR) 1 February 2001 1 March 2001
11 (Return to Peace) 1 June 2001 1 July 2001

Front cover: Rwandese refugees in Zaire wait for water distribution in Kibuma camp 1994. UNHCR/B.Press

2 FORCED MIGRATION review 9

 contents
Gender and displacement
contents
Gender and forced migration: editorial
by Judy El-Bushra 4

Vindicating masculinity: the fate of promoting gender equality

by Simon Turner 8

Making young displaced men visible

by Cathrine Brun 10

Gender dimensions of displacement

by Srilakshmi Gururaja 13

Gender, persecution and the concept of politics in the asylum

determination process
by Heaven Crawley 17

Gender guidelines for the UK

by Nathalia Berkowitz 21

Ethnicity, gender and violence in Kenya

by Peter Mwangi Kagwanja 22

Rural farming systems, plant genetic resources and disasters

by Monica Trujillo 26

General articles A more proactive UN role in the security of NGO staff?

by Randolph Martin 29

Children in adversity
by Jo de Berry and Jo Boyden 33

Debate Accountability in the media 37

Regular features Update 38

Refugee Studies Centre 41
Conferences: including ExCom: a Southern view 42
Global IDP Project 44
Publications 46

FORCED MIGRATION review 9 3

Gender and displacement

Gender and forced migration:

editorial
by Judy El-Bushra

This issue of Forced Migration Review comes

at a time when Gender and Development as a
body of theoretical and professional practice
is at a critical point in its evolution.

*
HQGHUDQG'HYHORSPHQW*$' KDVEHHQWRWUDQVIRUPWKHSRVLWLRQRI
WDNHVDVLWVVWDUWLQJSRLQWWKH
LGHDWKDWWKHEHKDYLRXURIPHQ
DQGZRPHQLVFRQGLWLRQHGE\VRFLDODQG
FXOWXUDOH[SHFWDWLRQVUDWKHUWKDQE\
LQQDWHRUQDWXUDOGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ
WKHWZRVH[HV7KHVHDVVXPHGGLIIHU
HQFHVUHVXOWLQLQMXVWLFHZKHQWKH\DUH
UHIOHFWHGLQGLIIHUHQWLDODFFHVVWRGHFL
VLRQPDNLQJSRZHURUZKHQWKH\FDUU\
ZLWKWKHPGLVFULPLQDWRU\DWWLWXGHVDQG
YDOXHV
ZRPHQIURPRQHRIVXERUGLQDWLRQWRRQH
RIHTXDOLW\E\UHFRJQL]LQJWKHLQHVVHQWLDO
DQGWUDQVLWRU\QDWXUHRIWKHDVVXPSWLRQV
ZKLFKXQGHUSLQWKDWVXERUGLQDWLRQ
$OWKRXJKWKLVDLPKDVEHHQZLGHO\
DGRSWHGE\GHYHORSPHQWDQGKXPDQLWDU
LDQDJHQFLHVDQGE\WKHLUGRQRUVRYHU FKDOOHQJHWKHGRPLQDQWJHQGHULGHRORJ\
WKHODVWWR\HDUVWKHILHOGRIJHQ LQZKLFKPHQ·VDQGZRPHQ·VUROHVDUH
GHUDQGGHYHORSPHQWFRQWLQXHVWREHD ERWKYLHZHGDV¶QDWXUDO·7KHVLWXDWLRQRI
FRQWHVWHGRQH,WLVFXUUHQWO\XQGHUFKDO GLVSODFHPHQWLVDQRSSRUWXQLW\IRUUHQH
OHQJHIURPWKUHHVHSDUDWHWKRXJK JRWLDWLQJJHQGHUUHODWLRQVDVZHOODV
$VVXPSWLRQVDQGYDOXHVDERXWPHQ·V
DQGZRPHQ·VUROHVDQGEHKDYLRXUVFRQ
GLWLRQPHQ·VDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVRWKHU
PHQDQGZRPHQ·VWRZDUGVRWKHUZRPHQ
DVZHOODVWKHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQZRPHQ
DQGPHQ$VVXPSWLRQVDERXWJHQGHUGLI
OLQNHGWUHQGV7KHVHDUHWKHGHEDWHRQ
PHQDQGJHQGHUWKHFKDOOHQJHRIPDN
LQJZRPHQ·VULJKWVDUHDOLW\DQGWKH
EURDGHQLQJRIIRFXVDZD\IURPDQDU
URZHFRQRPLVWLFYLHZRIGHYHORSPHQW
7KHDUWLFOHVLQWKLVLVVXHWKRXJKZULWWHQ
UHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQJHQHUDWLRQVDQ
RSSRUWXQLW\ZKLFKPD\EHPLVVHG
WKURXJKSULRULWL]LQJVXSSRUWWRHLWKHU
ZRPHQRUPHQ7RPDNHWKHPRVWRI
WKLVRSSRUWXQLW\PHQDQGZRPHQPXVW
ERWK¶SDUWLFLSDWHDVDFWLYHSDUWQHUV·LQ
IHUHQFHVRSHUDWHQRWRQO\EHWZHHQ
LQGLYLGXDOVEXWDOVRZLWKLQLQVWLWXWLRQV
LQFOXGLQJWKHKRXVHKROGWKHFRPPXQLW\
WKHVWDWHVFKRROVDQGSODFHVRIHPSOR\
PHQWLQFOXGLQJGHYHORSPHQWDJHQFLHV
WKHPVHOYHV,WLVWKHVHLQVWLWXWLRQVZKLFK
UHLQIRUFHDQGSHUSHWXDWHJHQGHUGLVFULP
LQDWLRQDQGLWLVWKHVHZKLFKPXVWEH
FKDOOHQJHGLIJHQGHULQMXVWLFHLVWREH
IURPWKHVSHFLILFSHUVSHFWLYHRIJHQGHU
DQGIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQUHIOHFWWKHVH
GHEDWHVDQGFRQWULEXWHWRWKHP
L:KHUHGRPHQILW"
7KHILUVWFKDOOHQJHLVDFRQFHUQWRDUWLFX
ODWHPRUHILUPO\DQGDFWLYHO\WKDQLQWKH
SDVWWKHSRVLWLRQRIPHQZLWKLQJHQGHU
%UXQ·VSKUDVHLQWKLVUHQHJRWLDWLRQ
2WKHUUHODWHGTXHVWLRQVFXUUHQWO\UHYHU
EHUDWLQJWKURXJKDVVLVWDQFHSURYLGLQJ
DJHQFLHVDUHDOVRHFKRHGLQWKHDUWLFOHV
LQWKLVLVVXH'RHVWKHVWUHVVRQZRPHQ
SUHYHQWXVIURPUHFRJQL]LQJGLVFULPLQD
WLRQE\PHQDJDLQVWPHQROGHUYHUVXV
\RXQJHUPHQIRUH[DPSOHRUPHQIURP
WUDQVIRUPHGLQWRHTXDOLW\RIWUHDWPHQW DQDO\WLFDOIUDPHZRUNV7KLVLVDUHDFWLRQ GLIIHUHQWFODVVHVRUHWKQLFLWLHVZRPHQ
RSSRUWXQLW\DQGULJKWV WR*$'·VDOPRVWH[FOXVLYHSUHRFFXSDWLRQ DJDLQVWZRPHQZKHQZRPHQFROOXGHLQ
RYHUWKHODVWWHQ\HDUVRUPRUHZLWK SURPRWLQJJHQGHUGLVFULPLQDWLRQDJDLQVW
Gender and Development at the
crossroads
*HQGHUDQG'HYHORSPHQWDURVHRXWRID
FRQFHUQWKDWGHYHORSPHQWSROLFLHVDQG
LQWHUYHQWLRQVZHUHWHQGLQJWRWDNHPHQ
DVEHLQJWKH¶QRUP·LJQRULQJZRPHQ·V
RZQQHHGVDQGDVSLUDWLRQVDQGWKHLU
FDSDFLW\WRDFWLQGHSHQGHQWO\,QGRLQJ
VRWKH\ZHUHDOVRHQGDQJHULQJSDWWHUQV
RIIRRGVHFXULW\ZHDOWKFUHDWLRQPDU
NHWVVRFLDOL]DWLRQSUDFWLFHVFXOWXUDO
H[SUHVVLRQDQGSROLWLFDOSURFHVVHVE\
ZRPHQ·VQHHGVLQWHUHVWVDQGULJKWV
,I¶JHQGHU·LPSOLHVDZHERIUHODWLRQVKLSV
EHWZHHQZRPHQDQGPHQROGDQG
\RXQJSRZHUIXODQGSRZHUOHVVVKRXOG
PHQQRWILJXUHLQWHJUDOO\DQGHTXDOO\
LQWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKHVHUHODWLRQVKLSV"
$V6LPRQ7XUQHUDQG&DWKULQH%UXQLQGL
FDWHLQWKLVLVVXHWKHUHPD\EHQHJDWLYH
FRQVHTXHQFHVIRUERWKZRPHQDQGPHQ
LIWKH\DUHQRW*LYLQJSUHIHUHQFHWR
ZRPHQLQDVVLVWDQFHSURJUDPPHVPD\
FRQWULEXWHWRHURGLQJPHQ·VUROHDVSUR
WHFWRUVSURYLGHUVDQGGHFLVLRQPDNHUV
HDFKRWKHUDQGZRPHQDJDLQVWPHQ"
&DQZRPHQ·VULJKWVEHVXSSRUWHGZLWKLQ
DFRQWH[WRIEURDGHUGHYHORSPHQWDODQG
KXPDQLWDULDQJRDOVRUGRPHQLQHYLWDEO\
KDYHWRORVHZKHQZRPHQJDLQ",QVKRUW
ZKHUHGRPHQILWZLWKLQDJHQGHU
DSSURDFKWRGHYHORSPHQW"
LL +DVGHYHORSPHQWSURPRWHGRU
XQGHUPLQHGZRPHQ·VULJKWV"
7KHVHFRQGWUHQGLVDTXHVWLRQLQJRI
ZKDW*$'KDVLQGHHGDFKLHYHGIRU
ZRPHQ7KH¶PDLQVWUHDPLQJ·RIJHQGHU
GHYDOXLQJZRPHQ·VFULWLFDOFRQWULEXWLRQV IRUH[DPSOHDQGKHQFHWKHLUVRFLDOSRVL DSSURDFKHVLQGHYHORSPHQWDWWKHOHYHORI
WRWKHP7KHPDLQDLPRI*$'SROLF\ WLRQDQGVHOIHVWHHPEXWVWLOOQRW SROLF\KDVRIWHQOHGWRJUHDWHUDZDUHQHVV

4 FORCED MIGRATION review 9


RIZRPHQ·VQHHGVDQGDJUHDWHUOHYHORI
LQYHVWPHQWLQVXSSRUWLQJWKHVH<HWWKH
RXWFRPHVKDYHRIWHQEHHQSDOOLDWLYHLQ
QDWXUHSURYLGLQJZRPHQZLWKIRUH[DP
SOHDGGLWLRQDOLQFRPHLQFUHDVHG
PRELOLW\RUDFFHVVWRVHUYLFHVZKLOHQRW
FRQIURQWLQJWKHLGHRORJLFDOEDVLVRIGLV
FULPLQDWLRQDJDLQVWWKHP7KH\KDYH
RIWHQIDLOHGWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKH
SRZHUUHODWLRQVLQZKLFKZRPHQDUH
HQPHVKHGRUWRJLYHWUXHUHFRJQLWLRQWR
ZRPHQ·VVWUHQJWKVDQGFDSDFLW\WRDFW
RQWKHLURZQDFFRXQW
7KHDWWHQWLRQZRPHQKDYHUHFHLYHGIURP
GHYHORSPHQWDJHQFLHVDQGSROLF\PDNHUV
KDVRIWHQEHHQWRROLWWOHWRRODWHDQGWRR
VXSHUILFLDOWRSURPRWHWKHH[HUFLVHRI
WKHLUULJKWV$UHFHQWUHIOHFWLRQRIWKLV
VWDWHRIDIIDLUVKDVEHHQHYLGHQFHGLQ
WKH%HLMLQJFRQVXOWDWLRQSURFHVV
7KHFRQVXOWDWLRQDV6ULODNVKPL*XUXUDMD
Gender and displacement
GHUZKHQGHDOLQJZLWKFODLPVIURP
6RXWKHUQZRPHQZKRPWKH\DVVXPHWR
EHSRRUDQGEDGO\HGXFDWHGLQFDSDEOH
RIFRQIURQWLQJDFWLYHO\WKHVRFLDOFRQ
VWUXFWLRQVLQZKLFKWKHLUOLYHVDUHIUDPHG
LLL $GHHSHUDQGPRUHLQFOXVLYH
JHQGHUDQDO\VLVIUDPHZRUN
7KHWKLUGWUHQGLVDJURZLQJDSSUHFLD
WLRQWKDWLQFUHDVLQJZRPHQ·VDFFHVVWR
HFRQRPLFVHFXULW\DQGWRVRXUFHVRI
LQFRPHORQJWKHIRFXVRI*$'SURMHFWV
LVWRRQDUURZDJRDO1RWRQO\GRHVLW
QRWWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWPHQ·VJHQGHUHG
UROHVDVVXJJHVWHGDERYHEXWLWDOVR
IDLOVWRUHFRJQL]HWKHIXOOUDQJHRI
ZRPHQ·VFRQWULEXWLRQVWRVRFLHW\DQG
RIWKHLUQHHGVDQGLQWHUHVWV
8QGHUVWDQGLQJDQGSURPRWLQJVXVWDLQ
DEOHOLYHOLKRRGVLQYROYHVUHFRJQL]LQJDQG
The gender dimensions of forced
migration
/RRNLQJDWIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQIURPDJHQ
GHUSHUVSHFWLYHSURYLGHVLQVLJKWLQWRD
QXPEHURILVVXHVUHODWLQJWRWKHSODQ
QLQJDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIKXPDQLW
DULDQDVVLVWDQFH$V*XUXUDMDVXJJHVWV
FRQIOLFWDQGGLVDVWHUVLPSDFWGLIIHUHQWO\
RQPHQDQGZRPHQ,WFDQQRWEH
DVVXPHGWKDWWKHLUQHHGVDQGLQWHUHVWV
DUHWKHVDPHQRUWKDWWKRVHRIZRPHQ
RURIPHQDUHWKHVDPHHYHU\ZKHUH
$JHQGHUDSSURDFKWKHQUHTXLUHVSURMHFW
SODQQLQJWREHEDVHGRQDQXQGHUVWDQG
LQJRIWKHYDULHGFRQWH[WVLQZKLFKLQWHU
YHQWLRQVDUHLPSOHPHQWHG$QLPSRUWDQW
FRQFOXVLRQHPHUJLQJIURPWKLVFROOHFWLRQ
LVWKHGDQJHURIWDNLQJDEURDGEUXVK
DSSURDFKWRWKHGHVLJQRIDVVLVWDQFH
SURJUDPPHVDQGRIGHSOR\LQJPRGHOV
DQGJXLGHOLQHVZKLFKDUHLQVHQVLWLYHWR
SRLQWVRXWFRQFOXGHGWKDWILYH\HDUVVLQFH
WKHODQGPDUN%HLMLQJ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&RQIHUHQFHRQ:RPHQWRRNSODFHEDUULHUV
VWLOOUHPDLQLQLPSOHPHQWLQJLWVSURYLVLRQV
$VVLVWDQFHSURYLGHUVERWKJRYHUQPHQWDO
DQGQRQJRYHUQPHQWDORUPXOWLODWHUDO
KDYHRIWHQEHHQGLODWRU\LQDSSURDFKLQJ
DEXVHVRIZRPHQ·VULJKWVLQGHHGRI
KXPDQULJKWVJHQHUDOO\2IWHQVHHIRU
H[DPSOH3HWHU0ZDQJL.DQJZDMD·V
UHPDUNVRQVH[XDODEXVHRI6XGDQHVH
VXSSRUWLQJZRPHQ·VUROHVLQDJULFXOWXUH
DQLPDOKXVEDQGU\FRPPHUFHDQGLQWKH
GLVWULEXWLRQDQGFRQVXPSWLRQRIIRRG
DQGRWKHUEHQHILWVZLWKLQWKHKRXVHKROG
DQGFRPPXQLW\'HVSLWHGHFDGHVRIHYL
GHQFHRIZRPHQ·VFRQWULEXWLRQWRIRRG
SURGXFWLRQJOREDOO\GHYHORSPHQWDQG
KXPDQLWDULDQDJHQFLHVVWLOOWHQGWRIRFXV
WKHLULQYHVWPHQWLQFURSVDQGSURGXF
WLRQV\VWHPVPDQDJHGE\PHQ6LPLODUO\
WKHWHFKQLFDOVRFLDOHFRQRPLFDQGSROLW
ORFDOFRQWH[WVRUXQLQIRUPHGE\UHVHDUFK
DQGDQDO\VLVRIWKHVHFRQWH[WV
7KHDUWLFOHVLQWKLVLVVXHKDYHUHOHYDQFH
IRUIRXULPSRUWDQWTXHVWLRQVLQSDUWLFXODU
WKHLPSDFWRILQWHUYHQWLRQVRQSURFHVVHV
RIVRFLDOFKDQJHWKHPDQDJHPHQWRI
FDPSVIRUUHIXJHHVDQGGLVSODFHGSHU
VRQVVH[XDOYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQ
DQGWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRILQWHUQDWLRQDO
FRQYHQWLRQVDQGJXLGHOLQHVRQWKHULJKWV
ZRPHQLQ.HQ\D LFDOVNLOOVZKLFK RIHVSHFLDOO\ZRPHQUHIXJHHVDQG,'3V
WKHVHDUHGLVPLVVHG ZRPHQDSSO\ZKHQ
DVEHORQJLQJLQWKH conflict and disasters FRQWULEXWLQJWR L $VVLVWDQFHSURJUDPPHVDQGWKHLU
UHDOPRI¶FXOWXUH· FRPSOH[V\VWHPVRI LPSDFWRQVRFLDOFKDQJH
DQGKHQFHEH\RQG impact differently on IRRGVHFXULW\DUH
RIWHQRYHUORRNHG +RZGRJHQGHUUROHVDQGUHODWLRQVKLSV
WKHVFRSHRIDVVLV
WDQFHSURJUDPPHV
men and women $UHODWLYHO\XQGHU VKLIWXQGHUWKHSUHVVXUHRIUDSLG
7KLVPD\EHWUXH UHVHDUFKHGDUHDLQ XSKHDYDOV"6RPHJHQHUDOWUHQGVFDQEH
HYHQZKHUHSURWHFWLRQLVSDUWRIWKH WKLVFRQWH[WLVZRPHQ·VFRQWULEXWLRQWR REVHUYHGWKHUHLVDWHQGHQF\IRUZRPHQ
RUJDQL]DWLRQ·VPDQGDWH7KHSROLWLFVRI WKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIJHQHWLFGLYHUVLW\RI WRWDNHRQPRUHDQGGLIIHUHQWUROHVDV
DJHQF\VXUYLYDOZLWKLQKRVWFRXQWULHV FURSVDQGSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVLQSRVW SURYLGHUVDQGSURWHFWRUVRIIDPLOLHV
FDQGDPSHQWKHLQFOLQDWLRQWRFKDOOHQJH GLVDVWHUFRQWH[WVVHH0RQLFD7UXMLOOR·V WRGUDZFRQILGHQFHDQGGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
GLVFULPLQDWRU\LGHRORJLHV+RZHYHU
WKHDJHQFLHVFRQFHUQHGPD\WKHUHE\OD\
WKHPVHOYHVRSHQWRFKDUJHVRIGLVFULPL
QDWLRQWKURXJKQHJOHFW
:KLOHDVVLVWDQFHSURYLGHUVKDYHRIWHQ
IRXQGLWUHODWLYHO\HDV\WRDGGUHVV
ZRPHQ·VQHHGVDVYXOQHUDEOHYLFWLPVRI
ZDUWKH\KDYHRIWHQEDXONHGDWVXSSRUW
LQJZRPHQLQWKHLUFDSDFLW\WREHDFWLYH
VKDSHUVRIWKHLURZQOLYHV¶VHHLQJZRPHQ
DVVXUYLYRUVQRWYLFWLPV·LQ*XUXUDMD·V
DUWLFOH
0RUHEURDGO\DJHQFLHVKDYHRQO\UHOD
WLYHO\UHFHQWO\EHJXQWRDFNQRZOHGJH
WKDWWKHQRQPDWHULDODVSHFWVRISHRSOH·V
OLYHVSOD\DVJUHDWDSDUWDVWKHLUHFR
QRPLFVXFFHVV7KHVHQRQPDWHULDO
DVSHFWVLQFOXGHWKHLUSHUVRQDODQGVH[X
DOUHODWLRQVKLSVWKHLUUHSURGXFWLYHDQG
PHQWDOKHDOWKWKHLUVHOIHVWHHPDQGWKH
UHVSHFWWKH\UHFHLYHIURPRWKHUVDQG
WKHLUFDSDFLW\IRUSROLWLFDOLQYROYHPHQW
IURPWKHVHH[SHULHQFHVDQGWRGHYHORS
WKHLUSROLWLFDOFRQVFLRXVQHVVDQGDJHQF\
2QWKHRWKHUKDQGPHQRIWHQILQGWKHP
VHOYHVDWDORRVHHQGXQDEOHWRUH
HVWDEOLVKWKHLUSRVLWLRQDVUHVSHFWHG
GHFLVLRQPDNHUV
7KLVWHQGHQF\IRUZRPHQWRWDNHRQQHZ
UROHVLVRIWHQJLYHQFRQVFLRXVHQFRXUDJH
PHQWE\DLGSURYLGHUVDVGHPRQVWUDWHG
E\WKH%XUXQGLDQG6UL/DQNDFDVHV
SKUDVH:K\VKRXOGWKLVEHVR"
/LNH.DQJZDMD+HDYHQ&UDZOH\DGGUHVV
LQJWKHTXHVWLRQIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRI
DV\OXPFODLPVIURPZRPHQDQGKRZ
DQGDFWLYLVP*XUXUDMD·VRYHUYLHZ
GHVFULEHVDQXPEHURISURMHFWVWDNLQJ
WKLVEURDGSHUVSHFWLYH 7KHH[LVWHQFH
RIVXFKSURMHFWVLVHYLGHQFHRI
SURJUHVVDZD\IURPDKXPDQLWDULDQ
GHVFULEHGKHUHLQWKHKRSHWKDWE\
GRLQJVRWKHRSSRUWXQLW\FDQEHWDNHQWR
EXLOGPRUHHTXLWDEOHSRZHUUHODWLRQVLQ
IXWXUH,VVXFKRSWLPLVPMXVWLILHG"
7KHFDVHVTXRWHGLQWKLVLVVXHWKURZ
WKH\DUHKDQGOHGLPSOLHVWKDWLPPLJUD PRGHOFRQFHUQHGPDLQO\ZLWKVKHOWHU GRXEWRQWKHFDSDFLW\RIWKHLQWHU
WLRQRIILFLDOVWRRDUHLQIOXHQFHGE\WKHLU IRRGDQGLQFRPHEXWVWLOOIDOOVVKRUWRI QDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\WRLQIOXHQFHJHQGHU
RZQHWKQRFHQWULFXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIJHQ FRQVWLWXWLQJDFRPSUHKHQVLYHPRGHO

FORCED MIGRATION review 9 5

 Gender and displacement
UHODWLRQVLQDSRVLWLYHDQGODVWLQJZD\
)RUH[DPSOHDGYDQFLQJZRPHQ·VLQWHU
HVWVDWDVXSHUILFLDOZRPHQIRFXVHG
OHYHOZKLFKIDLOVWRFKDOOHQJHRYHUDOO
SDUDGLJPVRIJHQGHUGLIIHUHQFHOHDYHV
ZRPHQZLWKQHZUROHVWRIXOILOEXWQR
LQVWLWXWLRQDOOHYHUDJHWRIXOILOWKHPHIIHF
WLYHO\DVERWK7XUQHUDQG%UXQVKRZ
:KDWLVDOVRFOHDUIURPWKHVHDFFRXQWV
KRZHYHULVWKDWSRVWFULVLVLQWHUYHQWLRQV
DUHHTXDOO\XQOLNHO\WREHQHXWUDOLQWKHLU
LPSDFWRQWKHFKDQJLQJSRVLWLRQDQG
FRQGLWLRQRIPHQDQGZRPHQDQGPD\
LQGHHGUHLQIRUFHSDWULDUFKDOLQVWLWXWLRQV
LL $JHQF\DQGSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGWKH
FKDOOHQJHWRPDQDJHPHQW
0DQDJHPHQWRIDVVLVWDQFHSURJUDPPHV
LVLQIOXHQFHGFULWLFDOO\E\WKHDWWLWXGHV
DQGYDOXHVRIWKHKXPDQLWDULDQSURIHV
VLRQ:KLOHSURWHFWLRQRIWKHYXOQHUDEOH
LVDPDMRUIDFWRULQKXPDQLWDULDQSROLF\
DQGLQWKHPRWLYDWLRQRIDJHQF\SHUVRQ
QHOWKLVQHHGVDWWKHVDPHWLPHWREH
EDODQFHGE\DUHFRJQLWLRQWKDWGLVSODFHG
SHRSOHDUHLQGLYLGXDOVZLWKWKHLURZQ
KLVWRULHVVNLOOVVWUHQJWKVDQGFDSDFLWLHV
DQGZLWKVHWVRISHUVRQDODQGVRFLDOUHOD
WLRQVZKLFKFULVLVZLOOQRWHDVLO\HURGH
UHVLOLHQFHDQGGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKRVH
ZKRKDYHXQGHUJRQHVXFKH[SHULHQFHV
SUHGLVSRVHVDVVLVWDQFHSURJUDPPHV
WRZDUGVRIIHULQJSDOOLDWLYHFDUHUDWKHU
WKDQFRQIURQWLQJXQGHUO\LQJV\VWHPLF
LQMXVWLFHV8VLQJLWPD\OHDGWRH[WHQG
LQJWKHQRWLRQRI¶YLFWLPKRRG·WRDOO
ZRPHQRUWRDOOGLVSODFHGSHRSOHRUDOO
RIDSDUWLFXODUHWKQLFLW\RUFODVV
6XFK¶YLFWLPV·DUHVHHQDVEHLQJSURQH
WRWKH¶GHSHQGHQF\V\QGURPH·PHQ
WLRQHGE\7XUQHUDGGLFWHGWRDVVLVWDQFH
DQGDQHWHUQDOFKDUJHRQWKHLQWHUQDW
LRQDOFRPPXQLW\
DV.DJZDQMDGHVFULEHVZKLFKFRQVWUDLQ 3DUWLFLSDWLRQE\WKHGLVSODFHGDQG
ZRPHQ·VKXPDQULJKWVIRUSURWHFWLRQ 7KHQRWLRQRIYXOQHUDELOLW\KDVILJXUHG HVSHFLDOO\ZRPHQLQWKHPDQDJHPHQW
7RWKHH[WHQWWKDWRIILFLDOWHFKQLFDO KLJKO\LQKXPDQLWDULDQGLVFRXUVHIRU RIFDPSVLVRQHDSSURDFKZKLFKDLPVWR
DVVLVWDQFHLJQRUHVSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV \HDUV,WKDVKDGSDUWLFXODULPSOLFDWLRQV EUHDNGRZQ¶YLFWLPKRRG·+RZHYHU
PDQDJHGE\ZRPHQDVZLWKWKHDJULFXO IRUGLVSODFHGZRPHQFKLOGUHQDQGWKH TXHVWLRQVPXVWEHDVNHGDV7XUQHU
WXUDOV\VWHPVGHVFULEHGE\7UXMLOORWKLV
PD\KDYHORQJWHUPFRQVHTXHQFHVIRU
ERWKIRRGVHFXULW\DQGZRPHQ·VFDSDFLW\
WRPDQDJHWKHLURZQDIIDLUV*XUXUDMD
SRLQWVWRDQLPSRUWDQWFRQFOXVLRQWKH
QHFHVVLW\RIVRFLDODQGJHQGHUUHVHDUFK
LQWRGLVSODFHGFRPPXQLWLHVDVDEDVLV
IRUSODQQLQJDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
DVVLVWDQFHSURJUDPPHV
Dinka refugee returning from Ethiopia to Sudan.
Panos Pictures/Martin Adler
6 FORCED MIGRATION review 9
GLVDEOHGZKRDUHRIWHQFDWHJRUL]HGDV
¶YXOQHUDEOHJURXSV·¶9LFWLP·PD\ZHOOEH
DQDSSURSULDWHZRUGIRUWKRVHZRPHQ
DQGPHQZKRKDYHVXIIHUHGUDSHIRU
H[DPSOHDQGWKHDWWHQGDQWPXOWLSOH
FULVHVRISK\VLFDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDO
LQMXU\DQGUHMHFWLRQE\IDPLOLHVFRP
PXQLWLHVDQGOHJDOV\VWHPV<HWWKHXVH
RIWKHZRUGGHQ\LQJDVLWGRHVWKH
GRHVDERXWZKREHQHILWVPRVWIURPWKLV
DSSURDFK'RWKHGLVSODFHGJDLQGLJQLW\
DQGVHOIHVWHHPIURPLWRULVLWDPDQDJH
PHQWWRRO"2YHUDQGDERYHWKDW
SULRULWL]LQJZRPHQLQFDPSPDQDJHPHQW
PD\VHUYHQHLWKHUZRPHQQRUPHQZHOO
VLQFHLWERWKH[FOXGHVPHQDQGLIFDUULHG
RXWDWDVXSHUILFLDOOHYHOIDLOVWRFDSLWDO
L]HRQZRPHQ·VFDSDFLWLHVDQGDJHQF\
 Gender and displacement

LLL6H[XDOYLROHQFH LVVXHVRIZRPHQ·VULJKWVUHIHUUHGWR EHFRPHGHEDVHG"+DVWKHIXQGDPHQWDO

DERYHKDVEOLQGHGPDQ\DVVLVWDQFH PHDQLQJRIJHQGHUDVVRFLDOFRQVWUXF
0DMRUDVVLVWDQFHSURYLGHUVVXFKDV SURYLGHUVWRLWVGHHSHULPSOLFDWLRQV WLRQVRIPDVFXOLQLW\DQGIHPLQLQLW\
81+&5KDYHUHODWLYHO\UHFHQWO\UHFRJ EHHQVZHSWDVLGHLQWKHVHDUFKIRUSROLF\
QL]HGUDSHDQGRWKHUIRUPVRIVH[XDO LY ,QWHUQDWLRQDOOHJDOIUDPHZRUNV SUHVFULSWLRQV"$QGLQWKHSURFHVVLVLWLQ
YLROHQFHVXFKDVIRUFHGPDUULDJHDV
EHLQJDVLJQLILFDQWSKHQRPHQRQDIIHFW
LQJUHIXJHHDQGGLVSODFHGFRPPXQLWLHV
DQGRQHZKLFKQHHGVWREHDGGUHVVHGE\
DVVLVWDQFHSURJUDPPHVLQSUDFWLFDOZD\V
DVSDUWRIWKHSURWHFWLRQPDQGDWH
$WWHQWLRQKDVEHHQSDLGWRLVVXHVVXFK
DVFDPSOD\RXWDQGOLJKWLQJDQGWKHSUR
DQGVWDQGDUGV
$QXPEHURILQWHUQDWLRQDOOHJDOIUDPH
ZRUNVGUDZQHVVHQWLDOO\IURPWKH81
&KDUWHURQ+XPDQ5LJKWVKDYHEHHQ
GHYHORSHGWRJXLGHLQWHUQDWLRQDO
UHVSRQVHVWRUHIXJHHDQGGLVSODFHGSHR
SOH·VULJKWVVHH*XUXUDMD·VDUWLFOHIRU
GDQJHURIIDLOLQJERWKZRPHQDQGPHQ"
,I¶JHQGHU·LVWREHUHVFXHGDVDXVHIXO
SURMHFWIRUGHYHORSPHQWLWQHHGVWLPH
DQGUHVRXUFHVWREHLQYHVWHGLQUHVHDUFK
LQRUGHUWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZLWZRUNVLQ
GLIIHUHQWVRFLDOHFRQRPLFDQGSROLWLFDO
FRQWH[WV,WQHHGVWREHUHSROLWLFL]HG
YLVLRQRIVHUYLFHVDQGVXSSRUWWRUDSHG
ZRPHQ0XFKRIWKHLPSHWXVIRUWKLV
DWWHQWLRQFDPHIURP81+&5VSRQ
VRUHGLQLWLDWLYHVDPRQJ6RPDOLDQG
6XGDQHVHUHIXJHHVLQ.HQ\DUHIHUUHGWR
E\.DJZDQMD
.DJZDQMD·VDUWLFOHVHHNVWRGHHSHQWKH
XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHSKHQRPHQRQE\
OLQNLQJLWVKLJKLQFLGHQFHLQWKH.HQ\DQ
FRQWH[WWRXQGHUO\LQJJHQGHUDQGHWKQLF
GLVFULPLQDWLRQERWKZLWKLQWKHUHIXJHH
FRPPXQLWLHVDQGZLWKLQWKH.HQ\DQ
VWDWHDQGHYHQHFKRHG
LQWKHDVVLVWDQFHFRP
PXQLW\+RZHYHUWKH
LVVXHRIVH[XDOYLROHQFH is gender still a
UDLVHVRWKHUIXQGDPHQ
WDOTXHVWLRQV
useful concept"
)LUVWKRZFDQWKHDSSDU
HQWLQFUHDVHLQVH[XDOYLROHQFHLQ
VLWXDWLRQVRIFRQIOLFWEHH[SODLQHG"
:KDWIDFWRUVDUHLQKHUHQWLQFRQIOLFW
UHIHUHQFHVWRNH\H[DPSOHV7KHVHKDYH
EHHQDFFRPSDQLHGE\FRGHVRIFRQGXFW
JRRGSUDFWLFHJXLGHOLQHVDQGWUDLQLQJ
SURJUDPPHV
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQKRZHYHUODJVEHKLQG
SDUWO\EHFDXVHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIDJUHHG
SROLF\YDU\LQGLIIHUHQWFXOWXUDODQG
SROLWLFDOFRQWH[WVDQGKDYHWREHUH
PDGHLQHDFKFRQWH[W&UDZOH\DQG
.DJZDQMDH[DPLQLQJWKLVTXHVWLRQIURP
WZRGLIIHUHQWYLHZSRLQWVVXJJHVWWKDW
HWKQLFDQGJHQGHULGHRORJLHVRIGLVFULPL
QDWLRQPD\XQGHUSLQERWK
WKHSROLF\DQGWKHSUDF
WLFHRIDV\OXPDQG
SURWHFWLRQ+RZHYHU
1DWKDOLD%HUNRZLW]·QRWH
RQWKH8.JHQGHUJXLGH
OLQHVVXJJHVWVWKDW
FRQVWUXFWLYHOREE\LQJ
FDQEULQJDERXWVLJQLILFDQWFKDQJHVLQ
ERWKDWWLWXGHVDQGSUDFWLFH
DQGXQGHUVWRRGDVDIDFWRURIFRQWHVWHG
LGHQWLWLHVERWKRIZRPHQDQGRIPHQ
0RVWLPSRUWDQWO\LIJHQGHULVWRFRQWLQ
XHWREHDUHOHYDQWFRQFHSWLWQHHGVWR
EHXQGHUVWRRGDVKDYLQJPHDQLQJIRU
ERWKPHQDQGZRPHQROGDQG\RXQJ
VHWWOHGDQGGLVSODFHG1RUWKDQG6RXWK
LQRWKHUZRUGVDVDQH[SUHVVLRQRI
KXPDQ LGHQWLW\DQGKXPDQ DVSLUDWLRQV
-XG\(O%XVKUDLV$FWLQJ'LUHFWRURI
WKH5HVHDUFKDQG3ROLF\3URJUDPPH
DW$&25'DORQJWHUPGHYHORSPHQW
DJHQF\ZRUNLQJLQSRRUDQGLVRODWHG
FRPPXQLWLHVLQ$IULFD
(PDLOMXG\H#DFRUGRUJXN
Research update
5HIXJHHYRLFHVLQ(XURSH
5HIXJHHVIURPIRUPHU<XJRVODYLD
LQ,WDO\DQGWKH1HWKHUODQGV²
H[SHULHQFHVRILQWHJUDWLRQZLWK
ZKLFKWULJJHUWKLVUHVSRQVH"(IIHFWLYH
DVVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHVGHSHQGRQDGHHSHU
XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHSKHQRPHQRQLQ
JHQHUDO
6HFRQGO\WKHUHLVDZLGHVSUHDGDVVXPS
WLRQUHIOHFWHGLQWKHDUWLFOHVLQWKLV
Conclusion IRFXVRQUROHRIJHQGHU
$SULO0D\
7KHDUWLFOHVLQWKLVLVVXHGHPRQVWUDWH 5HVHDUFKHU'U0DMD.RUDF
VRPHRIWKHLQVLJKWVWKDWDJHQGHU 5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUH
DSSURDFKFDQRIIHUWRWKHSODQQLQJDQG
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDVVLVWDQFHSUR 7KHPDLQDLPRIWKLVUHVHDUFKLVWR
YROXPHWKDWUDSHDQGVH[XDOYLROHQFH
DUHLQIOLFWHGE\PHQRQZRPHQHYHQ
WKRXJKHYLGHQFHVKRZVPDOHUDSHWREH
DVLJQLILFDQWIHDWXUHRIPDQ\FRQIOLFWV
7KLVWRRKDVLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUDVVLVWDQFH
SURJUDPPHVLIVXSSRUWIRUUDSHG
ZRPHQKDVEHHQLQVXIILFLHQWVXSSRUW
IRUUDSHGPHQLVYLUWXDOO\QRQH[LVWHQW
JUDPPHVLQVXSSRUWRIGLVSODFHG
FRPPXQLWLHVDQGLQGLYLGXDOV6XFKDQ
DSSURDFKFDQHQVXUHWKDWZRPHQ·VSUDF
WLFDOQHHGVHDV\WRRYHUORRNEHFRPH
PRUHYLVLEOHDQGWKDWWKHLURZQHIIRUWV
WRLPSURYHWKHLUVRFLDOSRVLWLRQFDQEH
VXSSRUWHG,WFDQKHOSDVVLVWDQFHDJHQ
FLHVWRJDLQLPSURYHGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI
WKHVRFLDOHFRQRPLFDQGSROLWLFDO
DQDO\VHWKHVRFLDOFRQGLWLRQVRI
UHIXJHHVDQGH[SORUHWKHLUH[SHUL
HQFHVRILQWHJUDWLRQLQWKHSURFHVV
RIUHIXJHHVHWWOHPHQWZLWKDVSHFLDO
IRFXVRQWKHUROHRIJHQGHU7KH
SURMHFWWDNHVWKHIRUPRIDFRPSDU
DWLYHVWXG\RIH[LOHFRPPXQLWLHV
IURPIRUPHU<XJRVODYLDLQ,WDO\DQG
WKH1HWKHUODQGV,WDGGUHVVHVWKH
7KLUGO\ZK\KDVLWEHHQVRGLIILFXOWIRU LPSDFWVRIWKHLUFKRLFHVRIDFWLRQDQG IROORZLQJLVVXHVLWKHVRFLDOFRQGL
VH[XDOYLROHQFHWREHUHFRJQL]HGLQ LQYHVWPHQW0DLQVWUHDPLQJJHQGHU WLRQVRIUHIXJHHVIURPIRUPHU
WHUPVRIJOREDOSROLF\DVDSXVKIDFWRU DQDO\VLVLQWRLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHJDOIUDPH <XJRVODYLDLQWKHWZR(8FRXQWULHV
LQGLVSODFHPHQWDQGKHQFHJURXQGVIRU ZRUNVDQGDJHQFLHVIRUPVWKHEDVLVRI LLWKHQDWXUHRI¶VXFFHVVIXOLQWHJUD
DV\OXP"$SDUWLFXODUDVSHFWRIWKLVDQG DFFRXQWDELOLW\E\WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO WLRQ·DVGHVLUHGE\WKHUHIXJHHV
RQHUDUHO\DFNQRZOHGJHGLVWKHLVVXHRI
KRPRSKRELFGLVFULPLQDWLRQERWKDVD
SXVKIDFWRULQFRXQWULHVRIUHIXJHHRUL
JLQDQGLQDV\OXPFRXQWULHV+RPR
SKRELDLVLQGHHGUDUHO\UHJDUGHGDVD
¶JHQGHULVVXH·DWDOOHYHQWKRXJKLWLVD
FRPPXQLW\WRZDUGVWKHGLVSODFHGDQG
FDQKHOSLGHQWLI\ELDVHVZKLFKLQVWLWX
WLRQVPXVWFRQIURQWLQWKHLURZQ
DWWLWXGHVDQGSUDFWLFH
<HWDVWKHH[DPSOHVTXRWHGKHUHVKRZ
WKHPVHOYHVLLLWKHSROLF\FRQWH[WV
DQGWKHLUUHODWLRQWRWKHQHHGVDQG
H[SHFWDWLRQVRIUHIXJHHV)LQGLQJV
RIWKHRYHUDOOFRPSDUDWLYHVWXG\
ZLOOEHFRPSOHWHGE\WKHHQGRI0D\
)XQGHGE\/LVD*LODG
SULPHH[DPSOHRIWKH¶VRFLDOO\DQGFXO
WXUDOO\FRQVWUXFWHGH[SHFWDWLRQV·RI
PHQ·VDQGZRPHQ·VEHKDYLRXURQZKLFK
JHQGHUDQDO\VLVLVIRXQGHG7KHDVVRFLD
WLRQRI¶JHQGHUGLVFULPLQDWLRQ·ZLWK
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
JDSVDQGFRQWUDGLFWLRQVDSSHDULQSUDF
WLFHSURPSWLQJWKHTXHVWLRQLVJHQGHU
VWLOODXVHIXOFRQFHSW"+DVLWEHHQXVHG
VRZLGHO\DQGWRUHSUHVHQWVRPDQ\GLI
IHULQJSHUVSHFWLYHVWKDWLWVFXUUHQF\KDV
,QLWLDWLYHDQG(&5(
)RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQFRQWDFW0DMD.RUDF
DWPDMDNRUDF#THKR[DFXNRUYLVLWWKH
56&ZHEVLWHDWZZZTHKR[DFXNUVF
7
Gender and displacement
Vindicating masculinity: the fate
of promoting gender equality
This article explores how attempts by UNHCR
and others to empower women in refugee
camps are reinterpreted and given new
meaning by the refugees themselves.
:
RPHQ·VLVVXHVKDYHEHFRPH
LQFUHDVLQJO\FHQWUDOLQ
81+&5·VSROLFLHVRYHUWKHSDVW
\HDUV2IWHQOXPSHGWRJHWKHUZLWK
FKLOGUHQLQVXUYH\VWKH\DUHSHUFHLYHG
DVYXOQHUDEOHYLFWLPVRIZDU
by Simon Turner
VD\:RPHQZHUHEHFRPLQJSURVWLWXWHV
PHQZHUHSRO\JDPLVWVGLYRUFHUDWHV
ZHUHJRLQJXSDQG\RXQJPHQZHUHPDU
U\LQJROGZRPHQ$JHQHUDOWKHPHLQ
PRVWLQWHUYLHZVZDVWKDWZRPHQQR
ORQJHUUHVSHFWHGWKHLUKXVEDQGV,I,
HQTXLUHGPRUHDERXWWKLVWKHDQVZHU
ZDVTXLWHFOHDU´:RPHQILQG81+&5D
RIFRPEDWLQJDSDWK\DQGGHSHQGHQF\
EHWWHUKXVEDQGµ%\WKLVWKH\PHDQWWKDW
DPRQJUHIXJHHVDQGRIJLYLQJWKHPD
PHQLGHDOO\VKRXOGSURYLGHIRUWKHLU
FHUWDLQDPRXQWRIVHOIHVWHHP7RTXRWH
ZLYHVDQGFKLOGUHQZKLOHZRPHQDQG
81+&5·VJXLGHOLQHVRQWKHSURWHFWLRQRI
FKLOGUHQVKRXOGREH\DQGUHVSHFWWKH
UHIXJHHZRPHQ
PHQ%XWLQWKHFDPSDFFRUGLQJWRWKH
UHIXJHHV81+&5RUPHUHO\WKHZKLWH
´3DUWLFLSDWLRQLWVHOISURPRWHVSURWHF
´$PRQJWKHSHRSOHKLWKDUGHVWE\WKH
YLROHQFHDQGXQFHUWDLQW\RIGLVSODFH
PHQWDUHJLUOVHOGHUO\ZLGRZVVLQJOH
PRWKHUV²ZRPHQ$VDUXOHRIWKXPE
VRPHSHUFHQWRIWKHVHGHVWLWXWH
GLVSODFHGSHRSOHDUHZRPHQDQGWKHLU
GHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQµ
(YRNLQJWKHSLFWXUHRIZRPHQDQGFKLO
GUHQ1*2VDQG81+&5DUHDEOHWR
DSSHDOWRRXUKXPDQLWDULDQV\PSDWK\
$V/LLVD0DONNL KDVSRLQWHGRXWFKLOGUHQ
DQGIHPDOHUHIXJHHVHSLWRPL]HEDUH
KXPDQLW\:RPHQDUHFRQVWUXHGDV
PRUH¶WUXH·UHIXJHHVEHLQJWKHYLFWLPV
UDWKHUWKDQWKHSHUSHWUDWRUVRIZDUDQG
YLROHQFH+RZHYHUWKLVSLFWXUHDOVR
PDQZRXOGSURYLGHIRRGIRUHYHU\ERG\
WLRQ,QWHUQDOSURWHFWLRQSUREOHPVDUH
LUUHVSHFWLYHRIDJHJHQGHURUVWDWXV
RIWHQGXHDVPXFKWRSHRSOH·VIHHOLQJV
6RDFFRUGLQJWRWKLVUHDVRQLQJWKH
RILVRODWLRQIUXVWUDWLRQODFNRI
ZRPHQRQO\UHVSHFWDQGREH\81+&5
EHORQJLQJWRDVWUXFWXUHGVRFLHW\DQG
ODFNRIFRQWURORYHUWKHLURZQIXWXUH
,QDSDUDGR[LFDOPDQQHUWKHLGHDORI
5HIXJHHSDUWLFLSDWLRQKHOSVEXLOGWKH
HYHU\RQHEHLQJHTXDOEHIRUH81+&5KDV
YDOXHVDQGVHQVHRIFRPPXQLW\WKDW
EHHQUHLQWHUSUHWHGLQWHUPVRI81+&5
FRQWULEXWHWRUHGXFLQJSURWHFWLRQ
RUWKHZKLWHPDQWDNLQJWKHSODFHRIWKH
SUREOHPVµ
KXVEDQGDQG
WKHIDWKHU,Q
,QRWKHUZRUGVZRPHQ
UHIXJHHVDUHWREHJLYHQ “Women find UNHCR RWKHUZRUGV
WKHPHQLQWKH
EDFNWKHDJHQF\WKDW
WKH\DOOHJHGO\ORVWDV
a better husband.” FDPSIHOWWKDW
WKHLUSRVLWLRQ
YLFWLPVRIZDU7KLV
DVEUHDGZLQ
ZKROHLGHDRIHPSRZHUPHQWDQGSDUWLFL
QHUVDQGILJXUHVRIDXWKRULW\ZDVXQGHU
SDWLRQLVEDVHGRQDPRGHUQLGHDORI
SUHVVXUH81+&5ZDVWDNLQJWKHLU
UHGXFHVDUHIXJHHZRPDQWRWKHOHYHORI
DQLQIDQWDQGOHDYHVKHUZLWKRXWDJHQF\
DQGUHVSRQVLELOLW\
81+&5LVYHU\FRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHTXHV
WLRQRIDJHQF\DQGHPSRZHULQJZRPHQ
DQGJHWWLQJWKHPWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQFDPS
DFWLYLWLHVKDYHEHFRPHFHQWUDODVSHFWVLQ
WKHSROLFLHVRI81+&5DQGRWKHUUHOLHI
DJHQFLHV,Q/XNROH5HIXJHH&DPSLQ
7DQ]DQLDZKHUH,GLGRYHUD\HDU·VILHOG
ZRUNWKH\ZHUHQRWRQO\FRQFHUQHG
ZLWKKHOSLQJZRPHQ²SURWHFWLRQIURP
UDSHDFFHVVWRIRRGDQGPHGLFDOKHOS
HWF²EXWZHUHDOVRYHU\FRQFHUQHGZLWK
KHOSLQJZRPHQWRKHOSWKHPVHOYHV7KLV
¶KHOSWRVHOIKHOS·RUHPSRZHUPHQWRI
UHIXJHHVLQJHQHUDODQGRIZRPHQLQ
SDUWLFXODUZDVQRWPHUHO\PHDQWDVD
GHPRFUDWLFFLWL]HQVKLSDQGHTXDO
ULJKWV
Babies in UNHCR’s arms
6RKRZGRUHIXJHHVUHDFWWRWKLVLGHDORI
HTXDOULJKWV"+RZGRWKH\LQWHUSUHWWKH
FKDQJHVLQWKHFDPSDQGWKHZD\VLQ
ZKLFKUHOLHIDJHQFLHVDGPLQLVWHUIRRG
DQGRWKHUUHVRXUFHV"
:KHQ,DVNHG%DUXQGLDQUHIXJHHVLQ
/XNROH5HIXJHH&DPS DERXWFKDQJHVLQ
JHQGHUUHODWLRQVDIWHUFRPLQJWRWKH
FDPSPHQDQGZRPHQDOLNHZHUHDOO
YHU\NHHQWRJLYHWKHLURSLQLRQ7KHJHQ
HUDOLPSUHVVLRQ,UHFHLYHG²IURPWKH
PDQ\TXDOLWDWLYHJURXSLQWHUYLHZVDV
ZHOODVDVXUYH\RIUHIXJHHV²ZDV
DXWKRULW\DQGWKHLUZRPHQIURPWKHP
$FRQVHTXHQFHRIWKLVZDVWREHUHGXFHG
WREHFRPLQJHTXDOZLWKKHOSOHVVZRPHQ
RUFKLOGUHQZKLFKZDVFHUWDLQO\QRWD
GHVLUDEOHVWDWH$VD\RXQJPDQVDLG
XSRQEHLQJDVNHGZKHWKHUKHFRXOGVHH
DQ\FKDQJHVLQWKHFDPS´7KHUHLVD
FKDQJH3HRSOHDUHQRWWDNLQJFDUHRI
WKHLURZQOLIH7KH\DUHMXVWOLNHEDELHV
LQ81+&5·VDUPVµ
7KHJHQHUDOIHHOLQJRIORVVDQGRI
VRFLDODQGPRUDOGHFD\WKDWIROORZ
IOLJKWDQGDUULYDOLQDUHIXJHHFDPSLV
RIWHQLQWHUSUHWHGLQWHUPVRIJHQGHU
UHODWLRQVDQGPHQ·VIHHOLQJRISRZHU
OHVVQHVVLVSURMHFWHGRQWR81+&5DQG
LWVSROLF\RIHPSRZHULQJZRPHQ
81+&5KDVVLPSO\WDNHQWKHLUZRPHQ
PHDQVIRUDWWDLQLQJFHUWDLQPDWHULDO WKDWRIPRUDOGHFD\7KLQJVZHUHQR DQGWKHLUPDVFXOLQLW\
JRDOV(PSRZHUPHQWZDVDOVRDPHDQV ORQJHUDVWKH\XVHGWREHWKH\ZRXOG

8 FORCED MIGRATION review 9

 Gender and displacement

Reasserting masculinity

Simon Turner
:KHQ,ILUVWZHQWWR/XNROH,ZDVVXU
SULVHGWRILQGWKDWDODUJHJURXSRI
\RXQJPHQLQWKHFDPSZHUHH[WUHPHO\
VXFFHVVIXO7KHILUVWVXUSULVHZDVWKH
QXPEHURIYHU\\RXQJPDOHVWUHHW
YLOODJHOHDGHUVLQWKHFDPS,LQWHUYLHZHG
OHDGHUVZKRZHUHRQO\\HDUVROGDQG
ZKRKDGEHHQOHDGHUVIRUVHYHUDO\HDUV
7KLVFRQIOLFWHGZLWKP\DVVXPSWLRQV
DERXW%XUXQGLVRFLHW\ZKHUHDJHJLYHV
VWDWXVDQGRQHLVQRWFRQVLGHUHGDUHDO
PDQZRUWKOLVWHQLQJWRXQWLOPXFKROGHU
7KHUHIXJHHVWKHPVHOYHVSURYLGHVRPH
SODXVLEOHH[SODQDWLRQVIRUWKHSKHQRPH
QRQ7KH\H[SODLQHGWKDWRQHKDVWREH
YHU\PRELOHWREHDOHDGHUFRQVWDQWO\
PRYLQJIURPWKH81+&5RIILFHWRWKH
IRRGGLVWULEXWLRQFHQWUHWRWKHSROLFH IHDUHG²LQWKHFDPS7KH\KDGDSXU WKDWHTXDOLW\RQO\FUHDWHVSUREOHPVWKH\
SRVWDQGEDFNWRWKHYLOODJHVWUHHW SRVHLQOLIHDQGKDGWDNHQWKHLUIXWXUHLQ PD\FRQVHTXHQWO\JLYHKDOIRIWKHLU
)XUWKHUPRUHDOHDGHULQWKHFDPS WKHLURZQKDQGVLQVWHDGRIKDQJLQJ ZDJHVWRWKHLUKXVEDQGLQRUGHUQRWWR
SUHIHUDEO\KDVWRNQRZODQJXDJHVZLWK DURXQGWKHFDPSSOD\LQJFDUGVDQGJHW DQWDJRQL]HKLP
(QJOLVKDQG6ZDKLOLEHLQJPRUHXVHIXO WLQJGUXQNOLNHRWKHU\RXQJPHQ3DUW\
WKDQ)UHQFKDQG.LUXQGLWKHRIILFLDOODQ PHPEHUVZHUHHYHQGHI\LQJ81+&5DQG ,WKDVQRWEHHQWKHSXUSRVHRIWKLVDUWL
JXDJHVLQ%XUXQGL)LQDOO\RQHKDVWR
EHDGDSWDEOHDQGQRW¶EHVK\·,QRWKHU
ZRUGVRQHPXVWEHDEOHWROHDUQWKHMDU
JRQRIUHOLHIDJHQFLHVDQGGDUHWR
DSSURDFKWKHPLQWKHULJKWZD\7KHVH
DUHDOOYLUWXHVZKHUHWKH\RXWKKDYHDQ
DGYDQWDJHRYHUWKHROGHUPHQ
6LPLODUO\,IRXQGWKDWDODUJHJURXSRI
\RXQJPHQKDGIRXQGMREVZLWK1*2V
7KH\KHOGPDQ\RIWKHVDPHTXDOLILFD
WLRQVDVWKHOHDGHUVDQGKHOGHTXDOO\
LPSRUWDQWSRVWVLQWKHFDPS%HLQJ
HPSOR\HGE\DQDJHQF\JDYHDFFHVVWR
UHVRXUFHVDQGSRZHU7KHLUSRVLWLRQDV
LQWHUPHGLDULHVEHWZHHQ1*2VSURYLGLQJ
UHVRXUFHVVXFKDVPHGLFDODVVLVWDQFH
7DQ]DQLDQODZSOD\LQJLQVWHDGE\WKHLU
RZQUXOHV2QHFRXOGVD\WKDWWKH\ZHUH
WDNLQJEDFNZKDW81+&5KDGDOOHJHGO\
WDNHQIURPWKHP7KH\ZHUHUHDVVHUWLQJ
WKHLUPDVFXOLQLW\
Conclusion
81+&5DQGRWKHUUHOLHIDJHQFLHVVWURQJO\
HPSKDVL]HGJHQGHUHTXDOLW\DQG
ZRPHQ·VSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ/XNROH5HIXJHH
&DPS0\ILQGLQJVLQWKHFDPSVKRZ
WKDWLQVWHDGRIHPSRZHULQJZRPHQ
WKHVHSROLFLHVKDGWKHSDUDGR[LFDOHIIHFW
RISURYLGLQJXSZDUGPRELOLW\IRUD
JURXSRIVHPLHGXFDWHG\RXQJPHQ
7KHLGHRORJ\RIJHQGHUHTXDOLW\ZDVSHU
FOHWRFULWLFL]H81+&5SROLF\RQJHQGHU
LQJHQHUDODQG,GRQRWSOHDGIRUDVKLIW
WRDFXOWXUDOUHODWLYLVWDSSURDFKHQGRUV
LQJSDWULDUFKDORURWKHURSSUHVVLYH
VWUXFWXUHVLQWKHQDPHRIFXOWXUDOVHQVL
WLYLW\7KLVDUWLFOHPHUHO\SRLQWVRXW
VRPHRIWKHXQLQWHQGHGFRQVHTXHQFHVDW
WKHORFDOOHYHORIVXFKJHQHUDOSROLFLHV
7KHVHXQLQWHQGHGFRQVHTXHQFHVRFFXU
DVDUHVXOWRIWKHUHIXJHHV·UHLQWHUSUHWD
WLRQVRIZHOOLQWHQGHGUHOLHISURJUDPPHV
LQWKHFDPSLQWKLVSDUWLFXODUFDVHFUHDW
LQJVRPHTXLWHXQH[SHFWHGHIIHFWVRQ
DJHDQGJHQGHUUHODWLRQV
6LPRQ7XUQHULVFXUUHQWO\D3K'
&DQGLGDWHDWWKH*UDGXDWH6FKRRO
HGXFDWLRQVRFLDOVHUYLFHVDQGVHFXULW\ FHLYHGDVDWKUHDWWRWKHLUPDVFXOLQLW\ IRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO'HYHORSPHQW
DQGWKHEHQHILFLDU\SRSXODWLRQHQDEOHG ZLWK81+&5WDNLQJWKHLUSODFHDVKXV 6WXGLHV5RVNLOGH8QLYHUVLW\
WKHLQGLYLGXDOVLQYROYHGWREXLOGXSKRUL EDQGVDQGIDWKHUVUHGXFLQJWKHPWR 'HQPDUN+HOLYHGLQ1JDUD
]RQWDOQHWZRUNVZLWKHDFKRWKHUDQG VLEOLQJVRUKHOSOHVVZRPHQ,QWKHLUILJKW 7DQ]DQLDIURPWR
YHUWLFDOQHWZRUNVRISDWURQDJH2IWHQ WRUHJDLQWKHLUSUHVXPHGORVWSODFHWKH\ (PDLOWXUQHU#UXFGN
WKHVHQHWZRUNVZHUHLQWHUPHVKHGZLWK PDQDJHGWRRXWPDQRHXYUHWKHROGHU
81+&5)XQGUDLVLQJ7KH*HQHUDO3URJUDPPHV²
WKHFDPS·VIRUPDOOHDGHUVKLSVWUXFWXUH JHQHUDWLRQRIPHQPDLQO\GXHWRWKHLU 81+&5·V&RUH$FWLYLWLHV SZZZXQKFUFKIGUV
DQGVWURQJO\OLQNHGWRWKHWZRFODQGHV
WLQHSROLWLFDOSDUWLHVLQWKHFDPS
$OWKRXJKSROLWLFDODFWLYLW\LVEDQQHGLQ
UHIXJHHFDPSVLQ7DQ]DQLDLWLVFRP
DELOLW\WRDGDSWWRWKHQHZVXUURXQGLQJV
DQGWRDSSURDFKUHOLHIDJHQFLHVLQWKH
ULJKWPDQQHU7KXVZHVHHDFKDQJHLQ
UHODWLRQVEHWZHHQJHQHUDWLRQV
JSDSS
/LLVD0DONNL3XULW\DQG([LOH9LROHQFH0HPRU\DQG
1DWLRQDO&RVPRORJ\DPRQJ+XWX5HIXJHHVLQ
7DQ]DQLD&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
6HH6LPRQ7XUQHU$QJU\\RXQJPHQLQFDPSVJHQ
GHUDJHDQGFODVVUHODWLRQVDPRQJ%XUXQGLDQUHIXJHHV
LQ7DQ]DQLD:RUNLQJ3DSHU1R81+&5
PRQNQRZOHGJHWKDWWZRULYDO+XWX 2QHPLJKWH[SHFWWKDWWKHFKDQJHVLQ
RSSRVLWLRQSDUWLHVZHUHYHU\DFWLYHLQ
UHFUXLWLQJPHPEHUVLQ/XNROH%HLQJD
PHPEHURIWKHULJKWSDUW\ZRXOGRIWHQ
KHOSD\RXQJPDQLQJHWWLQJDMREZLWK
DQDJHQF\,WFRXOGDOVRVWUHQJWKHQKLV
SRVLWLRQDVDOHDGHU0RUHLPSRUWDQWO\
KRZHYHUEHLQJDSDUW\PHPEHUJDYHD
VHQVHRILGHQWLW\3DUW\OHDGHUVVKRZHG
VWUHQJWKDQGZHUHUHVSHFWHG²HYHQ
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
WKHFDPSKDGDOVREURXJKWDERXWQHZ
SRVVLELOLWLHVIRUDJURXSRIHGXFDWHG
\RXQJZRPHQDVZHOO+RZHYHUPHQ
DQGZRPHQDOLNHLQWHUSUHWFKDQJHVLQ
WKHFDPSDFFRUGLQJWRDGRPLQDQWJHQ
GHULGHRORJ\EDVHGRQPDOHVXSHULRULW\
(YHQ\RXQJHGXFDWHGZRPHQZRUNLQJ
IRU1*2VEHOLHYHRQWKHZKROHWKDW
PHQDUHVXSSRVHGWREHPDVWHUVDQG
ZZZXQKFUFKUHIZRUOGSXEZSDSHUVZSQRKWP
81+&5*XLGHOLQHVRQWKH3URWHFWLRQRI5HIXJHH
:RPHQ
,DUJXHLQP\3K'WKHVLVIURPD)RXFDXOGLDQLGHDRI
ELRSROLWLFVWKDWVXFKLGHDOVFRQVWLWXWHDILQHWXQHG
PDQQHURIJRYHUQLQJWKHFDPSE\FUHDWLQJVHOIJRY
HUQLQJVXEMHFWV
/XNROHLVORFDWHGLQ1RUWK:HVWHUQ7DQ]DQLD$WWKH
WLPHRIP\ILHOGZRUNURXJKO\
%XUXQGLDQVOLYHGLQWKHFDPS
9
Gender and displacement
Making young displaced men
visible by Cathrine Brun
This article examines the importance of under-
standing the part of young men in the
processes of displacement and resettlement
and suggests that agencies need to take
greater account of the role and position of
young displaced men when formulating
gender-sensitive policy and practice.1
<
RXQJPHQDUHDPRQJWKHPRVW
YLVLEOHRIDOOJURXSVLQ3XWWDODP
'LVWULFWRIWKH1RUWK:HVWHUQ
3URYLQFH6UL/DQND$OPRVWSHUFHQW
RIWKH\RXQJPDOHUHVLGHQWVDUHLQWHUQDO
O\GLVSODFHG0XVOLPVH[SHOOHGE\WKH
PRWKHUVDQGZLYHV/LYLQJLQDSRRU
HQYLURQPHQWZLWKVPDOOKRXVHVDQGOLWWOH
SULYDWHVSDFHWKH\DUHVXSSRVHGWR
PDLQWDLQLQRQHZD\RUDQRWKHUWKH
VHFOXVLRQIRU0XVOLPZRPHQDVZHOODV
WRSURWHFWWUDGLWLRQDOIDPLO\YDOXHV2Q
WUDLQLQJSURJUDPPHVDQGVDYLQJJURXSV
0HQDUHRQO\WDUJHWHGDVKHDGVRIKRXVH
KROGVUDWKHUWKDQDVJHQGHUHGDFWRUV
7KH\RXQJPHQORVHRXWEHLQJQHLWKHU
FKLOGUHQQRUKHDGVRIKRXVHKROGVQRU
UHFRJQL]HGDVJHQGHUHGDFWRUV
´:HGRQRWKDYHPXFKFRQWDFWZLWK
1*2VH[FHSWIRURQHRUJDQL]DWLRQWKDW
QRUPDOO\FRPHVWRRXUVHWWOHPHQWEXW
WKH\DUHRQO\LQWHUHVWHGLQWKHZRPHQµ
D\RXQJPDQWROGPH+HFRQWLQXHG
´,QP\YLHZWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQVVKRXOG
KDYHFRQWDFWZLWKRXUJURXS>\RXQJ
PHQ@7KDWZRXOGEHEHWWHUEHFDXVHQRU
PDOO\PHQKDYHPRUHNQRZOHGJHWKDQ
ZRPHQ«0HQVROYHSUREOHPVPRUH
HDVLO\,IDZHOOQHHGHGWREHFRQVWUXFW
HGIRULQVWDQFHZHFRXOGPRUHHDVLO\
GHFLGHWKHVXLWDEOHSODFHDQGWKHQHHG\
/LEHUDWLRQ7LJHUVRI7DPLO(HODP/77( WKHRWKHUKDQGZRPHQDUHDOVRDWWKH
LQ2FWREHUWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHLU
IDPLOLHVDQGIULHQGV
7KHUHDVRQVIRUWKLV¶HWKQLFFOHDQVLQJ·
DUHFRPSOH[EXWRQHUHDVRQZDVWKDWWKH
0XVOLPVZHUHQRWSUHSDUHGWRIXOO\VXS
SRUWWKH/77(DQGZHUHWKXVVHHQDVD
WKUHDWWR/77(GRPLQDWLRQLQWKHQRUWK
0XVOLPVDOPRVWWKHHQWLUH
0XVOLPSRSXODWLRQRIWKH1RUWKHUQ
3URYLQFHZHUHWKUHDWHQHGDWJXQSRLQW
DQGJLYHQIURPWZRKRXUVWRRQHZHHN
WRTXLWWKHUHJLRQ7KHPDMRULW\RIWKH
QRUWKHUQ0XVOLPVFDPHWR3XWWDODP
'LVWULFWZKHUHWKHUHZDVDPL[HGSRSX
ODWLRQRI0XVOLPV6LQKDOHVHDQG7DPLOV
7HQ\HDUVKDYHSDVVHGVLQFHWKHH[SXO
VLRQDQGWKHVLWXDWLRQLQ3XWWDODPLV
DERXWWREHFRPHDIRUJRWWHQFDVH
DPLGVW6UL/DQND·VQHZZDYHVRIGLV
SODFHPHQWFDXVHGE\WKHZDULQWKH
QRUWKRIWKHLVODQG
Changes in practice and perception
7KHLQIOX[RIVRPDQ\SHRSOHWR
3XWWDODPLQKDVFKDQJHGPDQ\
DVSHFWVRIWKHOLYHVRIERWKORFDOVDQG
,'3VLQFOXGLQJFKDQJHVLQJHQGHUUHOD
WLRQV3HRSOH·VXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIJHQGHU
IRFXVHVPDLQO\RQZRPHQDVV\PEROVRI
ERWKVWDELOLW\DQGFKDQJH2QWKHRQH
KDQGZRPHQDUHH[SHFWHGWRXSKROGWKH
FXOWXUHRIWKHFRPPXQLW\E\EHLQJ
10
IRUHIURQWRIFKDQJH0XFKRIWKH
HPSOR\PHQWDYDLODEOHLQWKHDUHDLV
FDVXDOZDJHODERXUIRUZRPHQLQDJULFXO
WXUHDQHZVLWXDWLRQIRUZRPHQIURP
WKHQRUWK,QWKHQRUWKWKH\FXOWLYDWHG
WKHLURZQODQGZLWKWKHLUKXVEDQGV
7RGD\WKH\IDFHDGLIIHUHQWVLWXDWLRQ
VRPHWLPHVKDYLQJWRWUDYHOORQJGLV
WDQFHVWRZRUNDVODERXUHUVIRURWKHUV
&RQVHTXHQWO\ZRPHQGRQRWJUHDWO\
DSSUHFLDWHKDYLQJWRJRRXWWRZRUN
GHVSLWHWKHLULQFUHDVHGPRELOLW\DVLWLQ
HIIHFWV\PEROL]HVWKHGHJUDGDWLRQRI
WKHLUFXOWXUH7KHVHFKDQJHVGLUHFWO\
DIIHFWWKHYLVLELOLW\RIZRPHQDVZHOODQG
DUHXVHGDVDV\PERORIKRZGLVSODFHG
SHRSOHKDYH¶UXLQHG·WKHORFDOFXOWXUHE\
PDNLQJORFDOZRPHQDOVRZDQWWRPRYH
DURXQGPRUHIUHHO\
Contact with NGOs
0DQ\RIWKHRUVRDJHQFLHVZRUNLQJ
LQWKHGLVWULFWKDYHSDLGVSHFLDODWWHQWLRQ
WRZRPHQUHFRJQL]LQJWKDWWKH\IDFH
WKHVHFRQWUDGLFWRU\H[SHFWDWLRQV)RU
PRVW1*2VZRPHQDUHRQHRIWKUHH
PDLQWDUJHWJURXSVRIDLGWRJHWKHUZLWK
FKLOGUHQDQGWKHKRXVHKROG7KHJHQGHU
SHUVSHFWLYHLQDLGKDVEHFRPHIDLUO\ZHOO
DUWLFXODWHGDQGTXLWHVRSKLVWLFDWHGDQG
WKHDFKLHYHPHQWVDUHHQFRXUDJLQJ
$FWLYLWLHVIRUZRPHQLQFOXGHDZDUHQHVV
KHDOWKVHOIHPSOR\PHQWDQGOHDGHUVKLS
SHUVRQµ
7KHUHDUHPDQ\PHVVDJHVLQWKLVVWDWH
PHQWQRWOHDVWDVNHZHGYLHZRIWKH
DELOLWLHVRIZRPHQ2QHLPSRUWDQWSRLQW
XQGHUO\LQJZKDWKHVD\VLVWKDWPHQ·V
JHQGHULGHQWLWLHVGRQRWDXWRPDWLFDOO\
FKDQJHZKHQZRPHQ·VLGHQWLWLHVDQG
SUDFWLFHVFKDQJH&KDQJLQJZRPHQ·V
SUDFWLFHVGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\FKDQJH
WKHGRPLQDWLQJJHQGHULGHRORJ\DQG
PHQ·VDWWLWXGHV
0HQDUHVWLOOSHUFHLYHGDVPRUHNQRZO
HGJHDEOHPHQDUHVWLOOLQWKHOHDGHUVKLS
SRVLWLRQVDQGPHQDUHVWLOOFRQVLGHUHGDV
WKHPDLQEUHDGZLQQHUVRIDIDPLO\
:KHQDJHQFLHVRQO\IRFXVRQZRPHQ
WKHUHLVDGDQJHURIXQGHUVWDQGLQJPHQ
RQO\DVDEVWUDFWUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRID
PDOHGRPLQDWHGVRFLHW\7RPDNH\RXQJ
PHQDQGPHQLQJHQHUDOYLVLEOHDVJHQ
GHUHGDFWRUVLVWKXVWRUHFRJQL]HWKHP
DVDFWLYHO\LQYROYHGLQWKHSURFHVVHVRI
FKDQJHDQGVWDELOLW\GXULQJGLVSODFHPHQW
DQGUHVHWWOHPHQW7KLVPDNHVLWLPSRU
WDQWWRXQGHUVWDQG\RXQJGLVSODFHGPHQ
WKHQDWXUHRIWKHLUFKDOOHQJHVWKHRXW
FRPHVGHVLUHGE\WKH\RXQJPHQWKHP
VHOYHVDQGWKHOLPLWDWLRQVWKH\H[SHUL
HQFH,WLVDOVRLPSRUWDQWWRHPSKDVL]H
WKDW\RXQJPHQGRQRWUHSUHVHQWRQH
KRPRJHQRXVJURXS
%HORZ,IRFXVRQWZRW\SHVRIJHQGHU
UHODWLRQVLQYROYLQJWKH\RXQJPHQILUVW
FORCED MIGRATION review 9

WKH\RXQJPHQDQGWKHLUKRXVHKROGV 3XWWDODPODFNRIHPSOR\PHQWPDNHVLW
VHFRQGWKH\RXQJPHQ·VQHWZRUNV
IULHQGVKLSVDQGHQFRXQWHUVZLWKRWKHU
\RXQJPHQ
Young men and gender relations
within the household
0RVWRIWKH\RXQJPHQGLVFXVVHGKHUH
DUHEHWZHHQDQG\HDUVROGKDYH
ILQLVKHGRUGURSSHGRXWRIVFKRRODQG
DUHVWLOOXQPDUULHG7KRVHZKRDUHPDU
ULHGDUHVWLOOQRWQHFHVVDULO\KHDGVRI
WKHLURZQKRXVHKROGVDVPDQ\OLYHZLWK
WKHLUSDUHQWVRUSDUHQWVLQODZIRUPDQ\
\HDUVDIWHUJHWWLQJPDUULHG2WKHUVDUH
VWLOOZRUNLQJWRJHW
WKHLUVLVWHUVPDU
Gender and displacement
KDUGHUWRPHHWIDPLO\H[SHFWDWLRQV
7KRXJKHPSOR\PHQWZRXOGSUREDEO\
KDYHEHHQDSUREOHPLQWKHQRUWKDV
ZHOOWKHUHDUHRWKHUFKDOOHQJHVLQEHLQJ
GLVSODFHG:KHQWKH\IOHGWKH\KDGWR
OHDYHDOOWKHLUEHORQJLQJVDQGSURSHUW\
ORVLQJWKHEDVLVIRUSURYLGLQJGRZU\IRU
WKHLUVLVWHUV,QDGGLWLRQWKHGRZU\KDV
LQFUHDVHGDIWHUGLVSODFHPHQWSDUWO\DVD
KRXVHKROG·VPHDQVWRUHVWRUHORVWDVVHWV
DQGSURSHUW\
7KHGLIILFXOW\RIJHWWLQJHPSOR\PHQW
DQGWKHDFFRPSDQ\LQJIUXVWUDWLRQDUH
DOVRUHODWHGWR
WKHLUJHQGHU
JHQGHUUHODWLRQVZLWKLQWKHKRXVHKROG
5HODWLRQVKLSVZLWKRWKHUPHQRXWVLGH
WKHLUKRPHVDQGIDPLOLHVDUHHTXDOO\
LPSRUWDQWDQGHTXDOO\JHQGHUHGDQG
WKXVHVVHQWLDOLQEXLOGLQJWKH\RXQJ
PHQ·VVHQVHRILGHQWLW\<RXQJPHQSOD\
DQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQWKHLQWHJUDWLRQ
SURFHVVRIORFDOVDQG,'3VWKURXJK
HVWDEOLVKLQJFRQWDFWVEHWZHHQWKHWZR
JURXSVDQGSURYLGLQJDFRPPRQJURXQG
ZKHUHGLIIHUHQWSDUWLHVFDQFRPHWRJHWK
HU+RZHYHUWKLVUROHLVQRWDSSUHFLDWHG
QRUXVHGDFWLYHO\LQRUGHUWRLPSURYH
UHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQORFDOVDQGGLVSODFHG
$OWKRXJKWKH,'3VDQGORFDOVOLYHDSDUW
,'3VLQVHWWOHPHQWVDQGFDPSVORFDO
0XVOLPVDQG6LQKDOHVHLQWKHLURZQ
ULHGWRILQGD many young men have
VXLWDEOHSDUWQHUDQG
UDLVHDGRZU\
taken over their father’s
EHIRUHWKHLURZQ
PDUULDJHVFDQEH
role as breadwinner
DUUDQJHG
8QOLNH7XUQHU·VILQGLQJVLQ/XNROH
5HIXJHH&DPSIRU%XUXQGLDQUHIXJHHVLQ
7DQ]DQLD IHZ\RXQJGLVSODFHGPHQLQ
3XWWDODPKDYHWDNHQOHDGHUVKLSSRVL
WLRQVDQGWKH\DUHVWLOO¶VXERUGLQDWH·WR
WKHLUIDWKHUVDQGROGHUPHQ6LQFHPRVW
RIWKHQRUWKHUQ0XVOLPVIOHGWRJHWKHU
DQGDUULYHGWRJHWKHULQ3XWWDODPWKH
VRFLDOVWUXFWXUHVIURPWKHQRUWKKDYHLQ
PDQ\FDVHVEHHQUHHVWDEOLVKHGLQWKH
FDPSVDQGVHWWOHPHQWV$VPDQ\ROGHU
PHQZHUHQRWDEOHWRJHWHPSOR\PHQWLQ
3XWWDODPPDQ\\RXQJPHQKDYHWDNHQ
RYHUWKHLUIDWKHU·VUROHDVEUHDGZLQQHU
HDUOLHUWKDQWKH\ZRXOGKDYHGRQHLQWKH
QRUWK7KRXJKWKLVLVH[SUHVVHGDVD
JUHDWORVVIRUWKHROGHUPHQLWKDVQRW
FKDOOHQJHGWKHLUSRVLWLRQDVKHDGVRI
KRXVHKROGVDQGKHDGVLQWKHVHWWOH
PHQWV2QHUHDVRQIRUWKLVPLJKWEHWKH
LPSRUWDQWUROHRIWKHPRVTXHLQVWUXF
WXULQJWKHVRFLHW\DQGWKHIDFWWKDWWKH
PRVTXHWUXVWHHERDUGVVWLOOFRQVLVWRI
PHQRQO\DQGPDLQO\HOGHUO\¶UHVSHFWDEOH·
PHQ$OVRWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIIHPDOH
KHDGHGKRXVHKROGVLVUHODWLYHO\ORZ GLYLGHV7KHQRUWKHUQ0XVOLPVVSHDN
VHYHQSHUFHQWFRPSDUHGWRDURXQG
SHUFHQWDPRQJ6UL/DQNDQ,'3VORFDWHG
FORVHUWRWKHFRQIOLFWDUHDV
7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWZD\IRUPHQWR
EHFRPH¶UHVSHFWDEOH·LVWRIROORZ,VODP
DQGIXOILOWKHLUUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVLQWKH
IDPLO\DVEUHDGZLQQHUV,QPDQ\\RXQJ
PHQ·VYLHZWKHLUIDWKHU·VUHVSRQVLELOLW\
ZLOOEHWKHLUUHVSRQVLELOLW\LQWKHIXWXUH
7KH\ZRUU\RQO\DERXWWKHGLIILFXOW\RI
JHWWLQJSHUPDQHQWHPSOR\PHQWLQ
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
LGHQWLW\7KH
\RXQJPHQ·V
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ
RIWKHLUPDLQ
UHVSRQVLELOLW\
DVPDLQWDLQHU
RIWKHLUIDPLO\DQGDVWKHPDLQEUHDG
ZLQQHUGRHVQRWFKDQJHGHVSLWHWKH
QXPEHURIZRPHQZKRDUHWRGD\FRQ
WULEXWLQJRQHTXDOWHUPVZLWKWKHLU
KXVEDQGVWRSURYLGHIRUWKHLUIDPLOLHV
,QWKHLUYLHZZRPHQDUHIRUFHGWRZRUN
EHFDXVHPHQFDQQRWIXOILOWKHLUREOLJD
WLRQV,IWKH\RXQJPHQFRXOGDIIRUGLW
WKH\ZRXOGQRWDXWRPDWLFDOO\DSSURYHRI
WKHLUZLYHVJRLQJRXWWRZRUN&KDQJHV
LQZRPHQ·VFXOWXUHDQGSUDFWLFHVKDYH
EHFRPHV\PEROLFRIPHQ·VLQDGHTXDFLHV
Young men’s networks and
friendships
0DNLQJ\RXQJPHQYLVLEOHDVJHQGHUHG
DFWRUVGRHVQRWRQO\LQYROYHWKHLU
Muhammad Ali Mubarak
VHSDUDWHYLOODJHVWKH\RXQJPHQPRYH
IUHHO\EHWZHHQWKHGLIIHUHQWVHWWOHPHQWV
EXLOGLQJQHWZRUNVDQGIULHQGVKLSVZLWK
RWKHU\RXQJPHQ5HODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQ
WKHJURXSVRIORFDOVDQG,'3VDUHIULHQG
O\EXWSRWHQWLDOO\FRQIOLFWXDO
7KHQHWZRUNVRI\RXQJPHQORFDOVDQG
GLVSODFHGDUHEDVHGRQZRUNSUHYLRXV
VFKRROVLWXDWLRQVUHOLJLRXVDFWLYLWLHVDQG
JDPHV7KH\PHHWLQWKHPRVTXHIRU
SUD\HUVLQVKRSVDQGHDWLQJSODFHVRXW
VLGHHDFKRWKHU·VKRXVHVDQGRQWKH
VSRUWVJURXQGV,'3DQGORFDOPHQKDYH
WKHLURZQWHDPVEXWVRPHWLPHVDOVRSOD\
WRJHWKHUIRUWKHVDPHWHDPV,QPDQ\
ZD\VWKH\UHSUHVHQWWKHJURXSWKDWKDV
FUHDWHGWKHJUHDWHVWOHYHORILQWHJUDWLRQ
EHWZHHQORFDOVDQGGLVSODFHG$VRQH
GLVSODFHGPDQWROGPH´,VWXGLHGZLWK
WKH3XWWDODPER\VDQGVWD\HGZLWKWKH
3XWWDODPER\V0RVWRIP\IULHQGVDUH
3XWWDODPER\VVRWKH\FRQVLGHUPHDVD
3XWWDODPER\µ7KHLULGHQWLWLHVDVGLV
SODFHG\RXQJPHQDOVREHFRPH
DPELJXRXV0DQ\RIWKHPJUHZXSZLWK
WKHORFDO\RXQJER\VDQGGRQRWIHHO
PXFKGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHP
7KURXJKWKHLUPRELOLW\PHQKDYHJUHDW
RSSRUWXQLWLHVWRQXUWXUHQHWZRUNVZKLFK
FURVVWKH,'3ORFDODQG7DPLO6LQKDOHVH
7DPLOEXWPDQ\RIWKH\RXQJPHQKDYH
DOVROHDUQW6LQKDODWKHODQJXDJHRIWKH
PDMRULW\LQ6UL/DQND.QRZLQJERWKODQ
JXDJHVWKH\FDQPRYHPRUHHDVLO\
DURXQG
0HQ·VUHODWLRQVKLSVWRRWKHUPHQDOVR
ZRUNDVLPSRUWDQWLQIRUPDWLRQFKDQQHOV
HVSHFLDOO\IRUSRVVLELOLWLHVIRUHPSOR\
PHQW:KHQWKHUHLVQRZRUNWREH
IRXQGPRVWRIWKHGD\VDUHVSHQW
WRJHWKHUZLWKRWKHUPHQLQSXEOLFSODFHV
IDPs in Puttalam District, Sri Lanka
11
Gender and displacement
7KLVFUHDWHVDIHHOLQJRIXQLW\ZLWKRWKHU
PHQDQGKHOSVUHVWRUHGLJQLW\DQGVWDWXV
LQWKHH\HVRIWKHLUIDPLOLHVEHFDXVH
WKH\KDYHVRPHZKHUHWRJRLQVWHDGRI
EHLQJLQWKHKRXVHZLWKWKHLUVLVWHUVDQG
PRWKHUVGXULQJGD\WLPH
:KLOHLWLVWUXHWKDW\RXQJPHQKDYH
EHHQJRRGDWHVWDEOLVKLQJUHODWLRQVKLSV
EHWZHHQORFDOVDQGGLV
SODFHGWKHUHLVVWLOOD
SRWHQWLDOIRUFRQIOLFWXDO young men are used as
UHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQ
\RXQJGLVSODFHGPHQ active partners – to achieve
DQG\RXQJORFDOPHQ
&RPSHWLWLRQIRUZRUN strategic gender interests
DQGGLVFULPLQDWLRQ
DJDLQVWGLVSODFHGPHQLQ
ZRUNDVZHOODVLQRWKHUVSKHUHVFUHDWH
IUXVWUDWLRQDQGVHSDUDWLRQDQGVRPH
WLPHVHQGXSLQYLROHQWHQFRXQWHUV
7RGD\WKHVHYLROHQWHQFRXQWHUVDUH
LQIUHTXHQWEXWDUHIHDUHGDQGDFRPPRQ
WRSLFRIFRQYHUVDWLRQ
Towards interventions that involve
young men
*HQGHUVHQVLWLYHSROLFLHVDQGSUDFWLFHV
QHHGWRLQYROYHERWKSUDFWLFDOQHHGVDQG
VWUDWHJLFLQWHUHVWV 3UDFWLFDOJHQGHU
QHHGVLQYROYHWKRVHDULVLQJIURPWKH
FRQFUHWHFRQGLWLRQVWKDWZRPHQDQG
PHQH[SHULHQFH6WUDWHJLFJHQGHULQWHU
HVWVDUHWKRVHLQWHUHVWVDQGQHHGV
DULVLQJIURPWKHDQDO\VLVRIH[LVWLQJJHQ
QHHGVE\VDYLQJVHPSOR\PHQWDQG
KHDOWKSURJUDPPHV$ILHOGZRUNHU
UHFRXQWVKRZGLIILFXOWLWZDVLQHVWDE
OLVKLQJWKHZRPHQ·VJURXSVWRJHW
ZRPHQLQYROYHGWRGD\KRZHYHUWKHVH
JURXSVDUHUXQQLQJZHOOLQDOPRVWDOOWKH
FDPSVDQGVHWWOHPHQWVDQGKDYHPDQ
DJHGWRJDLQVRPHLQIOXHQFHLQFDPSDQG
VHWWOHPHQWGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ7KHDFKLHYH
PHQWVRIWKHZRPHQ·VJURXSVFOHDUO\
VKRZKRZPHHWLQJSUDFWLFDOQHHGVKDV
OHGWRWKHDFKLHYHPHQWRIPRUHVWUDWHJLF
LQWHUHVWVDQGWKHUHDUHKRSHVWKDWWKH
VDPHSURFHVVFDQWDNHSODFHIRUWKH
\RXQJPHQ·VJURXSV
LL6WUDWHJLFLQWHUHVWV
$QH[DPSOHRIDQRUJDQL]DWLRQZRUNLQJ
PRUHH[SOLFLWO\ZLWKVWUDWHJLFLQWHUHVWVLV
DORFDO1*2ZKRVHPDLQDLPLVJHQGHU
HTXDOLW\,WZRUNVWRDFKLHYHWKLVWKURXJK
DZDUHQHVVSURJUDPPHVSURJUDPPHVWR
JHWPRUHZRPHQHPSOR\HGPRUH
ZRPHQLQYROYHGLQGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ
SUHYHQWLQJHDUO\PDUULDJHVDVZHOODV
ZRUNLQJIRUDQDFFHSWDQFHRI¶ORYHPDU
ZK\\RXQJPHQVKRXOGQRWSDUWLFLSDWH
PXWXDOO\ZLWK\RXQJZRPHQLQFKDQJLQJ
XQGHUVWDQGLQJVRIJHQGHU+RZHYHU
DFWLYHSDUWLFLSDWLRQDVVXPHVDZDUHQHVV
DQGLWPD\EHWKDWWKHUHQHHGVWREH
PRUHSURYLVLRQRIDSSURSULDWHHGXFDWLRQ
IRUPHQWRKHOSWKHPXQGHUVWDQGWKHFRQ
VHTXHQFHVRIFKDQJHVLQJHQGHULGHRORJ\
<RXQJPHQKDYHJUHDWSRWHQWLDOIRU
KHOSLQJWRGHYHORSOLYHVDQGOLYHOLKRRGV
DIWHUGLVSODFHPHQW7RGD\WKHDJHQFLHV
ZRUNLQJLQ3XWWDODPKDYHYHU\OLPLWHG
IXQGLQJDQGWRDODUJHH[WHQWWKHLU
H[WHUQDOIXQGHUVGHFLGHWKHQDWXUHRI
WKHSURMHFWV7KHUHQHHGVWREHJUHDWHU
DZDUHQHVVDPRQJIXQGHUVDQGDJHQFLHV
RIWKHQHHGWRLQFOXGHERWKZRPHQDQG
PHQLQZRUNLQJZLWKVWUDWHJLFJHQGHU
LQWHUHVWVDQGWRUHJDUGPHQDVJHQGHUHG
DQGDFWLYHSDUWLFLSDQWVLQJHQGHUUHODWLRQV
7KH\QHHGDOVRWRUHFRJQL]HWKDW
DOWKRXJK\RXQJPHQDUHKLJKO\YLVLEOH
DQGPDQDJHWKHLUOLYHVTXLWHZHOOWKH\
H[SHULHQFHJUHDWIUXVWUDWLRQDWEHLQJ
XQDEOHWRSURYLGHSURSHUO\IRUWKHLU
IDPLOLHV7KLVIUXVWUDWLRQQHHGVWREH
DFNQRZOHGJHGDQGDGGUHVVHG
)XUWKHUPRUHDJHQFLHVVKRXOGWKURXJK
FDUHIXOLQWHUYHQWLRQEXLOGPRUHDFWLYHO\
RQWKHSRWHQWLDORIWKHVH\RXQJPHQWR
DFWHIIHFWLYHO\DVPHGLDWRUVEHWZHHQWKH
GLVSODFHGDQGORFDOSRSXODWLRQVDVZHOO
DVLQJHQGHUQHJRWLDWLRQV
GHUUHODWLRQVDQGQRUPDOO\LQYROYH
TXHVWLRQLQJWKHVHUHODWLRQV
L3UDFWLFDOQHHGV
3UDFWLFDOQHHGVLGHQWLILHGE\WKH\RXQJ
PHQWKHPVHOYHVDUHVHFXUHHPSOR\PHQW
DQGSODFHVWRPHHW2QHRIWKHWZRLQWHU
QDWLRQDO1*2VSUHVHQWLQ3XWWDODPKDV
VWDUWHGWRZRUNZLWK\RXQJPHQWKURXJK
ULDJHV·ZKLFKGRQRWLQYROYHGRZU\
7KH1*2ZDVWRRUDGLFDOIRUWKHPRVTXH
WUXVWHHERDUGLQRQHRIWKHFDPSVDQG
ZDVVKXQQHG+RZHYHUWKHZRPHQ·V
JURXSWDONHGZLWKDJURXSRI\RXQJPHQ
ZKRWKHQGLVFXVVHGWKHLVVXHZLWKWKH
WUXVWHHERDUGZKRHYHQWXDOO\DJUHHGWKDW
WKH1*2FRXOGUHVXPHLWVZRUN,QWKLV
ZD\\RXQJPHQDUHXVHGDVDFWLYHSDUW
QHUV²DQGDVPHGLDWRUV²WRDFKLHYH
&DWKULQH%UXQLVD3K'IHOORZ
'HSDUWPHQWRI*HRJUDSK\DWWKH
1RUZHJLDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI6FLHQFH
DQG7HFKQRORJ\
(PDLOFDWKULQHEUXQ#VYWQWQXQR
%DVHGRQILHOGZRUNE\WKHDXWKRULQ
6LPRQ7XUQHU$QJU\\RXQJPHQLQFDPSVJHQGHU
DJHDQGFODVVUHODWLRQVDPRQJ%XUXQGLDQUHIXJHHVLQ
7DQ]DQLD81+&5:RUNLQJ3DSHUQR
DSURMHFWUXQE\WKH\RXQJPHQWKHP
VHOYHV+HUHERWKGLVSODFHGDQGORFDOV
0XVOLPV6LQKDOHVHDQG7DPLOVZRUN
WRJHWKHU7KHLUPDLQDFWLYLWLHVDUHYRFD
WLRQDOWUDLQLQJVHOIHPSOR\PHQWDQG
SURYLGLQJDVVLVWDQFHWREXLOGVSRUWV
JURXQGV7KH1*2FRQVLGHUVXQHPSOR\
PHQWDQGXQGHUHPSOR\PHQWDVWKHURRW
FDXVHVRI\RXWKSUREOHPVDQGYLROHQFH
LQ3XWWDODPDQGKLJKOLJKWVWKHLPSRU
WDQFHRIFUHDWLQJDUHQDVOLNHVSRUWV
JURXQGVZKHUH\RXQJPHQFDQPHHW
DQGGHYHORSJRRGUHODWLRQVKLSV
7KH\RXQJPHQ·VJURXSVKDYHWKHVDPH
REMHFWLYHDVWKHZRPHQ·VJURXSVZKHUH
WKHPDLQDLPKDVEHHQWRPHHWSUDFWLFDO
12
VWUDWHJLFJHQGHULQWHUHVWV ZZZXQKFUFKUHIZRUOGSXEZSDSHUVZSQRKWP
:RUOG)RRG3URJUDPPH¶5HYLHZRISURWUDFWHGUHOLHI
Conclusion DQGUHFRYHU\RSHUDWLRQ6UL/DQND·:)3
&RORPER
7RFKDQJHJHQGHULGHRORJLHVERWK
.DWH<RXQJ3ODQQLQJ'HYHORSPHQWZLWK:RPHQ
ZRPHQDQGPHQKDYHWRSDUWLFLSDWHDV 0DNLQJD:RUOGRI'LIIHUHQFH 0DFPLOODQ3UHVV
DFWLYHSDUWQHUV,Q3XWWDODPZRPHQ /RQGRQ&DUROLQH0RVHU*HQGHU3ODQQLQJDQG
KDYHPDQDJHGWRFKDQJHWKHLUVWUDWHJLHV 'HYHORSPHQW7KHRU\3UDFWLFH 7UDLQLQJ 
5RXWOHGJH/RQGRQ
DQGKDYHPRYHGWKHOLPLWVDQGXQGHU
VWDQGLQJVRIZKDWWKH\FDQDQGFDQQRW
GRDVZRPHQ$WWKHVDPHWLPH\RXQJ
PHQKDYHVKRZQJUHDWDELOLW\DVPHGLD
WRUVWUDQVPLWWLQJLGHDVEHWZHHQJURXSV
DQGDVLQQRYDWRUVEXWWKLVUROHLVQRW
FRQVFLRXVO\DFNQRZOHGJHGHLWKHUE\WKH
\RXQJPHQWKHPVHOYHVRUE\WKHDJHQ
FLHVRURWKHUJURXSV7KHUHLVQRUHDVRQ
FORCED MIGRATION review 9

Gender dimensions of displacement
This article focuses on how gender awareness
is essential for addressing the protection and
participation rights of displaced women and
girls, with a discussion of the role and results
of the Beijing conferences.
:
KHQGLVSODFHPHQWRFFXUV
IDUPRUHGDPDJHUHVXOWVWKDQ
VLPSO\WKHORVVDQGGHVWUXF
WLRQRIJRRGVDQGSURSHUW\3HRSOH·V
OLYHVDQGWKHLUVRFLDOIDEULFDUHOHIWLQ
WDWWHUVQHZRIWHQXQIDPLOLDUOLYLQJ
HQYLURQPHQWVDIIHFWWKHVRFLDOUROHV
DQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRIPHQDQG
ZRPHQIRUPHUVXSSRUWVWUXFWXUHV
EUHDNGRZQDQGIDPLOLHVPD\IDFH
SRYHUW\IRUWKHILUVWWLPH
%RWKPHQDQGZRPHQDUHIRUFHGLQWR
UHVWULFWHGPRELOLW\OLYLQJZLWKQHZUHJX
ODWLRQVDQGHQWHULQJQHZVRFLDO
UHODWLRQVKLSVZKLFKPD\FKDOOHQJHROG
WLHVDQGNLQVKLSV:LWKIHZRUQRRSSRU
WXQLWLHVIRUFRQWLQXLQJWKHLUOLYHOLKRRGV
DQGRIWHQLQWKHDEVHQFHRIPDOHIDPLO\
PHPEHUVZRPHQKDYHQRDFFHVVWR
UHPXQHUDWLYHZRUN\HWDUHH[SHFWHGWR
SURYLGHIRUWKHLUIDPLOLHV7KHODFNRI
Gender and displacement
by Srilakshmi Gururaja
Strategies for action
$OWKRXJKZHNQRZKRZZDUDIIHFWV
ZRPHQDQGFKLOGUHQDQGZKDWWRSUR
YLGHDVHPHUJHQF\UHOLHIZHDUHRQO\
MXVWEHJLQQLQJWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZWR
DGGUHVVWKHJHQGHUGLPHQVLRQZLWKLQWKH
KXPDQLWDULDQSULQFLSOHVIUDPHZRUN
:KHQZHGLVFXVVWKHJHQGHUGLPHQVLRQV
RIGLVSODFHPHQWZHDUHLQFOXGLQJDYDVW
UDQJHRIGLIIHUHQWHIIHFWVRIDUPHGFRQ
IOLFWRQZRPHQDQGPHQLQOFOXGLQJKRZ
LWDIIHFWVSRZHUUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHP
WKHLUULJKWVDQGWKHLUGLIIHUHQWLDODFFHVV
WRDQGEHQHILWVIURPVHUYLFHV,Q
81,&()DQGWKH:RPHQ·V&RPPLVVLRQ
IRU5HIXJHH:RPHQDQG&KLOGUHQRUJD
QL]HGDQ([SHUW0HHWLQJRQ*HQGHU
'LPHQVLRQVRI,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQWWR
GHYHORSVWUDWHJLHVWRDGGUHVVWKHJHQGHU
GLPHQVLRQRILQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQW7ZR
DUHDVZHUHKLJKOLJKWHGIRUDFWLRQIRU
ODWLRQRIWKHDSSURSULDWHOHJDOLQVWUX
PHQWVDQGDZDUHQHVVFDPSDLJQVIRU
ERWKPHQDQGZRPHQKDVIRFXVHGRQ
ZRPHQ·VDQGFKLOGUHQ·VULJKWVLQFOXGLQJ
SXEOLFHGXFDWLRQRQWKHHOLPLQDWLRQRI
IHPDOHJHQLWDOPXWLODWLRQ
LL6HHLQJZRPHQDVVXUYLYRUV
QRWYLFWLPV
,QVHWWLQJXSKXPDQLWDULDQVHUYLFHV
ZRPHQ·VSDUWLFLSDWLRQVKRXOGEH
SODQQHGLQDYLVLEOHPDQQHUILUVWO\E\
LGHQWLI\LQJZRPHQIURQWOLQHZRUNHUV
QXUVHVWHDFKHUVFRPPXQLFDWRUVDQG
VHFRQGO\E\DFWLYHO\LQYROYLQJWKHPLQ
WKHGHOLYHU\RIVHUYLFHV7KLVPRELOL]D
WLRQFDQDOVREHXVHGWRIDFLOLWDWHD
V\VWHPDWLFFRQVXOWDWLYHSURFHVVZLWK
ZRPHQLQWKHGD\WRGD\PDQDJHPHQW
RIWKHFDPSVDQGPHPEHUVKLSLQFDPS
FRPPLWWHHV
7KHVHILUVWWZRSULRULWLHVLQDSSURDFK
FDQEHVHHQLQWKHFRQWH[WRI81,&()·V
ZRUNLQWKH3DOHVWLQLDQUHIXJHHFDPSVLQ
/HEDQRQ0HQKDYHWUDGLWLRQDOO\UXQWKH
¶SRSXODUFRPPLWWHHV·UHVSRQVLEOHIRU
IRUPXODWLQJORFDOFDPSSROLF\EXW
81,&()KDVHQFRXUDJHGWKHPWRDFFHSW
IHPDOHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ6HPLQDUVZHUH
LQLWLDOO\KHOGZLWKPHPEHUVRIZRPHQ·V
DFFHVVWRLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHVLWXD ZRPHQDQGJLUOVDSURWHFWLRQVDIH DVVRFLDWLRQVWRSODQDVWUDWHJ\WRLQIOX
WLRQRIWKHLUIDPLO\PHPEHUVDGGVWR JXDUGLQJZRPHQDQGJLUOVIURPUDSH HQFHWKHSRSXODUFRPPLWWHHVWRDFKLHYH
WKHWUDXPDDQGRYHUZKHOPLQJVHQVHRI DEGXFWLRQIRUFHGVH[XDOVODYHU\WRUWXUH WKLV2QHZRPDQIURPHDFKJURXSZDV
XQFHUWDLQW\
'LVSODFHPHQWKDVGLIIHUHQWFRQVH
TXHQFHVIRUZRPHQDQGJLUOVWKDQIRU
PHQDQGER\V7KHUHLVRIWHQDGUDPDWLF
LQFUHDVHLQWKHQXPEHURIZRPHQKHDGV
RIKRXVHKROGVDQGWKH\EHDUDGGLWLRQDO
UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVIRUPHHWLQJWKHQHHGVRI
FKLOGUHQDQGDJHLQJUHODWLYHVVLQFHWKH
PDOHIDPLO\PHPEHUVKDYHHLWKHUMRLQHG
WKHZDUULQJJURXSVRUEHHQFDSWXUHG
:RPHQIDFHQHZGHPDQGVLQSURYLGLQJ
IRUWKHPVHOYHVDQGWKHLUFKLOGUHQZLWK
LQFUHDVHGZRUNORDGVDQGOLPLWHGDFFHVV
WRDQGFRQWURORYHUWKHEHQHILWVRIJRRGV
DQGVHUYLFHV)XUWKHUPRUHDVDUHVXOWRI
FRQIOLFWDQGWKHEUHDNGRZQLQODZDQG
RUGHUZRPHQDQGJLUOVIDFHLQFUHDVHG
ULVNVRIVH[XDOYLROHQFHDQGDEXVH,Q
VRPHVLWXDWLRQVWKH\EHFRPHWDUJHWVIRU
GHOLEHUDWHDWWDFNVE\WKHRSSRVLQJIDF
WLRQVIRUSXUSRVHVRIUHYHQJH
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
DQGPXUGHUDQGEWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRI
WKHLUULJKWVWRHTXDODFFHVVDQGIXOOSDU
WLFLSDWLRQLQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKH
FDPSV,QGHYHORSLQJSURJUDPPHVWR
DGGUHVVWKHVHDUHDVIRUDFWLRQ81,&()
KDVDQXPEHURISULRULWLHVILYHRIZKLFK
DUHRXWOLQHGEHORZ
L%UHDNLQJEDUULHUV
(QWUHQFKHGGLVFULPLQDWRU\DWWLWXGHVDUH
HYLGHQWZKHUHZRPHQDQGJLUOVDUH
GHQLHGWKHLUULJKWVWRVXUYLYDOGHYHORS
PHQWSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQ
81,&()·VSURJUDPPHVIRU,'3VLQ6XGDQ
KDYHVHWFOHDUJRDOVIRUWKHHQUROPHQW
DQGUHWHQWLRQRIJLUOVLQHGXFDWLRQDO
IDFLOLWLHV7KHVRFLDOPRELOL]DWLRQRI
FRPPXQLWLHVLQRUGHUWRFKDQJHDWWL
WXGHVLVJLYHQLPSRUWDQFHLQWKHVHWWLQJ
XSDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIVXFKIDFLOLWLHV
+XPDQULJKWVHGXFDWLRQWKURXJKWUDQV
VHOHFWHGWRDFWDVWKHLUSUHIHUUHGUHSUH
VHQWDWLYHDQGHDFKJURXS·VPHPEHUV
WKHQOREELHGIRUWKHDSSRLQWPHQWRIWKLV
ZRPDQWRWKHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJERDUGRI
WKHLUSRSXODUFRPPLWWHH'XULQJWKH
VHPLQDUVZRPHQDOVROHDUQHGKRZDQ
DVVRFLDWLRQIXQFWLRQVWKHSULQFLSOHVRI
GHPRFUDWLFFRRSHUDWLRQLQIRUPDWLRQ
VNLOOVDQGOREE\LQJWHFKQLTXHV0HHWLQJV
ZHUHDOVRKHOGZLWKKHDGVRIWKHSRSXODU
FRPPLWWHHVWRGLVFXVVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI
IHPDOHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ$VDUHVXOWIRXU
SRSXODUFRPPLWWHHVQRZLQFOXGHZRPHQ
LLL ,QYROYLQJPHQDQGZRPHQIURP
WKHEHJLQQLQJLQSHDFHEXLOGLQJ
DQGFRQIOLFWUHVROXWLRQDFWLYLWLHV
7KLVZDVWKHPDLQPHVVDJHRIWKHUHFHQW
6HFXULW\&RXQFLO5HVROXWLRQRQ
:RPHQ3HDFHDQG6HFXULW\RI2FWREHU
([SHULHQFHRI0R]DPELTXH
13
 Gender and displacement
UNICEF/HQ99-0048/Roger Lemoyne
Food distribution at refugee camp near Brazda, FYR Macedonia, 1999.
*XDWHPDOD%XUXQGLDQG6RPDOLDLQGL
FDWHVWKDWGHVSLWHFXOWXUDOUHVWULFWLRQV
DQGH[SHFWDWLRQVZRPHQDUHZLOOLQJWR
FURVVERXQGDULHVWRUHVROYHFRQIOLFWDQG
OLYHLQKDUPRQ\ZLWKSHRSOHRIRSSRVLQJ
ZDUULQJJURXSV,Q6RPDOLD81,&()DQG
81,)(0MRLQWO\RUJDQL]HGWUDLQLQJZRUN
VKRSVLQRQ¶:RPHQ·V5ROHLQ
&RQIOLFW5HVROXWLRQ·HQDEOLQJDJURXSRI
6RPDOLZRPHQWRDGYRFDWHIRUSHDFHDQG
DFWDVVRFLDOFKDQJHDJHQWVLQWKHLUFRP
PXQLWLHV7KLVODLGWKHIRXQGDWLRQIRU
EULQJLQJZRPHQLQWRWKHSXEOLFVSKHUH
DQGKDVUHVXOWHGLQSURPRWLQJZRPHQ·V
DQGLQPDQ\FDPSVSUHFDXWLRQVDUH
EHLQJWDNHQWRSURYLGHOLJKWLQJLQ
VHFOXGHGDUHDVDQGDORQJURXWHVWRZDWHU
SRLQWVDQGIXHOZRRGFROOHFWLRQ7KH
6SKHUHSURMHFW KDVGHYHORSHGPLQLPXP
VWDQGDUGVLQSDUWLFXODUDUHDVRIGLVDVWHU
UHVSRQVHDQGHQFRXUDJHVWKHSDUWLFLSD
WLRQRIZRPHQLQLGHQWLI\LQJWKHLU
VSHFLDOQHHGV,WSODFHVHPSKDVLVRQ
SUHYHQWLQJJHQGHUEDVHGYLROHQFHDQG
VH[XDOH[SORLWDWLRQWKURXJKLPSURYHG
OLJKWLQJDQGVHFXULW\SDWUROVLQWKH
FDPSV,WDOVRHQFRXUDJHVWKHLGHQWLILFD
PHHWLQJLQ(QWHEEHZLWKNH\1*2VDQG
RWKHU81DJHQFLHVWRH[FKDQJHLQIRUPD
WLRQRQH[LVWLQJLQWHUYHQWLRQVDQGWR
GHYHORSVWUDWHJLHVIRUWKLVDJHJURXS
7KHPHHWLQJ·VUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRFXVHG
RQDVVHVVPHQWPHWKRGVIRUXVHLQHPHU
JHQFLHVDQGVWUDWHJLHVHPSKDVL]LQJ
SDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGFORVHLQYROYHPHQWRI
DGROHVFHQWVLQSODQQLQJDQGLPSOHPHQW
DWLRQRILQWHUYHQWLRQV,QWKHUHIXJHH
FDPSVLQ.XNHV$OEDQLDIRUH[DPSOH
81,&()LQLWLDWHGD¶SHHUWRSHHU·
DSSURDFKZKLFKHQFRXUDJHG
\RXQJ.RVRYDQVPDOHDQGIHPDOH
SDUWLFLSDWLRQLQFLYLOJRYHUQDQFH WLRQRISHUVRQVDQGJURXSVZKRSUHVHQW EHWZHHQWKHDJHVRIDQGWRJHW
DWKUHDWWRZRPHQZKHWKHUIURPWKH HQJDJHGLQFRQIOLFWUHVROXWLRQ
LY5DLVLQJJHQGHUDZDUHQHVVIRU GLVSODFHGWKHPVHOYHVRUIURPWKHKRVW
SURWHFWLRQ
0RVWSURWHFWLRQHIIRUWVKDYHIRFXVHGRQ
HGXFDWLRQSURJUDPPHVIRUZRPHQRQ
KRZWRVHHNUHFRXUVHRUKRZWRVHFXUH
DFFHVVWRUHKDELOLWDWLRQVHUYLFHV:KLOH
WKHVHDUHLPSRUWDQWWKH\PD\QRWEH
UHDOO\HIIHFWLYHLQSURWHFWLQJZRPHQDQG
SUHYHQWLQJYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQ
6HQVLWL]DWLRQRIFDPSOHDGHUVDQGZRUN
HUVWRJHQGHULVVXHVLVHVVHQWLDO7KHUHLV
QRZDFHUWDLQOHYHORIDZDUHQHVVRI
FRPPXQLWLHVDQGVXSSRUWVWKHGLV
SODFHGSHUVRQVLQWDNLQJDFWLRQWR
SURWHFWWKHPVHOYHV
Y5HDFKLQJDGROHVFHQWVDQG\RXWK
%RUHGRPDEVHQFHRIJRDOVDQGORVVRI
GLUHFWLRQDIIHFWWKHVHOIFRQILGHQFHRI
\RXQJSHRSOHLQFDPSV+RZHYHU
DOWKRXJKWKHLUOLYHVPD\KDYHEHHQEDGO\
GLVUXSWHGWKH\KDYHHQHUJ\DQGHQWKXVL
DVPZKLFKFDQEHFKDQQHOOHGHIIHFWLYHO\
The Beijing Conferences
7KH)RXUWK:RUOG&RQIHUHQFHRQ
:RPHQZKLFKWRRNSODFHLQ%HLMLQJLQ
VRXJKWWRJDOYDQL]HZRPHQ·V
PRYHPHQWVDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDORUJDQL]D
WLRQVWRUHYLHZSURJUHVVPDGHLQ
DFKLHYLQJWKHJRDOVRIWKH1DLUREL
)RUZDUG/RRNLQJ6WUDWHJLHVRI(TXDOLW\
'HYHORSPHQWDQG3HDFHDQGWRLGHQWLI\
WKHHPHUJLQJDUHDVIRUDFWLRQLQIXOILOO
LQJWKHKXPDQULJKWVRIZRPHQ,WVRXW
VH[XDOYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQDQGJLUOV ,Q1RYHPEHU81,&()RUJDQL]HGD FRPHZDVD¶3ODWIRUPIRU$FWLRQ·3)$

14 FORCED MIGRATION review 9


FRYHULQJFULWLFDODUHDVRIFRQFHUQ
LQFOXGLQJWKHKXPDQULJKWVRIZRPHQ
YLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQDQGJLUOVDQG
ZRPHQLQDUPHGFRQIOLFW,WFDOOHGRQ
WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\WRSURWHFW
WKHULJKWVDQGDGGUHVVWKHQHHGVRI
UHIXJHHVDQG,'3VLQOLQHZLWKLQWHUQD
WLRQDOFRYHQDQWVDQGWUHDWLHV
6LQFHWKHDGRSWLRQRIWKH%HLMLQJ3)$LQ
VRPHSURJUHVVKDVEHHQPDGHLQ
SURWHFWLQJWKHULJKWVRIZRPHQDQGJLUOV
LQFRQIOLFW]RQHVDQGLQDGGUHVVLQJWKHLU
XQLTXHFRQFHUQV7KHVHDFKLHYHPHQWV
LQFOXGH
■ ,QLWLDWLYHVWRUDWLI\DQGLPSOHPHQW
WKH6WDWXWHRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&ULPLQDO&RXUWZKLFKFRQVLGHUVJHQ
GHUUHODWHGFULPHVDQGFULPHVRI
VH[XDOYLROHQFH$QDFKLHYHPHQWLV
WKH6WDWXWHLWVHOIZKLFKLQFOXGHV
XQGHUWKHGHILQLWLRQRIFULPHVDJDLQVW
KXPDQLW\´UDSHVH[XDOVODYHU\
HQIRUFHGSURVWLWXWLRQIRUFHGSUHJ
QDQF\HQIRUFHGVWHULOLVDWLRQRUDQ\
RWKHUIRUPRIVH[XDOYLROHQFHRI
FRPSDUDEOHJUDYLW\µDQGXQGHUWKH
GHILQLWLRQRIZDUFULPHV´FRPPLWWLQJ
UDSHVH[XDOVODYHU\HQIRUFHGSURVWL
WXWLRQIRUFHGSUHJQDQF\HQIRUFHG
VWHULOLVDWLRQRUDQ\RWKHUIRUPRI
VH[XDOYLROHQFHDOVRFRQVWLWXWLQJD
JUDYHEUHDFKRIWKH*HQHYD
&RQYHQWLRQVµ
■ 7KH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO
Gender and displacement
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH%HLMLQJ3)$
XQGHUWDNHQGXULQJD6SHFLDO6HVVLRQRI
WKH81*HQHUDO$VVHPEO\LQ1HZ<RUN
LQ-XQHIRFXVHGRQ*HQGHU
(TXDOLW\'HYHORSPHQWDQG3HDFHIRUWKH
VW&HQWXU\DQGJDYHVSHFLDODWWHQWLRQ
WRWKHQHHGVDQGULJKWVRIZDUDIIHFWHG
SRSXODWLRQVSDUWLFXODUO\ZRPHQ7KH
UHVXOWLQJGRFXPHQWHQWLWOHG¶)XUWKHU
DFWLRQVDQGLQLWLDWLYHVWRLPSOHPHQWWKH
%HLMLQJ'HFODUDWLRQDQG3ODWIRUPIRU
$FWLRQ·UHFRJQL]HVWKDWVRPHSRVLWLYH
GHYHORSPHQWVKDYHWDNHQSODFHEXWDOVR
DFNQRZOHGJHVWKDWVHYHUDOEDUULHUVKDYH
SUHYHQWHGWKHIXOOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH
%HLMLQJJRDOVDQGFRPPLWPHQWV
7KHGRFXPHQWFDOOVXSRQJRYHUQPHQWV
WRLQFRUSRUDWHDJHQGHUSHUVSHFWLYHLQ
EXGJHWDU\SURFHVVHVWROHVVHQWKHHFR
QRPLFLQHTXDOLW\EHWZHHQPHQDQG
ZRPHQ,QDQHIIRUWWRRYHUFRPHWKH
HIIHFWVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQJRYHUQPHQWV
DOVRDJUHHGWRWDNHPHDVXUHVWKDWZRXOG
JXDUDQWHHWKHHTXDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQRI
ZRPHQLQPDFURHFRQRPLFGHFLVLRQPDN
LQJ7RDFKLHYHIXOOSDUWLFLSDWLRQRI
ZRPHQDWDOOOHYHOVRIGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ
WKHGRFXPHQWFDOOVIRUWKHFUHDWLRQRI
¶IDYRXUDEOHFRQGLWLRQV·WRHQFRXUDJH
ZRPHQ·VSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQSROLWLFV,Q
DGGLWLRQJRYHUQPHQWVDFFHSWHGWKDW
DQ\W\SHRIYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQLVD
KXPDQULJKWVYLRODWLRQDQGDJUHHGWR
WDNHDOOVWHSVQHFHVVDU\WRHQVXUHWKDW
ZRPHQDUHSURWHFWHGDQGKDYHDFFHVV
WRMXVWLFH
SURJUDPPHLQLWLDWLYHV7KHVHLQLWLDWLYHV
VKRXOGHIIHFWLYHO\EXLOGRQWKHFDSDFLW\
RIZRPHQDIIHFWHGE\DUPHGFRQIOLFW
VXSSRUWLQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGZRPHQDQG
FKLOGUHQDVWKH\SXVKIRUUHWXUQWRWKHLU
KRPHVDQGUHFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGHQFRXU
DJHZRPHQ·VSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGSURWHF
WLRQLQEXLOGLQJDOLIHRISHDFHDQG
GLJQLW\
'UDZLQJXSRQUHFHQWLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRP
PLWPHQWVDQGFRQIHUHQFHRXWFRPHVDV
RXWOLQHGDERYHWKHIROORZLQJHPHUJHDV
DUHDVIRULPPHGLDWHDFWLRQVIRUDGYDQF
LQJWKHULJKWVRIGLVSODFHGZRPHQDQG
FKLOGUHQ
■ (IIHFWLYHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI81
6HFXULW\&RXQFLO5HVROXWLRQVHQVXU
LQJWKHSURWHFWLRQRIFKLOGUHQDQG
ZRPHQLQDUPHGFRQIOLFW
■ 0RUHHIIHFWLYHZDUQLQJV\VWHPVIRU
SUHYHQWLQJYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQ
DQGJLUOVDQGLQPDNLQJWKHSHUSHWUD
WRUVDFFRXQWDEOHIRUYLRODWLRQV7KH
UDWLILFDWLRQDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
WKH6WDWXWHRQWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&ULPLQDO&RXUWQHHGVWREHFRPSOH
PHQWHGE\FRPPXQLW\EDVHG
UHFRQFLOLDWLRQDQGMXGLFLDOSURFH
GXUHV0RUHHIIRUWVPXVWEHPDGHWR
HQGVH[XDODQGJHQGHUEDVHGYLROHQFH
WKURXJKDOORFDWLQJPRUHSURJUDPPH
EXGJHWWRHGXFDWLRQIRUSUHYHQWLRQ
■ 3ULRULWL]DWLRQE\KXPDQLWDULDQUHOLHI
'LVSODFHPHQW
ZRUNHUVRI+,9$,'6DFWLYLWLHV
7KHGRFXPHQWUHFRPPHQGHGWKDW LQFOXGLQJDZDUHQHVVFDPSDLJQV
■ 81'HYHORSPHQW)XQGIRU:RPHQ
DFWLRQVQHHGWREHWDNHQDWERWKQDWLRQDO DLPHGDWPXOWLVHFWRUDOSURWHFWLRQ
81,)(07UXVW)XQGLQ6XSSRUWRI
DQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHYHOVWRHQVXUHDQG HGXFDWLRQFRPPXQLW\VHUYLFHV
$FWLRQVWR(OLPLQDWH9LROHQFH$JDLQVW
VXSSRUWWKHIXOOSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIZRPHQ KHDOWKQXWULWLRQDQGHFRQRPLFSUR
:RPHQDQGLWV$IULFDQ:RPHQLQ
DWDOOOHYHOVRIGHFLVLRQPDNLQJDQG JUDPPHVDGGUHVVLQJSUHYHQWLRQRI
&ULVLVSURJUDPPH$):,&
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIGHYHORSPHQWDFWLYL PRWKHUWRFKLOGWUDQVPLVVLRQRI+,9
WLHVDQGSHDFHSURFHVVHVLQFOXGLQJ LPSURYLQJWKHSUHYHQWLRQDQGWUHDW
■ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&ULPLQDO7ULEXQDORQ
FRQIOLFWSUHYHQWLRQDQGUHVROXWLRQSRVW PHQWRIVH[XDOO\WUDQVPLWWHG
<XJRVODYLD,&7<UXOLQJWKDWUDSHLV
FRQIOLFWUHFRQVWUXFWLRQSHDFHPDNLQJ GLVHDVHVDQGLPSOHPHQWLQJYROXQWDU\
DZHDSRQRIZDUDQGDFULPHDJDLQVW
SHDFHNHHSLQJDQGSHDFHEXLOGLQJLQOLQH FRXQVHOOLQJDQGWHVWLQJDVDSSURSUL
KXPDQLW\DQG,QWHUQDWLRQDO
ZLWKH[LVWLQJSULQFLSOHVDQGJXLGHOLQHV DWHIRULQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGZRPHQ
&ULPLQDO7ULEXQDORQ5ZDQGD,&75
,QWKLVUHJDUGHIIRUWVVKRXOGDOVREH DQGDGROHVFHQWJLUOV
VXEVHTXHQWUXOLQJWKDWUDSHFDQEH
PDGHWRVXSSRUWWKHLQYROYHPHQWRI
OHJDOO\LQWHUSUHWHGDVDZHDSRQRU
ZRPHQ·VRUJDQL]DWLRQVFRPPXQLW\ ■ ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH,QWHU$JHQF\
WRRORUJHQRFLGH
EDVHGRUJDQL]DWLRQVDQG1*2VDQGWR 6WDQGLQJ&RPPLWWHH3ROLF\6WDWHPHQW
HQVXUHWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRILQWHUQDWLRQDO RQWKH,QWHJUDWLRQRID*HQGHU
■ 816HFXULW\&RXQFLO5HVROXWLRQ
FRQYHQWLRQVLQFOXGLQJ&('$:DQG&5& 3HUVSHFWLYHLQ+XPDQLWDULDQ
RQWKH3URWHFWLRQRI&LYLOLDQVLQ
WRWKHVHSURFHVVHV $VVLVWDQFHDQGWKHDJUHHGFRQFOX
$UPHG&RQIOLFWDQG5HVROXWLRQ
VLRQVRIWKH+XPDQLWDULDQ6HJPHQWRI
DQGUHVROXWLRQRQ
Areas for action 81(FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO&RXQFLORI
WKH3URWHFWLRQRI&KLOGUHQLQ$UPHG
7KLVZRXOGHQVXUHWKDWJHQGHU
&RQIOLFWDQGWKHGHSOR\PHQWRI81 LVVXHVDUHEURXJKWLQWRWKHPDLQ
,QWKHGHOLYHU\RIKXPDQLWDULDQDVVLV
&KLOG3URWHFWLRQ$GYLVRUVDQG*HQGHU VWUHDPRIKXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFH
WDQFHWKHFKDOOHQJHIRUJRYHUQPHQWV
$GYLVRUV DFWLYLWLHVIROORZLQJDJHQGHULPSDFW
WKH811*2VDQGRWKHUVLVWRXQGHU
VWDQGDQGUHVSRQGWRJHQGHULVVXHV DQDO\VLV7KLVZRXOGDOVRSDYHWKH
7KHILYH\HDUUHYLHZ%HLMLQJRIWKH ZD\IRUPHDVXUHVWRSURPRWHWKH
WKURXJKDQDO\VLVDQGFRPSUHKHQVLYH

FORCED MIGRATION review 9 15

Gender and displacement
SRVLWLYHUROHWKDWZRPHQFDQSOD\LQ
SRVWFRQIOLFWSHDFHEXLOGLQJUHFRQ
Resources: gender issues in armed conflict
VWUXFWLRQDQGUHFRQFLOLDWLRQ
 2QJRLQJLQLWLDWLYHVWRLPSURYHUHVSRQVHWR,'3V
,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHFHQWSURJUHVVUHSRUW
RIWKH*UDoD0DFKHOVWXG\XVHGDVWKH ■ *XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW 5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH816HFUHWDU\
EDFNJURXQGGRFXPHQWDWWKH6HSWHPEHU *HQHUDORQ,'3V81+&+56HHSIRUOLVWRIWUDQVODWLRQV$YDLODEOHDW
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ:DU ZZZUHOLHIZHELQWRFKDBROSXELGSBJSLGSKWPO
$IIHFWHG&KLOGUHQLQ:LQQLSHJ ■ 0DQXDORQ)LHOG3UDFWLFHLQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW([DPSOHVIURP81$JHQFLHVDQG
UHLWHUDWHGWKDWWKHPDQGDWHVRISUHYHQ 3DUWQHU2UJDQLVDWLRQVRI)LHOGEDVHG,QLWLDWLYHV6XSSRUWLQJ,'3V ,$6&3ROLF\3DSHU
WLYHSHDFHPLVVLRQVSHDFHNHHSLQJ $YDLODEOHDWZZZUHOLHIZHELQWRFKDBROSXE,'30DQXDOSGI
RSHUDWLRQVDQGSHDFHEXLOGLQJQHHGWR ■ +DQGERRNIRU$SSO\LQJWKH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW 7KH
LQFOXGHSURYLVLRQVIRUZRPHQ·VSURWHF %URRNLQJV,QVWLWXWLRQ3URMHFWRQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW$YDLODEOHDW
WLRQDVZHOODVWRUHVSRQGWRJHQGHU ZZZUHOLHIZHELQWRFKDBROSXE,'3SULQFLSOHV3')
LVVXHV6XFKPLVVLRQVDQGRSHUDWLRQDO
DFWLYLWLHVVKRXOGLQFOXGHDSSURSULDWHO\
&RQWDFWGHWDLOVIRU2&+$ *HQHYD 2&+$813DODLVGHV1DWLRQV*HQHYD
VWDIIHGDQGLQWHJUDWHGJHQGHUXQLWVDQG
6ZLW]HUODQG7HO)D[(PDLORFKDJYD#XQRUJ
JHQGHUDGYLVRUVDQGJLYHSULRULW\WRWKH
1HZ<RUN 2&+$811HZ<RUN1<86$7HO)D[
YHULILFDWLRQRIJHQGHUEDVHGYLRODWLRQV
(PDLORFKDQ\#XQRUJ
DQGWKHSURWHFWLRQRIZRPHQ·VKXPDQ
ULJKWV)LHOGRSHUDWLRQVVKRXOGSURWHFW
DQGVXSSRUWWKHGHOLYHU\RIKXPDQLWDUL ■ *OREDO'DWDEDVHRQ,'3V1RUZHJLDQ5HIXJHH&RXQFLOZZZLGSSURMHFWRUJ
DQDVVLVWDQFHIRUDIIHFWHGZRPHQDQGJLUOV
DQGLQSDUWLFXODUIRUUHIXJHHDQGGLVSODFHG  'RFXPHQWDWLRQRQSRVWFRQIOLFWUHLQWHJUDWLRQ81'3%URRNLQJV,QVWLWXWLRQ81,&()HWF
ZRPHQIURPDJHQGHUSHUVSHFWLYH )RUH[DPSOH,$6&,QWHU$JHQF\6WDQGLQJ&RPPLWWHH5HIHUHQFH*URXSSURFHVVRQWKLVLVVXH
GLVEDQGLQJHQGZLOOSURGXFHDUHSRUWRQLWVILQGLQJVVHHZZZUHOLHIZHELQWLDVF
Conclusions
 81,&()+XPDQLWDULDQ3ULQFLSOHV7UDLQLQJ$&KLOG5LJKWV3URWHFWLRQ$SSURDFKWR
+RZGRZHPDNHLWKDSSHQ"7KHUHDUH &RPSOH[(PHUJHQFLHV81,&()$YDLODEOHRQ&'5RPDQGDWFRHGPKDRUJXQLFHI
WZRRYHUZKHOPLQJSUHUHTXLVLWHV XQLFHIIVKWP)UHQFKDQG6SDQLVKYHUVLRQVDYDLODEOH7ULOLQJXDO&'5RPEHLQJSULQWHG
7KH*HQGHU'LPHQVLRQVRI,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW&RQFHSW3DSHUDQG$QQRWDWHG
)LUVWO\ ZHQHHGJOREDODSSOLFDWLRQRI %LEOLRJUDSK\ :RUNLQJ3DSHU6HULHV1RYSS&RQWDFW2IILFHRI(PHUJHQF\
LQWHUQDWLRQDOQRUPVLQFOXGLQJWKH 3URJUDPPHV81,&()+RXVH813OD]D1HZ<RUN1<86$7HO
*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFH )D[(PDLOHPRSV#XQLFHIRUJ
PHQWXVLQJULJKWVEDVHGDSSURDFKHV
EDVHGRQHTXDOLW\DFFRXQWDELOLW\  3URWHFWLRQRI,'3V3URWHFWLRQVWUDWHJLHVIRUZRPHQFKLOGUHQDQGRWKHUYXOQHUDEOH
SDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQ JURXSV ,$6&3ROLF\3DSHU

6HFRQGO\ ZHQHHGDQLQIRUPHGXQGHU
 3ROLF\6WDWHPHQWIRUWKH,QWHJUDWLRQRID*HQGHU3HUVSHFWLYHLQ+XPDQLWDULDQ
VWDQGLQJDQGDQDO\VLVRIWKHVRFLDO
$VVLVWDQFH,$6&(&262&0D\$YDLODEOHDWZZZUHOLHIZHELQWRFKDBROSXE
VWUXFWXUHVRIGLVSODFHGSRSXODWLRQVWKDW
LDVF,$6&JHQGHUSROLF\KWPSOXV%DFNJURXQG3DSHU¶0DLQVWUHDPLQJ*HQGHULQ
GHWHUPLQHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHKDYLRXU
FRSLQJPHFKDQLVPVDQGFDSDFLW\IRU
DGMXVWPHQW'LVDJJUHJDWLRQDQGDQDO\VLV
RILQIRUPDWLRQE\VH[DJHHWKQLFLW\DQG
UHOLJLRQDUHHVVHQWLDOIRUWKHSODQQLQJ
DQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIHIIHFWLYHKXPDQL
WDULDQDVVLVWDQFHVHUYLFHV
6ULODNVKPL*XUXUDMDLVWKH6HQLRU
$GYLVRUIRU*HQGHUDQG'HYHORS
PHQWDWWKH3URJUDPPH'LYLVLRQ
81,&()6KHZURWHWKLVDUWLFOHLQKHU
SHUVRQDOFDSDFLW\YLHZVH[SUHVVHG
GRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHSUHVHQWRIILFLDO
81,&()RSLQLRQ
(PDLOVJXUXUDMD#XQLFHIRUJ
WKH+XPDQLWDULDQ5HVSRQVHWR(PHUJHQFLHV·0DUFK$YDLODEOHDWZZZUHOLHIZHE
LQWRFKDBROSXELDVF,$6&JHQGHUKWP
 1*2VUHVRXUFHVVXFKDVWKH6SKHUH3URMHFW6HHZZZVSKHUHSURMHFWRUJ&RQWDFW
6SKHUH3URMHFW32%R[*HQHYD6ZLW]HUODQG7HO
)D[(PDLOVSKHUH#LIUFRUJ
 7UDLQLQJRI3HDFHNHHSLQJ)RUFHV IRFXVLQJRQJHQGHUDVSHFWVSURGXFHGE\WKH/HVWHU
3HDUVRQ3HDFHNHHSLQJ,QVWLWXWH&DQDGDDQG81,&()$YDLODEOHRQ&'5RP&RQWDFW
&DUPHQ6RUJHU3HDFHEXLOGLQJDQG+XPDQ6HFXULW\'LYLVLRQ'HSDUWPHQWRI)RUHLJQ
$IIDLUVDQG,QWHUQDWLRQDO7UDGH6XVVH['ULYH2WWDZD2QWDULR&DQDGD.$2*
7HO(PDLOFDUPHQVRUJHU#GIDLWPDHFLJFFD
 5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUH7KH5HIXJHH([SHULHQFH SV\FKRVRFLDOWUDLQLQJPRGXOH
LQFOXGHVVHFWLRQRQJHQGHUDQGIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQ&RQWDFW0DU\DQQH/RXJKU\DWWKH56&
DGGUHVVS(PDLOUHIH[S#THKR[DFXN'RUHHQ,QGUD(QJHQGHULQJ)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ
ZZZVSKHUHSURMHFWRUJ
7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFH%HUJKDKQ%RRNVLQDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKH56&SS,6%1
$):,&$IULFDQ:RPHQLQ&ULVLVHQDEOHV81,)(0WR
VXSSRUWTXLFNUHVSRQVHVDQGLPPHGLDWHDVVLVWDQFHWR &RQWDFW%HUJKDKQ%RRNVDW-RKQ6WUHHWUG)ORRU1HZ<RUN1<
ZRPHQLQFULVLVDQGWRSODFHZRPHQDWWKHFHQWUHRI 86$RU1HZ7HF3ODFH0DJGDOHQ5RDG2[IRUG2;,5(8.
WKHVHDUFKIRUVROXWLRQV$):,&DLPVWREXLOGWKH
FDSDFLW\RIVHOHFWHGZRPHQ·VULJKWVRUJDQL]DWLRQVDQG
UHOLHIRUJDQL]DWLRQVLQ(DVW:HVWDQG&HQWUDO$IULFDWR *XLGDQFHIRUSROLF\LPSOHPHQWDWLRQGHYHORSHGE\81DJHQFLHVDQGVSHFLDOL]HG
H[SDQGWKHLUZRUNWRLQFOXGHDGYRFDF\RQEHKDOIRI
UHIXJHHGLVSODFHGDQGUHWXUQHHZRPHQ
DJHQFLHVHJ81,&()·V3URJUDPPHU·V*XLGHWR*HQGHU0DLQVWUHDPLQJ HPDLOHPRSV#
XQLFHIRUJ81+&5·V 3HRSOH2ULHQWHG3ODQQLQJ*XLGH HPDLOKTUG#XQKFUFK

16 FORCED MIGRATION review 9

 Gender and displacement

Gender, persecution and the

concept of politics in the asylum
determination process
by Heaven Crawley

The particular difficulties facing many women VWDWXVUROHVDQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV*HQGHU

UHODWLRQVDQGJHQGHUGLIIHUHQFHVDUHKLV
as asylum seekers stem not from the absence WRULFDOO\JHRJUDSKLFDOO\DQGFXOWXUDOO\
VSHFLILFVRWKDWZKDWLWLVWREHD
of ‘gender’ in the Refugee Convention’s ¶ZRPDQ·RU¶PDQ·YDULHVWKURXJKVSDFH
DQGRYHUWLPH$Q\DQDO\VLVRIWKHZD\
grounds but rather from the failure of decision LQZKLFKJHQGHUDVRSSRVHGWRELRORJL
FDOVH[VKDSHVWKHH[SHULHQFHVRI
makers to acknowledge and respond to the DV\OXPVHHNLQJZRPHQPXVWWKHUHIRUH
FRQWH[WXDOL]HWKRVHH[SHULHQFHV
gendering of politics and of women’s relation-
ship to the state when applying that definition 7KLVGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQJHQGHUDQGVH[
DQGWKHIRFXVRQWKHSROLWLFDOFRQWH[WLQ
to individual cases. ZKLFKZRPHQ·VH[SHULHQFHVWDNHSODFH
DUHLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHWKHFRQWLQXLQJ

&
XUUHQWLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKH
81&RQYHQWLRQUHODWLQJWRWKH
6WDWXVRI5HIXJHHVWKH¶5HIXJHH
IRFXVRQZRPHQDVRSSRVHGWRJHQGHU
UDWHWKHJHQGHUUHODWHGDV\OXPFODLPVRI LQIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQUHVHDUFKDQGSUDF
ZRPHQLVDSURGXFWRIWKHJHQHUDOIDLO WLFHUHSOLFDWHVDQGUHLQIRUFHVWKH
XUHRIUHIXJHHODZWRUHFRJQL]HVRFLDO PDUJLQDOL]DWLRQRIZRPHQ·VH[SHULHQFHV
&RQYHQWLRQ·SUHVHQWVFRQVLGHUDEOHGLIIL
FXOWLHVIRUZRPHQZKHQWKHLUIHDUVRI
SHUVHFXWLRQDULVHRXWRIIRUPVRISURWHVW
RULOOWUHDWPHQWZKLFKDUHQRWFRQVLGHUHG
¶SROLWLFDO·
7KH5HIXJHH&RQYHQWLRQGRHVQRWVSHFLI
LFDOO\UHIHUWRJHQGHUDVRQHRIWKH
JURXQGVXSRQZKLFKDQLQGLYLGXDOFDQ
EHUHFRJQL]HGDVDUHIXJHHDQGJLYHQ
SURWHFWLRQ,WLVWKLVZKLFKKDVODUJHO\
EHHQVHHQDVWKHEDVLVRIZRPHQ·VPDU
JLQDOL]DWLRQDQGZKLFKKDVOHGVRPHWR
FDOOIRUWKHUHIXJHHGHILQLWLRQWREHUH
ZULWWHQDQGIRU¶JHQGHU·WREHDGGHGWR
WKH&RQYHQWLRQ·VJURXQGVDORQJVLGHUDFH
QDWLRQDOLW\UHOLJLRQVRFLDOJURXSDQG
DQGHFRQRPLFULJKWVDQGLWVHPSKDVLV
LQVWHDGRQLQGLYLGXDOWDUJHWLQJDQGVSH
FLILFGHSULYDWLRQRIFLYLODQGSROLWLFDO
ULJKWV7KLVLVGHVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWVRFLDO
DQGHFRQRPLFULJKWVPD\EHYLRODWHGIRU
SROLWLFDOUHDVRQV+RZHYHULWLVDOVR
UHODWHGWRDODUJHUFULWLFLVPRIKXPDQ
ULJKWVODZDQGGLVFRXUVHWKDWLWSULYL
OHJHVPDOHGRPLQDWHG¶SXEOLF·DFWLYLWLHV
RYHUWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIZRPHQZKLFKWDNH
SODFHODUJHO\LQWKH¶SULYDWH·VSKHUH
$OWKRXJKLQWHUQDWLRQDOODZLVJHQGHU
QHXWUDOLQWKHRU\LQSUDFWLFHWKH
SXEOLFSULYDWHGLVWLQFWLRQLVXVHGLQVXFK
DZD\WKDWZKDWZRPHQGRDQGZKDWLV
GRQHWRWKHPLVRIWHQVHHQDVLUUHOHYDQW
(TXDWLQJ¶JHQGHU·ZLWKZRPHQOHDGVWRD
WHQGHQF\WRJHQHUDOL]HDERXWWKHH[SHUL
HQFHVRIZRPHQDVDV\OXPVHHNHUVDQG
WKLVLVSUREOHPDWLFIRUVHYHUDOUHDVRQV
)LUVWO\LWUHVXOWVLQFRQIXVLRQDERXW
ZKDWLVPHDQWE\WKHWHUP¶JHQGHUUHODW
HGSHUVHFXWLRQ·DQGLQSDUWLFXODUDODFN
RIXQGHUVWDQGLQJDERXWWKHUHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQWKHIRUPRIKDUPVXIIHUHGRU
IHDUHGDQGWKHUHOHYDQWHQXPHUDWHG
JURXQG6HFRQGO\ZKLOHWKHUHDUHRIWHQ
VLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHH[SH
ULHQFHVRIZRPHQDQGPHQWKHUHDUH
DOVRFULWLFDOGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQZRPHQ
ZLWKLQDQGEHWZHHQSDUWLFXODUFRXQWULHV
DQGFRQWH[WV7KHWHQGHQF\RIDFDGH
DFWXDORULPSXWHGSROLWLFDORSLQLRQ
,WKDVDOVROHGWRFDOOVIRUZRPHQWREH
UHFRJQL]HGDV¶PHPEHUVRIDSDUWLFXODU
0DQ\RIWKHH[LVWLQJDQDO\VHVKDYH
PLFVSUDFWLWLRQHUVDQGSROLF\PDNHUVWR
VRXJKWWRH[SODLQWKHGLIIHUHQWLDOWUHDW
WUHDW¶ZRPHQ·DVDQKRPRJHQHRXV
PHQWRIZRPHQE\UHIHUHQFHWRWKHLU
FDWHJRU\LQRUGHUWRHPSKDVL]HWKHZD\V
VRFLDOJURXS·ZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH
&RQYHQWLRQDQGRIIHUHGSURWHFWLRQRQ
WKLVEDVLV 7KLVDUWLFOHTXHVWLRQVKRZ
HYHUZKHWKHUVXFKDSSURDFKHVLQKLJK
OLJKWLQJWKHVSHFLILFLW\RIZRPHQ·VH[SH
ULHQFHVKDYHDGHTXDWHO\UHIOHFWHGXSRQ
WKHUROHRIJHQGHUDVRSSRVHGWRVH[LQ
VKDSLQJWKRVHH[SHULHQFHVDQGWKHSURE
OHPVH[SHULHQFHGLQWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
SURFHVV
VWDWXVDVZRPHQLHWKHLUVH[UDWKHU
LQZKLFKWKHH[SHULHQFHVRIZRPHQJHQ
WKDQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIJHQGHULGHQWLW\
HUDOO\KDYHEHHQPDUJLQDOL]HGPHDQVWKDW
LQVSHFLILFJHRJUDSKLFDOKLVWRULFDOSROLWL
WKHVHFULWLFDOGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQZRPHQ
FDODQGVRFLRFXOWXUDOFRQWH[WV
KDYHRIWHQEHHQLJQRUHG
0RUHRYHUWKHWHUPV¶JHQGHU·DQG¶VH[·
KDYHWHQGHGWREHXVHGLQWHUFKDQJHDEO\
8QOLNH¶VH[·ZKLFKLVELRORJLFDOO\GHILQHG Male versus female models
DQGWKHUHIRUHLQQDWHWKHWHUP¶JHQGHU·
UHIHUVWRWKHVRFLDOFRQVWUXFWLRQRI 7KHSUREOHPZLWKPDQ\RIWKHFXUUHQW
SRZHUUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQZRPHQDQG DSSURDFKHVWRZRPHQDVDV\OXPVHHNHUV
PHQDQGWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHVHUHOD WKHUHIRUHLVWKDWWKH\RIWHQFRXQWHUSRVH
,QPDQ\UHVSHFWVWKHIDLOXUHWRLQFRUSR WLRQVIRUZRPHQ·VDQGPHQ·VLGHQWLW\ WKH¶PDOHH[SHULHQFH·RISHUVHFXWLRQZLWK

FORCED MIGRATION review 9 17

Gender and displacement
D¶IHPDOHPRGHO·7KLVPRGHOJHQHUDOL]HV
DERXWZRPHQ·VH[SHULHQFHVRI¶JHQGHU
UHODWHGSHUVHFXWLRQ·DQGRYHUHPSKDVL]HV
VH[XDOYLROHQFHDWWKHH[SHQVHRIRWKHU
IRUPVRIUHVLVWDQFHDQGUHSUHVVLRQWKDW
DUHH[SHULHQFHGE\ZRPHQLQWKHLUFRXQ
WULHVRIRULJLQ'LIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ
ZRPHQKRZHYHUKDYHVLJQLILFDQWLPSOL
FDWLRQVIRUWKHLUH[SHULHQFHVRIERWK
SHUVHFXWLRQDQGWKHSURFHVVRIDV\OXP
GHWHUPLQDWLRQ)RUH[DPSOHEHFDXVH
QDWLRQDOLVWDJHQGDVDUHPRUHRSHQWR
LQFRUSRUDWLQJVRPHJURXSVRIZRPHQ
WKDQRWKHUVWKHDSSDUDWXVDQGLQVWLWX
WLRQVRIWKHVWDWH
PD\HVWDEOLVKGLI
IHUHQWLDOSROLFLHV Women are as vulnerable
WRZDUGVWKHP
to political violence as
2QHXQLQWHQGHG
EXWYHU\VHULRXV
their male counterparts
HIIHFWRIPHUHO\
DGGLQJ¶ZRPHQ·WRH[LVWLQJDQDO\VHV
ZLWKRXWDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHGLIIHU
HQFHVEHWZHHQZRPHQLVWKDWZRPHQ
DSSHDURQO\DVYLFWLPVUHIXJHHZRPHQ
DUHSUHVHQWHGDVXQLIRUPO\SRRUSRZHU
OHVVDQGYXOQHUDEOHZKLOH:HVWHUQ
ZRPHQDUHWKHUHIHUHQFHSRLQWIRUPRG
HUQHGXFDWHGVH[XDOO\OLEHUDWHG
ZRPDQKRRG7KLVLQWXUQOHDGVWRWKH
GHSROLWLFL]DWLRQDQGGHFRQWH[WXDOL]DWLRQ
RIZRPHQ·VH[SHULHQFHVRISHUVHFXWLRQ
DQGWKHLUFRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQDVSDVVLYH
YLFWLPVRIIRUH[DPSOH¶PDOHRSSUHV
VLRQ·RU¶RSSUHVVLYHFXOWXUHVUHOLJLRQVRU
WUDGLWLRQV·
The concept of politics
7KHFRQFHSWRI¶SROLWLFV·LVFULWLFDOWRWKH
SURFHVVRIGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUDQLQGL
YLGXDODSSOLFDQWVKRXOGEHUHFRJQL]HGDV
DUHIXJHHZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH
5HIXJHH&RQYHQWLRQ,WKDVEHHQVXJJHVW
HGWKDWEHFDXVHZRPHQDUHPXFKOHVV
OLNHO\WKDQPHQWREHLQYROYHGLQSROL
WLFVWKHFRQFHSWRI¶SROLWLFDORSLQLRQ·LV
XQOLNHO\WREHFHQWUDOLQWKHFODLPVRI
ZRPHQVHHNLQJDV\OXP +RZHYHUWKLV
IDLOVWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHFRQWH[WLQ
ZKLFKZRPHQ·VSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGUHVLV
WDQFHWDNHSODFH
*HQGHUHGFULWLTXHVRISROLWLFVDQGSROLWL
FDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQDUHSDUWLFXODUO\XVHIXO
EHFDXVHWKH\VKHGQHZOLJKWRQWKHUHOD
WLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRPHQDQGSROLWLFV
ERWKE\SRLQWLQJWRWKHVWUXFWXUDOIHD
WXUHVRISROLWLFDOOLIHZKLFKKDYHWHQGHG
WRH[FOXGHZRPHQIURPSRVLWLRQVRI
SRZHUDQGE\UHYHDOLQJWKHKLVWRU\RI
ZRPHQ·VLQYROYHPHQWLQSROLWLFDODFWLRQ
,QDGGLWLRQWKH\KDYHFKDOOHQJHGWKHWHQ
18
GHQF\WRVHSDUDWHWKHSXEOLFZRUOGRI
SROLWLFVDQGHPSOR\PHQWIURPWKHSUL
YDWHVSKHUHRIIDPLO\DQGLQWHUSHUVRQDO
UHODWLRQV
:RPHQDUHDVYXOQHUDEOHWRSROLWLFDO
YLROHQFHDVWKHLUPDOHFRXQWHUSDUWVHYHQ
WKRXJKWKHLUSROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIWHQ
WDNHVSODFHDWDVRFDOOHG¶ORZOHYHO·
,QPDQ\VRFLHWLHVLQGHHGWKHSHQDOWLHV
IRUSROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGUHVLVWDQFH
DUHHYHQPRUHVHYHUHIRUZRPHQWKDQ
IRUPHQEHFDXVHRIFXOWXUDODQGVRFLDO
QRUPVWKDWSUHFOXGHZRPHQ·VLQYROYH
PHQW)RU
H[DPSOH
ZRPHQZKR
DUHLPSULV
RQHGE\WKH
DXWKRULWLHV
UXQWKHULVN
RI¶GRXEOH
SXQLVKPHQW·7KH\DUHSXQLVKHGQRW
RQO\EHFDXVHWKH\RSSRVHWKHUHJLPHLQ
VRPHZD\EXWDOVREHFDXVHWKH\VKXQ
WKHWUDGLWLRQDOUROHRIZRPHQE\EHLQJ
SROLWLFDOO\DFWLYHDWDOO$VDUHVXOWWKH\
DUHRIWHQ¶SXWEDFNLQWKHLUSODFH·E\
SULVRQJXDUGVRUPLOLWDU\PHQ
9LROHQFHDJDLQVWWKRVHZKRRSSRVH
UHJLPHVLVQRWFRQILQHGWRWKHSXEOLF
VSKHUHEHFDXVHSROLWLFVDQGSROLWLFDO
UHVLVWDQFHDUHQRWH[FOXVLYHWRWKHSXEOLF
VSKHUH3ROLWLFDOYLROHQFHE\WKHVWDWH
DLPVWRGLVDEOHRSSRVLWLRQRUUHVLVWDQFH
E\VRLQWLPLGDWLQJDSRSXODWLRQDVWR
IRUFLEO\¶GHSROLWLFL]H·LW%ULQJLQJYLR
OHQFHLQWRWKH¶SULYDWH·VSKHUHRIWKH
KRPHDQGIDPLO\DSSHDUVWREHDSDUWLF
XODUO\HIIHFWLYHPHDQVRIDFKLHYLQJWKLV
DLP$VDUHVXOWHYHQZKHUHZRPHQGR
QRWSDUWLFLSDWHLQIRUPDOSROLWLFVD
ZRPDQQRQHWKHOHVVPD\EHKDUPHGDVD
PHDQVRILQWLPLGDWLQJFRHUFLQJRUKDUP
LQJRWKHUIDPLO\PHPEHUVZKRKROG
GLVVHQWLQJSROLWLFDOYLHZVRUZKRHQJDJH
LQSROLWLFDODFWLYLWLHVZKLFKDUHGLVDS
SURYHGRIE\WKHSHUVHFXWRU
,QDGGLWLRQZRPHQZKRKDYHKDGOLWWOH
RUQRLQYROYHPHQWLQIRUPDOSROLWLFDO
LQVWLWXWLRQVRIWHQWDNHXSDOOVRUWVRI
SUDFWLFDODQGLQQRYDWLYHZD\VWRH[HUW
SUHVVXUHRQWKHSROLWLFDOVFHQHLQWLPHV
RIFRQIOLFW7KHVHIRUPVRISROLWLFDOSDU
WLFLSDWLRQE\ZRPHQRIWHQJURZRXWRI
DQGVXEYHUWWKHLUJHQGHUUROHVDV
SURYLGHUVDQGQXUWXUHUVEHFDXVHZRPHQ
DUHVHHQDVSROLWLFDOLQQRFHQWVWKH\DUH
DEOHWRXVHWKLVLPPXQLW\WRWDNHLQLWLD
WLYHVDQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRIDFRYHUW
SROLWLFDOQDWXUH
$JHQGHUHGFULWLTXHRISROLWLFVVXJJHVWV
WKDWWKHH[WHQW RIZRPHQ·VSROLWLFDO
SDUWLFLSDWLRQKDVEHHQXQGHUHVWLPDWHG
,QDGGLWLRQKRZHYHULWLQGLFDWHVDWHQ
GHQF\WRPLVUHSUHVHQWJHQGHUHGIRUPV
RISHUVHFXWLRQDQGUHVLVWDQFHDVSHU
VRQDOUDWKHUWKDQSROLWLFDO,QWKH
FRQWH[WRIJURZLQJ VWUXJJOHVRYHU
QDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\SUHYDOHQWLGHRORJLHV
KDYHDUWLFXODWHGSROLFLHVWKDWKDYH
SURYHGSDUWLFXODUO\GHWULPHQWDOWR
ZRPHQEHFDXVHWKHUROHRIJHQGHULQ
WKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIQDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\
EHFRPHVUHIOHFWHGLQVWDWHSROLFLHV
0DQ\DQWLFRORQLDOQDWLRQDOLVWSURMHFWV
DLPWRUHFRYHURUUHLQYHQW¶WUDGLWLRQ·LQ
RUGHUWRGHYHORSDQHZQDWLRQDOLVWFRQ
VFLRXVQHVV:LWKLQWKLVSURFHVVQDWLRQDO
GLIIHUHQFHLVRIWHQFRQVWUXFWHGLQFXOWXU
DOWHUPVDJDLQVWWKH:HVWDQGEHFDXVH
WKLVGLIIHUHQFHLVRIWHQORFDWHGLQWKH
SULYDWHVSKHUHLQIDPLO\DQGVH[UROHV
ZRPHQKDYHEHHQFRQVWUXFWHGDVWKH
EHDUHUVRIDQDXWKHQWLFDXWKHQWLFDWHG
FXOWXUH,QPDQ\SDUWVRIWKHZRUOG
ZRPHQZKRGRQRWOLYHXSWRWKHPRUDO
RUHWKLFDOVWDQGDUGVLPSRVHGRQWKHP
E\WKHLUVRFLHWLHVDUHLPSXWHGZLWKD
SROLWLFDORSLQLRQDQGDVDFRQVHTXHQFH
VXIIHUFUXHORULQKXPDQWUHDWPHQW
5HIXVLQJWRPDUU\KDYLQJVH[XDOUHOD
WLRQVRXWVLGHPDUULDJHSURYLGLQJ
XQVDWLVIDFWRU\GRZU\RUHYHQZHDULQJ
FHUWDLQGUHVVFDQUHVXOWLQSHUVHFXWLRQ
3HUKDSVRQHRIWKHFOHDUHVWH[DPSOHVRI
WKHZD\LQZKLFKSROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ
DQGUHVLVWDQFHLVJHQGHUHGFDQEHVHHQ
LQWKHSROLWLFVRIGUHVVFRGHVDQGVSHFLI
LFDOO\WKHYHLO:RPHQ·VRSSRVLWLRQWR
WKHLPSRVLWLRQRIGUHVVFRGHVGXULQJWKH
SURFHVVRI,VODPL]DWLRQVKRXOGEHEH
VHHQLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHSROLWLFDOV\P
EROLVPRIWKHYHLO7KHFRQFHSWRI
¶KRQRXU·KDVEHFRPHVWURQJO\DVVRFLDWHG
ZLWKZRPHQ·VVH[XDOEHKDYLRXULQPDQ\
FRQWH[WV$Q\DFWXDORUSHUFHLYHGYLROD
WLRQRIZKDWDUHGHHPHGWREH
¶DSSURSULDWH·JHQGHUUHODWLRQVLVYLHZHG
DVGHILOLQJWKHKRQRXURIWKHZRPDQ
DQGLQWXUQWKHKRQRXURIWKHQDWLRQ
LWVHOI3URWHFWLQJWKHKRQRXURIWKH
ZRPDQDQGWKHQDWLRQWKHUHIRUHJDLQV
SROLWLFDOVLJQLILFDQFHDQGZLOOEH
HQIRUFHGHLWKHUGLUHFWO\WKURXJKWKH
VWDWH²DVVHHQLQOHJLVODWHGGLVFULPLQD
WLRQDQGODZVUHJXODWLQJZRPHQ·V
EHKDYLRXU²RUWKURXJKDZRPDQ·V
IDPLO\DQGFRPPXQLW\
7KHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHVHSURFHVVHVIRU
ZRPHQFDQEHVHHQLQWKHH[SHULHQFHVRI
WKRVHVHHNLQJDV\OXPXQGHUWKH5HIXJHH
&RQYHQWLRQ:RPHQPD\EHVXEMHFWHGWR
GLVFULPLQDWRU\WUHDWPHQWZKLFKLV
FORCED MIGRATION review 9

HQIRUFHGWKURXJKODZRUWKURXJKWKH
LPSRVLWLRQRIVRFLDORUUHOLJLRXVQRUPV
ZKLFKUHVWULFWWKHLURSSRUWXQLWLHVDQG
ULJKWV7KHFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUZRPHQRI
IDLOXUHRUUHIXVDOWRFRPSO\ZLWKVRFLDO
QRUPVDQGPRUHVUHJDUGLQJWKHLUEHKDY
LRXUFDQYDU\HQRUPRXVO\
Gender and displacement
$WRQHH[WUHPHDZRPDQPD\IHDUWKDW
VKHZLOOEHVXEMHFWHGWRWKUHDWVRQKHU
OLIHLIVKHLVIRUFHGWRUHWXUQWRKHU
FRXQWU\RIRULJLQ(YHQZKHUHDZRPDQ
GRHVQRWIHDUWKUHDWVRQKHUOLIHVKHLV
RIWHQIRUFHGWRVXEPLWWRPHDVXUHVWR
UHWDLQRUUHHVWDEOLVKKHUKRQRXU7KH
KDUPH[SHULHQFHGRUIHDUHGLQWKHVH
FDVHVZLOORIWHQEHPDUULDJHUHODWHG
LQFOXGLQJIRUFHGPDUULDJHDIRUPRI
DEXVHWKDWLVRIWHQQRWUHFRJQL]HG,Q
PDQ\FDVHVRIZRPHQZKRUHIXVHWR
DJUHHWRVXFKDUUDQJHPHQWVLWZLOOEH
WKHSXQLVKPHQWLQIOLFWHGDVDUHIXVDOWR
DELGHE\GLVFULPLQDWRU\VRFLDOPRUHV
UDWKHUWKDQWKHPDUULDJHLWVHOIZKLFK
ZLOOULVHWRWKHOHYHORI¶VHULRXVKDUP·
7KHUHSHUFXVVLRQVIRUZRPHQRIGLYRUF
LQJWKHLUKXVEDQGVRUHQWHULQJLQWR
PL[HGPDUULDJHVPD\EHHTXDOO\GHYDV
WDWLQJ
,QRWKHUFRQWH[WVWKHUHPD\EHSUHVVXUH
RQZRPHQWRKDYHRUQRWWRKDYHFKLO
GUHQDFFRUGLQJWRGLIIHUHQWQDWLRQDO
SURMHFWVXQGHUVSHFLILFKLVWRULFDOFLU
FXPVWDQFHVVRPHRUDOOZRPHQRI
FKLOGEHDULQJDJHJURXSVZRXOGEHFDOOHG
RQVRPHWLPHVEULEHGDQGVRPHWLPHV
HYHQIRUFHGWRKDYHPRUHRUIHZHUFKLO
GUHQ7KLVFDQEHVHHQIRUH[DPSOHLQ
WKHH[SHULHQFHVRIVRPHZRPHQIURP
WKH3HRSOH·V5HSXEOLFRI&KLQD
Content versus interpretation
7KLVDSSURDFKWRWKHH[SHULHQFHVRI
ZRPHQVHHNLQJDV\OXPVXJJHVWVWKDWWKH
IUDPHZRUNIRUDV\OXPGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
QHHGVWREHWUDQVIRUPHGWRDFFRPPR
GDWHWKHLQFOXVLRQRIZRPHQQRWDVD
VSHFLDOFDVHGHYLDWLQJIURPWKHQRUPEXW
DVRQHRIPDQ\GLIIHUHQWJURXSVZKRVH
H[SHULHQFHVPXVWEHFRQWH[WXDOL]HGLI
WKH\DUHWREHSURSHUO\XQGHUVWRRG7KLV
DSSURDFKVXJJHVWVWKDWWKH¶SUREOHP·LV
QRWVRPXFKWKHDFWXDOLQYLVLELOLW\RI
ZRPHQEXWUDWKHUKRZWKHLUH[SHULHQFHV
KDYHEHHQUHSUHVHQWHGDQGDQDO\WLFDOO\
FKDUDFWHUL]HG

%RWKDFWXDODQGLPSXWHGSROLWLFDORSLQ

LRQDQG¶PHPEHUVKLSRIDSDUWLFXODU
VRFLDOJURXS·ZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRI
$UWLFOH$RIWKH&RQYHQWLRQFDQDQG
VKRXOGSURYLGHDOHJDOEDVLVIRUWKH
UHFRJQLWLRQRIZRPHQDV&RQYHQWLRQ
UHIXJHHV3ROLWLFDORSLQLRQLQSDUWLFXODU
VKRXOGEHSURSHUO\LQWHUSUHWHGWR
LQFOXGHZRPHQ·VRSSRVLWLRQWRH[WUHPH
LQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HGIRUPVRIRSSUHVVLRQ
DZRPDQZKRRSSRVHVOHJLVODWHGGLV
FULPLQDWLRQDJDLQVWZRPHQRUH[SUHVVHV
YLHZVRILQGHSHQGHQFHIURPWKHVRFLDO
RUFXOWXUDOGRPLQDQFHRIPHQLQKHU
VRFLHW\PD\EHIRXQGWRKDYHEHHQSHU
VHFXWHGRUWRIHDUSHUVHFXWLRQEHFDXVH
RIKHUDFWXDOSROLWLFDORSLQLRQRUDSROLWL
FDORSLQLRQWKDWKDVEHHQRUZLOOEH
Howard Davies

Demonstrators outside Rochester prison in Kent

protesting against detention of asylum seekers.

FORCED MIGRATION review 9 19

Gender and displacement
LPSXWHGWRKHU6KHLVSHUFHLYHGZLWKLQ
WKHHVWDEOLVKHGSROLWLFDOVRFLDOVWUXFWXUH
DVH[SUHVVLQJSROLWLFDOO\DQWDJRQLVWLF
YLHZVWKURXJKKHUDFWLRQVRUIDLOXUHWR
DFW,IDZRPDQUHVLVWVJHQGHUHGRSSUHV
VLRQKHUUHVLVWDQFHVKRXOGEHUHJDUGHG
DVSROLWLFDODFWLYLW\
,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHDUHFDVHVZKHUH
ZRPHQGRQRWGLUHFWO\RULQWHQWLRQDOO\
FKDOOHQJHLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HGQRUPVRI
EHKDYLRXUEXWDUHQRQHWKHOHVVLPSXWHG
ZLWKDSROLWLFDORSLQLRQDVDFRQVHTXHQFH
RIWKHLUH[SHULHQFHV7KLVFDQEHVHHQ
IRUH[DPSOHLQWKHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRID
UDSHGZRPDQDVDGXOWHURXVLQWKHVRFLDO
RVWUDFLVPRIDQXQPDUULHGVHSDUDWHG
GLYRUFHGZLGRZHGRUOHVELDQZRPDQ
DQGLQWKHSROLWLFL]DWLRQRIXQLQWHQWLRQ
$V\OXP&ODLPVLQWKH8.ODXQFKHGLQ
$OWKRXJKWKHVHJXLGHOLQHVKDYH
QRWEHHQDFFHSWHGE\WKH+RPH2IILFH
WKH\DUHFOHDUO\UHIOHFWHGLQJXLGHOLQHV
SXEOLVKHGLQ'HFHPEHUE\WKH
,PPLJUDWLRQ$SSHOODWH$XWKRULWLHVIRU
GHFLVLRQPDNHUVKHDULQJDSSHDOVDJDLQVW
WKHUHIXVDORIDV\OXP
Conclusion
*HQGHUJXLGHOLQHVFDQVHUYHDQLPSRU
WDQWUROHLQUDLVLQJDZDUHQHVVRIWKH
VSHFLILFGLIILFXOWLHVIDFLQJZRPHQDV
DV\OXPVHHNHUVDQGLQDGGUHVVLQJD
UDQJHRIVXEVWDQWLYHDQGSURFHGXUDO
LVVXHV7KH\DUHDOVRLPSRUWDQWLQHQVXU
LQJWKDWDZLGHUDQJHRILQGLYLGXDOVDQG
RUJDQL]DWLRQV²LQGLYLGXDOODZ\HUVDQG
OLQHVDQG'U&UDZOH\·VQHZERRNSOXV
OLQNVWRRWKHUVRXUFHVRILQIRUPDWLRQ
DQGVXSSRUWYLVLWZZZUZOJRUJXN
7KHXVHRIWKHSDUWLFXODUVRFLDOJURXSEDVLVRIWKH
UHIXJHHGHILQLWLRQWRH[WHQGSURWHFWLRQWRZRPHQZKR
IDFHSHUVHFXWLRQIRUKDYLQJWUDQVJUHVVHGUHOLJLRXVRU
VRFLDOPRUHVILQGVVWURQJVXSSRUWLQWKHSURQRXQFH
PHQWVRIWKH81+&5DQGJRYHUQPHQWDOERGLHVDQGWKH
DGPLQLVWUDWLYHGHFLVLRQVRIVHYHUDOFRXQWULHV
7KLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJLVDOVRLPSOLFLWLQWKRVHDQDO\VHV
ZKLFKIRFXVXSRQ¶PHPEHUVKLSRIDSDUWLFXODUVRFLDO
JURXS·DVWKHPRVWDSSURSULDWHRULQGHHGRQO\EDVLV
RQZKLFKZRPHQFDQEHSURWHFWHGXQGHUWKH5HIXJHH
&RQYHQWLRQ
6HHSLHFHRSSRVLWHE\1DWKDOLD%HUNRZLW]
EU women lobby
for equal rights in
DOYLRODWLRQVRIGUHVVFRGHV SUDFWLWLRQHUV1*2VZRPHQ·VJURXSV seeking asylum
DFDGHPLFV²FKDOOHQJHFXUUHQWSROLF\
7KHGHYHORSPHQWRI DQGSUDFWLFHDW 2Q'HFHPEHUWKH(XURSHDQ
WKLVDSSURDFKWRWKH DYDULHW\RI :RPHQ
V/REE\(:/ODXQFKHGD
5HIXJHH&RQYHQWLRQ a new awareness and
LVLPSRUWDQWWR
HQVXUHWKDWWKHDV\ willingness to take
OXPFODLPVPDGHE\
LQWKHLU
ZRPHQDUHSURSHUO\ gender into account
XQGHUIXWXUH(8DV\OXP
DQGFRQVLVWHQWO\
FRQVLGHUHGE\GHFL have emerged
VLRQPDNHUVDQG
WKDWWKHOHJDODQGWKHRUHWLFDODUJXPHQWV
DUHFRKHUHQWDQGDEOHWRVWDQGWKHWHVW
RIWLPH/RRNLQJDWJHQGHUDVRSSRVHG
WRVH[HQDEOHVDQDSSURDFKZKLFKFDQ
DFFRPPRGDWHVSHFLILFLW\GLYHUVLW\DQG
KHWHURJHQHLW\,WDOVRHQVXUHVWKDWWKH
DV\OXPFODLPVRIZRPHQDUHQRWURXWLQHO\
GLVPLVVHGDVFXOWXUDOO\UHODWLYHDQG
WKHUHIRUHRXWVLGHWKHPHFKDQLVPVIRU
SURWHFWLRQDYDLODEOHXQGHUWKH5HIXJHH
&RQYHQWLRQ
)ROORZLQJ\HDUVRIQHJOHFWRIWKHQHHGV
RIUHIXJHHDQGDV\OXPVHHNLQJZRPHQ
DQHZDZDUHQHVVDQGZLOOLQJQHVVWRWDNH
JHQGHULQWRDFFRXQWLQSROLF\GHYHORS
PHQWDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQKDYHHPHUJHG
DQGWKHUHKDYHEHHQPDQ\HQFRXUDJLQJ
UHFHQWGHYHORSPHQWVOHJLWLPL]LQJWKH
IDFWXDOEDVLVIRUZRPHQ·VDV\OXPFODLPV
+XPDQULJKWVJURXSVLQSDUWLFXODUKDYH
LQFUHDVLQJO\IRFXVHGWKHLUDWWHQWLRQRQ
JHQGHUVSHFLILFKXPDQULJKWV0HDQZKLOH
OHYHOVLQWKH
JDWKHULQJRI
LQIRUPDWLRQLQ
WKHIRUPXODWLRQ
RILQGLYLGXDO
FODLPVDWWKH
LQLWLDOGHFLVLRQ
PDNLQJVWDJH
DQGRQDSSHDO+RZHYHULWLVLPSRUWDQW
WRUHFRJQL]HWKDWWKHXQGHUO\LQJSURE
OHPVH[SHULHQFHGE\ZRPHQVWHPQRW
VLPSO\IURPWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\DUH
ZRPHQSHUVH EXWIURPWKHFRQFHSWXDO
L]DWLRQRINH\ HOHPHQWVRIWKH5HIXJHH
&RQYHQWLRQDQGLQSDUWLFXODUWKHFRQ
FHSWRISROLWLFV
,WLVWKLVFRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQDQGWKHFRQ
WLQXLQJWHQGHQF\DPRQJGHFLVLRQPDNHUV
WRDOORZDSXEOLFSULYDWHGLFKRWRP\WR
HQJHQGHUWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQSURFHVVDVD
ZKROHWKDWPRVWVHULRXVO\XQGHUPLQHV
WKHSURWHFWLRQDYDLODEOHXQGHUWKH
5HIXJHH&RQYHQWLRQ7KLVSUREOHP
FDQQRWHDVLO\EHDGGUHVVHGE\WKH
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIJXLGHOLQHVDORQH
'U+HDYHQ&UDZOH\LVDIRXQGHU
PHPEHURIWKH5HIXJHH:RPHQ·V
/HJDO*URXSLQWKH8.DQGDXWKRURI
:RPHQDV$V\OXP6HHNHUV$/HJDO
\HDUORQJFDPSDLJQWRKLJKOLJKW
IRUPVRISHUVHFXWLRQXQLTXHWR
ZRPHQDQGWRHQVXUHWKDWWKH\DUH
DEOHWRFODLPUHIXJHHVWDWXV
RZQULJKW
SURFHGXUHV
7KH(:/DFRDOLWLRQRIPHP
EHURUJDQL]DWLRQVLQWKH(8EHOLHYHV
WKDWWKH*HQHYD&RQYHQWLRQ
DQGWKHIROORZXS3URWRFRORI
ZKLFKWRJHWKHUSURYLGHWKHOHJDO
EDVLVIRUJUDQWLQJDV\OXPZRUOG
ZLGHIDLOWRH[SOLFLWO\DGGUHVV
JHQGHUVSHFLILFDFWVRISHUVHFXWLRQ
LQFOXGLQJVH[XDOYLROHQFHDQGRWKHU
IRUPVRIKXPDQULJKWVYLRODWLRQV
7KURXJKRXWWKH\HDUORQJFDPSDLJQ
WKH(:/ZLOOPRQLWRUSURJUHVVRQD
GUDIWGLUHFWLYHRQPLQLPXPVWDQ
GDUGVRQSURFHGXUHVLQ(8PHPEHU
VWDWHVIRUJUDQWLQJDQGZLWKGUDZLQJ
UHIXJHHVWDWXVQRZEHLQJFRQVLG
HUHGE\WKH(XURSHDQ3DUOLDPHQW
$VSDUWRIWKHFDPSDLJQWKH(:/LV
GLVWULEXWLQJWHQVRIWKRXVDQGVRI
SRVWFDUGVWKURXJKRXW(XURSHKLJK
OLJKWLQJIRXUGLIIHUHQWDUHDVRI
FRQFHUQ²IHPDOHJHQLWDOPXWLODWLRQ
UDSHDVDZHDSRQRIZDUIRUFHG
81+&5KDVDOVREHJXQWRWXUQLWVDWWHQ
WLRQWRJHQGHUUHODWHGSHUVHFXWLRQDQG
SHUVHFXWLRQLV
&DQDGDWKH86DQG$XVWUDOLDKDYH
2Q'HFHPEHU
H[WHQGHGWKHLULQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKH
&RQYHQWLRQWRZRPHQPDNLQJFODLPV
RQWKLVEDVLV
,QWKH8.WKH5HIXJHH:RPHQ·V/HJDO
*URXSKDVSURGXFHGLWVRZQ*HQGHU
*XLGHOLQHVIRUWKH'HWHUPLQDWLRQRI
20
+DQGERRN$UHYLVHGDQG PDUULDJHDQG¶JXLOWE\DVVRFDWLRQ·
XSGDWHGVHFRQGHGLWLRQHQWLWOHG DQGDVVHUWLQJWKDW
5HIXJHH/DZDQG3URFHVV*HQGHUHG QRWJHQGHUEOLQG
3HUVSHFWLYHVZLOOEHSXEOLVKHGE\ WKHSRVWFDUGVDQGHOHFWURQLF
-RUGDQVLQ-DQXDU\ SHWLWLRQZLOOEHVXEPLWWHGWR
(PDLOKHDYHQ#FUDZOH\IUHHVHUYH %HOJLXPZKLFKZLOOWKHQKROGWKH
FRXN URWDWLQJ(83UHVLGHQF\
6HHZZZZRPHQOREE\RUJ
)RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH5HIXJHH
DV\OXPFDPSDLJQ
:RPHQ·V/HJDO*URXSWKHJHQGHUJXLGH
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
 Gender and displacement

Gender guidelines for the UK

by Nathalia Berkowitz

2
Q'HFHPEHUWKH8.·V DQDO\VLVWKDQSUHYLRXVJXLGHOLQHVDQG
,PPLJUDWLRQ$SSHOODWH$XWKRULW\ VSHFLILFDOO\DGGUHVVWKHQHHGIRUJHQGHU
WKHLPPLJUDWLRQDQGDV\OXPWUL VHQVLWLYHSURFHGXUHVWREHDGRSWHGLQ
EXQDOODXQFKHGLWV$V\OXP*HQGHU WKHKHDULQJURRP
*XLGHOLQHV IRUXVHLQWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
RIDV\OXPDSSHDOVLQWKH8.7KHJXLGH (DUOLHUVWHSVLQWKHKLVWRU\RIJHQGHU
OLQHVDLPWRDVVLVWMXGLFLDU\DWWKH JXLGHOLQHVLQFOXGH81+&5·VDGRSWLRQLQ
,PPLJUDWLRQ$SSHOODWH$XWKRULW\,$$
LQIXOO\FRQVLGHULQJDOODVSHFWVRIDV\OXP
VHHNHUV·FODLPVWRLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHIXJHH
SURWHFWLRQDQGLQHQVXULQJWKDWWKHJHQ
GHURIWKHDV\OXPVHHNHUGRHVQRW
SUHMXGLFHWKHLUDSSOLFDWLRQ
6SHFLILFDOO\WKHJXLGHOLQHVQRWHWKDWWKH
GRPLQDQWYLHZRIZKDWFRQVWLWXWHVD
¶UHDOUHIXJHH·KDVEHHQRIDPDQDQGWKLV
KDVPHDQWWKDWZRPHQDV\OXPVHHNHUV
LQWKH8.PD\QRWEHQHILWHTXLWDEO\
IURPWKHSURWHFWLRQRIIHUHGE\WKH
5HIXJHH&RQYHQWLRQ7ZRPDLQUHDVRQV
IRUWKLVDUHVXJJHVWHGILUVWO\EHFDXVH
WKHFDVHODZKDVQRWIXOO\FRQVLGHUHGWKH
VSHFLILFLVVXHVUDLVHGE\ZRPHQ·VQHHGV
IRUSURWHFWLRQRUKDVFRQVLGHUHGWKHP
IURPDIUDPHZRUNRIPDOHH[SHULHQFHV
DQGVHFRQGO\EHFDXVHSURFHGXUDODQG
RI*XLGHOLQHVRQWKH3URWHFWLRQRI
5HIXJHH:RPHQ IROORZHGLQE\
6H[XDO9LROHQFH$JDLQVW5HIXJHHV
*XLGHOLQHVRQ3UHYHQWLRQDQG5HVSRQVH
7KHVHJXLGHOLQHVGHDOZLWKDUDQJHRI
LVVXHVRIUHOHYDQFHWRIHPDOHUHIXJHHV
LQFOXGLQJVDIHW\DQGDFFHVVWRUHVRXUFHV
LQUHIXJHHFDPSVEXWDOVRLQFOXGHXVHIXO
VHFWLRQVRIUHOHYDQFHWRWKHGHWHUPLQD
WLRQRIDV\OXPFODLPVVXFKDVWKH H[DPSOHLQLWV0LQLPXP*XDUDQWHHVRQ
SUREOHPVRIIHPDOHYLFWLPVRIVH[XDO $V\OXP3URFHGXUHV
YLROHQFHIURPPLOLWDU\SHUVRQQHODQGWKH
QHHGIRUJHQGHUVHQVLWLYHLQWHUYLHZLQJ 7KHDGRSWLRQRIJHQGHUJXLGHOLQHVE\
DQGSURFHGXUDOUHTXLUHPHQWV WKH8.·V,$$RZHVPXFKWRWKHJXLGH
OLQHVSUHYLRXVO\LVVXHGE\RWKHUFRXQWULHV
&DQDGDZDVWKHILUVWFRXQWU\WRIRUPDOO\ WRWKHVXSSRUWIRUJXLGHOLQHVE\WKH81
LVVXHJXLGHOLQHVUHODWLQJWRZRPHQ·VDV\ LQFOXGLQJWKH816SHFLDO5DSSRUWHXURQ
OXPFODLPV,WV*XLGHOLQHVRQ:RPHQ 9LROHQFH$JDLQVW:RPHQDQGWRWKH
5HIXJHH&ODLPDQWV)HDULQJ*HQGHU FDPSDLJQLQJZRUNRIJURXSVVXFKDVWKH
5HODWHG3HUVHFXWLRQ XSGDWHGLQ 5HIXJHH:RPHQ·V/HJDO*URXSZKLFKLQ
HYLGHQWLDOUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHDV\OXP
VWDWXVGHWHUPLQDWLRQSURFHGXUHVPD\QRW
EHHTXDOO\DFFHVVLEOHWRZRPHQDVPHQ
+RZHYHUWKHVHJXLGHOLQHVDUHQRWVROHO\
RIDSSOLFDWLRQWRIHPDOHDV\OXPVHHNHUV QRQJRYHUQPHQWDOJURXSVDQGLQGLYLGX
WKH\DUHJHQGHUJXLGHOLQHVQRWZRPHQ·V
JXLGHOLQHV7KLVLVPDGHFOHDULQWKH
LQWURGXFWLRQWRWKHJXLGHOLQHVZKLFK
VWDWHV´0RVWRIWKHVHJXLGHOLQHVDUH
DSSOLFDEOHWRWKHDV\OXPFODLPVRIERWK
PHQDQGZRPHQ7KH\DGGUHVVWKHUROH
RIJHQGHULQWKHDV\OXPGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
SURFHVVUDWKHUWKDQVLPSO\WKHSRVLWLRQ
RIZRPHQDV\OXPVHHNHUVRUWKHUROHRI
ELRORJLFDOVH[,QWKHVHJXLGHOLQHVWKH
WHUPV¶ZRPHQ·¶ZRPDQ·¶VKH·DQG¶KHU·
DSSO\HTXDOO\WRPHQµ
,QDGRSWLQJWKH$V\OXP*HQGHU
*XLGHOLQHVWKH8.EXLOGVXSRQWKH
JXLGHOLQHVLQH[LVWHQFHLQDQXPEHURI
RWKHUFRXQWULHV:KLOHHDUOLHUJXLGHOLQHV
VKDUHPDQ\IHDWXUHVWKH\GRGLIIHUIURP
HDFKRWKHUDQGDUHDGGUHVVHGWRGLIIHUHQW
DXGLHQFHV7KH8.·VJXLGHOLQHVDUH
VSHFLILFDOO\JHDUHGWRWKHQHHGVRIMXGL
FLDU\DVRSSRVHGWRLPPLJUDWLRQRIILFHUV
DQGDVVXFKFRQWDLQPRUHODZDQGOHJDO
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
KDYHEHHQKDLOHGDV¶JURXQGEUHDN
LQJ·$GGUHVVHGWRGHFLVLRQPDNHUVDW
WKH&DQDGLDQ,PPLJUDWLRQDQG5HIXJHH
%RDUGWKH\ZHUHGHYHORSHGDIWHUFRQVXO
WDWLRQZLWKERWKJRYHUQPHQWDODQG
DOV7KH\ZHUHWKHILUVWQDWLRQDOJXLGHOLQHV
WRIRUPDOO\UHFRJQL]HWKDWZRPHQIOHHLQJ
SHUVHFXWLRQEHFDXVHRIWKHLUJHQGHUFRXOG
EHUHFRJQL]HGDVUHIXJHHV
,QWKH$PHULFDQ,PPLJUDWLRQDQG
1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ6HUYLFHIROORZHGWKH
&DQDGLDQH[DPSOHDQGDGRSWHG
&RQVLGHUDWLRQVIRU$V\OXP2IILFHUV
$GMXGLFDWLQJ$V\OXP&ODLPVIURP
:RPHQ 7KHVHJXLGHOLQHVDLPHGWR
DVVLVWDV\OXPRIILFHUVLQLQWHUYLHZLQJ
ZRPHQUHIXJHHVDQGPDNLQJDV\OXP
GHFLVLRQV7KH$XVWUDOLDQ*XLGHOLQHVRQ
*HQGHU,VVXHVIRU'HFLVLRQ0DNHUV
LVVXHGLQDUHDLPHGDWLPPLJUDWLRQ
RIILFHUVDQGDUHYHU\FRPSUHKHQVLYHLQ
VFRSHVWUHVVLQJERWKSURFHGXUDODQG
MXULVSUXGHQFLDOLVVXHVDIIHFWLQJZRPHQ·V
DV\OXPFODLPV $W(XURSHDQ8QLRQOHYHO
WKHUHDUHQRJHQGHUJXLGHOLQHVEXWVRPH
VWHSVKDYHEHHQWDNHQWRUHFRJQL]HWKH
LVVXHRIJHQGHULQDV\OXPFODLPVIRU
LVVXHGLWVRZQJHQGHUJXLGHOLQHV
GLUHFWHGDWDV\OXPFDVHZRUNHUVLQWKH
,PPLJUDWLRQDQG1DWLRQDOLW\'LYLVLRQRI
WKH8.+RPH2IILFHDQGREWDLQHGVXS
SRUWIRUWKHSULQFLSOHRIJHQGHUJXLGHOLQHV
E\DODUJHQXPEHURI0HPEHUVRI
3DUOLDPHQW:LWKWKHODXQFKRIWKH,$$·V
$V\OXP*HQGHU*XLGHOLQHV LQ'HFHPEHU
WKHLPPLJUDWLRQMXGLFLDU\DV\OXP
FDVHZRUNHUVDV\OXPDSSOLFDQWVDQGWKHLU
UHSUHVHQWDWLYHVZLOOKDYHDWRROWRDVVLVWLQ
HQVXULQJWKDWJHQGHUDVSHFWVRIDV\OXP
FODLPVDUHIXOO\FRQVLGHUHGLQWKH8.
7KH,PPLJUDWLRQ$SSHOODWH$XWKRULW\·V
$V\OXP*HQGHU*XLGHOLQHV ZLOOEHDYDLO
DEOHRQOLQHDWZZZHLQRUJXNLDD
1DWKDOLD%HUNRZLW]LV6HQLRU/HJDO
5HVHDUFK2IILFHUDWWKH,PPLJUDWLRQ
$SSHOODWH$XWKRULW\/RQGRQ8.
(PDLOQEHUNRZLW]#PFUSRSWHO
RUJXN
 81+&5ZZZXQKFUFK
 &DQDGLDQ*XLGHOLQHVZZZLUEJFFDKXPDQBULJKWV
KUSBUHSRUWVBPDLQKSKWP
 86JXLGHOLQHVZZZVWDWHJRYJOREDO
 $XVWUDOLDQJXLGHOLQHVZZZDXVWOLLHGXDX
21
Gender and displacement

Ethnicity, gender and violence

in Kenya
by Peter Mwangi Kagwanja
5HIXJHHVIURPRWKHU6RPDOLFODQVZHUH
This article examines the ethnically- OXPSHGWRJHWKHUZLWK.HQ\D·VHWKQLF
discriminatory nature of Kenya’s refugee 6RPDOLVZKRKDGH[SHULHQFHGGHFDGHVRI
HQWUHQFKHGLQVWLWXWLRQDOGLVFULPLQDWLRQ
policy, its influence on the administration and HFRQRPLFQHJOHFWDQGFRORQLDOVW\OHFRO
OHFWLYHSXQLWLYHH[SHGLWLRQVE\VHFXULW\
practice of refugee affairs, especially by relief IRUFHV.HQ\D·VGLVFULPLQDWRU\SUDFWLFHV
DQGUHSUHVVLRQRILWV6RPDOLSRSXODWLRQ
agencies, and its role in encouraging sexual DUHKLVWRULFDOO\OLQNHGWRLWVSDUWLFLSDWLRQ
violence against women refugees.1
7
KHVH[XDOYLROHQFHDJDLQVW
UHIXJHHVLQ.HQ\DLQWKHV
RFFXUUHGDJDLQVWWKHEDFNGURSRI
DKXJHLQFUHDVHLQWKHUHIXJHHSRSXOD
WLRQDVKLIWLQLWVHWKQLFFRPSRVLWLRQ
DQGWKHULVHRIHWKQLFLW\DVWKHGRPLQDQW
LGHRORJLFDOIRUFHLQ.HQ\D·VUHIXJHH
DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ
)ROORZLQJWKHHVFDODWLRQRILQWHUQDOZDUV
LQWKH+RUQDQGWKH*UHDW/DNHVUHJLRQ
.HQ\D·VUHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQURVHIURP
QHDUO\LQWRRYHU
UHIXJHHVDVVLVWHGE\81+&5DQG
¶IUHHOLYHUV·LQFLWLHVE\PLG
 7KLVQXPEHUGHFOLQHGWROHVVWKDQ
E\0DUFKODUJHO\EHFDXVH
RIYROXQWDU\UHSDWULDWLRQDQGWKLUGFRXQ
WU\UHVHWWOHPHQWV7KH.HQ\DQJRYHUQ
PHQWFODLPHGWKDWWKHVL]HRIWKLVSRSX
ODWLRQVHULRXVO\FRPSURPLVHGLWV
VHFXULW\JUHDWO\RXWVWUHWFKHGWKHLQIUD
VWUXFWXUHDQGPHGLFDOVHUYLFHVDQG
XQGHUPLQHGLWVWRXULVWLQGXVWU\,Q
LWDVNHG81+&5WRUHSDWULDWHDOO6RPDOL
(WKLRSLDQDQG6XGDQHVHUHIXJHHV
81+&5VSHQWPLOOLRQWRHVWDEOLVK
WKH'DGDDEFDPSVRI,IR+DJDGHUDDQG
'DJDKDOH\LQQRUWKHDVWHUQ.HQ\DQHDU
WKHERUGHUZLWK6RPDOLDDQG.DNXPD
QHDUWKH6XGDQHVHERUGHUDWWKHJRYHUQ
PHQW·VEHKHVW81+&5FORVHGGRZQWKH
PDLQO\6RPDOLFDPSVDWWKHFRDVWDQG
UHORFDWHGUHIXJHHVWR.DNXPDFDPS
DZD\IURP.HQ\D·VHFRQRPLFFHQWUHV
(DUOLHUDQDO\VHVRI.HQ\D·VSRVWFRORQLDO
UHIXJHHSROLF\XQGHUVFRUHWKHLPPHQVH
LPSRUWDQFHRIFODVVDQGHWKQLFFRQFHUQV
,QWKHVDQGVLQRUGHUWRPHHW
LWVQHHGIRUVNLOOHGODERXUDQGLQYHVWRUV
WKHJRYHUQPHQWDOORZHG8JDQGDQ
22
UHIXJHHLQWHOOHFWXDOVEXVLQHVVPHQDQG
SURIHVVLRQDOVWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQHFRQRPLF
OLIH,QWKHVLWDOVRSHUPLWWHGZHOO
WRGRDQGHQWHUSULVLQJUHIXJHHVWRVHWWOH
DQGHVWDEOLVKEXVLQHVVHVLQ1DLURELDQG
0RPEDVD+RZHYHULWZLHOGHGDKHDY\
VWLFNDJDLQVWSRRUUHIXJHHVUHVLGLQJLQ
VOXPVDQGSHULXUEDQDUHDVPDQ\ZHUH
DUUHVWHGDQGGHWDLQHGVRPHZHUH
GHSRUWHG
.HQ\DDOVRXVHGHWKQLFLW\DVDNH\FULWH
ULRQWRGHWHUPLQHWKHHOLJLELOLW\RI
UHIXJHHVSDUWLFXODUO\IURPSDULDK
UHJLPHVZLWKZKLFKLWZDVDOOLHG)RU
LQVWDQFHLQWKHDIWHUPDWKRIWKH
5ZDQGHVHJHQRFLGHLQDJDLQVWWKH
7XWVLDQGPRGHUDWH+XWX.HQ\DJDYH
WKHFRQVHUYDWLYH+XWXDUHGFDUSHWZHO
FRPHEHFDXVHRILWVRZQFORVH
DVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKHUHJLPHRI-XYHQDO
+DE\DULPDQD+XWXUHIXJHHV´DUULYHGE\
0HUFHGHVWKHPHQLQSRORVKLUWVDQG
VLONWLHVWKHZRPHQLQIORZLQJGUHVVHV
DQGJROGHDUULQJV«>WR@UHQWKRXVHVDQG
IODWVLQ1DLURELµ
%\WKHVDPHWRNHQLQWKHJRYHUQ
PHQWSURPLVHG6LDG%DUUHRI6RPDOLD
WKDWUHIXJHHVIURPWKHULYDO2JDGHQFODQ
ZRXOGQRWEHJLYHQVDQFWXDU\LQ.HQ\D
,QWKHVDPH\HDULWFDUULHGRXWQDWLRQ
ZLGHVFUHHQLQJRILWVRZQHWKQLF
6RPDOLVRUGHULQJWKHPWRFDUU\VHSDUDWH
SLQNLGHQWLW\FDUGVWRSURYHWKHLUQDWLRQ
DOLW\RVWHQVLEO\WRIOXVKRXWLOOHJDO
DOLHQV,WQRWRQO\SHUPLWWHG6LDG%DUUH
WRUHVLGHWHPSRUDULO\LQ.HQ\DDIWHUKLV
RYHUWKURZLQEXWDOVRDOORZHGPLOL
WLDVIURPKLVFODQWRXVH.HQ\DQ
WHUULWRU\IRUVXSSO\LQJDUPVIRUWKH
ILJKWLQJLQ6RPDOLD
LQWKH6RPDOLEDFNHG6KLIWD EDQGLWZDU
LQWKHVZKLFKVRXJKWWRDQQH[
QRUWKHDVWHUQ.HQ\DWR¶*UHDWHU6RPDOLD·
7KHHWKQLFGLPHQVLRQRI.HQ\D·VSROLF\
WRZDUGVUHIXJHHVIURP6XGDQVRXJKWWR
UHGXFHWKHEXUGHQRIUHIXJHHVRQLWV
VRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG
WRHQDEOHLWVRZQLPSRYHULVKHG7XUNDQD
SRSXODWLRQWRJDLQDFFHVVWRGHYHORS
PHQWRSSRUWXQLWLHVDFFUXLQJIURPWKH
LQWHUQDWLRQDOUHIXJHHVXSSRUWV\VWHP
7KLVDSSURDFKDQGWKHWHQGHQF\RIWKH
UHOLHIDJHQFLHVWRLJQRUHWKHPRUHUHSXJ
QDQWFXVWRPVDQGSUDFWLFHVHPEHGGHGLQ
WKHSDWULDUFKDOFXOWXUHRIWKHUHIXJHHV
DQGWKHLU¶FRXQFLOVRIHOGHUV·LQWKH
FDPSVVHYHUHO\FRPSURPLVHG6XGDQHVH
ZRPHQ·VULJKWWRSK\VLFDOVDIHW\
Rape and violence
7KHRUJ\RIVH[XDOYLROHQFH
DJDLQVWUHIXJHHZRPHQDIIHFWHGWKHSUH
GRPLQDQWO\6RPDOLFDPSVRI'DGDDE
$KXPDQULJKWVJURXSWKDWYLVLWHG
FDPSVLQQRUWKHUQ.HQ\DLQ$SULOWR
0D\UHSRUWHGWKDW´EHDWLQJVRI
UHIXJHHVDVZHOODVVH[XDODVVDXOWDQG
UDSHZHUHGDLO\DQGQLJKWO\RFFXU
UHQFHVµ ,QZKHQWKHYLROHQFHZDV
DWLWVSHDNLQFLGHQWVRIUDSHZHUH
UHSRUWHGLQ'DGDDEWKRXJKLQWKH
ZRUGVRIDUDSHFRXQVHOORUWKRVHUHSRUW
HG´ZHUHMXVWWKHWLSRIWKHLFHEHUJµ
,QWURGXFWLRQRIVHFXULW\PHDVXUHVLQ
FDPSVEURXJKWGRZQWKHQXPEHURI
UHSRUWHGUDSHVWRDQDYHUDJHRIFDVHV
SHU\HDULQ'DGDDELQWREXW
WKHSK\VLFDOLQVHFXULW\RIZRPHQKDV
UHPDLQHGDIDFWRIFDPSOLIH
$OWKRXJK6RPDOLUHIXJHHVZHUHWKHPDLQ
FDVXDOWLHVRIWKHUDSHVLQ'DGDDEVFRUHV
RIQRQ6RPDOLZRPHQZHUHDOVRDIIHFWHG
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
 Gender and displacement

$QH[SDWULDWH1*2QXUVHZDVUHSRUWHGO\ ODWWHUFDVHUHIXJHHZRPHQZHUHNLG :RPHQDQGJLUOVLQ'DGDDEZHUH

UDSHGSURPSWLQJ0pGLFLQVVDQV QDSSHGDQGUHPDUULHGWRPHQLQ DWWDFNHGE\¶EDQGLWV·DWHUPWKDWVHHPV
)URQWLqUHV%HOJLXPWRZLWKGUDZPRVWRI 6RXWKHUQ6XGDQZKRZHUHDEOHWRSD\ WRKDYHEHHQDSSOLHGJHQHUDOO\WR¶6RPDOL
LWVIHPDOHZRUNHUVIURP'DGDDEFDPSV
LQ0D\,Q-DQXDU\ILYH
(WKLRSLDQZRPHQZHUHSDUWRIUDSH
VXUYLYRUVLQ,IRFDPS2YHUSHUFHQW
RIWKHUHSRUWHGUDSHYLFWLPVLQ
WRZHUHDWWDFNHGZKHQIRUDJLQJIRU
ILUHZRRGRUKHUGLQJOLYHVWRFNRXWVLGH
WKHFDPSVDOWKRXJKIHPDOHWUDGHUVZKR
UHIXVHGWRSD\H[WRUWLRQPRQH\ZHUH
DOVRDVVDXOWHG7KHWDVNVRIJDWKHULQJ
ILUHZRRGDQGJUD]LQJJRDWVDQGVKHHS
DPRQJWKH6RPDOLDUHFXVWRPDULO\
UHVHUYHGIRUZRPHQDQGJLUOV:RPHQ
ZHUHUHSRUWHGO\DJDLQVWWKHLGHDRIWKHLU
KXVEDQGVFROOHFWLQJILUHZRRGEHFDXVH
JLYHQWKHG\QDPLFVRILQWHUFODQIHXGV
PHQDUHOLNHO\WREHNLOOHGZKLOHZRPHQ
ZLOO´RQO\EHUDSHGµ
KXJHGRZULHVWRWKHIDPLO\LQWKHIRUP
RIFDWWOH0HQZKRUDSHGNLGQDSSHGRU
IRUFHGZRPHQLQWRPDUULDJHVLQ.DNXPD
ZHUHVHOGRPSURVHFXWHGEHFDXVH81+&5
FDPSVWDIIZHUHZDU\RIEHLQJVHHQWR
LQWHUIHUHZKHQWKH\ZHUHXQVXUHDVWR
ZKDWH[WHQWWUDGLWLRQDOFXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHV
ZHUHLQYROYHG,QGHHGDVWKH1DWLRQDO
&RXQFLORI&KXUFKHVRI.HQ\D·VRIILFHULQ
FKDUJHRIWKH5HSURGXFWLYH+HDOWK
3URJUDPPHLQIRUPHGXVWKHUHZHUHIHZ
UHSRUWHGFDVHVRIUDSHDPRQJ6XGDQHVH
EHFDXVHQRVWHSVZRXOGEHWDNHQDJDLQVW
WKHDJJUHVVRUVDQGZRPHQIHDUHG
UHSULVDOE\PDOHUHIXJHHV
0RVWRIWKHRFFXUUHQFHVRIUDSHWKDW
DSSHDUHGLQWKH0pGLFLQVVDQV)URQWLqUHV
VSHDNHUV·LQFOXGLQJ.HQ\DQQRPDGV
PDOHUHIXJHHVPLOLWLDVHQJDJHGLQFURVV
ERUGHUUDLGVDQG.HQ\DQSROLFHDQG
VROGLHUV7KHPLOLWDU\DFWLYLWLHVRILQWHU
QDWLRQDOIRUFHVLQ6RPDOLDLQ2SHUDWLRQ
5HVWRUH+RSHDQGLWVVXFFHVVRU812
620GURYH6RPDOLPLOLWLDDQGEDQGLWV
LQWRWKHERUGHUDUHDZKHUHWKHFDPSV
ZHUHORFDWHG0RVWDVVDLODQWVPRYHGLQ
JDQJVDUPHGZLWKJXQVPDFKHWHVDQG
NQLYHVDQGZHUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUPDQ\
RIWKHUHSRUWHGJDQJUDSHV:KLOHIHZ
ZRPHQGLHGIURPWKHVHDWWDFNVVRPH
YLFWLPVVXVWDLQHGVHULRXVLQMXULHVFRQ
WUDFWHGVH[XDOO\WUDQVPLWWHGGLVHDVHV
FRQFHLYHGDQGZHUHJHQHUDOO\WUDXPD
WL]HGDQGVRFLDOO\RVWUDFL]HG
%HOJLXPPHGLFDOUHFRUGVLQ'DGDDE Rape as a weapon of war
,Q.DNXPDWKHHWKQLFG\QDPLFVXQGHU LQYROYHGJLUOVVRPHDV\RXQJDVDQG
SLQQLQJYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQZHUH \HDUV,Q)HEUXDU\WR0DUFKD 7KHODUJHVFDOHQDWXUHRIWKHVHUDSHV
GLIIHUHQWDQGPRUHFRPSOH[WKDQLQ WRWDORIJLUOVUDQJLQJEHWZHHQDQG SRLQWVWRDSROLWLFDOHWKQLFFRQQHFWLRQ
'DGDDE+HUH6XGDQHVHPDOHUHIXJHHV \HDUVZHUHVH[XDOO\DEXVHGDQGWUHDW 5DSHHVSHFLDOO\RIJLUOVKDVEHHQDFRP
DQGPLOLWLDDVVDXOWHGZRPHQHVSHFLDOO\ HGDW,IRFDPSDORQH*LUOVZHUHPRUH PRQZHDSRQLQLQWHUFODQIHXGVLQ
IURPWKH'LQNDJURXS6H[XDODVVDXOWRQ OLNHO\WREHDVVDXOWHGWKDQROGHUZRPHQ SRVWFRORQLDO6RPDOLSROLWLFV,Q
6XGDQHVHZRPHQUHYROYHGDURXQGWKH DVWKH\ZHUHWKHRQHVPDLQO\LQYROYHGLQ ZKHQ6LDG%DUUHWUDLQHGKLVJXQVDJDLQVW
FXVWRPDU\SUDFWLFHVRIFKLOGPDUULDJH FROOHFWLQJILUHZRRGDQGJUD]LQJOLYHVWRFN WKH0DMHHUWHHQFODQIRUDOOHJHGO\VWDJLQJ
IRUFHGPDUULDJHDQGUHPDUULDJH,QWKH RXWVLGHWKHFDPSV DFRXSDJDLQVWKLVUHJLPH´LWZDVFXV
WRPDU\IRUWKHDUP\WRDEGXFWDQG
\HDUROG0DMHHUWHHQJLUOVDQGKROG
UNHCR and its NGO partners provide counselling sessions for WKHPDV¶WHPSRUDU\ZLYHVIRUWKH
vulnerable women and children. Many feel the need to discuss the sexual WURRSV·µ 5DSHRIJLUOVSHUKDSVPRUH
or domestic violence they experienced in the camps, where rape continues to be a problem.
WKDQDQ\RWKHUDFWRIDJJUHVVLRQH[SRV
HVWKHXWWHUGHIHQFHOHVVQHVVRIWKHHQWLUH
FRPPXQLW\LWLVWKHH[HUFLVHRIXOWLPDWH
SRZHUDQGFRQWURORIRQHJURXSE\
DQRWKHU

7KHJRYHUQPHQWFDVW6RPDOLUHIXJHHV
OLNHLWVRZQHWKQLF6RPDOLSRSXODWLRQDV
6KLIWD RUEDQGLWVDQGWDUJHWHGWKHPIRU
LQGLVFULPLQDWHUHWULEXWLRQSDUWLFXODUO\
ZKHQXQNQRZQJXQPHQDWWDFNHGRU
NLOOHGLWVVHFXULW\RIILFHUV,Q0DUFK
DIWHUEDQGLWVKDGNLOOHGIRXUSROLFH
RIILFHUVDXQLWRIVRPHRUVRSROLFH
PHQILUHGLQWRDFURZGRIDERXW
UHIXJHHVJDWKHULQJIRUIRRGGLVWULEXWLRQ
LQ'DGDDE·V'DJDKDOH\FDPSNLOOLQJ
WKUHHDQGVHULRXVO\LQMXULQJVL[$OO
KXPDQULJKWVRUJDQL]DWLRQVWKDWLQYHVWL
JDWHGWKHODWHUUDSHRIZRPHQLQ'DGDDE
EODPHG.HQ\DQSROLFHDQGVROGLHUVIRU
FRPPLWWLQJVRPHRIWKHVHDWURFLWLHV
*RYHUQPHQWUHDFWLRQWRWKHUDSHVRI
UNHCR/29216/07.1999/B Press

6RPDOLZRPHQZDVERWKGLVPLVVLYHDQG
GHIHQVLYH6SHDNLQJWRSDUOLDPHQWDQ
$VVLVWDQW0LQLVWHULQWKH2IILFHRIWKH
3UHVLGHQWH[SUHVVO\GHQLHGWKDWUHIXJHH
ZRPHQZHUHUDSHG+HFODLPHGWKDW
VXFKUHSRUWVZHUHPHDQWWR´DWWUDFW

FORCED MIGRATION review 9 23

Gender and displacement
V\PSDWK\DQGJLYHWKHJRYHUQPHQW
QHJDWLYHSXEOLFLW\µDQGDGYLVHGWKDWLI
DOOHJDWLRQVRIUDSHZHUHWUXHZRPHQ
VKRXOGUHSRUWWKHPWRWKHSROLFH
6LPLODUO\DWWULEXWLQJWKHRUJ\RIUDSHRQ
LQWUD6RPDOLFRQIOLFWDJRYHUQPHQWRIIL
FLDOLQ'DGDDEDVVHUWHGWKDW´LWZDVQRW
.HQ\D·VUHVSRQVLELOLW\WRLQYHVWLJDWH
ZKDWKDSSHQHGLQWKHFDPSVLWZDVIRU
6RPDOLVWRVRUWRXWWKHPVHOYHVµ .HQ\D
GHFODUHGLWVHOID¶WUDQVLWFRXQWU\·FHDVHG
WRJLYHUHIXJHHVOHJDOUHFRJQLWLRQDQG
GHFODUHGWKHPD¶81+&5SUREOHP·LQ
RSHQGHILDQFHRILWVREOLJDWLRQVXQGHU
WKH2$8&RQYHQWLRQ DQGWKH
&RQYHQWLRQ
Security and prosecution
,QUHVSRQVHWRPRXQWLQJSUHVVXUHHVSH
FLDOO\IURPKXPDQULJKWVRUJDQL]DWLRQV
WKHJRYHUQPHQWDQG81+&5LQWURGXFHG
PHDVXUHVWRHQGYLROHQFHDQGUHVWRUH
VHFXULW\LQFDPSV7KHJRYHUQPHQW
LQFUHDVHGWKHQXPEHURISROLFHRIILFHUV
DQGLQWURGXFHGKHOLFRSWHUSDWUROV
81+&5FRQWULEXWHGWRZDUGVWKHEXLOGLQJ
RISROLFHVWDWLRQVLQ.DNXPDDQG
'DGDDESURYLGHGSROLFHZLWKYHKLFOHV
VSDUHSDUWVDQGIXHOLQVWDOOHGDUDGLR
QHWZRUNDQGVXEVLGL]HGSROLFHZDJHV
,Q.DNXPDWKHDJHQF\UHFUXLWHGD
VWURQJIRUFHRIODUJHO\ORFDO7XUNDQD
JXDUGVHTXLSSHGZLWKELF\FOHVDQGUDGLR
KDQGVHWVIRUVZLIWPRYHPHQWDQGFRP
PXQLFDWLRQ,Q'DGDDEUHIXJHHV
FRQVWUXFWHGPRUHWKDQNPRIOLYH
WKRUQIHQFHDURXQGWKHFDPSVWRSUH
YHQWDWWDFNHUVIURPHQWHULQJDQG
DEGXFWLQJZRPHQIURPWKHFDPSVDQGD
ILUHZRRGSURMHFWZDVODXQFKHGWRUHGXFH
FDVHVRIZRPHQUDSHGZKLOHIRUDJLQJIRU
ILUHZRRGLQ'DGDDE
,QVXSSRUWRIVH[XDOO\DVVDXOWHGZRPHQ
81+&5HVWDEOLVKHGWKH:RPHQ9LFWLPV
RI9LROHQFH3URJUDPPHFUHDWHGWKH
SRVWVRI6HQLRU&RRUGLQDWRUDQG5HJLRQDO
&RRUGLQDWRURQ:RPHQ$IIDLUVSOXVD
5DSH&RXQVHOORUDQGFRQWUDFWHGWKH
.HQ\DQFKDSWHURIWKH)HGHUDWLRQRI
FRQFHDOWKHLQYROYHPHQWRILWVRZQ
IRUFHV3ROLFHZHUHQRWRQO\UHOXFWDQWWR
LQYHVWLJDWHUDSHDOOHJDWLRQVDJDLQVWWKHLU
RZQPHPEHUVEXWDOVRDFFXVHGWKHYLF
WLPVRIQRWILOLQJUHSRUWVTXLFNO\HQRXJK
WRHQDEOHWKHPWRSXUVXHWKHDJJUHVVRUV
5HIXJHHVZHUHUHOXFWDQWWRUHSRUWDEXVHV
EHFDXVHRIIHDURIUHSULVDOHVSHFLDOO\
IURPVHFXULW\IRUFHVPRUHRYHUWKH\KDG
OLWWOHDFFHVVWRWKHOHJDOV\VWHPSULPDUL
O\EHFDXVHWKHUHZHUHQRFRXUWVZLWKLQ
WKHYLFLQLW\RIWKHFDPSV7KHQHDUHVW
FRXUWVWR'DGDDEDQG.DNXPDZHUHRYHU
NLORPHWUHVDZD\DQGWKHLUVFKHGXOHV
ZHUHRIWHQRYHUEXUGHQHG
81+&5ZDVGLVWXUELQJO\DYHUVHWRILOLQJ
FLYLOVXLWVIRUGDPDJHVDJDLQVWSHUSHWUD
WRUVRIUDSHXQGHUWKHODZVRI.HQ\DRU
LQLWLDWLQJSULYDWHFULPLQDOSURVHFXWLRQRQ
EHKDOIRIUHIXJHHV,WIDLOHGWRKHOSWKRVH
UHIXJHHVDWWDFNHGE\VHFXULW\SHUVRQQHO
WREULQJWKHLUFRPSODLQWVWRWKHDXWKRUL
WLHVRUWRSDVVRQWKHLUFODLPVWRWKH
$WWRUQH\*HQHUDOIRUSURVHFXWLRQ
3HUKDSV81+&5ZDVZDU\RIDQWDJRQL]
LQJDQDOUHDG\KRVWLOHJRYHUQPHQWDQG
LQWKHSURFHVVMHRSDUGL]LQJLWVSUR
JUDPPHVLQWKHFRXQWU\,QGHHGWKH
DJHQF\DQGLWVLQWHUQDWLRQDO1*2SDUW
QHUVHQMR\HGXQSUHFHGHQWHGDXWRQRP\
IURPWKHVWDWHDQGHYHQH[HUFLVHGFRQ
VLGHUDEOHLQIOXHQFHRYHULWVORFDO
DXWKRULWLHV1RWRQO\GLG81+&5VWHHU
FOHDURISROLFLHVWKDWZHUHOLNHO\WR
DWWUDFWWKHJRYHUQPHQW·VLUHEXWDOVR
WHQGHGWRDFFHSWWKHVWDWH·VHWKQLF
UKHWRULFDQGVWHUHRW\SLQJRIUHIXJHHV
7KHDJHQF\·VVWDIIFDVW6XGDQHVHDQG
6RPDOLUHIXJHHVDV´XQFRRSHUDWLYH
JURXSVDGHWHUPLQDWLRQWKDWKDGSUDFWL
FDODQGSROLWLFDOLPSOLFDWLRQV«µ
Conclusion
UNHCR/24292/06.1994/B Press
:RPHQUHIXJHHVLQ.HQ\DEHFDPHSDUWLF
XODUO\YXOQHUDEOHWRDEXVHQRWRQO\
EHFDXVHWKH\ZHUHUHIXJHHVDQGZRPHQ
EXWPRUHLPSRUWDQWO\EHFDXVHRIWKH
SROLWLFL]DWLRQRIHWKQLFLGHQWLWLHV
/RQJVWDQGLQJLQVWLWXWLRQDOGLVFULPLQD
,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DZ\HUV),'$WRSURYLGH
OHJDOVHUYLFHVWRZRPHQVXUYLYRUVRIUDSH
,Q0DUFKWKHJRYHUQPHQWRUGHUHG
DSXEOLFLQTXLU\LQWRWKHLQFLGHQFHVRI
UDSHLQ'DGDDEEXWGHVSLWHWKHHYL
GHQFHWKHUHZHUHQRSURVHFXWLRQVRI
SROLFHRURWKHUVHFXULW\RIILFLDOV6FRUHV
RI¶FLYLOLDQ·DVVDLODQWVZHUHODWHU
DUUDLJQHGLQFOXGLQJDVHULDOUDSLVWZKR
ZDVVXFFHVVIXOO\SURVHFXWHGLQ
0DQ\IHOWWKDWWKHJRYHUQPHQWKDGHIIHF
WLYHO\XVHGWKHLQTXLU\DVDSOR\WR
24
WLRQDJDLQVW6RPDOLVLQ.HQ\DFUHDWHGD
IHUWLOHJURXQGIRUVH[XDOYLROHQFHDJDLQVW
UHIXJHHVWKHSUHYDOHQFHRIDQLQVWLWX
WLRQDOL]HGSDWULDUFKDOFXOWXUHLQFDPSV
HQDEOHGPDOHUHIXJHHVDQGPLOLWLDVWR
DVVDXOWDQGUDSH6XGDQHVHZRPHQZLWK
LPSXQLW\3ROLFLHVWRUHYHUVHWKHWUHQGLQ
WKHYLRODWLRQRIUHIXJHHZRPHQVKRXOG
WDUJHWERWKVSHFLILFDQGEURDGUHIRUPV
6SHFLILFDOO\ WKHJRYHUQPHQWVKRXOGUH
GHGLFDWHLWVHOIWRSURWHFWLQJUHIXJHHV
LUUHVSHFWLYHRIWKHLULGHRORJLFDORUHWKQLF
Refugee camps need to be mapped out in a way that allows sing
violence. Here, Somali refugee women re-build their huts after the
DIILOLDWLRQ,WQHHGVWRWUDLQLWVVHFXULW\
SHUVRQQHOLQWKHQHHGWRGHIHQGWKH
ULJKWVRIH[LOHVWRFRQWDLQEDQGLWVDQG
PLOLWLDVDQGRWKHUVRXUFHVRILQVHFXULW\
WRPDNHWKHOHJDOV\VWHPDFFHVVLEOHWR
UHIXJHHVDQGWRSURVHFXWHUHIXJHHV·
DVVDLODQWV+XPDQLWDULDQDJHQFLHV
VKRXOGEHVWHDGIDVWLQGHIHQGLQJZRPHQ
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
 Gender and displacement

VKRXOGHQMR\WKHLUIXOOULJKWWRSUDFWLVH
WKHLUFXOWXUDOWUDGLWLRQVSUDFWLFHVWKDW Integrating a gender
HQGDQJHUWKHSK\VLFDOVDIHW\DQGULJKWV perspective into human-
RIZRPHQUHIXJHHVDQGFULPHVDULVLQJ
IURPWKHPVKRXOGEHWULHGLQWKHFRXUW itarian and peacekeeping
RIODZ operations
0RUHEURDGO\DQGIXQGDPHQWDOO\ 6HFXULW\&RXQFLOUHVROXWLRQ
HIIRUWVWRFUHDWHDSROLF\HQYLURQPHQW
2FWREHU
WKDWJXDUDQWHHVWKHVDIHW\DQGULJKWVRI
ZRPHQUHIXJHHVVKRXOGRIQHFHVVLW\ ,Q2FWREHUWKH6HFXULW\
WDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHXQGHUO\LQJHWKQLF &RXQFLODGRSWHGUHVROXWLRQ
RUUDFLDOVHQVLELOLWLHVWKDWJLYHLPSHWXV
WRRWKHUGLVFULPLQDWLYHVRFLDOUHODWLRQV
VXFKDVJHQGHU$VWKHFDVHRI.HQ\D
VKRZVVH[XDOYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQ
RFFXUUHGDJDLQVWDEDFNGURSRIHWKQLF
GLVFULPLQDWLRQH[DFHUEDWLQJGLVFULPLQD
WRU\JHQGHUSUDFWLFHVLQWKHFDPSV
3HWHU0ZDQJL.DJZDQMDLVFXUUHQWO\
D)XOEULJKWIHOORZDQGGRFWRUDOFDQ
GLGDWH8QLYHUVLW\RI,OOLQRLVDW
8UEDQD&KDPSDLJQ3ULRUWRWKDWKH
ZDVDUHVHDUFKHUZLWKWKH&HQWHUIRU
5HIXJHH6WXGLHV0RL8QLYHUVLW\
.HQ\D(PDLO SNDJZDQMD#KRWPDLO
FRP
:KLOHHDUOLHUVXUYH\VWHQGHGWRIRFXVDOPRVWH[FOX
VLYHO\RQWKHH[SHULHQFHVRI6RPDOLUHIXJHHVWKH
SUHVHQWVWXG\DGYDQFHVRQWKHVHZRUNVE\HQJDJLQJ
WKHHWKQLFG\QDPLFVVXUURXQGLQJWKHHYHQWVRIV
DQGH[WHQGLQJWKHDQDO\VLVWRWKHH[SHULHQFHVRIQRQ
6RPDOLFRPPXQLWLHVHVSHFLDOO\6XGDQHVHDQG
(WKLRSLDQV
81+&5&RXQWU\3URILOH.HQ\D
ZZZXQKFUFKZRUOGDIULNHQ\DKWPO
,QWHUQDWLRQDO+HUDOG7ULEXQH-DQXDU\
¶6DIH+DYHQLQ.HQ\DIRU6RPH5ZDQGHVH+XWXV·
(FRQRPLVW1RYHPEHU9RO1RS
/DZ\HUV&RPPLWWHHIRU+XPDQ5LJKWV$IULFDQ
([RGXV5HIXJHH&ULVLV+XPDQ5LJKWVDQGWKH
2$8&RQYHQWLRQ1HZ<RUN
*0ZDXUD¶%DQGLWV7HUURUL]H5HIXJHH:RPHQLQ
'DGDDE&DPSV·7KH(DVW$IULFDQ-XO\$XJXVW

.HQ\D+XPDQ5LJKWV&RPPLVVLRQ+DYHQRI)HDU DQGWRSURVHFXWHWKRVHUHVSRQVLEOH
7KH3OLJKWRI5HIXJHHVLQ.HQ\D 1DLUREL
'DLO\1DWLRQ-XO\
5HIXJHH6XUYH\4XDUWHUO\9RO1R
$OWKRXJKWKH2$8&RQYHQWLRQLVQRWH[SOLFLWO\
FOHDURQWKHREOLJDWLRQVRIWKHVWDWHYLVjYLV UHIXJHHV
FDOOLQJRQDOODFWRUVLQYROYHG
LQQHJRWLDWLQJDQGLPSOHPHQWLQJ
SHDFHDJUHHPHQWVWRDGRSWDJHQGHU
SHUVSHFWLYHWRLQFOXGHWKHVSHFLDO
QHHGVRIZRPHQDQGJLUOVGXULQJ
UHSDWULDWLRQDQGUHVHWWOHPHQWUHKD
ELOLWDWLRQUHLQWHJUDWLRQDQG
SRVWFRQIOLFWUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ6XFKD
JHQGHUSHUVSHFWLYHZRXOGDOVR
LQFOXGHPHDVXUHVVXSSRUWLQJORFDO
ZRPHQ·VSHDFHLQLWLDWLYHVDQG
LQGLJHQRXVSURFHVVHVIRUFRQIOLFW
UHVROXWLRQDQGLQYROYLQJZRPHQLQ
DOOWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQPHFKDQLVPV
RISHDFHDJUHHPHQWV
7KH&RXQFLOXUJHG0HPEHU6WDWHVWR
LQFUHDVHWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIZRPHQ
DWGHFLVLRQPDNLQJOHYHOVDQGXUJHG
WKH6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDOWRDSSRLQW
PRUHZRPHQDVVSHFLDOUHSUHVHQWD
WLYHVDQGHQYR\V)XUWKHUPRUHWKH
&RXQFLOXUJHGWKH6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDO
WRH[SDQGWKHUROHRIZRPHQLQ81
ILHOGEDVHGRSHUDWLRQVHVSHFLDOO\
DPRQJPLOLWDU\REVHUYHUVFLYLOLDQ
SROLFHKXPDQULJKWVDQGKXPDQLWDU
LDQSHUVRQQHO
7KH&RXQFLOFDOOHGRQDOOSDUWLHVWR
DUPHGFRQIOLFWWRSURWHFWZRPHQ
DQGJLUOVIURPJHQGHUEDVHGYLR
OHQFH,WHPSKDVL]HGWKHUHVSRQVL
ELOLW\RIDOO6WDWHVWRHQGLPSXQLW\
IRUJHQRFLGHFULPHVDJDLQVWKXPDQL
W\DQGZDUFULPHVLQFOXGLQJWKRVH
UHODWLQJWRVH[XDOYLROHQFHDJDLQVW
ZRPHQDQGJLUOV
,QDGGLWLRQSDUDJUDSKRIWKHUHV
gle women and mothers to be more easily protected against
ir transfer to Hagadera camp in Kenya.
UHIXJHHVDQGFRQIURQWLQJWKRVHGLVFULPL
LWLVSRVVLEOHWRPDNHFODLPVEDVHGRQ$UWLFOH,,RQ
ROXWLRQ´FDOOVXSRQDOOSDUWLHVWR
$V\OXPUHDGWRJHWKHUZLWK$UWLFOH,9RQ1RQ
'LVFULPLQDWLRQ DUPHGFRQIOLFWWRUHVSHFWWKHFLYLOLDQ
DQGKXPDQLWDULDQFKDUDFWHURI
6HH¶7KHHQYLURQPHQWRIUHIXJHHFDPSV DFKDO
UHIXJHHFDPSVDQGVHWWOHPHQWVDQG
OHQJHIRUUHIXJHHVORFDOSRSXODWLRQVDQGDLGDJHQFLHV·
E\7KRPDV+RHU]LQ531 LVVXH0D\ WRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHSDUWLFXODU
QDWRU\SROLFLHVZKLFKXQGHUPLQHWKH
ZZZIPUHYLHZRUJFOLFNRQEDFNLVVXHV QHHGVRIZRPHQDQGJLUOVLQFOXGLQJ
SK\VLFDOVDIHW\RIUHIXJHHV)RULQVWDQFH
-HQQLIHU+\QGPDQ0DQDJLQJ'LVSODFHPHQW LQWKHLUGHVLJQµ
81+&5VKRXOGVWUHQJWKHQLWVFDSDFLW\WR
5HIXJHHVDQGWKH3ROLWLFVRI+XPDQLWDULDQLVP
RIIHUOHJDODVVLVWDQFHWRUHIXJHHVLQFOXG 0LQQHDSROLV /RQGRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI0LQQHVRWD3UHVV )RUWKHIXOOWH[WRIWKHUHVROXWLRQ
LQJOHJDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDQGLQLWLDWLRQRI
YLVLWZZZXQRUJ'RFVVFUHV
SULYDWHFULPLQDOSURVHFXWLRQRIWKRVH
UHVHSGI
YLRODWLQJWKHLUIUHHGRPV:KLOHUHIXJHHV

FORCED MIGRATION review 9 25

Gender and displacement

Rural farming systems, plant

genetic resources and disasters
by Monica Trujillo

WFP/M Sayagues
Recognition of women as
agricultural producers,
including their role in the
conservation of genetic
diversity, is crucial for
understanding the impact
of disasters and disaster-
induced displacement on
the agricultural sector, for
accurately assessing UHKDELOLWDWLRQRIWKHWZROHDG81IRRG RIZRPHQ"7KHVHTXHVWLRQVDUHUHOHYDQW
DJHQFLHVDQGE\H[WHQVLRQWKRVHRI IRUPRVWGLVDVWHUVFHQDULRVDQGIRU
losses and hence for QDWLRQDOJRYHUQPHQWVZLWKZKLFKWKH\ KXPDQLWDULDQDQGUHKDELOLWDWLRQSUDFWLFHV
FORVHO\FRRSHUDWH(OHYHQSURMHFWSURSRV JHQHUDOO\$JULFXOWXUDOUHOLHIDQGUHKDELOL
effective relief and DOVIRUDWRWDODPRXQWRIRYHU86 WDWLRQSROLFLHVDUHRIWHQJXLGHGE\WKH
PLOOLRQZHUHSUHSDUHGE\)$2WRVXS DVVXPSWLRQWKDWKXPDQLW\GHSHQGVRQD
rehabilitation SRUWSULPDULO\WKHUHKDELOLWDWLRQRIEDVLF KDQGIXORIFRPPRGLW\FURSVPRVWRI

programmes. JUDLQSURGXFWLRQDQGWKHUHVWRUDWLRQRI
GDLU\OLYHVWRFNSURGXFWLRQLQ+RQGXUDV
ZKLFKDUHGHILQHGDV¶PDLQ·FHUHDODQG
FDVKFURSV&RLQFLGHQWDOO\WKHVHDUH

:
KHQ+XUULFDQH0LWFKVWUXFN
&HQWUDO$PHULFDLQ2FWREHU
LWWRRNWKHOLYHVRIQHDUO\
SHRSOHDQGOHIWRYHU
PLVVLQJ,WZDVD¶VXSHUGLVDVWHU·
FDXVLQJVHYHUHDQGVWUXFWXUDOGDPDJHWR
KRPHVEXLOGLQJVZDWHUDQGVDQLWDWLRQ
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHVFKRROVFOLQLFVKRVSLWDOV
EULGJHVDQGURDGV7KHYDVWPDMRULW\RI
WKRVHDIIHFWHGLQWKHUHJLRQDQHVWLPDW
HGWRWDORIPLOOLRQSHRSOHORVW
DOPRVWHYHU\WKLQJWKH\SRVVHVVHG
0LVVLRQVUHSUHVHQWLQJDOPRVWHYHU\
LQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQDJHQF\ZHUH
VHQWWRWKHUHJLRQSDUWLFXODUO\WRWKH
PRVWGHYDVWDWHGFRXQWULHVRI+RQGXUDV
DQG1LFDUDJXDWRDVVHVVWKHGDPDJHDQG
<HWZKLOHVXFKHIIRUWVXQGRXEWHGO\
KHOSHGWKRXVDQGVRIVPDOOIDUPHUVWR
UHFRYHUWKHLUOLYHOLKRRGVWKHUHVSRQVH
ZDVRQO\SDUWLDO+XUULFDQH0LWFK
GHVWUR\HGXSWRSHUFHQWRIDOODJUL
FXOWXUDOODQGDQGWKHGHVWUXFWLRQZDV
LQGLVFULPLQDWH)ORRGZDWHUVVZHSWDZD\
DOPRVWHYHU\WKLQJLQLWVSDWKLQFOXGLQJ
DOO WKRVHIRRGFURSVZKLFKIRUPDQ
LQWULQVLFSDUWRIWKHFRPSOH[IDUPLQJ
V\VWHPVWKDWFKDUDFWHUL]HUXUDOOLYHOL
KRRGVLQWKHUHJLRQ
7KURXJKRXW&HQWUDO$PHULFDFRPPXQDO
SORWVDQGKRPHJDUGHQVFXOWLYDWH
OHJXPHVWXEHUVYHJHWDEOHVIUXLWVDQG
KHUEVLQFRPELQDWLRQVWKDWYDU\E\FRXQ
WU\RUORFDOLW\7KH)$2:)36SHFLDO
RIWHQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKFRPPHUFLDOIDUP
LQJZKHUHSURGXFWLRQDQGLQFRPHDUH
RIWHQFRQWUROOHGE\PDOHIDUPHUV
DOWKRXJKZRPHQFRQWULEXWHWKHLUODERXU
0RVWOLYHOLKRRGVRIWKHSRRUDUHEDVHG
RQPXOWLSOHDFWLYLWLHVDQGVRXUFHVRI
IRRGLQFRPHDQGVHFXULW\+RPHJDU
GHQVFRPPXQDOSORWVSDVWXUHV
DJURIRUHVWU\DQGFDVKFURSSURGXFWLRQ
DUHVRPHRIWKHFRPPRQIHDWXUHVRI
VPDOOVFDOHVHPLVXEVLVWHQFHDJULFXOWXUH
ZKLFKLQFOXGHWKHFROOHFWLRQDQGFXOWLYD
WLRQRIWKHURXJKO\ZLOGDQG
GRPHVWLFDWHGSODQWVSHFLHVUHJXODUO\
H[SORLWHGIRUFRQVXPSWLRQDQGVDOH
0RUHVSHFLILFDOO\DERXWFURSVDFWXDOO\
¶IHHGWKHZRUOG·SURYLGLQJSHUFHQW
LGHQWLI\KXPDQLWDULDQQHHGV7KH 5HSRUWKDGUHSRUWHGRQORVVHVLQFDWWOH RISHRSOH·VGLHWDU\HQHUJ\FDORULHVRU
)$2:)36SHFLDO5HSRUWIRU+RQGXUDV EXWKDGQRWFRQVLGHUHGRWKHUOLYHVWRFN SURWHLQ $OWKRXJKZRPHQPDUNHWWKHLU
HVWLPDWHGWKDWRQHWKLUGRIFHUHDODQG FUXFLDOWRUXUDOOLYHOLKRRGVVXFKDV VXUSOXVWRJHQHUDWHDGGLWLRQDOIDPLO\
EHDQFURSVFRQVLGHUHGWKH¶PDMRUIRRG FKLFNHQVSLJVJRDWVDQGRWKHUVPDOO LQFRPHWKHLUIDUPLQJV\VWHPLVFRP
FURSV·LQWKHFRXQWU\KDGEHHQORVWDQG
LGHQWLILHGPDMRUORVVHVLQFDVKFURSV
VXFKDVFRIIHHVXJDUFDQHDQGPHORQV
6XFKDVVHVVPHQWVGLUHFWO\LQIRUPWKH
SURJUDPPHVIRUDJULFXOWXUDOUHOLHIDQG
26
DQLPDOV:K\ZHUHORVVHVLQWKHVHFURSV
DQGOLYHVWRFNQRWFDOFXODWHGDVSDUWRI
WKHDVVHVVPHQW",VLWDFRLQFLGHQFHWKDW
WKHVHIRUPVRIDJULFXOWXUDODQGOLYHVWRFN
SURGXFWLRQDUHODUJHO\WKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\
PRQO\GHILQHGDVVXEVLVWHQFHEHFDXVH
LWSULRULWL]HVSURGXFWLRQIRUIDPLO\FRQ
VXPSWLRQSURYLGLQJWKHIRRGZKLFKLV
FUXFLDOIRUWKHQXWULWLRQDOZHOOEHLQJDQG
KHDOWKRIUXUDOIDPLOLHV
FORCED MIGRATION review 9

,QPDQ\UHJLRQVLQFOXGLQJ&HQWUDO
$PHULFDZRPHQDUHDOVRUHVSRQVLEOHIRU
WKHPDQDJHPHQWDQGUHSURGXFWLRQRI
VPDOOOLYHVWRFN&KLFNHQVDQGSLJVDUH
DFRPPRQVLJKWLQPRVWUXUDOKRPHV
DQGPD\EHUHDUHGIRUKRPHFRQVXPS
WLRQRUIRUVDOHRUPD\EHXVHGDV
¶LQVXUDQFH·DJDLQVWWLPHVRIVWUHVV
LQFOXGLQJGLVDVWHUV
Gender and displacement
ODQGFUHGLWDQGDJULFXOWXUDOLQSXWVWHFK
QRORJ\WUDLQLQJDQGVHUYLFHVWKDWZRXOG
KHOSWKHPUHFRYHUIURPGLVDVWHUVRU
HQKDQFHWKHLUSURGXFWLRQFDSDFLW\
7KHODVWIHZ\HDUVKDYHVHHQVRPHSRVL
WLYHFKDQJHVZLWKSURJUDPPHVSD\LQJ
JUHDWHUDWWHQWLRQWRIHPDOHIDUPLQJV\V
WHPV)$2·VSURSRVHGHPHUJHQF\
EDQNV)DUPHUJHQHEDQNVPD\DOVREH
ORVWDVDUHVXOWRIGLVSODFHPHQWHVSHFLDO
O\ZKHQORQJLQGXUDWLRQ7KHZDULQ
=LPEDEZHGXULQJWKHVGLVUXSWHG
ORFDOSDWWHUQVRIVHHGGLVWULEXWLRQDQG
FDXVHGDVXEVWDQWLDOGHSOHWLRQRIVHHG
VWRFNVDQGYDULHWLHVDVIDUPHUVORVW
DFFHVVDQGFRQWURORYHUWKHLUFURSYDUL
HWLHVDVDUHVXOWRIFXUIHZVRUIRUFHG
LQWHUYHQWLRQWRIRULQWHUQDO GLVSODFHPHQWLQWR¶SURWHFWHGYLOODJHV·
:DUVDQGQDWXUDOGLVDVWHUVDQGVXEVH O\GLVSODFHGIDPLOLHVLQ&RORPELDWDUJHWV 5HVWULFWLRQVRQWKHLUPRYHPHQWPHDQW
TXHQWGLVSODFHPHQWDUHLQGLVFULPLQDWH ZRPHQIRUKRUWLFXOWXUDOSURMHFWVSUL WKDWWKH\ZHUHXQDEOHWRJXDUGWKHLU
LQWKHLULPSDFWRQUXUDOOLYHOLKRRGV<HW PDULO\IRUWKHFXOWLYDWLRQRIYHJHWDEOHV FURSVDJDLQVWSHVWVDQGUDLGVDQGFRXOG
IHZLIDQ\FDOFXODWLRQVDUHPDGHRI DQGIUXLWVDQGWKHUHDULQJRIVPDOODQL QRWVDYHWKHLUJUDQDULHVDQGVHHGVWRFNV
ORVVHVLQWKH PDOVVXFKDV GXULQJUHORFDWLRQ 0RUHUHFHQWO\GLV
KRVWRI¶IHPDOH· FKLFNHQVDQG SODFHPHQWVFDXVHGE\LQWHQVHFRQIOLFWLQ
FURSV7KHUHLV humanitarian and rehab- SLJV 6XFKSUR WKH8UDEDUHJLRQRI&RORPELDLVHURGLQJ
WKHUHIRUHOLWWOH JUDPPHVDUH WKHULFKELRGLYHUVLW\RQFHIRXQGLQFRP
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ ilitation programmes DZHOFRPH PXQLWLHVDORQJWKH5LRVXFLRULYHU2QH
RIWKHLPSDFW FKDQJHLQGHHG VWXG\IRXQGORVVHVLQYDULHWLHVRI
VXFKORVVHV continue to favour men 2WKHUDJHQFLHV ULFHRIPDL]HRIEHDQVDQGRI
KDYHRQOLYHOL SDUWLFXODUO\ \XFFDFDVVDYD
KRRGVRQ
LQFRPHDQGIRRGVHFXULW\$JULFXOWXUDO
UHFRYHU\IURPGLVDVWHUVLVDUHVSRQVLELOL
W\WKDWZRPHQDUHOHIWWRVKRXOGHU
ODUJHO\RQWKHLURZQ-XVWKRZWKH\DUH
DEOHWRPDQDJHWRUHVWRUHWKHLUORVVHV
RYHUZKDWSHULRGRIWLPHDQGDWZKDW
FRVWUHPDLQTXHVWLRQVUHTXLULQJ
UHVHDUFK
Three decades of knowledge
)RU\HDUVWKHZRUOGKDVNQRZQWKDW
ZRPHQSOD\DFULWLFDODQGFHQWUDOUROHLQ
ZRUOGIRRGSURGXFWLRQ,QIHPLQLVW
HFRQRPLVW(VWHU%RVHUXSFRQGXFWHGD
SLRQHHULQJVWXG\WKDWSUHVHQWHGWKHILUVW
FRPSUHKHQVLYHHPSLULFDOO\EDVHGDQDO\
VLVRIZRPHQ·VSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQDJUL
FXOWXUHLQPDQ\SDUWVRI$IULFD$VLDDQG
/DWLQ$PHULFD %RVHUXSXQYHLOHGWRWKH
ZRUOGWKHH[WHQWRIZRPHQ·VODERXULQ
DJULFXOWXUHDQGLQWKHSURFHVVGHFRQ
VWUXFWHGWKHZLGHVSUHDGQRWLRQWKDW
IDUPHUVZRUOGZLGHZHUHPHQ
7KUHHGHFDGHVRIUHVHDUFKKDYHODUJHO\
VXSSRUWHG%RVHUXS·VILQGLQJV)$2QRZ
HVWLPDWHVWKDWRQDYHUDJHZRPHQSUR
GXFHEHWZHHQDQGSHUFHQWRIWKH
IRRGLQWKHGHYHORSLQJZRUOGPDNLQJXS
SHUFHQWRIWKHDJULFXOWXUDOODERXU
IRUFHZRUOGZLGHDQGSHUFHQWLQ
GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV<HWLQVSLWHRI
SLRQHHULQJVWXGLHVDYDLODEOHUHVHDUFK
DQGJOREDOVWDWLVWLFVKXPDQLWDULDQDQG
UHKDELOLWDWLRQSURJUDPPHVFRQWLQXHWR
IDYRXUPHQLQWKHLUDOORFDWLRQRIDJULFXO
WXUDOUHVRXUFHV7KHH[DPSOHRI
+XUULFDQH0LWFKUHYHDOVWKDWZRPHQVWLOO
ILQGLWPRUHGLIILFXOWWKDQPHQWRJDLQ
DFFHVVWRYDOXDEOHUHVRXUFHVVXFKDV
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
1*2VDUHDOVR
LQWURGXFLQJJHQGHUVHQVLWLYHDJULFXOWXUDO
SURMHFWV\HWWKHVHUHPDLQPDUJLQDO
HIIRUWVLQWKHJUHDWHUVFDOHRIKXPDQLWDU
LDQDQGUHKDELOLWDWLRQSUDFWLFH,Q)$2·V
SURSRVHGSURJUDPPHIRU&RORPELD
URXJKO\86ZLOOEHLQYHVWHGLQ
VHHGVDQGDQLPDOVIRUWKHZRPHQ·VSUR
MHFWVZKLOHRYHU86LV
GLUHFWHGDWVHHGLQSXWVIRUPDL]HDQG
EHDQSURGXFWLRQDORQH
Women, plant genetic resources
and disasters
2QHFULWLFDOHOHPHQWRIIHPDOHIDUPLQJ
V\VWHPVWKDWUHTXLUHVUHVHDUFKDQG
DQDO\VLVZLWKLQWKHFRQWH[WRIGLVDVWHUV
DQGGLVDVWHULQGXFHGGLVSODFHPHQW
UHODWHVWRWKHLUUROHLQWKHFRQVHUYDWLRQ
DQGPDQDJHPHQWRISODQWJHQHWLF
UHVRXUFHV7KHYDVWPDMRULW\RIWKHDYDLO
DEOHOLWHUDWXUHRQZRPHQDQGSODQW
ELRGLYHUVLW\LVIRXQGZLWKLQ¶GHYHORS
PHQW·GLVFRXUVHDQGWKHOLQNZLWK
HPHUJHQFLHVDQGGLVSODFHPHQWLVVWLOODW
DSUHOLPLQDU\VWDJH
$NH\FRQFHUQLVORVVRIGLYHUVLW\RIDJUL
FXOWXUDOFURSV$OWKRXJKWKHFDXVHVRI
JHQHWLFHURVLRQDUHPXOWLSOHZLWKWKH
VSUHDGRIFRPPHUFLDODJULFXOWXUHEHLQJ
WKHSULQFLSDOFDXVHVWXGLHVDUHDOVR
EHJLQQLQJWRDVVHVVWKHLPSDFWRIGLVDV
WHUVRQJHQHWLFUHVRXUFHVLQFOXGLQJWKH
SRWHQWLDOORVVRIORFDOFURSYDULHW\WKHLU
UHVLOLHQFHWRFULVLVDQGKRZVWUHQJWKHQ
LQJWKLVFDQUHGXFHWKHQHJDWLYHLPSDFW
RIGLVDVWHUV1DWXUDOGLVDVWHUVLQSDUWLFX
ODUFDQKDYHDGHYDVWDWLQJHIIHFWDVIORRG
ZDWHUVKXUULFDQHVPXGVOLGHVDQGYRO
FDQLFHUXSWLRQVZDVKDZD\RUEXU\JHQH
$PRQJWKHULFKHVWUHPDLQLQJUHSRVLWR
ULHVRIJHQHWLFGLYHUVLW\DUHKRPH
JDUGHQV2YHUJHQHUDWLRQVZRPHQKDYH
EHHQFROOHFWLQJSUHVHUYLQJDQGH[SHUL
PHQWLQJZLWKLQGLJHQRXVVHHGVIURP
VWDSOHDQGVHFRQGDU\FURSVDVZHOODV
ZLWKORFDOZLOGSODQWVWKDWPD\KDYH
QXWULWLRQDORUPHGLFLQDOYDOXH2QHVWXG\
LQ7KDLODQGIRXQGDWRWDORIGLIIHU
HQWSODQWVSHFLHVJURZLQJLQWKHJDUGHQV
RIRQHYLOODJHDORQHZLWKLQGLYLGXDOJDU
GHQGLYHUVLW\UDQJLQJIURPWR
,Q6XE6DKDUDQ$IULFDZRPHQKDYHEHHQ
IRXQGWRFXOWLYDWHDVPDQ\DVGLIIHU
HQWSODQWVDORQJVLGHPHQ·VFDVKFURSV
ZKLOHLQWKH$QGHDQFRXQWULHVRI%ROLYLD
&RORPELDDQG3HUXZRPHQGHYHORSDQG
PDLQWDLQWKHVHHGEDQNVRQZKLFKIRRG
SURGXFWLRQGHSHQGV
:RPHQPDQDJHWKHVHOHFWLRQRIZLOG
JHQHWLFUHVRXUFHVIRUKRPHSODQWLQJRI
VHHGVIRUFRQVHUYDWLRQLQWRWKHQH[W
SODQWLQJVHDVRQDQGRISODQWPL[WXUHV
IRULQWHUFURSSLQJLQILHOGVDQGJDUGHQV
7KHVHDUHVRSKLVWLFDWHGSURFHVVHV
UHTXLULQJH[WHQVLYHDQGGHWDLOHGNQRZO
HGJHRIJHQHWLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGWUDLWV
&RQWLQXDOLQVLWX UHVHDUFKDQGH[SHUL
PHQWDWLRQPDNHSRVVLEOHWKHFRQVHUYDW
LRQXVHDQGIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRI
ORFDOJHQHWLFGLYHUVLW\1RWVXUSULVLQJO\
KRPHJDUGHQVDUHRIWHQUHIHUUHGWRDV
¶LQIRUPDOH[SHULPHQWDOVWDWLRQV·SURYLG
LQJDKRPHWRDODUJHSRRORI
ELRGLYHUVLW\)$2QRWHVWKDWLQ6RXWKHDVW
$VLDWKH3DFLILFDQG/DWLQ$PHULFD
ZRPHQ·VKRPHJDUGHQVUHSUHVHQW´VRPH
RIWKHPRVWFRPSOH[DJULFXOWXUDOV\VWHPVµ
27
Gender and displacement
Recommendations
,WLVQRZUHFRJQL]HGWKDWWKHPDLQWH
QDQFHRIJHQHWLFGLYHUVLW\LVHVVHQWLDOIRU
ORFDOIDUPLQJV\VWHPVDQGWKHORQJWHUP
VXVWDLQDELOLW\RIDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQ
LQFRPSOH[DQGFKDQJLQJHQYLURQPHQWV
.QRZOHGJHRIIDUPLQJVHHGV\VWHPV
LQFOXGLQJFURSYDULHWLHVJHQHWLF
UHVRXUFHVVHHGPDQDJHPHQWDQGOLYHOL
KRRGVWUDWHJLHVXQGHUQRUPDODQGVWUHVV
FRQGLWLRQVLVQHFHVVDU\WRGHWHUPLQH
QHHGVDVZHOODVHIIHFWLYHIRUPVRIDVVLV
WDQFH
■ 1HHGIRUREVHUYDQFHRIWKH
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RGHRI&RQGXFW DPRQJFRPPXQLWLHV,QDOORIWKH
*LYHQWKHUDSLGHURVLRQRIJHQHWLF
UHVRXUFHVDQGWKHJULPSUHGLFWLRQRI
PRUH¶VXSHUGLVDVWHUV·LWLVFULWLFDOWR
UHVWRUHWKRVHZKLFKDUHORVWE\VXFK
FULVHV/RVVHVWKUHDWHQWRZLSHDZD\
FUXFLDOUHVRXUFHVIRUHYHUDQGUHKDELO
LWDWLRQHIIRUWVQHHGWRPRYHEH\RQG
WKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIVWDSOHVHHGVDQG
UHFRYHU\RIEDVLFVHHGVWKURXJKPDOH
IDUPHUVDQGRIWKHKRPHJDUGHQ
HFRQRP\WKURXJKZRPHQIDUPHUV
5HFRYHU\RIVHHGVKRZHYHUZDVGLI
ILFXOWJLYHQWKHORVVHVDQGUHTXLUHG
UHVHDUFKDPRQJWKHVPDOOSRSXODWLRQ
JURXSVWKDWPDQDJHGWRUHPDLQLQ
WKHUHJLRQGXULQJWKHFRQIOLFW
&RPPXQLW\VHHGEDQNVHQDEOHGLQL
WLDOSURGXFWLRQH[FKDQJHDPRQJ
FRPPXQLWLHVDQGUHSURGXFWLRQXQWLO
VXIILFLHQWVXSSOLHVZHUHDYDLODEOHIRU
HDFKIDPLO\XQLW7KHKRPHJDUGHQV
EHFDPHWKHPDLQIRFXVRIWKHILUVW
UHFRYHU\HIIRUWVDQGZRPHQZHUH
DFWLYHLQWKHSURFHVVRIH[FKDQJH
SURMHFWVVXSSRUWHGE\6ZLVVDLGKHUH
´WKHLQLWLDWLYHRIZRPHQLQWKHUHFRY
HU\RIFXOWLYDWLRQDQGWUDGLWLRQDO
PHGLFLQDOSODQWVKDVEHHQH[WUDRUGL
QDU\7KH>KRPHJDUGHQ@EHFRPHVWKH
V\PERORIWKHUHKDELOLWDWLRQRIWKH
ODQGDQGWKHEHJLQQLQJRIOLIHDIWHU
WKHH[RGXVµ
UHVHDUFKDQGDQDO\VLV'LVDVWHUVDQG
GLVDVWHULQGXFHGGLVSODFHPHQWFDQKDYH
DQGHYDVWDWLQJHIIHFWRQDJULFXOWXUDO
SURGXFWLRQRQIDPLO\KHDOWKDQGRQ
JOREDOJHQHWLFUHVRXUFHV5HFRJQLWLRQRI
WKHUROHRIZRPHQLQWKHVHDUHDVLV
FUXFLDOIRUXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHLPSDFWRI
GLVDVWHUVDQGGLVSODFHPHQWRQWKHDJUL
FXOWXUDOVHFWRUIRUDFFXUDWHO\DVVHVVLQJ
ORVVHVDQGKHQFHIRUHIIHFWLYHUHOLHIDQG
UHKDELOLWDWLRQSURJUDPPHV
0RQLFD7UXMLOORLVFXUUHQWO\DQLQGH
SHQGHQWUHVHDUFKHUDQGFRQVXOWDQW
VSHFLDOL]LQJLQKXPDQLWDULDQDQG
VRFLDOJHQGHUFRQFHUQV2YHUWKH
SDVW\HDUVVKHKDVZRUNHGLQ
LQWHUQDWLRQDOFRRSHUDWLRQDQGPRUH
VSHFLILFDOO\RQKXPDQLWDULDQSUR
JUDPPHVLQ6RXWK$VLDDQG/DWLQ
$PHULFD6KHLVFRDXWKRURIWKH
2[IDPSXEOLFDWLRQ5LVN0DSSLQJ
DQG/RFDO&DSDFLWLHV/HVVRQVIURP
0H[LFRDQG&HQWUDO$PHULFDSXE
WRDWWHPSWWRSURPRWHJUHDWHUGLYHU
VLILFDWLRQDVZHOODVWKHUHVWRFNLQJRI
ORFDOVHHGEDQNV)$2QRZFRQVLGHUV
WKDWLQWHUQDWLRQDO1*2VVKRXOGEH
XQGHUDQREOLJDWLRQWRDELGHE\WKH
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RGHRI&RQGXFWRQWKH
&ROOHFWLRQDQG7UDQVIHURI3ODQW
*HQHWLF5HVRXUFHV
■ 1HHGIRUIXOOFRPPXQLW\LQYROYH
PHQW 2QHQRWDEOHLQLWLDWLYHLVWKH
IRRGVHFXULW\UHFRYHU\SURJUDPPHRI
6ZLVVDLGLQ&RORPELD7KH5LRVXFLR
DUHDLQWKHFRXQWU\·V8UDEDUHJLRQLV
KRPHWRDZHDOWKRIELRORJLFDOGLYHU
VLW\\HWLWLVDOVRRQHRIWKHPRVW
YLROHQWUHJLRQVLQWKHFRXQWU\SURQH
WRLQWHQVHFRQIOLFWEHWZHHQZDUULQJ
IDFWLRQV,QFUHDVHGYLROHQFHGXULQJ
FDXVHGPDVVLYHGLVSODFHPHQWV
IRUFLQJSHDVDQWIDPLOLHVWRDEDQGRQ
WKHLUDJULFXOWXUDOODQGVIRUXSWR WLQXHGQHHGWRPDNHZRPHQYLVLEOHLQ
PRQWKV7KHORVVRIFRQWDFWZLWK
WKHLUODQGDQGLQDELO
LW\WRFXOWLYDWH
GXULQJWKLVSHULRG
FDXVHGWKHORVVRI
PRVWRIWKHLUWUDGL
WLRQDOVHHGYDULHWLHV
7KHUHFRYHU\SUR
JUDPPHRI6ZLVVDLG
LPSOHPHQWHGGXULQJ
WKHUHWXUQSURFHVV
ZDVEDVHGRQWUDGL
WLRQDOSUDFWLFHVRI
VHHGFRQVHUYDWLRQ
DQGPDQDJHPHQW
DQGWKHUHIRUH
IRFXVHGRQWKH
28
■ 1HHGIRUJHQGHUDZDUHUHVHDUFK \DKRRFRP
3URJUDPPHVVXFKDV6ZLVVDLG·VDUH
H[HPSODU\DQGVLPLODUVWUDWHJLHV
FRXOGHDVLO\EHUHSOLFDWHG
8QIRUWXQDWHO\H[DPSOHVDUHGLIILFXOW
WRILQG0RUHUHVHDUFKWKDWGUDZV
WRJHWKHUGLVDVWHUVDQGSODQWJHQHWLF
UHVRXUFHVIURPDJHQGHUSHUVSHFWLYH
ZRXOGJRDORQJZD\WRLPSURYLQJ
RXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHV\QHUJ\
EHWZHHQWKHVHDQGZRXOGKHOSLQ
GHYHORSLQJDSSURSULDWHSROLFLHVDQG
SUDFWLFHVIRUFRQVHUYDWLRQDQGUHSUR
GXFWLRQGXULQJWKHSRVWGLVDVWHU
SKDVH
Conclusion
7KHUHFHQWHSLVRGHRI+XUULFDQH0LWFKLQ
+RQGXUDVUHPLQGVXVWKDWWKHUHLVFRQ
VSLWHRIWKUHHGHFDGHVRIJHQGHU
OLVKHG(PDLOPSWUXMLOOR#
)$2:)3¶&URSDQG)RRG6XSSO\$VVHVVPHQW
0LVVLRQWR+RQGXUDV·-DQXDU\
+RSH6KDQG+XPDQ1DWXUH$JULFXOWXUDO%LRGLYHUVLW\
DQG)DUPEDVHG)RRG6HFXULW\ 
6WDWHRIWKH:RUOGRQ3ODQW*HQHWLF5HVRXUFHVIRU
)RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUH)$27KLVLGHQWLILHVJDSV
DQGFRQVWUDLQWVLQQDWLRQDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOHIIRUWVWR
VDIHJXDUGSODQWJHQHWLFUHVRXUFHVDQGWRXVHWKHPWR
HQVXUHIRRGVHFXULW\DQGWKHVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIDJULFXO
WXUH,WSURYLGHVWKHEDVLVIRUWKH*OREDO3ODQRI
$FWLRQDGRSWHGE\WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO7HFKQLFDO
&RQIHUHQFHRQ3ODQW*HQHWLF5HVRXUFHV/HLS]LJ
*HUPDQ\-XQH,WFDQEHRUGHUHGIURP)$2V
ZHEVLWHDWZZZIDRRUJ
(VWHU%RVHUXS:RPHQ·V5ROHLQ(FRQRPLF
'HYHORSPHQW 1HZ<RUN6W0DUWLQ·V3UHVV
&RORPELD(PHUJHQF\,QWHUYHQWLRQVLQ)DYRXURIWKH
,QWHUQDOO\'LVSODFHG3RSXODWLRQ$VVHVVPHQWRI5HOLHI
DQG5HKDELOLWDWLRQ1HHGV 0DUFK)$2
(VWLPDWHVH[FOXGHLQGLUHFWLQSXWVVXFKDVWRROVIHU
WLOLVHUVIHHGRUHTXLSPHQW)$2·VSURJUDPPHLVVWLOO
VHHNLQJILQDQFLQJDSSURYDO
&DWKHULQH/RQJOH\ 3DXO5LFKDUGV
)DUPHUVHHGV\VWHPVDQGGLVDVWHUV
WFP/J Van Acker
2YHUVHDV'HYHORSPHQW
,QVWLWXWH/RQGRQ
5HYLVWD6HPLOODV5HFXSHUDQGROD
6HJXULGDG$OLPHQWDULDHQ0HGLRGHO
&RQIOLFWR 2FWREHU6ZLVVDLG
6DOO\%XQQLQJ)DUPHU·V5LJKWVLQWKH
&RQVHUYDWLRQDQG8VHRI3ODQW*HQHWLF
5HVRXUFHVD*HQGHU3HUVSHFWLYH
)$2
0DULR7DSLD $QDGHOD7RUUH/D
PXMHUFDPSHVLQD\ODVVHPLOODV
DQGLQDVJpQHUR\HOPDQHMRGHORV
UHFXUVRVJHQHWLFRV 6HH)$2
ZHEVLWHZZZIDRRUJ
6HHDERYH
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
A more proactive UN role in the
security of NGO staff?
by Randolph Martin

The recent and very tragic deaths of UNHCR %ULWDLQ'HQPDUN,UHODQGWKH

1HWKHUODQGV6ZHGHQDQGWKH86
workers in West Timor and Guinea have once 92,&(·V+XPDQLWDULDQ6DIHW\DQG
again focused attention on the precarious 3URWHFWLRQ1HWZRUN+631KDVDOVR
PDGHDQLPSUHVVLYHHIIRUWWRHVWDEOLVKD
security circumstance under which humanit- PHFKDQLVPIRUWUDFNLQJDQGDQDO\]LQJ
VHFXULW\LQFLGHQWV3ULRUWRWKH+631
arian relief work is so often conducted. SURMHFWZLWKWKHQRWDEOHH[FHSWLRQRI
,&5&RXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIVHFXULW\

$
WWKH81+&5([&RPPHHWLQJVLQ 7KH+XPDQLWDULDQ3UDFWLFH1HWZRUNDW LQFLGHQWVTXDOLWDWLYHO\DQGTXDQWLWD
*HQHYDLQRSHQLQJ WKH2YHUVHDV'HYHORSPHQW,QVWLWXWHKDV WLYHO\KDVEHHQODUJHO\URRWHGLQ
UHPDUNVIURP+LJK&RPPLVV UHFHQWO\SXEOLVKHG*RRG3UDFWLFH5HYLHZ DQHFGRWDOUHSRUWLQJ
LRQHU2JDWD6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDO$QQDQ 2SHUDWLRQDO6HFXULW\0DQDJHPHQWLQ
DQG:)3([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRU%HUWLQLHDFK 9LROHQW(QYLURQPHQWV DXWKRUHGE\ 7KH81LVDOVRWDNLQJVLJQLILFDQWVWHSV
KLJKOLJKWHGFRQFHUQRYHUWKHVHFXULW\RI .RHQUDDG9DQ%UDEDQWZKRKDVDOVR WRZDUGVLPSURYLQJVHFXULW\IRULWVILHOG
KXPDQLWDULDQDLGZRUNHUV-XVWDZHHN EHHQDQDFWLYHSDUWLFLSDQWRQWKH RSHUDWLRQV7KH6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDO·V
HDUOLHUGLUHFWRUVDQGVHQLRUPDQDJHUV ,QWHU$FWLRQ7DVN)RUFHDQG:RUNLQJ UHFHQWUHSRUWRQ¶6DIHW\DQG6HFXULW\RI
IURPPDMRU$PHULFDQDQG(XURSHDQ *URXS7KHERRNLVDQLPSRUWDQWUHIHU 8QLWHG1DWLRQDO3HUVRQQHO· RYHUYLHZV
DJHQFLHVPHWWRJHWKHUIRUDWZRGD\ HQFHIRU1*2VHFXULW\SODQQHUVEULQJLQJ WKHVFRSHRIWKHSUREOHPIDFHGE\WKH
2)'$,QWHU$FWLRQVSRQVRUHGZRUNVKRS WRJHWKHULQSXWIURPVFRUHVRI1*2VDQG 81LQWKHILHOGDQGWKHVKRUWFRPLQJVRI
RQVWDIIVHFXULW\,QGHHGVHFXULW\RIDLG HVWDEOLVKLQJERWKDFRPPRQODQJXDJH DVWUDWHJ\GHYHORSHGIRUWKHVLWXDWLRQDV
ZRUNHUVKDVEHHQDJURZLQJFRQFHUQDQG DQGFRQFHSWXDOIUDPHZRUNIRUXQGHU LWDSSHDUHGWZHQW\\HDUVDJR7KHUHSRUW
SULRULW\RYHUWKHSDVWIHZ\HDUVDQGLV VWDQGLQJVHFXULW\DQGVWUDWHJLHVIRU VHWVIRUWKDQXPEHURISURSRVDOVWR
RQO\SXQFWXDWHGZKHQVLWXDWLRQVVXFKDV SURWHFWLQJDLGZRUNHUV1RWRQO\KDYH LPSURYHVHFXULW\7KHVHZRXOGLQFOXGH
:HVW7LPRUDQG*XLQHDEULQJWRWKH 1*2FRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKHERRNEHHQ DSSRLQWPHQWRID6HFXULW\&RRUGLQDWRU
IRUHIURQWWKHVREHULQJUHDOLWLHVRIWKH LPSUHVVLYHEXWPDMRUJRYHUQPHQWDO DWWKH$VVLVWDQW6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDOOHYHO
VHFXULW\HQYLURQPHQWVLQZKLFKWKH81 GRQRUVKDYHDOVRFRPHIRUZDUGWRVXS HVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDPRUHUHOLDEOHPHFKD
DQG1*2VZRUN SRUWWKHHIIRUWSXEOLFDWLRQZDV QLVPIRUIXQGLQJ)LHOG6HFXULW\2IILFHUV
VXSSRUWHGE\WKHJRYHUQPHQWVRI DQGLQFUHDVHGUHVRXUFHVIRUWKHRIILFHRI
,QUHFHQW\HDUVWKHUHKDYHEHHQQRWDEOH
UNICEF/HQ99-0950/Jim Holmes

LQWHUDJHQF\HIIRUWVWRDGGUHVVVHFXULW\
FRQFHUQV:RUNLQJXQGHUIXQGLQJIURP
2)'$LQ,QWHU$FWLRQHVWDEOLVKHG
DQ1*26HFXULW\7DVN)RUFHFRPSUL]HG
RIUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIDQXPEHURI
$PHULFDQDQG(XURSHDQ1*2V7KH7DVN
)RUFHDQGVXEVHTXHQW6HFXULW\:RUNLQJ
*URXSZHQWRQWRGHVLJQDFRPSUHKHQ
VLYHFXUULFXOXPIRUWUDLQLQJ1*2
ZRUNHUVRQVHFXULW\7KHFXUULFXOXPKDV
VLQFHEHHQSLFNHGXSE\WKH%ULWLVK1*2
5HG5ZKLFKZLWKIXQGLQJIURP2)'$
DQG%ULWDLQ·V'HSDUWPHQWIRU
,QWHUQDWLRQDO'HYHORSPHQWLVRIIHULQJ
WKHZHHNORQJFRXUVHIURPUHJLRQDOFHQ
WUHVDURXQGWKHZRUOGRYHUWKHQH[WWZR
\HDUV

Football stadium in Dili, East Timor, designated a

‘safe haven’ in the weeks following the arrival of
the INTERFET peacekeeping forces.

FORCED MIGRATION review 9 29

 WKH816HFXULW\&RRUGLQDWRU816(&2 6DIHW\5RODQG/·$OOLHULQGLFDWHGWKDW 1*2V²RIWHQOLNHQHGWRKHUGLQJFDWV²LV
25'ZKLFKZRXOGSURYLGHIRUHQKDQFHG
VWDIIWUDLQLQJVHFXULW\DVVHVVPHQWV
FRXQVHOLQJDQGVWUHVVPDQDJHPHQW
Coordination with the NGO
community
7KH6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDO·VUHSRUWRXWOLQHV
LPSURYHPHQWVWKDWDUHDVWHS²LIQRWD
OHDS²LQWKHULJKWGLUHFWLRQWRZDUG
HQKDQFLQJWKHVHFXULW\RI81SHUVRQQHO
+RZHYHUEH\RQGUHFRJQL]LQJWKDW1*2V
IDFHWKHVDPHFKDOOHQJLQJRSHUDWLQJ
HQYLURQPHQWWKHUHSRUWPDNHVQRPHQ
WLRQRIWKHQHHGWRHQKDQFHFRRUGLQDWLRQ
DQGMRLQWVHFXULW\HIIRUWVZLWKWKH1*2
FRPPXQLW\XSRQZKLFKWKH81LV
LQFUHDVLQJO\GHSHQGHQW7KLVLVDVLJQLIL
FDQWRYHUVLJKWQRWRQO\IRU1*2VEXW
IRUWKHVHFXULW\RI81ILHOGRSHUDWLRQV
81+&5DVDFDVHLQSRLQWUHOLHVKHDYLO\
RQ1*2LPSOHPHQWLQJSDUWQHUVWR
DFKLHYHLWVPDQGDWH \HWKDVGRQHOLWWOH
WRFODULI\LWVUROHZLWK1*2VLQWKHUHDOP
RIVHFXULW\,QWKH1*281+&5PHHWLQJV
SULRUWRWKLV\HDU·V([HFXWLYH&RPPLWWHH
PHHWLQJVLQ*HQHYD81+&5·V&KLHIRI
WKHUHLVQRIRUPDOUHODWLRQVKLSEXW
UDWKHU´DGKRFµ DUUDQJHPHQWVWKDWYDU\
IURPVLWXDWLRQWRVLWXDWLRQ0U/·$OOLHU
DOVRLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKHDGKRF DUUDQJH
PHQWLV´IOH[LEOHµDQG´ZRUNVµ,QGHHG
WKHUHLVIOH[LELOLW\7DONLQJWR1*2ILHOG
VWDIIDURXQG
WKHZRUOG
DERXWZKDW
UROH81+&5
UNHCR is uniquely situated
SOD\VLQ for playing a larger repre-
VHFXULW\
LVVXHVRQH sentational role on security
JHWVUHSOLHV
HYRFDWLYHRI
WKHSDUDEOHRIWKHEOLQGPHQDQGWKH
HOHSKDQWZKHUHHDFKPDQGHVFULEHVWKH
RYHUDOODSSHDUDQFHRIWKHDQLPDOEDVHG
XSRQWKHRQHDSSHQGDJHWKDWKHLVDEOH
WRWRXFKVHFXULW\PDQDJHPHQWLQHDFK
VLWXDWLRQLVVRGUDPDWLFDOO\GLIIHUHQW
WKDWLWLVGLIILFXOWWRJUDVSWKHRYHUDOO
YLVLRQ,WLVOHVVFOHDUZKHWKHURUQRW
WKLV´ZRUNVµ
:KHQ81+&5FKRRVHVWRXQGHUWDNHD
FRRUGLQDWLQJUROHLQVHFXULW\WKHUHVXOWV
FDQEHPRVWLPSUHVVLYH&RRUGLQDWLQJ
QRWRULRXVO\GLIILFXOW<HWZKHQ81+&5
FDOOVDVHFXULW\FRRUGLQDWLRQPHHWLQJIRU
WKH1*2FRPPXQLW\WKH1*2VFRPH
:KHQ81+&5HVWDEOLVKHVDFRPPRQ
FRPPXQLFDWLRQVQHWZRUNRUIUHTXHQF\
1*2VSDUWLFLSDWHDFWLYHO\:KHQ81+&5
RIIHUVWHFKQL
FDODGYLFHRU
WUDLQLQJWR
1*2VRQDQ\
WKLQJIURPVLWH
VHFXULW\WR
FRQYR\RSHUD
WLRQV1*2V
DUHJHQHUDOO\
NHHQWRWDSWKDWH[SHUWLVH7KHVHDUH
UROHVWKDW81+&5LVXQLTXHO\SRVLWLRQHG
WRRIIHU,QGLYLGXDO1*2VUDUHO\KDYHWKH
UHVRXUFHVWRKLUHWKHLURZQVHFXULW\RIIL
FHUV²DQGHYHQLIWKH\KDG1*2VFDQ
EHQHILWHQRUPRXVO\IURPDFRPPRQ
811*2IRUXPWRGLVFXVVDQGFRRUGL
QDWHVHFXULW\PDWWHUV$FRPPRQ
XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHVHFXULW\HQYLURQ
PHQWHPHUJHVDORQJZLWKDFRPPRQ
ODQJXDJHDQGFRRUGLQDWHGUHVSRQVHV
,QIRUPDWLRQLVVKDUHGZKLFKEHQHILWV
QRWRQO\WKH1*2VEXW81+&5DVZHOO
81+&5LVXQLTXHO\VLWXDWHGQRWRQO\IRU
FUHDWLQJWKLVIRUXPEXWDOVRIRUSOD\LQJ
DODUJHUUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDOUROHRQVHFXULW\
PDWWHUV2QHRIWKHSLOODUVRIJRRGVHFX
ULW\GHULYHVIURPWKHGLSORPDWLF
UHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHKXPDQLWDULDQFRP
PXQLW\DQGWKHORFDORUUHJLRQDOSRZHUV
$JDLQLQPRVWVLWXDWLRQV81+&5LVIDU
EHWWHUSRVLWLRQHGWKDQPRVW1*2VWR
DSSURDFKQDWLRQDODQGUHJLRQDODXWKRUL
WLHV²RUPDMRUGRQRUV²DWWKHKLJKHVW
OHYHOVWRDGYRFDWHIRUKXPDQLWDULDQ
DFFHVVDQGWKHVHFXULW\RIDLGZRUNHUV
Compromise and competition
,I81+&5LVVRLGHDOO\VLWXDWHGWRSOD\D
FHQWUDOUROHLQVHFXULW\IRU1*2VZK\
FDQWKLVUROHQRWEHPDGHPRUHIRUPDO"
2QHSUREOHPLVWKDW81+&5·VHIIRUWLV
JHQHUDOO\FHQWUHGRQWKHDSSRLQWPHQWRI
D)LHOG6DIHW\$GYLVRU)6$7KH)6$LVD
VHFXULW\SURIHVVLRQDOZLWKWKHH[SHUWLVH
DQGPDQGDWHWRDGYLVHRQPDWWHUV
RIVHFXULW\7KHDSSRLQWPHQWRIWKLV
SRVLWLRQLVQRWDXWRPDWLFHYHQLQWKH
PRVWSUHFDULRXVRIVHFXULW\HQYLURQ
PHQWVRQO\RXWRIKLJKULVNSRVWV
KDYHDVVLJQHGVHFXULW\RIILFHUV )RU
81+&5WKHGHFLVLRQWRDSSRLQWDQ
Panos Pictures/Howard Davies

)6$UHVWVVROHO\ZLWK81+&5·V5HVLGHQW
5HSUHVHQWDWLYHIRUZKRPWKHGHFLVLRQLV
ODUJHO\RQHRIUHVRXUFHVDQGSULRULWLHV

Biaro camp, Kisangani, DRC

30 FORCED MIGRATION review 9

7KH81+&5FRXQWU\RIILFHPXVWEHDEOH
DQGZLOOLQJWRIXQGWKHSRVLWLRQRXWRIWKH
FRXQWU\EXGJHWXVLQJIXQGVWKDWPLJKW
RWKHUZLVHEHXVHGWRVXSSRUWSURJUDPPH
DFWLYLWLHV,QDQDWPRVSKHUHRIGLPLQLVK
LQJIXQGLQJWKHGHFLVLRQFDQIRUFH
GLIILFXOWFRPSURPLVHV<HWLQWKHDEVHQFH
RIDQ)6$81+&5·VDELOLW\WRSOD\DFRRU
GLQDWLQJUROHIRULWV1*2LPSOHPHQWLQJ
SDUWQHUVLVDOOEXWHOLPLQDWHG
(YHQZKHQDQ)6$LVDSSRLQWHGWKHUHLV
QRJXDUDQWHHWKDW81+&5ZLOODFWLYHO\
WDNHRQDFRRUGLQDWLQJUROHZLWK1*2V
,QWKHDEVHQFHRIIRUPDOJXLGHOLQHVRU
SROLFLHVVSHOOLQJRXWWKHUROHRI81+&5
YLVjYLVWKH1*2VWKHUHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQWKH)6$DQGWKH1*2VLVODUJHO\
DSURGXFWRISHUVRQDOLWLHVDQGFRPSHW
LQJGHPDQGVRQWKH)6$·VWLPH$VVXFK
WKHUHODWLRQVKLSLVLQGHHGDGKRF YDU\
LQJVLJQLILFDQWO\IURPFRXQWU\WR
FRXQWU\DQG)6$WR)6$,IWKH
6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDOVXFFHHGVLQKLVSUR
SODQNHHSLQJWKH1*2LQIRUPHGDERXW
VHFXULW\GHYHORSPHQWVDQGPHDVXUHV
EHLQJLPSOHPHQWHGE\WKH81DQG´WR
WKHH[WHQWSRVVLEOHµSURYLVLRQRIWUDYHO
DVVLVWDQFHRQDUHLPEXUVDEOHEDVLVLQWKH
FDVHRIHPHUJHQF\´:KHUHSRVVLEOHµWKH
81DOVRDJUHHVWRUHSUHVHQWWKH1*2·V
VHFXULW\FRQFHUQVWRWKHDXWKRULWLHVRI
WKHKRVWJRYHUQPHQW
,QH[FKDQJHWKH0R8UHTXLUHVWKDWVLJ
QDWRU\LPSOHPHQWLQJSDUWQHUV´IXOO\
IROORZWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVRI>WKH81@
UHJDUGLQJVHFXULW\PDWWHUVµ\HWWKH
1*2VDUHWR´DVVXPHDOOULVNVDQGOLDELOL
WLHVUHODWHGWRWKHVHFXULW\RILWVVWDIIµ
DQG´GHDOZLWKDOOFODLPVDVPD\EH
EURXJKWDJDLQVWWKH81DULVLQJIURPWKH
H[WHQVLRQXQGHUWKH0HPRUDQGXPWR
LWVLQWHUQDWLRQDOVWDIIµ7KLVVXUUHQGHURI
DXWKRULW\KDVEHHQDFHQWUDOLVVXHIRU
WKH1*2VSDUWLFXODUO\LQYLHZRIWKH
PXUN\SURPLVHVRISURWHFWLRQLQUHWXUQ
2QHZRQGHUVZKDWRUJDQL]DWLRQZRXOG
LVSURFHVVLQJSURSRVDOVDQGDJUHHPHQWV
DQGLQDVWULFWO\IRUPDOVHQVHWKHUHLV
QRDJUHHPHQWEHWZHHQWKH1*2DQGWKH
81"'RWKHSURYLVLRQVRIWKH0R8UHODW
LQJWRHYDFXDWLRQSHUWDLQWRQDWLRQDO
VWDIIEURXJKWLQIRUWKHSXUSRVHRI
LPSOHPHQWLQJD81+&5IXQGHGSURMHFW"
:KDWLIDQ1*2GRHVGLVREH\WKHVHFXUL
W\LQVWUXFWLRQVRI81+&5²LVWKHHQWLUH
0R8UHYRNHGRUDUHWKHUHFDOFLWUDQW1*2
VWDIIVLPSO\RPLWWHGIURPWKHUHODWHG
SRUWLRQRIWKHVHFXULW\SODQVXFKDVDQ
HYDFXDWLRQ"
'HVSLWHWKHVHDQGPDQ\RWKHUTXHVWLRQV
UDLVHGE\WKH1*2V816(&225'KDV
EHHQUHVROXWHO\XQZLOOLQJWRDOWHUWKH
0R8HYHQWRDGGFODULW\DQGHYHQ
WKRXJKQRWDVLQJOH1*2KDVVLJQHGRQ
WRWKH0R8DVDJOREDODJUHHPHQW,20
ZKLFKLVQRWJHQHUDOO\FRQVLGHUHGDQ
1*2DQGKDVDYHU\GLIIHUHQWVHWRI
VHFXULW\FRQFHUQVYLVjYLVWKH81LV
WKHRQO\RUJDQL]DWLRQWKDWKDVVLJQHG
SRVDOWRIXQGWKHVHSRVLWLRQVRXWRI
JHQHUDOIXQGVWKHQWKHMRELWVHOI
VKRXOGEHUHGHVLJQHGWRLQFOXGHOLDLVRQ
DQGFRRUGLQDWLRQZLWK1*2V
(YHQLI81+&5LVQRWDEOHWREURDGHQ
WKHDGYLVRU\VHUYLFHVRILWV)6$VLW
VKRXOGEHPRUHIRUWKULJKWDERXWZKDWLW
FDQDQGFDQQRWGRIRULWVLPSOHPHQWLQJ
SDUWQHUV7\SLFDOO\81+&5ZLOORIIHU
YDJXHYHUEDOUHDVVXUDQFHVWR1*2UHSUH
VHQWDWLYHV7KLVWHQGVWRPDVNWKHIDFW²
VXUSULVLQJWRPDQ\1*2ZRUNHUV²WKDW
WKH81KDVQRIRUPDOUHVSRQVLELOLW\
ZKDWVRHYHUIRU1*2VHFXULW\6XFKPLV
FRPPXQLFDWLRQRIFDSDFLW\DQGLQWHQW
KDVOHIW1*2VEHKLQGLQPRUHWKDQRQH
HYDFXDWLRQDQGZRXOGQRGRXEWDOWHU
1*2VHFXULW\SODQQLQJLIWKHUHZHUH
PRUHFODULW\IURPWKHEHJLQQLQJ
UN/NGO Memorandum of
Understanding
7KH81KDVDWWHPSWHGDPRUHIRUPDO
VHFXULW\DJUHHPHQWZLWK1*2V,Q
816(&225'GUDIWHGD0HPRUDQGXPRI
DJUHHWRVXUUHQGHUDXWKRULW\RYHU
VHFXULW\UHODWHGGHFLVLRQV\HWUHWDLQ
UHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRI
WKRVHGHFLVLRQV7KH0R8JRHVRQWR
UHTXLUHWKDWWKH1*2´HQVXUHWKDWWKH
>81@LVDWDOOWLPHVLQIRUPHGRIWKH
ZKHUHDERXWVDQGPRYHPHQWV«RILQWHU
QDWLRQDOVWDII«µ7KH0R8DOVRUHTXLUHV
WKDWWKH1*2V´OHQGZKHQSRVVLEOHDQG
WRWKHH[WHQWIHDVLEOHRQDUHLPEXUVDEOH
EDVLVWUDYHODVVLVWDQFHWR>81SHUVRQQHO@µ
,QVKRUWWKH0R8SURYLGHVIRUWKH
H[FKDQJHRIVHFXULW\UHODWHGLQIRUPDWLRQ
DQG²´WRWKHH[WHQWSRVVLEOHµ²WKHHYDF
XDWLRQRILQWHUQDWLRQDOVWDIILQH[FKDQJH
IRUWKH1*2·VZLOOLQJQHVVWRVXUUHQGHU
LWVDXWKRULW\RQVHFXULW\PDWWHUVWRWKH
817KH1*2DOVRSD\VDIHHWRWKH81
EDVHGXSRQWKHFRVWRIWKH6HFXULW\
3URYLVLRQVDQGWKHQXPEHURIVXE
VFULEHUVEHDULQJWKRVHFRVWV
Questions
$ERYHDQGEH\RQGWKHRYHUDUFKLQJTXHV
WLRQRIZKHWKHUWKHYDJXHSURYLVLRQVRI
JOREDOO\
:K\LVLWXQUHDVRQDEOHIRUWKH81WR
H[SHFW1*2VWR´IXOO\IROORZWKHLQVWUXF
WLRQRIWKH>81@UHJDUGLQJVHFXULW\
PDWWHUVµ"3DUWRIWKHDQVZHUVXUHO\
UHODWHVWRWKHFXOWXUHRILQGHSHQGHQFH
XQGHUZKLFKPRVW1*2VRSHUDWHIRU
EHWWHURUIRUZRUVH+RZHYHUWKHUHDUH
RWKHUFRQFHUQVDVZHOO
)LUVW DQGSHUKDSVPRVWLPSRUWDQWDQ
1*2·VUHVSRQVHWRDVHFXULW\HQYLURQ
PHQWPXVWSULPDULO\EHUHODWHGWRWKH
1*2·VJOREDOPDQGDWHDQGORFDOPLVVLRQ
$Q1*2LPSOHPHQWLQJDJULFXOWXUDO
H[WHQVLRQVHUYLFHVVKRXOGKDYHDORZHU
ULVNWROHUDQFHWKDQDQ1*2XQGHUWDNLQJ
OLIHVDYLQJPHGLFDOVHUYLFHV,WLVXQUHDO
LVWLFWRH[SHFWERWKRUJDQL]DWLRQVWR
UHVSRQGWRVHFXULW\VLWXDWLRQVLQWKH
VDPHIDVKLRQ
6HFRQGO\ WKH81·VRZQUHVSRQVHWR
VHFXULW\HQYLURQPHQWVFDQEHFRPSUR
PLVHGE\ILVFDOFRQFHUQVWKDWDUH
XQUHODWHGWR1*2V)RUH[DPSOHDV
8QGHUVWDQGLQJ0R8LQDQHIIRUWWR
HVWDEOLVKDIUDPHZRUNIRUDVHFXULW\
UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ81RUJDQL]DWLRQV
DQGWKHLU1*2LPSOHPHQWLQJSDUWQHUV
¶LPSOHPHQWLQJSDUWQHUV·DUHWKRVH1*2V
ZLWKDFRQWUDFWXDOUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKD
81DJHQF\IRULPSOHPHQWLQJDVSHFLILF
WKHDJUHHPHQWDUHZRUWKWKHFRVWVWKH
0R8UDLVHVDQXPEHURITXHVWLRQV
UHTXLULQJFODULILFDWLRQ:KDWH[DFWO\LVDQ
¶LPSOHPHQWLQJSDUWQHU·GRHVWKH0R8
SHUWDLQWR1*2VWDIIIXQGHGE\RWKHU
GRQRUVEXWZRUNLQJRQ81IXQGHGSUR
MHFWV"'RHVWKH0R8H[WHQGWRDQ
QRWHGDERYHLIWKH5HVLGHQW
5HSUHVHQWDWLYHLVXQZLOOLQJWRSULRULWL]H
IXQGLQJIURPWKHFRXQWU\EXGJHWWKHUH
ZLOOEHQR)LHOG6DIHW\$GYLVRU,Q
8JDQGDWKHUHLVQR81+&5)6$DQGWKXV
ZHDNSURYLVLRQVIRU81+&5VWDIIZRUN
LQJLQWKHSUHFDULRXVHQYLURQPHQWLQWKH
SURMHFWXQGHU81IXQGLQJ8QGHUWKH
WHUPVRIWKH0R8WKHJHQHUDOUHVSRQVL
ELOLWLHVRIWKH81LQFOXGHXQVSHFLILHG
´SURWHFWLRQRILQWHUQDWLRQDOVWDIIµLQFOX
VLRQRI´UHOHYDQWLQIRUPDWLRQµDERXW
LQWHUQDWLRQDOVWDIILQWKH81·VVHFXULW\
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
LPSOHPHQWLQJSDUWQHU·VVWDIIZKRDUH
ZRUNLQJRQFRPSOHPHQWDU\SURJUDPPHV
QRWIXQGHGE\WKH81",VWKH0R8LQ
HIIHFWZKHQ1*2VDUHLPSOHPHQWLQJSUR
MHFWVLQJRRGIDLWKGXULQJWKHRIWHQ
SURWUDFWHGSHULRGVRIWLPHZKHQWKH81
1RUWKZKHUHWKH/RUG·V5HVLVWDQFH$UP\
FRQWLQXHVWRZUHDNKDYRF81+&5VWDII
DUHUHOXFWDQWWRYLVLWILHOGVLWHVDQGFLW
LQJVHFXULW\FRQFHUQVKDYHVSHQWOLWWOH
PRUHWKDQDIHZGD\VLQWKH$FKRO3LL
UHIXJHHFDPSVRIDUWKLV\HDU
31
1HYHUWKHOHVV81+&5H[SHFWV1*2VWR
FDUU\RXWVHUYLFHVLQWKHFDPSRQDGDLO\
EDVLV,I1*2VZHUHWRIROORZ81+&5·V
OHDGRQVHFXULW\WKHUHZRXOGVLPSO\EH
QRVHUYLFHVIRUUHIXJHHV
)XQGLQJLVDOVRLQYROYHGLQWKHGHWHUPL
QDWLRQRIWKH81·VVHFXULW\SKDVHVEXW
QRWDOZD\VDVRQHPLJKWDQWLFLSDWH
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHFDQGLGH[SODQDWLRQRID
VHQLRU81+&5RIILFLDOLQ+DUJHVD
81+&5LQ6RPDOLODQGUHPDLQHGDW3KDVH
ORQJDIWHUFRQGLWLRQVKDGLPSURYHG
VLPSO\EHFDXVHRIFRQFHUQVRYHUWKH
LPSDFWRIWKHHOLPLQDWLRQRIDSKDVH
UHODWHGVHFXULW\DOORZDQFHRQDQDOUHDG\
GHPRUDOL]HGVWDII*LYHQWKHVHLVVXHV
DPRQJRWKHUVLWZRXOGFOHDUO\EHXQZLVH
IRU1*2VWRKDQGRYHUVHFXULW\GHFL
VLRQVWRWKH81HYHQLQWKHEHVWRI
FLUFXPVWDQFHV
$VDJOREDOGRFXPHQWRXWOLQLQJWKHUHOD
WLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKH81DQGWKH1*2V
LQWKHUHDOPRIVHFXULW\WKH0R8LVVLJ
QLILFDQWO\IODZHG,WGHPDQGVWKDW1*2V
VXUUHQGHUDXWKRUL
W\RYHUWKHLURZQ
VHFXULW\DIIDLUVLQ the MoU is significantly
H[FKDQJHIRU
XQVSHFLILHGSURWHF flawed
WLRQDQGVXSSRUW
IRUHYDFXDWLRQ$W
WKHVDPHWLPHWKH0R8GRHVQRW
DGGUHVVWKHPDQ\FULWLFDOVHFXULW\FRRU
GLQDWLRQLVVXHVWKDWDUHVRLPSRUWDQWWR
1*2V,WVKRXOGEHQRVXUSULVHWKDWQR
1*2KDVVLJQHGWKHGRFXPHQWRQD
JOREDOEDVLV ,QWHUHVWLQJO\WKHUHDUH
VRPHLQVWDQFHV²LQDOOZKHUH1*2V
GLSORPDWLFUHODWLRQVZLWKJRYHUQPHQWV
DQGZDUULQJSDUWLHVPD\HQKDQFH
KXPDQLWDULDQDFFHVVWKDWDIRUPDO0R8
PD\EHPRVWDSSURSULDWH
Recommendations
:KLOHWKLVDUWLFOHPD\DSSHDUFULWLFDORI
WKH81LWVUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVDUHEXLOW
XSRQVLWXDWLRQVLQWKHILHOGZKHUHWKH
81KDVLQIDFWVWHSSHGIRUZDUGDQG
WDNHQDOHDGLQJUROHLQVHFXULW\ 81LPSOHPHQWLQJSDUWQHUVDQGPLJKW
)LUVWO\ VHFXULW\FRRUGLQDWLRQLPSURYHV
GUDPDWLFDOO\ZKHQD81)LHOG6HFXULW\
2IILFHULVDSSRLQWHG7KHGHFLVLRQWR
DSSRLQWD)LHOG6HFXULW\2IILFHUVKRXOG
EHPDGHVROHO\RQFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKH
VHFXULW\HQYLURQPHQWQRWXSRQWKHILV
FDOFRQFHUQVDQGFRQIOLFWLQJSULRULWLHVRI
WKH5HVLGHQW5HSUHVHQWDWLYH$FFRUG
LQJO\WKHVHSRVLWLRQV²FRVWLQJVRPH
HDFKVKRXOGEHIXQGHGIURP
DVHSDUDWHFHQWUDOO\PDQDJHGIXQG7KLV
LQHVVHQFHLVDPRQJWKH816HFUHWDU\
*HQHUDO·VSURSRVDOV
6HFRQGO\ 1*2
VHFXULW\FRRUGL
QDWLRQVKRXOG
EHDIRUPDO
UHVSRQVLELOLW\RI
WKH81)LHOG
6HFXULW\$GYLVRUV,QFOXGHGZRXOGEH
RUJDQL]DWLRQDQGIDFLOLWDWLRQRIURXWLQH
VHFXULW\FRRUGLQDWLRQPHHWLQJVHVWDE
OLVKPHQWRIDVKDUHGVHFXULW\FRPP
XQLFDWLRQVQHWZRUNSURYLVLRQRIWKUHDW
DVVHVVPHQWVDQGH[FKDQJHRISHUWLQHQW
VHFXULW\LQIRUPDWLRQ3DUWLFLSDWLRQLQ
VSHFLILFFRQWH[WV,WVKRXOGEHLQYRNHG
ZKHQHYDFXDWLRQRSWLRQVDUHOLPLWHGDQG
ZKHUHKLJKOHYHOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDQG
FRRUGLQDWLRQRQVHFXULW\DUHSLYRWDOWR
HQVXULQJKXPDQLWDULDQDFFHVV3RUWLRQV
RILWVWH[WVKRXOGEHFRQWH[WVSHFLILF
VSHFLI\LQJWKHVLWHVLWFRYHUVDQGWKH
UROHVWKDWFDQEHH[SHFWHGIURPWKHSDU
WLHVZRUNLQJLQWKRVHVLWHV,QWKHVH
OLPLWHGFLUFXPVWDQFHVVXFKDWLJKW
VHFXULW\UHJLPHQVKRXOGEHRIIHUHGWR
HYHQEHUHTXLUHGRIWKHP,QVKRUWIRU
WKH0R8WREHXVHIXOLWLVLPSHUDWLYH
WKDW816(&225'VKRZVRPHKHUHWRIRUH
XQGHPRQVWUDWHGIOH[LELOLW\LQUHFUDIWLQJ
WKH0R8RQDPRUHFRQWH[WVSHFLILF
EDVLV
Conclusion
7KHIRFXVRIWKLVSDSHUKDVEHHQRQKRZ
WKH81PLJKWSOD\DPRUHDFWLYHDQG
XVHIXOUROHLQHQKDQFLQJVHFXULW\IRU
WKHLU1*2LPSOHPHQWLQJSDUWQHUVLQWKH
ILHOG7KLVVKRXOGQRWEHFRQVWUXHGWR
LPSO\WKDWWKH1*2VFDQQRWGRPRUHWR
DGGUHVVWKHLURZQVHFXULW\FRQFHUQV
7KHKRSHWKDWWKH81FDQSOD\DPRUH
DFWLYHVHFXULW\FRRUGLQDWLRQUROHODUJHO\
UHIOHFWVWKHIDLOXUHRIWKH1*2FRPPX
QLW\WRILOOWKLVUROHIRURXUVHOYHV
0RUHRYHUIHZ1*2VKDYHGHVLJQDWHG
VHFXULW\RIILFHUVDW+4RULQWKHILHOG
IHZKDYHDGHTXDWHVHFXULW\SROLF\VWUXF
WXUHVIHZDUHDGHTXDWHO\DGGUHVVLQJ
VHFXULW\RULHQWDWLRQDQGWUDLQLQJDQGIHZ
DUHDGHTXDWHO\DGGUHVVLQJWKHUHVRXUFH
QHHGVIRUHQKDQFLQJILHOGVHFXULW\
&OHDUO\ZHDOOKDYHDORQJZD\WRJR
KDYHVLJQHGDWDFRXQWU\OHYHO7KHFRXQ
WULHVLQFOXGH/LEHULD7DMLNLVWDQDQG
6XGDQ2QHPLJKWVXUPLVHWKDWWKHXVH
IXOQHVVRIWKH0R8LVJUHDWO\LQFUHDVHG
LQVXFKSODFHVZKHUH1*2VDUHXQOLNHO\
WRKDYHWKHFDSDFLW\WRKDQGOHWKHORJLV
WLFVRIHYDFXDWLRQRUWKHGLSORPDWLF
FRQQHFWLRQVRIVHFXULQJ²DWWKHKLJKHVW
OHYHOVKXPDQLWDULDQDFFHVVDQGWKHSUR
WHFWLRQRIDLGZRUNHUV
'HVSLWHRXUFULWLFLVPRIWKH0R8GRFX
PHQW,5&LVDPRQJWKHVLJQDWRULHVWR
WKH0R8LQ6XGDQZKHUHZHDUHZRUNLQJ
WRJHWKHUZLWKWKH81LQWKHJRYHUQ
PHQWKHOGJDUULVRQWRZQVRI6RXWKHUQ
6XGDQ(YDFXDWLRQRSWLRQVDUHOLPLWHG
DQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQVDUHKLJKO\UHVWULFW
HG7KH*RYHUQPHQWRI6XGDQ
WKHVHDFWLYLWLHVZRXOGQRWRUFRXOGQRW
EHUHTXLUHGQRUZRXOGWKH\LPSO\DOLDELO
LW\WR811HYHUWKHOHVVH[SHULHQFHVKRZV
WKDWWKH\ZRXOGEHZHOOVXSSRUWHGDQG
YDOXDEOHWR1*2DQG81VWDIIDOLNH
7KLUGO\ WKH81VKRXOGPDNHDFRQFHUW
HGHIIRUWWRHPEUDFHWKHODQJXDJHDQG
FRQFHSWXDOIUDPHZRUNWKDWWKH1*2V
KDYHGHYHORSHGLQUHFHQW\HDUVDVVXF
FLQFWO\UHSUHVHQWHGLQ2',·VODWHVW
*RRG3UDFWLFH5HYLHZ DQGWKH5HG5
,QWHU$FWLRQVHFXULW\WUDLQLQJFRXUVH
9DULRXV81RUJDQL]DWLRQVDQGWKH1*2V
DUHLQFUHDVLQJO\DFFHSWLQJFRPPRQ¶EHVW
SUDFWLFHV·XQGHUPDQ\VHFWRUVRISUR
JUDPPHRSHUDWLRQVXSWRDQGLQFOXGLQJ
WKH6SKHUH3URMHFW7KLVLVDQH[FHOOHQW
RSSRUWXQLW\IRUWKH81WRUHFRJQL]HDQG
HPEUDFHWKHVXEVWDQWLDODFKLHYHPHQWVRI
7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVDUWLFOHLVWRXUJHWKH
81WRFODULI\LIQRWIRUPDOL]HLWVXQLTXH
DQGFHQWUDOUROHLQHQKDQFLQJVHFXULW\
IRUDOOKXPDQLWDULDQDLGZRUNHUV$WWKH
YHU\OHDVWLWPD\LQVSLUHQHZGLDORJXH
EHWZHHQFRQFHUQHG1*2VDQG81
DJHQFLHVRQKRZZHPLJKWEHWWHUZRUN
WRJHWKHUWRFUHDWHDPRUHVHFXUHZRUN
LQJHQYLURQPHQWIRURXUKXPDQLWDULDQ
PLVVLRQ
5DQGROSK0DUWLQLV6HQLRU'LUHFWRU
RI2SHUDWLRQVDWWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO
5HVFXH&RPPLWWHH(PDLO
UDQG\#LQWUHVFRPRUJ
.RHQUDDG9DQ%UDEDQW2SHUDWLRQDO6HFXULW\
0DQDJHPHQWLQ9LROHQW(QYLURQPHQWV *RRG3UDFWLFH
5HYLHZ2YHUVHDV'HYHORSPHQW,QVWLWXWH
ZZZRGLKSQRUJ
XQRIILFLDOO\LIQRWRIILFLDOO\YLHZVWKH
KXPDQLWDULDQHIIRUWDVDLGLQJDQGDEHW
WLQJLWVHQHPLHV,WLVXQGHUWKHVH
FKDOOHQJLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHVZKHUHHYDF
XDWLRQRSWLRQVDUHGUDPDWLFDOO\OLPLWHG
DQGH[SHQVLYHDQGZKHUHKLJKOHYHO
32
LWV1*2SDUWQHUVLQWKHILHOGRIVHFXULW\
)LQDOO\ WKH816(&225'0R8VKRXOG
QRWEHDEDQGRQHGEXWUHZRUNHGWRDGG
FODULW\DQGIRFXVHGIXQFWLRQVZLWKLQ
.RIL$QQDQ¶6DIHW\DQG6HFXULW\RI813HUVRQQHO
5HSRUWRIWKH6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDO·81*HQHUDO
$VVHPEO\)LIW\)LIWK6HVVLRQ
,Q81+&5EXGJHWHGQHDUO\86PLOOLRQ
WKURXJKLWV1*2LPSOHPHQWLQJSDUWQHUV
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
Children in adversity
by Jo de Berry and Jo Boyden

,
Q6HSWHPEHUWKH5HIXJHHV
6WXGLHV&HQWUHDQGWKH&HQWUHIRU
&KLOG)RFXVHG$QWKURSRORJLFDO
5HVHDUFKRI%UXQHO8QLYHUVLW\KRVWHGDQ
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQVXOWDWLRQRQ¶&KLOGUHQ
LQ$GYHUVLW\·LQ2[IRUG 7KHSDUWLFL
SDQWVZHUHEURXJKWWRJHWKHUWRVKDUH
WKHLUNQRZOHGJHUHVHDUFKLQIRUPDWLRQ
DQGSUDFWLWLRQHUH[SHULHQFHWRSURPRWH
DEHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIFKLOGUHQWKHLU
GHYHORSPHQWWKHLUFDSDFLWLHVDQGYXO
QHUDELOLWLHVDQGWKHULVNVWKH\IDFHLQ
KLJKO\GHWULPHQWDOVHWWLQJV7KHSDUWLFL
SDQWVGLYLGHGLQWRILYHZRUNLQJJURXSV ER\VWRFRPHWRWHUPVZLWKZKDWWKH\
UHIXJHHDQGGLVSODFHGFKLOGUHQFKLOGUHQ
LQDUPHGFRQIOLFWZRUNLQJFKLOGUHQ
FKLOGUHQDQGIDPLO\LQFDSDFLWDWLRQDQG
FKLOGUHQLQGHOHWHULRXVLQVWLWXWLRQDOVHW
WLQJV
7KHDLPRIWKHFRQVXOWDWLRQZDVWR
LQFUHDVHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHUHVLOLHQFH
DQGFRSLQJVWUDWHJLHVRIFKLOGUHQ
H[SRVHGWRKLJKO\VWUHVVIXOVLWXDWLRQV
DQGDGXOWKRRGFDQEHKLJKO\IOXLGDQG
WKHERXQGDULHVEHWZHHQJHQHUDWLRQDO
FDWHJRULHVFRQWHVWHG+RZFKLOGKRRGLV
XQGHUVWRRGLQDQ\JLYHQVHWWLQJFDQKDYH
DPDMRULPSDFWRQUHVLOLHQFHDQGFRSLQJ
)RUH[DPSOHWKH&KLOGUHQLQ$UPHG
&RQIOLFWZRUNLQJJURXSKHDUGKRZPDQ\
\RXQJ(WKLRSLDQER\VKDYHEHHQFRQ
VFULSWHGDVVROGLHUV3UDFWLWLRQHUV
LQYROYHGLQSURJUDPPHVIRUWKHLUGHPR
ELOL]DWLRQDQGUHLQWHJUDWLRQQRWLFHGD
GLVWLQFWGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHDELOLW\RIWKH
KDGGRQHDVDFWLYHFRPEDWDQWV7KRVH
ZKRKDGXQGHUJRQHLQLWLDWLRQFHUH
PRQLHVSULRUWRFRQVFULSWLRQVKRZHG
EHWWHUUHVLOLHQFHWRWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIZDU
WKDQER\VRIWKHVDPHDJHZKRKDGQRW
EHHQLQLWLDWHG7KHVHLQLWLDWLRQFHUH
PRQLHVVWUHVVDWUDQVLWLRQWRPDQKRRG
DVWDWXVWKDWZRXOGDFFRPPRGDWHWKH
DFWLYLWLHVRIZDU
IDUHZKLOHER\V
ZLWKDJH<RXQJFKLOGUHQDUHRIWHQVHHQ
DVWKHPRVWYXOQHUDEOHGXHWRWKHLU
GHSHQGHQFHRQRWKHUVDQGWKHLULQDELOLW\
WRFRPSUHKHQGPDQ\RIWKHVLWXDWLRQV
WKH\FRQIURQW,QRQHUHIXJHHVHWWOHPHQW
LQ,QGRQHVLDIRUH[DPSOHWKHKLJK
IHQFHVVXUURXQGLQJWKHVFKRROZHUH
SHUFHLYHGE\\RXQJHUFKLOGUHQDVWKH
SHULPHWHURIDSULVRQFDPS7KHFKLOGUHQ
WKXVVDZVFKRRODVDSODFHRIIHDUDQG
UHVWULFWLRQUDWKHUWKDQRIRSSRUWXQLW\
DQGIUHHGRP8QGRXEWHGO\LQIDQWVIDFH
YHU\VSHFLILFULVNV,Q0R]DPELTXHIRU
LQVWDQFHWKHZDULQWKH*RURQJRVD
UHJLRQGLVUXSWHGWKHHODERUDWHVRFLDO
UHODWLRQVDQGFXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHVVXU
URXQGLQJEUHDVWIHHGLQJDQGZHDQLQJ
:RPHQGLGQRWNHHSXSWUDGLWLRQDOSUDF
WLFHVZKLFKZRXOGKDYHHQVXUHGD
WZR\HDUVSDFLQJEHWZHHQFKLOGUHQ
&KLOGUHQZHUHZHDQHGPRUHDEUXSWO\
DQGLQIDQWPRUWDOLW\VRDUHG&DVHVVXFK

UNHCR/27217/06.1997/K Singhaseni
DVZHOODVWKHULVNVWKH\IDFH,WZDVSUR ZKRKDGQRWEHHQ
SRVHGWKDWUHFRJQLWLRQDQGVXSSRUWRI LQLWLDWHGIRXQGLW
FKLOGUHQ·VFRPSHWHQFLHVDQGUHVRXUFHIXO GLIILFXOWWRUHFRQ
QHVVFDQHQFRXUDJHDPRYHDZD\IURPD FLOHZKDWWKH\KDG
IRFXVRQFKLOGSDWKRORJ\DQGWRZDUGV GRQHZLWKWKHLUVWD
WKHUHFRJQLWLRQRIFKLOGUHQDVVRFLDO WXVDVD¶FKLOG·
DFWRUVZLWKYDOLGLQVLJKWVDQGVNLOOV :KHQKXPDQLWDULDQ
7KLVLQLWVHOIFDQOHDGWREHWWHUFKLOGSUR LQWHUYHQWLRQVLQWUR
WHFWLRQ GXFHVSHFLILFDJH
GLVWLQFWLRQVZKLFK
Factors influencing children’s DUHQRWQHFHVVDULO\
resilience and coping IXQFWLRQDOLQWKH
KRVWVRFLHW\IRU
0XFKRIWKHGLVFXVVLRQIRFXVHGRQLGHQ H[DPSOHFODVVLQJDOO
WLI\LQJIDFWRUVWKDWFRQWULEXWHWRRU WKRVHXQGHUDV
XQGHUPLQHFKLOGUHQ·VUHVLOLHQFHDQGFRS FKLOGUHQVXFKLQWHU
LQJLQVLWXDWLRQVRIKDUGVKLS)LYH YHQWLRQVFDQHYHQ
WKHPHVLQSDUWLFXODUDURVHLQWKHDUPHG FKDQJHKRZWKHKRVW
FRQIOLFWDQGIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQZRUNLQJ VRFLHW\GHILQHVDQG
JURXSV UHVSRQGVWRFKLOGUHQ

7KHUHOHYDQFHRIVRFLDOGHILQLWLRQV <HWDORQJVLGHWKH
RIFKLOGKRRG UHOHYDQFHRIVRFLDO
FRQVWUXFWLRQVRI
$SSURDFKHVWRDQGH[SHULHQFHVRIFKLOG ZKDWLWLVWREHD
KRRGYDU\ZLGHO\DFURVVFXOWXUHVDQG FKLOGLWZDVDOVR
FRQWH[WV&KLOGKRRGWHQGVWRHQGIDUHDU UHFRJQL]HGWKDW
OLHUIRUJLUOVWKDQIRUER\VIRUH[DPSOH ERWKWKHULVNVRI
ZLWKWKHWUDQVLWLRQWRDGXOWKRRGLQ DGYHUVLW\DQGWKH
ZRPHQRIWHQEHLQJDVVRFLDWHGZLWK DWWULEXWHVRI
SXEHUW\DQGPDUULDJH,QVLWXDWLRQVRI UHVLOLHQFHDQGFRSLQJ
DGYHUVLW\QRWLRQVRIFKLOGKRRG\RXWK GRDOWHUVLJQLILFDQWO\

FORCED MIGRATION review 9 33

DVWKHVHLQGLFDWHWKDWPXFKPRUHLQIRU
PDWLRQLVQHHGHGDERXWDJHUHODWHG
YXOQHUDELOLWLHVDQGFRPSHWHQFLHV
7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIDFKLOG·VFXOWXUDO
OHDUQLQJ
5HVHDUFKDQGSUDFWLWLRQHUH[SHULHQFH
KLJKOLJKWWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIFKLOGUHQ·V
FXOWXUDOLQKHULWDQFHDQGOHDUQLQJLQFRQ
IURQWLQJDGYHUVLW\&KLOGUHQDUHKHDYLO\
LQIOXHQFHGE\WKHLUFXOWXUDOPDWHULDODQG
VRFLDOHQYLURQPHQW3DUWLFXODUVRFLHWLHV
KDYHWKHLURZQLGHDVDERXWWKHFDSDFL
WLHVDQGYXOQHUDELOLWLHVRIFKLOGUHQWKH
ZD\VLQZKLFKWKH\OHDUQDQGGHYHORS
DQGWKRVHWKLQJVWKDWDUHJRRGDQGEDG
IRUWKHP7KHVHLGHDVDIIHFWDSSURDFKHV
WRFKLOGVRFLDOL]DWLRQOHDUQLQJGLVFLSOLQH
DQGSURWHFWLRQDQGKHQFHWRDVLJQLIL
FDQWGHJUHHFLUFXPVFULEHFKLOGUHQ·V
DGDSWDWLRQUHVLOLHQFHDQGFRSLQJGXULQJ
WLPHRIVWUHVV6RPHVRFLHWLHVDFWLYHO\
WUDLQFKLOGUHQLQHQGXUDQFHWRHQKDQFH
UHVLOLHQFH
,Q8JDQGDIRUH[DPSOHVXIIHULQJDQG
KDUGVKLSDUHFRQVWUXHGYHU\PXFKDV
SDUWRIHYHU\GD\H[SHULHQFH$IWHUDWLPH
RIZDU\RXQJSHRSOHZHUHDEOHWRXVH
WKHLUFXOWXUDOUHVRXUFHV²MRNHWHOOLQJ
KXPRXUFRPSDQLRQVKLSUHOLJLRXVIDLWK
²WRFRSHZLWKWKHPDQ\ORVVHVWKH\KDG
IDPs from the fighting in Kabul, Afghanistan
34
HQGXUHG,QDQRWKHUH[DPSOHSDVWRUDO
QRPDGVZHUHIRXQGWRHQFRXUDJHSHU
VRQDODXWRQRP\LQKHUGLQJER\VDQGWR
KDYHYHU\SRVLWLYHLGHDVDERXWPLJUDWLRQ
DQGDQHVVHQWLDOO\VSLULWXDOYLHZRIIDPL
O\WKHVHYDOXHVDQGDWWLWXGHVIRVWHUHG
UHVLOLHQFHLQER\VVHSDUDWHGIURPWKHLU
IDPLOLHVGXULQJFRQIOLFWDQGIRUFHGWR
PLJUDWHRYHUVHDV
$FKLOG·VFXOWXUDOFRQWH[WQRWRQO\SUR
YLGHVWKHQHFHVVDU\UHVRXUFHVIRUFRSLQJ
ZLWKKDUGVKLSEXWDOVRGHILQHVZKHWKHU
RUQRWWKH\DUHRYHUZKHOPHGSV\FKRORJL
FDOO\E\WKHLUH[SHULHQFHV7KHVHDUH
UHVRXUFHVWKDWGLIIHUEHWZHHQFXOWXUHV
DQGZLWKLQFXOWXUHV,QVRPHFRQWH[WV
LQ3DOHVWLQLDQUHIXJHHFDPSVIRULQVWDQFH
IDPLOLHVH[HUFLVHIDUJUHDWHUFRQWURO
DQGUHVWULFWLRQRYHUJLUOVWKDQER\V7KLV
LVMXVWLILHGLQWHUPVRIJLUOV·JUHDWHUQHHG
IRUVRFLDOSURWHFWLRQKRZHYHUWKHFRQ
VWUDLQWVSODFHGRQJLUOVPD\OLPLWWKHLU
DELOLW\WROHDUQHVVHQWLDOVNLOOVIRUGHDO
LQJZLWKDGYHUVLW\
7KHDGDSWDELOLW\RIFKLOGUHQ
7KH5HIXJHHDQG'LVSODFHG&KLOGUHQ
ZRUNLQJJURXSGLVFXVVHGDQDUUD\RI
ULVNVFRPPRQO\IDFHGE\GLVSODFHG
FKLOGUHQ7KHVHLQFOXGHSRRUSK\VLFDO
KHDOWKGLVUXSWLRQWRDQGORVVRIIDPLO\
VHSDUDWLRQVWDWHOHVVQHVVODFNRIVHFXULW\
HQYLURQPHQWDOGHJUDGDWLRQVRFLDOPDU
JLQDOL]DWLRQODFNRIHGXFDWLRQDQG
DEVHQFHRISRZHUFKRLFHDQGFRQWURO
RYHUWKHLUOLYHV3HUVRQDOVDIHW\HPHUJHG
DVDPDMRUFRQFHUQZLWKGLVSODFHGJLUOV
DQGZRPHQLQVRPHFDVHVH[SHULHQFLQJ
DPDUNHGLQFUHDVHLQVH[XDODEXVHDQG
FKLOGUHQRIERWKVH[HVEHLQJH[SRVHGWR
KLJKOHYHOVRIYLROHQFHZLWKLQDQGRXW
VLGHWKHKRPH
,QFHUWDLQFLUFXPVWDQFHVFXOWXUDO
LGHQWLW\FDQEHFRPHDPDMRUULVNIDFWRU
<RXQJ6HUEVLQ(XURSHIRUH[DPSOH
ZHUHDFXWHO\DZDUHRIWKHVWLJPDRIWKHLU
QDWLRQDOLW\VHHNLQJLPPHGLDWHDEDQGRQ
PHQWRIWKHLUSDVWSHUVRQDDQGLQWHJUD
WLRQZLWKWKHKRVWFXOWXUH'LVSODFHG
FKLOGUHQDUHRIWHQGRXEO\GLVDGYDQWDJHG
LQWKLVUHVSHFWLQWKDWWKH\QRORQJHU
EHORQJWRWKHLUFRPPXQLW\RIRULJLQDQG
DUHUHMHFWHGE\WKHKRVWFRPPXQLW\
,QWU\LQJWRLQWHJUDWHFKLOGUHQEHFRPH
DFXWHO\DZDUHRIWKHERXQGDULHVLPSRVHG
XSRQWKHP²WKHODFNRIIDPLOLDUVSDFH
WKHPDQ\SODFHVWKH\DUHSURKLELWHG
IURPHQWHULQJDQGRSSRUWXQLWLHVGHQLHG
WKHP7KHVHVWULFWXUHVFDQKDYHHPR
WLRQDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDOUHSHUFXVVLRQV
ZLWKFKLOGUHQORVLQJVHOIHVWHHPDQG
UHVWULFWLQJWKHKRUL]RQVRIZKDWWKH\
KRSHWRDFKLHYH
Panos Pictures/Martin Adler
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
:KLOHWKH:RUNLQJ*URXSGZHOWDWVRPH
OHQJWKRQWKHFKDOOHQJHVFRQIURQWLQJ
UHIXJHHDQGGLVSODFHGFKLOGUHQWKH\DOVR
REVHUYHGKRZFKLOGUHQDUHRIWHQPRUH
DGDSWDEOHWKDQDGXOWV
LQFUHDVHFKLOGUHQ·VHFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDO
UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVZKLOHDWWKHVDPHWLPH
VHYHUHO\OLPLWLQJWKHLUFKRLFHVDQG
XQGHUWKHVHFLUFXPVWDQFHVFKLOGUHQ·V
UHVRXUFHIXOQHVVDQGFRSLQJVWUDWHJLHV
VROGLHUVVWUHVVWKHLPSRUWDQFHLQWHUPV
RIWKHFKLOGUHQ·VZHOOEHLQJRIDFNQRZO
HGJLQJDQGEXLOGLQJRQUDWKHUWKDQ
FRQGHPQLQJRUGLVUHJDUGLQJWKHVNLOOV
DQGVWUHQJWKVVXFKDVOHDGHUVKLSWHDP
FDQHQWDLOVHYHUHULVN,Q$IJKDQLVWDQ ZRUNUHVRXUFHIXOQHVVDQGFRXUDJHWKDW
+$<6+RUQRI$IULFD<RXWK6FKHPH
DJURXSRI\RXQJSHRSOHZKRKDGFRPH
DVXQDFFRPSDQLHGUHIXJHHVIURP
(WKLRSLDWR%ULWDLQGHVFULEHGWKHEHZLO
GHULQJH[SHULHQFHRIDUULYLQJDV\RXQJ
FKLOGUHQLQDIRU
HLJQFRXQWU\WKH
IUXVWUDWLRQVWKH\
IHOWZKHQSHRSOH
“Now that we’ve finished
PDGHDVVXPSWLRQV the survey, can we tell
DERXWWKHLUEDFN
JURXQGDQGWKH you about our problems"”
DOLHQDWLRQRIEHLQJ
ODEHOOHGDVD
UHIXJHHUDWKHUWKDQDFFHSWHGDVDQLQGL
YLGXDOSHUVRQ<HWWKURXJKUHJXODU
PHHWLQJVRUJDQL]HGE\WKH\RXQJSHRSOH
WKHPVHOYHVWKHPHPEHUVRI+$<6KDYH
RIIHUHGHDFKRWKHUVSDFHWRVKDUHWKHLU
UHIOHFWLRQVDQGWRUHVSHFWHDFKRWKHU·V
QHHGVIRUIULHQGVKLSDQGVXSSRUW
,QGHHGFKLOGUHQRIWHQPDQLSXODWHWKHLU
GXDOLGHQWLW\E\DGRSWLQJWKRVHHOHPHQWV
RIWKHKRVWFXOWXUHWKDWDUHXVHIXOIRU
VXUYLYDODQGDFFHSWDQFHLQDQHZHQYL
URQPHQWZKLOHFOLQJLQJWRDVSHFWVRI
WKHLURULJLQDOKHULWDJHWKDWSURYLGHHPR
WLRQDOVHFXULW\&KLOGUHQOHDUQWKHKRVW
ODQJXDJHFXOWXUDOYDOXHVDQGSUDFWLFHV
PRUHTXLFNO\WKDQDGXOWVDQGWKLVFDQ
OHDGWKHPWRDVVXPHDGXOWUROHVLQWKH
ZLGHUFRPPXQLW\DFWLQJDVLQWHUPHGL
DULHVIRUSDUHQWVVXFKDVQHJRWLDWLQJ
SUDFWLWLRQHUVZRUNLQJRQDQWLPLQHHGX
FDWLRQSURMHFWVZHUHGLVPD\HGZKHQD
ER\ZKRKDGUHFHQWO\DWWHQGHGFODVVHV
RQWKHGDQJHUVRIODQGPLQHVKDGWRKDYH
KLVOHJDPSXWDWHGDIWHUYHQWXULQJLQWRD
PLQHILHOG
DQGVWHS
SLQJRQD
PLQH+H
WROGWKHP
ODWHUWKDW
DOWKRXJKKH
ZDVZHOO
DZDUHRI
WKHGDQJHUFROOHFWLQJVFUDSPHWDOIURP
WKHPLQHILHOGVIRUVDOHZDVWKHRQO\ZD\
KHFRXOGPDNHDOLYLQJ
<RXQJ3DOHVWLQLDQVLQUHIXJHHFDPSVLQ
-RUGDQH[SHULHQFHPDQ\SUREOHPVDVVR
FLDWHGZLWKORQJWHUPGLVSODFHPHQWLQ
FUDPSHGFRQGLWLRQVWKHLUFRSLQJHIIRUWV
IRFXVRQEUHDNLQJDZD\IURPDQRSSUHV
VLYHIDPLO\HQYLURQPHQWHLWKHUWKURXJK
HDUO\PDUULDJHRUIOHHLQJWRWDNHSDUWLQ
DUPHGVWUXJJOH(QJDJHPHQWLQFRPEDW
FDQEHDFRSLQJPHFKDQLVPIRUER\VLQ
6LHUUD/HRQHDOVR,QDFOLPDWHRIDFFXVD
WLRQDQGIHDUDOOER\VLQFOXGLQJ
FLYLOLDQVULVNEHLQJLGHQWLILHGDVFRP
EDWDQWVDQGDWWDFNHGE\RSSRVLWLRQ
JURXSV-RLQLQJWKHPLOLWDU\SURYLGHV
SK\VLFDOSURWHFWLRQDFFHVVWRIRRGDQG
FORWKLQJZHDSRQVDQGFRPSDQLRQVKLS
WKHVH\RXQJSHRSOHPD\KDYHOHDUQWLQ
FRPEDW5HVLOLHQFHLVEHVWVXSSRUWHG
WKURXJKSRVLWLYHUHLQIRUFHPHQWUDWKHU
WKDQUHKDELOLWDWLRQ
5ROHRIFKLOGUHQLQWKHLURZQ
SURWHFWLRQ
,Q0R]DPELTXHSUDFWLWLRQHUVFRQGXFWHG
DVXUYH\WRDVVHVVOHYHOVRISRVWWUDX
PDWLFVWUHVVGLVRUGHULQDZDUDIIHFWHG
SRSXODWLRQZLWKWKHLQWHQWLRQRILPSOH
PHQWLQJDFRXQVHOOLQJSURJUDPPH$IWHU
FRPSOHWLQJWKHVXUYH\VRPHORFDOFKLO
GUHQDVNHG´1RZWKDWZH·YHILQLVKHGWKH
VXUYH\FDQZHWHOO\RXDERXWRXUSURE
OHPV"µ7KHLQYHVWLJDWRUVKDGFOHDUO\
IDLOHGWRDGGUHVVZKDWWKHFKLOGUHQVDZ
DVWKHLUPDLQFRQFHUQVZKLFKLWWUDQ
VSLUHGZHUHWRGRZLWKWKHORVVRI
VFKRROLQJDQGIDUPODQGV ,QDQRWKHU
SURMHFWDLPHGDWUHXQLWLQJFKLOGUHQZLWK
WKHLUSDUHQWVLQ7DQ]DQLDFKLOGUHQGLG
QRWXQGHUVWDQGWKHTXHVWLRQVLQDIDPLO\
WUDFLQJTXHVWLRQQDLUHGLVOLNHGEHLQJ
DVNHGGLUHFWO\DERXWVHQVLWLYHLVVXHV
VXFKDVWKHORVVRIWKHLUSDUHQWVDQGGLG
QRWNQRZZKDWWKHLQIRUPDWLRQZDVWR
EHXVHGIRU<HWWKH\IHOWFRPSHOOHGWR
DQVZHUVLPSO\WRSOHDVHWKHDXWKRULWLHV
0DQ\SHRSOHDWWKHFRQIHUHQFHDWWHVWHG
WRWKHGLIIHUHQFHWKDWFDQEHPDGHLQ
WHUPVRIWKHTXDOLW\DQGLPSDFWRIFKLOG
ZLWKDXWKRULWLHVRUGRLQJWKHVKRSSLQJ
6XFKGHYHORSPHQWVFDQEHDFDXVHRI
LQWHUJHQHUDWLRQDOFRQIOLFWKRZHYHU
HVSHFLDOO\ZKHQZLWKLQWKHKRPHFKLO
GUHQDUHH[SHFWHGWRPDLQWDLQD
VXEPLVVLYHUROH7KLVLVHVSHFLDOO\WKH
FDVHZLWKJLUOVLQSDWULDUFKLFDOVRFLHWLHV
,QWKHORQJHUWHUPWKHUHIRUHWKHDGDS
WLYHQHVVDQGDJLOLW\RIFKLOGUHQLVD
SRWHQWLDOWKUHDWWRLQWHUJHQHUDWLRQDO
UHODWLRQVDQGIDPLO\VWDELOLW\
&RSLQJDQGUHVLOLHQFHDVVRXUFHV
RIULVN
,QVRPHVLWXDWLRQVRIDGYHUVLW\FKLOGUHQ
KDYHIDUPRUHVXUYLYDODQGFRSLQJ
RSWLRQVWKDQDGXOWV)RUH[DPSOHFKLO
GUHQDUHRIWHQFRQVLGHUHGWRSUHVHQWOHVV
RIDVHFXULW\ULVNGXULQJFRQIOLFWDQGGLV
SODFHPHQWHQDEOLQJWKHPWRIRUDJHDQG
VFDYHQJHLQPLOLWDUL]HGDUHDVIURPZKLFK
DGXOWFLYLOLDQVDUHEDUUHG2IWHQKRZHY
HUFRQIOLFWDQGGLVSODFHPHQWPDUNHGO\
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
&OHDUO\ZKLOHVXFKVWUDWHJLHVPD\UHVROYH
LPPHGLDWHSUREOHPVWKH\DOVRSRVHJUDYH
QHZWKUHDWVVXFKDVVH[XDODEXVH
:KDWFKLOGUHQGRLQWKHQDPHRIVXUYLYDO
DQGFRSLQJGXULQJDGYHUVLW\FDQKDYH
VHULRXVUHSHUFXVVLRQVIRUWKHLUUHODWLRQ
VKLSVDQGVRFLDOLQWHJUDWLRQODWHULQOLIH
2QFHWKHILJKWLQJFHDVHVIRUH[DPSOH
IRUPHUFKLOGVROGLHUVPD\EHKHOGWR
DFFRXQWE\WKHLUFRPPXQLWLHVDQGIDPL
OLHVIRUWKHLUDFWLRQVGXULQJFRPEDW7KH
UROHVDQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVWKDWFKLOGUHQ
DVVXPHLQZDUWLPHRIWHQVHHPLQDSSUR
SULDWHLQWLPHVRISHDFHDQGWKH
SRVWZDUFRQWH[WFDQLQYROYHVRFLHWDO
MXGJHPHQWVFRQFHUQLQJFKLOGUHQ·VDFWLYL
WLHVWKDWDUHIDUVWULFWHUWKDQWKRVHPDGH
GXULQJZDU
+RZHYHU¶QRUPDO·FKLOGGHYHORSPHQW
LQGLFDWRUVDQGPHDVXUHVKDYHOLWWOHYDOLG
LW\GXULQJWLPHVRIZDU3UDFWLWLRQHUV
ZKRKDYHZRUNHGZLWKIRUPHUFKLOG
SURWHFWLRQLQWHUYHQWLRQVZKHQFKLOGUHQ
SOD\DPHDQLQJIXOUROHLQSURJUDPPH
GHVLJQDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ$WWKHYHU\
OHDVWLJQRULQJFKLOGUHQ·VSHUVSHFWLYHV
FDQXQGHUPLQHWKHLUDELOLW\WRPDQDJH
DQGDGMXVWWRDGYHUVLW\
$GGLWLRQDOO\FKLOGUHQRIWHQKDYH
LQVLJKWVLQWRWKHLUSUREOHPVRIZKLFK
DGXOWVDUHXQDZDUH7DONLQJWRFKLOGUHQ
LQZDUDIIHFWHGFRPPXQLWLHVLQ6UL
/DQNDIRUH[DPSOHUHYHDOHGDPDMRU
SUREOHPRIDOFRKRODEXVHWKDWKDGQRW
EHHQDSSDUHQWIURPFRQYHUVDWLRQVZLWK
DGXOWV6LPLODUO\GLVSODFHGFKLOGUHQLQ
VHYHUDOVHWWLQJVZHUHIRXQGWREHSDUWLF
XODUO\SUHRFFXSLHGDERXWWKHLULQDELOLW\
WRIXOILOVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFREOLJDWLRQV
QRUPDOO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKFKLOGKRRG
VXFKDVWKHFDUHRIILHOGVRUDQLPDOV
DQGWKHWKUHDWWKDWWKLVSRVHGWRWKHLU
SDVVDJHWRDGXOWKRRG&KLOGUHQDOVR
RIWHQKDYHVRXQGLGHDVDERXWSRVVLEOH
VROXWLRQVWRWKHLUSUREOHPV,QWKH
35
6LYDQWKHHYXUHJLRQRI6UL/DQNDILHOG
RIILFHUVPDGHDFRQFHUWHGHIIRUWWROHDUQ
DERXWFKLOGUHQ·VZRUOGYLHZDQGSHUVSHF
WLYHVGHYHORSLQJDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI
FKLOGUHQ·VQHHGVDVDUWLFXODWHGE\WKH
FKLOGUHQWKHPVHOYHV7KHFKLOGUHQLGHQWL
DQVZHUVXFKTXHVWLRQVGHPDQGHGEHWWHU
NQRZOHGJHDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIFKLO
GUHQ·VH[SHULHQFHVRIDGYHUVLW\<HWLW
HPHUJHGWKDWZKDWSUDFWLWLRQHUH[SHUL
HQFHDOUHDG\H[LVWVRIWKHUHODWLYH
VXFFHVVDQGIDLOXUHVRILQWHUYHQWLRQV
7KLUGO\WKHUHZLOOEHDGYRFDF\RIWKH
QHHGIRUIXUWKHUVXEVWDQWLDWLRQRI
NQRZOHGJHDERXWFKLOGUHQ·VUHVLOLHQFH
DQGFRSLQJLQDGYHUVLW\DQGIRUEHWWHU
XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHOLYHVDQGFLUFXP
VWDQFHVRIDIIHFWHGFKLOGUHQZLWKDIRFXV
ILHGSOD\WKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHLU
YLOODJHDQGWKHUHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIWUXVW
DVSULRULWLHVDQGZHUHVXEVHTXHQWO\
LQYROYHGLQGHVLJQLQJLQLWLDWLYHVWR
VWUHQJWKHQWKHVHDVSHFWVRIFRPPXQLW\
OLIH
)LQGLQJVIURPRWKHUFKLOGIRFXVHGLQWHU
YHQWLRQVUHDIILUPHGWKHWDQJLEOHEHQHILWV
RIFKLOGUHQ·VSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQFOXGLQJ
JUHDWHUVHOIHVWHHPDQGOHVVHUULVNRI
SV\FKRORJLFDOGLVWUHVV,QGHHGWKHUHZDV
DVXJJHVWLRQWKDWWRSURPRWHUHVLOLHQFH
LQFKLOGUHQSUDFWLWLRQHUVVKRXOGULG
WKHPVHOYHVRIWKH¶SUREOHPVROYLQJ·
LPSHUDWLYHWKDWGULYHVVRPXFKRIWKHLU
ZRUN7KH\VKRXOGOHDUQWRVWHSDVLGH
DQGUHFRJQL]HWKHFDSDFLW\RIFKLOGUHQ
DQGWKHLUFRPPXQLWLHVWRDGGUHVVWKHLU
RZQSUREOHPVDQGWDNHDFWLRQRQWKHLU
RZQEHKDOIXVLQJLQGLJHQRXVPHFKD
QLVPVDQGVWUDWHJLHVUDWKHUWKDQ
LPSRUWHGPRGHOV
Implications for child protection
policy and practice
2QHRIWKHWHQVLRQVIDFHGDWWKHFRQVXO
WDWLRQZDVWKHTXHVWLRQRIKRZWRPRYH
RQIURPREVHUYDWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJZKDW
LQIOXHQFHVFKLOGUHQ·VUHVLOLHQFHDQG
FRSLQJWRWKHGHVLJQRIEHWWHUSROLF\DQG
SUDFWLFHIRUFKLOGUHQLQKDUGVKLS7KHUH
UHPDLQPDQ\XQDQVZHUHGTXHVWLRQV,I
ZHDUHWRIRFXVRQFKLOGUHQ·VRZQDELOL
WLHVDQGVWUHQJWKVKRZGRZHWKHQ
IRUPXODWHWKHUROHRIDGXOWLQWHUYHQWLRQ"
,IZHIRFXVRQFKLOGUHQ·VFROOHFWLYH
UHVSRQVHVGRZHULVNORVLQJVLJKWRI
LQGLYLGXDOFKLOGUHQZKRDUHSDUWLFXODUO\
YXOQHUDEOHDQGLVRODWHG",IFKLOGUHQ·V
UHVSRQVHVDUHVRLQIOXHQFHGE\WKHLUKLV
WRULFDODQGFXOWXUDOVHWWLQJFDQZHXVH
JOREDOVWDQGDUGVVXFKDVWKRVHVHWRXWLQ
WKH&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH5LJKWV
RIWKH&KLOG",IFKLOGUHQ·V
UHVLOLHQFHDQGFRSLQJVWUDWH
JLHVZKLFKPD\EHEHQHILFLDO
LQWKHVKRUWWHUPKDYHQHJD
WLYHUHSHUFXVVLRQVLQWKHORQJ
WHUPWKHQVKRXOGZHQRWFRQ
FHQWUDWHRQWKHSUHYHQWLRQ
UDWKHUWKDQDPHOLRUDWLRQRIVLW
XDWLRQVRIDGYHUVLW\"
2QHLPSRUWDQWVWHSPDGHDW
WKHFRQVXOWDWLRQZDVWKH
UHFRJQLWLRQWKDWWKHDELOLW\WR
36
ZLWKFKLOGUHQLVQRWZLGHO\GLVVHPLQDW
HG0RUHVHULRXVVWLOOWKHUHKDVEHHQ
YHU\OLWWOHUHVHDUFKJOREDOO\LQWRWKH
LPSDFWVRIGLIIHUHQWSURWHFWLRQPHDVXUHV
DQGDSSURDFKHVRQFKLOGUHQ·VZHOOEHLQJ
DQGVHOGRPDUHSURMHFWVIRUFKLOGUHQ
FULWLFDOO\HYDOXDWHGXVLQJFXOWXUDOO\
DSSURSULDWHDQGFKLOGIRFXVHGFULWHULD
)UHTXHQWO\DFDGHPLFUHVHDUFKLQWRULVN
DQGUHVLOLHQFHLQFKLOGUHQLQDGYHUVLW\
GRHVQRWUHDFKEH\RQGWKHFRQILQHVRID
SDUWLFXODUGLVFLSOLQHDQGLVQRWGLVVHPL
QDWHGLQDQDFFHVVLEOHDQGLVVXH
RULHQWDWHGPDQQHU.QRZOHGJHWKDWLV
GLVVHPLQDWHGLVRIWHQELDVHGDQGLQFRP
SOHWHLWZDVVWULNLQJIRUH[DPSOHKRZ
OLWWOHV\VWHPDWLFDWWHQWLRQZDVJLYHQLQ
WKHDUPHGFRQIOLFWDQGIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQ
ZRUNLQJJURXSVWRWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRI
JHQGHUDQGDJHLQWHUPVRIH[SRVXUHWR
DGYHUVLW\DQGSDWWHUQVRIYXOQHUDELOLW\
UHVLOLHQFHDQGFRSLQJ
)RUWKHVHUHDVRQVWKH&KLOGUHQLQ
$GYHUVLW\FRQVXOWDWLRQFDQRQO\EHVHHQ
DVDILUVWVWHSLQDSURFHVVRIGHEDWH
UHVHDUFKDQGDFWLRQRQFKLOGSURWHFWLRQ
LVVXHV7KHIROORZXSWRWKHFRQVXOWD
WLRQZLOOZRUNWRIXUWKHUWKLVSURFHVVDW
PDQ\OHYHOV
,WZLOOILUVWO\ HQVXUHWKDWWKHHVVHQFHRI
WKHHYHQW²UHFRJQLWLRQRIFKLOGUHQ·V
VWUHQJWKVDQGFUHDWLYHFRSLQJDELOLW\
LVDGYDQFHGLQLQIOXHQWLDOLQWHUQDWLRQDO
IRUD
6HFRQGO\ DUHSRUWRQWKHFRQVXOWDWLRQ
ZLOOEHGLVVHPLQDWHGEHIRUHWKH81
*HQHUDO$VVHPEO\6SHFLDO6HVVLRQRQ
&KLOGUHQLQ6HSWHPEHUUHJLRQDO
ZRUNVKRSVRQWKHWRSLFLQWHQGHGWR
EULQJWRJHWKHUUHVHDUFKHUVDQGSUDFWL
WLRQHUVDUHDOVRSURSRVHGIRU
RQDJHDQGJHQGHUGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ7KHUH
ZLOODOVREHDGYRFDF\LQUHJDUGWRWKH
QHHGIRUV\VWHPDWLFHYDOXDWLRQRIWKH
LPSDFWRISURWHFWLRQLQWHUYHQWLRQVRQ
WKHZHOOEHLQJRIFKLOGUHQ
$QG ILQDOO\ DZRUNVKRSSODQQHGIRU
-XO\ZLOOH[SORUHPHWKRGVWKDWFDQ
EHGHYHORSHGLQWKHDFTXLVLWLRQRIPRUH
HIIHFWLYHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWFKLOGUHQ
DIIHFWHGE\DGYHUVLW\DQGWKHLPSDFWVRI
SURWHFWLRQPHDVXUHV
'U-RGH%HUU\ZDVXQWLOUHFHQWO\D
5HVHDUFK)HOORZDWWKH&HQWUHIRU
&KLOG)RFXVHG$QWKURSRORJLFDO
5HVHDUFKDW%UXQHO8QLYHUVLW\FRQ
GXFWLQJUHVHDUFKRQ5HFRQFLOLDWLRQ
DQG5HLQWHJUDWLRQ,VVXHVIRU:DU
$IIHFWHG&KLOGUHQLQ8JDQGD6KHLV
FXUUHQWO\DFRQVXOWDQWIRUDZDU
DIIHFWHGFKLOGUHQ·VSURMHFWZLWK
81,&()·V5HJLRQDO2IILFH6RXWK
$VLD(PDLOMRDQQDGHE#GHEHUU\
IUHHVHUYHFRXN
'U-R%R\GHQLVD6HQLRU5HVHDUFK
2IILFHUDWWKH5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUH
FRQGXFWLQJUHVHDUFKRQFKLOGUHQ
DIIHFWHGE\DUPHGFRQIOLFWDQG
IRUFHGPLJUDWLRQHVSHFLDOO\LQ6RXWK
(DVW$VLD(PDLOMRER\GHQ#THKR[
DFXN
7KHHYHQWZDVIXQGHGE\'),'&,'$81,&()7KH
%HUQDUG9DQ/HHU)RXQGDWLRQDQG7KH6DYHWKH
&KLOGUHQ$OOLDQFH
7KHFRQFHSWXDOIUDPHZRUNVWKDWKDYHORQJVKDSHG
XQGHUVWDQGLQJVRIFKLOGUHQ·VH[SHULHQFHVRIDGYHUVLW\
WHQGWREHGRPLQDWHGE\DVVXPSWLRQVRIPHGLFDODQG
SDWKRORJLFDOUHOHYDQFH7KHFRQWHQWRIWKHVHFRQFHSWV
DQGWKHLUOLPLWDWLRQVDUHGLVFXVVHGLQWKHFRQIHUHQFH
EDFNJURXQGSDSHU¶&KLOGUHQ·V5LVN5HVLOLHQFHDQG
&RSLQJLQ([WUHPH6LWXDWLRQV·%R\GHQ 0DQQ
5HIXJHHV6WXGLHV&HQWUH
7KHLQDGHTXDF\RIWKHSDUDGLJPRI¶WUDXPD·WRGR
IXOOMXVWLFHWRFKLOGUHQ·VH[SHULHQFHVRIDGYHUVLW\KDV
EHHQGLVFXVVHGDWOHQJWKHOVHZKHUH6HH
UNICEF/HQ00-0746/Burnheim
IRUH[DPSOH&3HWW\ 3%UDFNHQ
5HWKLQNLQJWKHWUDXPDRI:DU 
/RQGRQ6DYHWKH&KLOGUHQ
7KH&RQVXOWDWLRQ·VZHEVLWHDOORZVIRU
WKHGLVVHPLQDWLRQRILQVLJKWUHVRXUFHV
DQGFULWLTXHRQWKHVHLVVXHVVHH
ZZZFKLOGUHQLQDGYHUVLW\RUJ
International Conference on
War-Affected Children, Winnipeg,
September 2000.
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
 debate
debate
In this section, Howard Davies responds to issue 8’s discussion on
Accountability by highlighting questions facing media practitioners.

Accountability in the
media
7KHGLVFXVVLRQRQDFFRXQWDELOLW\LQLVVXH
UDLVHGPDQ\LQWHUHVWLQJSRLQWVQRW
OHDVWWKDWPDQ\OHDGLQJ1*2VDUHGHYHO
RSLQJVWUDWHJLHVIRUDVVHVVLQJWKH
HIILFDF\RIWKHLUSURJUDPPHVLQWHUPVRI
LQJO\VRUHDGLO\DYDLODEOHLWLVPRUH
LPSRUWDQWWKDQHYHUWKDWPHGLDSUDFWL
WLRQHUVDFWUHVSRQVLEO\
6DGO\WKLVDWWLWXGHLVQRWDOZD\VSUHYD
OHQWLQWKHPDLQVWUHDPPHGLDZKHUH
SUHVVXUHVVXFKDVGHDGOLQHVUHVXOWLQ
XQVDWLVIDFWRU\FRPSURPLVHV$8.
EURDGVKHHWSXEOLVKHGDSKRWRJUDSK,
OLYHVRIDUHIXJHHIDPLO\ZKHUHWZRRI
WKHWKUHHVRQVKDGEHHQGLVDEOHGZLWKD
GHJHQHUDWLYHLOOQHVV7KHFKLOGUHQKDG
SUHYLRXVO\DWWHQGHGDGLVDELOLW\FHQWUH
ZKLFK2[IDPKDGVXSSRUWHGIRUPDQ\
\HDUVLQ3ULVWLQDZHOONQRZQIRULWVUDGL
FDODGYRFDF\RIGLVDELOLW\ULJKWV
7KURXJKH[WHQVLYHLQWHUYLHZVDQGRYHU
VHYHUDOGD\VZHZHUHDEOHWREXLOGXSD
WKHLUDGYRFDF\DQGDFFRXQWDELOLW\7KH
SDWHUQDOLVWLFDWWLWXGHDGRSWHGE\VRPH
DLGDJHQFLHVWRZDUGVWKHLUGHYHORSPHQW
DQGHPHUJHQF\ZRUNKDVIRUWKHPRVW
SDUWEHHQSURYHQRXWPRGHGDQGLQDS
SURSULDWH6LPRQ+DUULV·VDUWLFOH
GHVFULELQJWKH/LVWHQLQJVXUYH\VLQLWLD
WLYHFRQGXFWHGE\2[IDP*%DQG6&)
8.ZLWKGLVSODFHGSHRSOHLQ6UL/DQNDLV
DQLQGLFDWRUWKDWLQQRYDWLYHSUDFWLFHVWR
DVVHVVDFFRXQWDELOLW\DUHEHLQJVXFFHVV
IXOO\DQGLPDJLQDWLYHO\HPSOR\HG
7KLVFRPPLWPHQWKDVEHHQVLPXOWDQH
RXVO\UHIOHFWHGLQWKHDWWLWXGHVRIWKH
FRPPXQLFDWLRQVGHSDUWPHQWVLQWKH
ODUJHU1*2V3KRWRJUDSKHUVDQGZULWHUV
DUHFRQVWDQWO\HQFRXUDJHGWRFKDOOHQJH
WKHVWHUHRW\SHVWKDWWKHLULPDJHVDQG
ZRUGVPD\VXSSRUWDQGWKURXJKLQWHU
YLHZVWRJLYHDYRLFHWRSHRSOHZKRLQ
WKHSDVWKDYHRIWHQUHPDLQHGQDPHOHVV
IDFHVLQDSKRWRJUDSK
$LGDJHQFLHVOLNH6&)KDYHSXEOLVKHG
FOHDUJXLGHOLQHVERWKIRUWKHSKRWRJUD
SKHUVZKRWDNHSLFWXUHVIRUWKHPDQG
IRUWKRVHZKRXVHWKHPVXFKDVGHVLJQ
HUV7KHVHJXLGHOLQHVDGGUHVVDUDQJHRI
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQDOLVVXHVLQFOXGLQJWKH
PLVXVHRILPDJHVE\VHOHFWLYHFURSSLQJ
RULQDFFXUDWHFDSWLRQLQJWHFKQLTXHVIRU
WRRORQJHPSOR\HGWRVXEYHUWWKHPHDQ
LQJRILPDJHV(YHQEHIRUHWKHDGYHQWRI
GLJLWDOPDQLSXODWLRQWKHROGDGDJHRI
WKH¶FDPHUDQHYHUOLHV·KDGEHFRPHDQ
HYLGHQWIDOVHKRRGZLWKQXPHURXVH[DP
SOHVRIPDQLSXODWLRQ1RZZLWKWKH
WHFKQLFDODELOLW\WRDOWHULPDJHVFRQYLQF
debatedebatedebatedebatedebatedebatedebate
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
KDGWDNHQRID9LHWQDPHVHUHIXJHH
ZRPDQDQGFKLOGLQD+RQJ.RQJFDPS
WRDFFRPSDQ\DQDUWLFOHDERXWWKHSRRU
OLYLQJFRQGLWLRQVRI)LOLSLQRPDLGVLQWKH
IRUPHUFRORQ\$QRWKHUSLFWXUHHGLWRUDW
WKH'DLO\0LUURUZKLOHYLHZLQJP\SLF
WXUHVRI6RPDOLDDVNHGPHIRUDIHZ
SULQWVIRUWKH¶IDPLQHILOH·
,WLVQRWMXVWWKHEURDGVKHHWVZKRFDQ
KDYHVXFKDFDYDOLHUDWWLWXGHWRLPDJHV
$UHIXJHHJURXSXVHGDSKRWRJUDSK,
KDGWDNHQRIDQ$VV\ULDQ&KULVWLDQ
UHIXJHHJLUOLQ1HZ=HDODQGWRDFFRPSD
Q\WKHVWRU\RIDQ,UDQLDQ0XVOLPJLUOLQ
WKH8.%\DOWHULQJWKHHWKQLFLW\QDWLRQ
DOLW\UHOLJLRQDQGFRXQWU\RIH[LOHD
GLVVHUYLFHZDVGRQHWRWKHIDPLO\2QO\
DIWHUORQJGLVFXVVLRQKDGWKHIDPLO\
DJUHHGWRWKHLUFKLOGUHQEHLQJSKR
WRJUDSKHGLQWKHKRSHWKDWLWPLJKW
FUHDWHDEHWWHUDZDUHQHVVRIWKHLUSOLJKW
2[IDPHQFRXUDJHVDUHVSRQVLEOHDWWLWXGH
LQWKHSKRWRJUDSKHUVZKRGRFXPHQW
WKHLUGHYHORSPHQWDQGHPHUJHQF\ZRUN
7KLVLQFOXGHVDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKDWWKH
JDWKHULQJRIEDFNJURXQGLQIRUPDWLRQ
DQGLQWHUYLHZVWDNHVWLPHDQGZLOO
LQHYLWDEO\FRPSURPLVHWRVRPHGHJUHH
WKHSKRWRJUDSKHU·VDELOLW\WRSURGXFH
LPDJHV7KDWLVSUHIHUDEOHKRZHYHUWR
WKHSKRWRJUDSKHUZKRVSHDNVWRQRRQH
WDNLQJSKRWRJUDSKVZKLFKKDYHQRFRQ
WH[WRUEDFNJURXQG
/DVW\HDUIROORZLQJWKHLQLWLDOH[RGXVRI
UHIXJHHVIURP.RVRYR,KDGWKHRSSRU
WXQLW\WKURXJK2[IDPWRGRFXPHQWWKH
SLFWXUHLQDPXFKIXOOHUVHQVHRIWKH
IDPLO\·VOLIHLQWKHFDPSDQGRIVRPHRI
WKHSDUWLFXODUSUREOHPVIDFHGE\SHRSOH
ZLWKGLVDELOLWLHVLQDUHIXJHHFULVLV
/DFNRIDFFRXQWDELOLW\E\SKRWRJUDSKHUV
DQGMRXUQDOLVWVFDQKDYHVHYHUHUHSHU
FXVVLRQV2QDQDVVLJQPHQWWR3DNLVWDQ
WRFRYHUWKH$IJKDQUHIXJHHFDPSV,
ZDVZDUQHGE\WKH81+&5SUHVVRIILFHU
RIWKHLQDSSURSULDWHQHVVRISKRWRJUDSK
LQJ\RXQJ$IJKDQJLUOV7KHSUHYLRXV
\HDUGHVSLWHKDYLQJEHHQVLPLODUO\
ZDUQHGDSKRWRMRXUQDOLVWVQDWFKHGD
SLFWXUHRID\RXQJ$IJKDQUHIXJHHJLUO
ZKLOHVKHZDVEDWKLQJE\DULYHU7KH
SKRWRVXEVHTXHQWO\DSSHDUHGRQWKH
FRYHURIDPDMRUQHZVPDJD]LQH7KH
ORFDO0XMDKLGHHQEHFDPHDZDUHRIWKH
SKRWRJUDSKDQGZLWKWKHQDPHRIWKH
FDPSKHOSIXOO\VXSSOLHGLQWKHFDSWLRQ
GXO\IRXQGWKHJLUODQGUHSRUWHGO\H[H
FXWHGKHUIRUWKHGLVJUDFHVKHKDG
FDXVHG,VODP
)DLOXUHWRDGGUHVVDFFRXQWDELOLW\PD\
QRWDOZD\VKDYHVXFKH[WUHPHFRQVH
TXHQFHVEXWWKHLVVXHVLWUDLVHVZKHWKHU
IRUWKHMRXUQDOLVWRUDLGZRUNHUUHPDLQ
WKHVDPHLVVXHVWKDWFDQQRWEHLJQRUHG
+RZDUG'DYLHVLVDIUHHODQFH
SKRWRMRXUQDOLVWZKRKDVEHHQGRFX
PHQWLQJWKHOLYHVRIUHIXJHHVDQG
DV\OXPVHHNHUVIRUPRUHWKDQWZHOYH
\HDUV$ZHEVLWHIHDWXULQJPDQ\RI
KLVSKRWRJUDSKVFDQEHIRXQGDW
ZZZH[LOHLPDJHVFRXN
37
 Malukus in crisis
update
update
$FFRUGLQJWRWKH,QGRQHVLDQ5HG&URVV
WKHQXPEHURI,'3VLQ,QGRQHVLDGULYHQ
IURPWKHLUKRPHVE\HWKQLFDQGUHOLJLRXV
FRQIOLFWVDQGVHSDUDWLVWVWUXJJOHVKDV
H[FHHGHGRQHPLOOLRQ,QGRQHVLDLVQRZ
LQWKHWRSILYHRIWKHOLVWRIFRXQWULHV
H[SHULHQFLQJGLVSODFHPHQWFULVHV:KLOH
UHMHFWHGWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIDIRUHLJQ
SHDFHNHHSLQJIRUFHWRTXHOOWKHYLROHQFH
7KHVHFXULW\VLWXDWLRQLQWKH0DOXNXV
KDVKLQGHUHGHIIRUWVWRJHWDVVLVWDQFHWR
WKHGLVSODFHGDQGKDVFDXVHGVRPH
LQWHUQDWLRQDODJHQFLHVWRVXVSHQGRSHUD
WLRQV7KHRXWJRLQJ81+&5FKLHI6DGDNR
2JDWDKDVVDLGVKHLV´YHU\IULJKWHQHGµ
DWWKHSURVSHFWVRIIXUWKHUPDVVLYH
7KH&RPPLVVLRQHVWLPDWHVWKDWWKH
QXPEHURISHRSOHGLVSODFHGE\GDPVLV
EHWZHHQPLOOLRQDQGPLOOLRQPRVW
RIWKHPLQ&KLQDDQG,QGLD7KHUHSRUW
XUJHVH[SRUWFUHGLWJXDUDQWHHGHSDUW
PHQWVQRWWRVXSSRUWDQ\IXUWKHUGDP
SURMHFWVEHIRUHREWDLQLQJSULRUFRQVHQW
RIWKRVHDIIHFWHGDQGUHDFKLQJDJUHH
PHQWRQFRPSHQVDWLRQVFKHPHV
WKHUHDUH,'3VLQHYHU\SURYLQFHRIWKH
YDVWDUFKLSHODJRWKHJUHDWHVWVLQJOH
QXPEHUFRPHVQRWIURP(DVW7LPRUEXW
IURPWKHPXFKOHVVSXEOLFL]HGFULVLVLQ
WKH0DOXNXV,QGRQHVLD·V1DWLRQDO%RDUG
RI6RFLDO:HOIDUHHVWLPDWHVWKDWVRPH
SHRSOHKDYHEHHQGLVSODFHG
ZLWKLQWKH0DOXNXV,QDUHFHQWUHSRUW
WKH86&RPPLWWHHIRU5HIXJHHVHVWLPDWHV
WKDWDWOHDVWKDYHEHHQGLV
SODFHGZLWKLQWKH0DOXNXVZKLOHD
VLJQLILFDQWXQNQRZQQXPEHUKDYH
VRXJKWUHIXJHHOVHZKHUHLQ,QGRQHVLD
)RUPHUO\NQRZQDVWKH6SLFH,VODQGV
WKH0DOXNXVDUHDJURXSRIVRPH
LVODQGVLQWKH,QGRQHVLDQSURYLQFHVRI
0DOXNXDQG1RUWK0DOXNX3ULRUWRWKH
RXWEUHDNRIFRQIOLFWLQHDUO\WKH
SRSXODWLRQRIDERXWWZRPLOOLRQZDV
HYHQO\GLYLGHGEHWZHHQ&KULVWLDQVDQG
0XVOLPV6LPPHULQJFRQIOLFWEHWZHHQWKH
WZRFRPPXQLWLHVKDVEHHQH[DFHUEDWHG
E\WKHSUHVHQFHVLQFH$SULORI
KHDYLO\DUPHG,VODPLFPLOLWDQWVRI
WKH-DYDEDVHG/DVNDU-LKDG7KHLQDELOL
W\RIWKH,QGRQHVLDQJRYHUQPHQWWR
SUHYHQWZKDWWKH&KULVWLDQFRPPXQLWLHV
VHHDV¶UHOLJLRXVFOHDQVLQJ·SRLQWVWRWKH
LQYROYHPHQWRIHOHPHQWVRIWKHDUPHG
IRUFHVLQIXHOOLQJWKHGHYDVWDWLQJFRP
PXQDOFRQIOLFW3RZHUIXOFLYLOPLOLWDU\
DQGHFRQRPLFIRUFHVFRQWLQXHWRXVH
UHOLJLRQWRVRZGLVWUXVWDQGIHDU
EHWZHHQWKHWZRFRPPXQLWLHV
&DWKROLFDQG3URWHVWDQWOHDGHUVLQWKH
0DOXNXVKDYHSOHDGHGIRU81DVVLVWDQFH
,QGRQHVLD·VHPEDWWOHG3UHVLGHQW:DKLG
KDVDFNQRZOHGJHGWKHVHYHULW\RIWKHFUL
VLVLQWKH0DOXNXVDQGDFFHSWHG
LQWHUQDWLRQDODLGEXWKDVDGDPDQWO\
UNIYA/Jesuit Refugee Service
38
GHVWDELOL]DWLRQDQGGLVSODFHPHQWLQWKH
0DOXNXVDQGHOVHZKHUHLQ,QGRQHVLD
)RUIXUWKHULQIRUPDWLRQVHHWKHUHSRUWRIWKH86
&RPPLWWHHIRU5HIXJHHVDWZZZUHIXJHHVRUJZRUOG
DUWLFOHVLQGRQHVLDBUUBKWP
Damning report
7KH:RUOG&RPPLVVLRQRQ'DPVZDV
HVWDEOLVKHGLQDIWHUWKH:RUOG%DQN
FRQYHQHGDPHHWLQJRIJRYHUQPHQWVWKH
SULYDWHVHFWRULQWHUQDWLRQDOILQDQFLDO
LQVWLWXWLRQVHQYLURQPHQWDOLVWVDQGUHS
UHVHQWDWLYHVRIGDPLQGXFHG,'3V7KH
&RPPLVVLRQ·VUHSRUWUHFHQWO\LQWUR
GXFHGE\1HOVRQ0DQGHODDWD/RQGRQ
FRQIHUHQFHSXOOVQRSXQFKHVPRVWRI
WKHODUJHGDPVLQWKHZRUOGKDYH
FRVWWRRPXFKZHUHODWHGDPDJHGWKH
SRRUDQGKDYHIDLOHGWRSURYLGHDOOWKH
HOHFWULFLW\DQGZDWHUIRULUULJDWLRQ
FODLPHGE\WKHLUSODQQHUV:KLOH:HVWHUQ
FRQVWUXFWLRQFRPSDQLHVKDYHJDLQHGELO
OLRQVRISRXQGVZRUWKRIEXVLQHVVSDLG
IRUE\DLGDJHQFLHVFRQVWUXFWLRQRI
GDPVKDVJUHDWO\DGGHGWRWKHGHEWRI
VRPHRIWKHSRRUHVWFRXQWULHV7KH
UHSRUWGHEXQNVWKHDUJXPHQWWKDW
K\GURSRZHULVQHFHVVDULO\¶JUHHQ· SXEOLFRSLQLRQIXHOOHGE\PHGLDUHSUH
EHFDXVHRIGHFD\LQJYHJHWDWLRQPDQ\
GDPVSURGXFHDVPXFKJUHHQKRXVHJDV
DVJHQHUDWLQJHOHFWULFLW\ZLWKIRVVLOIXHOV
:KLOHUHFRJQL]LQJWKDWPDQ\GDPVKDYH
SURGXFHGEHQHILWVWKH&RPPLVVLRQ
IRXQGWKDW´LQWRRPDQ\FDVHVDQXQDF
FHSWDEOHDQGRIWHQXQQHFHVVDU\SULFH
KDVEHHQSDLGWRVHFXUHWKRVHEHQHILWV
HVSHFLDOO\LQVRFLDODQGHQYLURQPHQWDO
WHUPVE\SHRSOHGLVSODFHGE\FRPPXQL
WLHVGRZQVWUHDPE\WD[SD\HUVDQGE\
WKHQDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQWµ
7KHIXOOUHSRUWZLWKVXPPDULHVLQVHYHUDOODQJXDJHV
LVDYDLODEOHDWZZZGDPVUHSRUWRUJ)XUWKHULQIRUPD
WLRQRQGDPVLVDWZZZGDPVRUJDQGZZZLUQRUJ
International community neglects
unfolding emergency in
Afghanistan
%\WKHHQGRIWKHVFRQIOLFWLQ
$IJKDQLVWDQKDGSURGXFHGWKHZRUOG·V
ODUJHVWHYHUVLQJOHUHIXJHHFDVHORDGDW
WLPHVDVKLJKDVPLOOLRQSHUVRQV
0RUHWKDQDGHFDGHDIWHUUHSDWULDWLRQWR
$IJKDQLVWDQEHJDQWKHUHDUHVWLOOVRPH
PLOOLRQ$IJKDQUHIXJHHVLQ3DNLVWDQ
DQG,UDQ+XJHQXPEHUVRISHRSOHGLV
SODFHGE\UHFHQW7DOLEDQPLOLWDU\
VXFFHVVHVDQGWKHXQSUHFHGHQWHG
GURXJKWDIIOLFWLQJ$IJKDQLVWDQDUHWU\LQJ
WRIOHHWKHFRXQWU\DWDWLPHZKHQ
$IJKDQLVWDQ·VQHLJKERXUVDUHELWWHUO\
UHVHQWIXODWKDYLQJWRVKDUHWKHKXJH
UHIXJHHEXUGHQZLWKRXWVXIILFLHQWVXS
SRUWIURPWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\
81+&5SXWVWKHWRWDOQXPEHURI$IJKDQ
UHIXJHHVLQ,UDQDWPLOOLRQ,UDQLDQ
VHQWDWLRQVRI$IJKDQVDVFULPLQDOVDQG
VPXJJOHUVLVLQFUHDVLQJO\KRVWLOHWR
WKHLUSUHVHQFH,Q6HSWHPEHUWKH
,UDQLDQSDUOLDPHQWSDVVHGOHJLVODWLRQ
RUGHULQJWKHLUFRPSOHWHUHPRYDOIURP
WKHFRXQWU\E\0DUFK0RUHWKDQ
$IJKDQUHIXJHHVKDYHEHHQVHQW
KRPHIURP,UDQVLQFH$SULOXQGHUD
¶YROXQWDU\UHSDWULDWLRQSURJUDPPH·
MRLQWO\LPSOHPHQWHGE\WKH,UDQLDQ
JRYHUQPHQWDQG81+&5SHUFHQWRI
WKHPKDYHEHHQHWKQLF7DMLNV
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
updateupdateupdateupdateupdateupdateupdate
,UDQ·VUHSDWULDWLRQSURJUDPPHLVFRQWUR
YHUVLDO$GHVSHUDWHVKRUWDJHRIIXQGV
FDXVHGE\GRQRUQHJOHFWKDVIRUFHG
81+&5WRFXWWKHUHSDWULDWLRQJUDQW
IURP86WR86SHUIDPLO\6RPH
UHIXJHHJURXSVKDYHFRQGHPQHGWKH
SURJUDPPHDV¶HWKQLFFOHDQVLQJ·DQG
¶IRUFLEOHGHSRUWDWLRQV·<RXQJZRPHQ
ZKRKDYHEHHQDEOHWRDFFHVVHGXFDWLRQ
LQ,UDQIHDUIRUWKHLUIXWXUHLQ
$IJKDQLVWDQZKHUHIHPDOHHGXFDWLRQKDV
FHDVHGXQGHU7DOLEDQUXOH0pGHFLQV
VDQV)URQWLqUHVKDVVWDWHGWKDW´$IJKDQ
UHIXJHHVFDQQRWUHWXUQKRPHLQVDIHW\
DQGGLJQLW\µEHFDXVHRIWKHGURXJKW
RQJRLQJILJKWLQJLQ$IJKDQLVWDQWKH
PDVVLYHOHYHORILQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQW
DQGRXWEUHDNVRIGLVHDVH
81+&5·VHVWLPDWHWKDWWKHUHDUHPLO
OLRQ$IJKDQUHIXJHHVLQ3DNLVWDQLV
GLVSXWHGE\WKH3DNLVWDQLJRYHUQPHQW
ZKLFKFLWHVDILJXUHRIPLOOLRQ
81+&5·VUHODWLRQVZLWK3DNLVWDQKDYH
EHHQVWUDLQHGE\3DNLVWDQ·VGHFLVLRQLQ
2QDYLVLWWRWKHUHJLRQLQ2FWREHURXW
JRLQJ81+&5KHDG6DGDNR2JDWD
V\PSDWKL]HGZLWK,UDQLDQDQG3DNLVWDQL
UHVHQWPHQWDWKDYLQJWREHDUWKHFRQVH
TXHQFHVRIKRVWLQJDUHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQ
LQFUHDVLQJO\QHJOHFWHGE\WKHLQWHUQD
WLRQDOFRPPXQLW\2JDWDFRXOGGROLWWOH
H[FHSWFRPPLVHUDWHDVLQWHUQDWLRQDO
GRQDWLRQVWR$IJKDQUHIXJHHVKDYHYLUWX
DOO\GULHGXS3DNLVWDQLFDOOVIRU81+&5
WRUHVHWWOHUHIXJHHVLQFDPSVLQVLGH
$IJKDQLVWDQDQG7DOLEDQGHPDQGVIRU
XUJHQW81DVVLVWDQFHFRPHDJDLQVWD
EDFNGURSRIDQLJJDUGO\LQWHUQDWLRQDO
UHVSRQVHWRWKHFULVLV7KH:RUOG)RRG
3URJUDPPHHVWLPDWHVWKDWEHWZHHQKDOI
DQGWKUHHTXDUWHUVRIWKHFRXQWU\·V
PLOOLRQSHRSOHDUHVXIIHULQJWKHHIIHFWV
RIGURXJKWDQGWKDWXSWRRQHPLOOLRQ
$IJKDQVFRXOGVWDUYHWRGHDWKXQOHVV
HPHUJHQF\VWHSVDUHWDNHQ81+&5
VRXJKWPIRULWV\HDUSUR
JUDPPHVLQ$IJKDQLVWDQ3DNLVWDQDQG
,UDQEXWKDVVRIDUUHFHLYHGRQO\KDOIWKH
PRQH\)RUHYHU\GRQDWHGIRUHDFK
5HDQJGHPDQGVIRUDXWRQRP\DUH
RSSRVHGE\WKH0L]RVDQHGXFDWHGDQG
SUHGRPLQDQWO\&KULVWLDQFRPPXQLW\
ZKRKDYHUXOHGWKHVWDWHRI0L]RUDP
VLQFHLWVFUHDWLRQLQ7KH0L]RV
KDYHVRXJKWWRPDLQWDLQWKHLUGRPL
QDQFHRIWKHVPDOOVWDWHWKH\IRXJKW
KDUGWRHVWDEOLVKDQGIHDUWKDWDOORZLQJ
WKH5HDQJVDQ$'&ZRXOGXOWLPDWHO\
OHDGWRWKHIUDJPHQWDWLRQRIWKHVWDWHRI
0L]RUDP0L]RDXWKRULWLHVURXWLQHO\
EUDQG5HDQJDQGRWKHUPLQRULW\WULEDO
JURXSVDVRXWVLGHUVDQGGHOHJLWLPL]H
WKHLUFODLPVE\GHOHWLRQRIQDPHVIURP
WKHYRWHUV·OLVWDQGTXHVWLRQLQJRIFHQ
VXVUHFRUGV0L]RUDPDXWKRULWLHVGHQ\
VXSSRUWLQJWKH0L]RVWXGHQWH[WUHPLVWV
ZKRVHYLROHQWUHWDOLDWLRQDIWHUWKHGHDWK
RID0L]RIRUHVWJXDUGFUHDWHGWKHFOL
PDWHRIIHDUZKLFKGURYHWKH5HDQJV
IURPWKHLUKRPHVLQ
)RUWKUHH\HDUVWKH0L]RUDPDXWKRULWLHV
KDYHQRWDFWHGXSRQGHPDQGVE\ERWK
WKHFHQWUDOJRYHUQPHQWDQGWKH1DWLRQDO
HDUO\1RYHPEHUWRFORVHWKH$IJKDQ
3DNLVWDQERUGHU7KH3DNLVWDQLPRYH
FDPHLQUHVSRQVHWRWKHDUULYDODWLWV
ERUGHURIWKRXVDQGVRIIDPLOLHVIURP
$IJKDQLVWDQ·VQRQ3DVKWXQPLQRULWLHV
IOHHLQJUHFHQWILJKWLQJLQQRUWKHDVWHUQ
$IJKDQLVWDQ3DNLVWDQKDVGHQLHG
FKDUJHVWKDWLWVDFWLRQVDUHHWKQLFDOO\
PRWLYDWHGDQGWKDWLWLVVXUUHSWLWLRXVO\
DOORZLQJ3DVKWXQVSHDNHUVWRFRQWLQXH
WRFURVVWKHERUGHU81&RRUGLQDWRUIRU
$IJKDQLVWDQ(ULFNGH0XOKDVH[SUHVVHG
FRQFHUQDERXWWKHPLQRULWLHVZKRPLJKW
EHGHQLHGWKHLUULJKWWRDV\OXPDVD
UHVXOWRIWKHFORVXUH
7DMLNLVWDQDOWKRXJKDVLJQDWRU\XQOLNH
UHIXJHHLQWKH%DONDQVMXVWLVJLYHQ
IRUHDFK$IJKDQUHIXJHH
)RURQOLQHLQIRUPDWLRQVHHRXUH[WHQVLYHVHWRI
$IJKDQLVWDQOLQNVDWZZZIPUHYLHZRUJOLQNV
'LVSODFHKWPDIJK
Reangs
PHPEHUVRIWKH5HDQJWULEDO
JURXSIURPWKHQRUWKHDVWHUQ,QGLDQ
VWDWHRI0L]RUDPKDYHEHHQODQJXLVKLQJ
LQPLVHUDEOHFRQGLWLRQVLQFDPSVLQWKH
QHLJKERXULQJVWDWHRI7ULSXUDVLQFH
EHLQJGLVSODFHGLQ2FWREHU
6XSSOLHVRIIRRGDQGPHGLFDODVVLVWDQFH
DUHLQDGHTXDWH5HDQJGLHGRI
+XPDQ5LJKWV&RPPLVVLRQ1+5&WR
DOORZWKHUHWXUQRIGLVSODFHG5HDQJVWR
WKHLUKRPHV7KH1+5&WKHVWDWHJRY
HUQPHQWVRI0L]RUDPDQG7ULSXUDDQG
WKHFHQWUDOJRYHUQPHQWKDYHDJUHHGD
WLPHWDEOHIRUWKHFRPSOHWHUHSDWULDWLRQ
RI5HDQJVE\WKHHQGRI,WUHPDLQV
WREHVHHQZKHWKHUWKHUHLVVXIILFLHQW
SROLWLFDOZLOOWRHQGWKHVXIIHULQJRIWKH
5HDQJV
UN adopts resolution on the
detention of asylum seekers
E\%UHW7KLHOH
3DNLVWDQWRWKH81&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH
6WDWXVRI5HIXJHHVKDVDOVRFORVHGLWV
ERUGHULQRUGHUWREORFNWKHHQWU\RIDQ
HVWLPDWHG,'3VHLWKHUFDPSHG
DORQJLWVIURQWLHURUDWWHPSWLQJWR
UHDFKLW
FKROHUDLQWKH7ULSXUDFDPSVLQ
&RQIOLFWFDPHWRDKHDGZKHQWKH
5HDQJVDQLQGLJHQRXVDQGSUHGRPLQDQW
O\+LQGXFRPPXQLW\RIVRPH
SHRSOHVWDUWHGFDPSDLJQLQJIRUWKHFUH
DWLRQRIDQ$XWRQRPRXV'LVWULFW&RXQFLO
$QXPEHURI6WDWHVSDUWLFXODUO\LQ1RUWK
$PHULFD:HVWHUQ(XURSHDQG$XVWUDOLD
KDYHLPSRVHGSROLFLHVZKHUHE\SHUVRQV
VHHNLQJDV\OXPDUHGHWDLQHGRIWHQ
LQGHILQLWHO\7KHVHSROLFLHVDUHRVWHQVL
EO\IRUWKHSXUSRVHRIFRQWUROOLQJWKH
PRYHPHQWRIDV\OXPVHHNHUVKRZHYHU
81+&5WKHDQWL7DOLEDQDOOLDQFHDQG
+XPDQ5LJKWV:DWFKDUHDPRQJWKRVH
XUJLQJ3DNLVWDQDQG7DMLNLVWDQWR
UHRSHQERUGHUVDPLGVWFRQFHUQVWKDW
WKHFORVXUHVZLOOH[DFHUEDWHWKHVXIIHU
LQJRIWKHYLFWLPVRIWKHFRQIOLFWLQWKH
PLGVWRIZLQWHUDQGWKHZRUVWGURXJKW
LQPHPRU\
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
$'&/HDGHUVRIWKHPLOLWDQW%UX
1DWLRQDO8QLRQSRLQWRXWWKDWVPDOOHU
WULEDOJURXSVLQ0L]RUDPKDYH$'&VRI
WKHLURZQDQGWKDWWKH5HDQJVE\YLUWXH
RIWKHLUVWDWXVDVD¶EDFNZDUG·WULEDO
JURXSKDYHDFRQVWLWXWLRQDOULJKWWRUXOH
WKHPVHOYHV
WKH\PD\DOVRLQKLELWSHUVRQVIURPORGJ
LQJRUSXUVXLQJWKHLUDV\OXPFODLPVRU
LQGXFHWKHPWRDEDQGRQWKHLUFODLPV
SDUWLFXODUO\LIGHWHQWLRQLVSURORQJHG
DQGFRQGLWLRQVSRRU)XUWKHUPRUH
GHWHQWLRQSROLFLHVPD\DFWXDOO\EH
GHVLJQHGWRGLVFRXUDJHDV\OXPVHHNHUV
IURPVHHNLQJUHIXJHLQFHUWDLQFRXQWULHV
39
updateupdateupdateupdateupdateupdateupdate
5HJDUGOHVVRIWKHWUXHSXUSRVHRIVXFK
SROLFLHVWKHGHWHQWLRQRIDV\OXPVHHNHUV
UDLVHVDQXPEHURIVHULRXVKXPDQULJKWV
FRQFHUQV
ODZE\EHLQJXWLOL]HGRQO\LQH[FHSWLRQDO ,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHLQYROYHPHQWRI81
DQGOLPLWHGFLUFXPVWDQFHV KXPDQLWDULDQDQGKXPDQULJKWVRUJDQL
]DWLRQVDQGWKHVSHFLDOUROHZLWKLQWKH
)XUWKHUPRUH6WDWHVPXVWWU\WRDYRLG 1HWZRUNRIWKH5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH
$WLWVQGVHVVLRQLQ$XJXVWWKH
816XE&RPPLVVLRQRQWKH3URPRWLRQ
DQG3URWHFWLRQRI+XPDQ5LJKWV
H[SUHVVHGLWVFRQFHUQWKDW´FHUWDLQ
GHWHQWLRQSUDFWLFHVDQGSROLFLHVPD\YLR
ODWHLQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQULJKWV
SULQFLSOHVVWDQGDUGVDQGQRUPVµ,Q
FRQVLGHULQJUHVROXWLRQRQWKH
GHWHQWLRQRIDV\OXPVHHNHUV81'RF
GHWDLQLQJYXOQHUDEOHSHUVRQVVXFKDV
FKLOGUHQWRUWXUHYLFWLPVHOGHUO\SHUVRQV
DQGSHUVRQVZLWKGLVDELOLWLHV,QWKH
HYHQWWKDWVXFKSHUVRQVPXVWEH
GHWDLQHGWKH\VKRXOGEHKHOGLQFLUFXP
VWDQFHVLQZKLFKWKHLUSDUWLFXODUQHHGV
DUHUHVSHFWHG,QDGGLWLRQIDPLO\PHP
EHUVVKRXOGQRWEHVHSDUDWHGGXULQJ
GHWHQWLRQ,IDV\OXPVHHNHUVPXVWEH
GHWDLQHGWKH\PXVWEHDOORZHGDGHTXDWH
6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDORQ,'3V)UDQFLV'HQJ
WKH6SHFLDO&RRUGLQDWRUZLOOOLDLVHFORVHO\
ZLWKWKH5HG&URVV5HG&UHVFHQW
0RYHPHQWDQGWKHODUJHQXPEHURI
1*2VERWKLQWHUQDWLRQDODQGORFDOZKR
DUHLQYROYHGZLWKWKLVLVVXH+HZLOO
XQGHUWDNHUHJXODUEULHILQJVRIJRYHUQ
PHQWVWKURXJKRXWWKHSURFHVVKRVW
6WDWHV²DQGLQVRPHFDVHVQRQ6WDWH
DFWRUV²ZLOODOVREHFORVHO\FRQVXOWHG
(&16XE5(6ZKLFKLW
ODWHUDGRSWHGWKH6XE&RPPLVVLRQGLV
FXVVHGWKHUROHRIWKH81+&5*XLGHOLQHV
RQDSSOLFDEOH&ULWHULDDQG6WDQGDUGV
UHODWLQJWRWKH'HWHQWLRQRI$V\OXP
6HHNHUVZKLFKZHUHDGRSWHGLQ
7KH*XLGHOLQHVRIIHUDFOHDUDUWLFXODWLRQ
RIWKHPLQLPXPVWDQGDUGVUHJDUGLQJWKH
GHWHQWLRQRIDV\OXPVHHNHUVWKDW6WDWHV
PXVWIROORZLQRUGHUWRFRPSO\ZLWK
WKHLUUHVSHFWLYHLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHJDOREOLJ
DWLRQV)RUWXQDWHO\VXSSRUWIRUWKH
*XLGHOLQHVXOWLPDWHO\IRXQGLWVZD\LQWR
WKHUHVROXWLRQLQZKLFKWKH6XE
&RPPLVVLRQ´VWUHQXRXVO\XUJHG6WDWHV
WKDWKDYHQRWDOUHDG\GRQHVRWRDELGH
E\WKH*XLGHOLQHVµDQGRWKHULQWHUQDWLRQ
DOVWDQGDUGV
$VWKH81+&5*XLGHOLQHVVWDWHXQGHU
LQWHUQDWLRQDOODZGHWHQWLRQRIDV\OXP
VHHNHUVVKRXOGEHXVHGRQO\LQH[FHS
WLRQDODQGVWULFWO\OLPLWHGFLUFXPVWDQFHV
DQGHYHQWKHQRQO\RQDFDVHE\FDVH
EDVLV,IGHWHQWLRQLVGHHPHGDSSURSULDWH
RSSRUWXQLWLHVWRFRPPXQLFDWHZLWKDQG
UHFHLYHYLVLWVE\OHJDOFRXQVHODQGIDPLO\
PHPEHUVDFFHVVWRQHFHVVDU\OHJDODQG
UHODWHGIRUPVDQGGRFXPHQWVDQGLQIRU
PDWLRQLQDODQJXDJHWKH\XQGHUVWDQG
7KHDGRSWLRQRIUHVROXWLRQE\
WKH6XE&RPPLVVLRQKLJKOLJKWVWKHYDOXH
DQGQHFHVVLW\RIWKH81+&5*XLGHOLQHV
RQDSSOLFDEOH&ULWHULDDQG6WDQGDUGV
UHODWLQJWRWKH'HWHQWLRQRI$V\OXP
6HHNHUV7KHWH[WRIWKH*XLGHOLQHVFDQ
EHYLHZHGDWZZZXQKFUFKLVVXHVDV\
OXPJXLGDV\OKWP
%UHW7KLHOHLV/HJDO2IILFHUZLWKWKH*HQHYDEDVHG
&HQWUHRQ+RXVLQJ5LJKWVDQG(YLFWLRQVDQGDKXPDQ
ULJKWVFRQVXOWDQW(PDLO%UHWB7KLHOH#\DKRRFRP
Appointment of the UN Special
Coordinator of the Senior Inter-
Agency Network on Internal
Displacement
7KH,QWHU$JHQF\6WDQGLQJ&RPPLWWHH
QRWOHDVWUHJDUGLQJWKHLUSULPDU\UHVSRQ
VLELOLW\IRUWKHSURWHFWLRQDQGDVVLVWDQFH
QHHGVRIGLVSODFHGSRSXODWLRQVZLWKLQ
WKHLUWHUULWRULHV
7KHPDLQREMHFWLYHVRIWKHFRXQWU\
UHYLHZVDUHILUVWO\WRDVVHVV²ZLWKWKH
81FRXQWU\WHDP²FXUUHQWHIIRUWVWR
SURYLGHSURWHFWLRQDQGDVVLVWDQFHWR
LQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGSRSXODWLRQVDQGWR
LGHQWLI\DQ\DUHDVZKHUHWKHFXUUHQW
UHVSRQVHPD\QRWEHDGHTXDWHZKDW
PLJKWEHGRQHWRDGGUHVVVXFKJDSVDQG
ZKRPLJKWGRLWDQGVHFRQGO\WRPDNH
ORQJHUWHUPUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRU
IROORZXSDUUDQJHPHQWVDVZHOODVSUR
SRVDOVIRUUHYLVHGLQWHUDJHQF\
DSSURDFKHVWRVWUHQJWKHQWKHIXWXUH
UHVSRQVH
3ULRULW\FRXQWULHVSURSRVHGWREH
UHYLHZHGLQFOXGH$QJROD%XUXQGL
&RORPELD(WKLRSLDDQG(ULWUHDDQG
,QGRQHVLD7KHILUVWRIWKHVHPLVVLRQVWR
(ULWUHDDQG(WKLRSLDZDVXQGHUWDNHQLQ
,$6&DJUHHGLQWKDWWKHUHVKRXOG 2FWREHU$PLVVLRQWR%XUXQGLLV
DQGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKH*XLGHOLQHV
EHLQFUHDVHGHIIRUWVE\DOOFRQFHUQHG VFKHGXOHGIRUODWH'HFHPEHU7KH
DQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOODZLWPXVWEHXQGHU
DJHQFLHVDQGJRYHUQPHQWVWREULQJ UHYLHZPLVVLRQVZLOOPDLQWDLQDKLJKO\
KXPDQHFRQGLWLRQVDQGVHSDUDWHIURP
DERXWFRQFUHWHLPSURYHPHQWVLQWKH RSHUDWLRQDOIRFXVDQGZLOODVVHVVWKHVLW
WKRVHIDFLOLWLHVXVHGWRLQFDUFHUDWHSHU
GHOLYHU\RIDVVLVWDQFHDQGSURWHFWLRQWR XDWLRQZLWKLQWKHRYHUDOOIUDPHZRUN
VRQVFRQYLFWHGRIFULPLQDORIIHQFHV
LQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGSRSXODWLRQVDWWKH SURYLGHGE\WKH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ
$OWHUQDWLYHVWRGHWHQWLRQDUHDYDLODEOH
ILHOGOHYHO7RWKLVHQGWKH,$6&DJUHHG ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW7KHSURWHFWLRQRI
DQGVKRXOGEHXWLOL]HG7KHVHLQFOXGH
WKDWD6HQLRU,QWHU$JHQF\1HWZRUN ,'3VLQFOXGLQJSDUWLFXODUFDWHJRULHV
YDULRXVPRQLWRULQJPHFKDQLVPVVXFKDV
ZRXOGEHHVWDEOLVKHGWRFDUU\RXW VXFKDVZRPHQDQGFKLOGUHQZLOOUHFHLYH
UHJXODUUHSRUWLQJWKHSURYLVLRQRID
UHYLHZVRIVHOHFWHGFRXQWULHVDQGWR DVPXFKDWWHQWLRQDVWKHSURYLVLRQRI
JXDUDQWRURUVXUHW\UHOHDVHRQUHDVRQ
PDNHSURSRVDOVIRUDQLPSURYHG DVVLVWDQFH
DEOHEDLODQGWKHXVHRI¶RSHQFHQWUHV·
LQWHUDJHQF\UHVSRQVHWRWKHLUQHHGV
ZKHUHDV\OXPVHHNHUVDUHKRXVHGEXW
'HQQLV0F1DPDUDKDVEHHQDSSRLQWHGDV )RUPRUHGHWDLOV0U0F1DPDUD·VRIILFHFDQEHFRQ
DOORZHGWROHDYHGXULQJWKHGD\7KHVH WDFWHGDW
816SHFLDO&RRUGLQDWRURQ,QWHUQDO
DOWHUQDWLYHVPXVWEHPDGHSDUWRIDQ\
'LVSODFHPHQWZLWKLQ2&+$LQRUGHUWR
DV\OXPSURFHVVLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHWKDW
KHDGWKLVLQWHUDJHQF\UHYLHZSURFHVVIRU
GHWHQWLRQFRPSOLHVZLWKLQWHUQDWLRQDO
DQLQLWLDOSHULRG

40 FORCED MIGRATION review 9

 5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUH
4XHHQ(OL]DEHWK+RXVH
6W*LOHV2[IRUG2;/$8.
7HO

www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/rsc )D[

(PDLOUVF#THKR[DFXN

David Turton retires Forced Migration discussion list The Law of Refugee Status
:HHNHQGZRUNVKRS²0D\
'DYLG7XUWRQUHWLUHVDV'LUHFWRURIWKH 7KH)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQGLVFXVVLRQOLVW
5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUHDWWKHHQGRI DLPVWRHQFRXUDJHJUHDWHUH[FKDQJHRI $FRPSUHKHQVLYHZRUNVKRSRQWKHVFRSH
'HFHPEHU+HZLOOEHUHWXUQLQJWR LQIRUPDWLRQDQGWRSURPRWHGLVFXVVLRQ RIWKHUHIXJHHGHILQLWLRQZKLFKJLYHVSDU
KLVDQWKURSRORJLFDO RQLVVXHVVXUURXQGLQJ WLFLSDQWVWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRJUDSSOHZLWK
UHVHDUFKDQGZULWLQJRQ UHIXJHHVDQGLQWHUQDOGLVSODFH GLIILFXOWLVVXHVRIDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHOHJDO
WKH0XUVLRIVRXWK PHQW,WFXUUHQWO\KDV QRUPVLQWKHFRQWH[WRIIDFWXDOVFHQDULR
ZHVWHUQ(WKLRSLDDQG PHPEHUVIURPVRPHGLI EDVHGRQDFWXDOUHIXJHHFODLPV
VSHQGLQJPRUHWLPH IHUHQWFRXQWULHV7KHOLVWLV ,QVWUXFWRU3URIHVVRU-DPHV&+DWKDZD\
ZLWKKLVIDPLO\,QWKH PRGHUDWHGE\(OLVD0DVRQ 'LUHFWRURIWKH3URJUDPLQ5HIXJHHDQG
LPPHGLDWHIXWXUH ,QIRUPDWLRQ2IILFHUIRUWKH $V\OXP/DZDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI
-DQXDU\DQG)HEUXDU\ )RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ3RUWDO3URMHFW 0LFKLJDQ/DZ6FKRRODQGDXWKRURI7KH
KHZLOOEHLQ DWWKH5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUH /DZRI5HIXJHH6WDWXV DQGHGLWRU
(WKLRSLDWRPDNHDILOP RI5HFRQFHLYLQJ,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HIXJHH
RQWKH0XUVLGHDOLQJ 7RVXEVFULEHLQWHUHVWHGXVHUV /DZ6ROLFLWRUVDWWHQGLQJWKH
DPRQJRWKHUWKLQJV FDQVLPSO\YLVLWWKHOLVW·VKRPH FRXUVHFDQFODLP&3'KRXUV
ZLWKWKHWUDGHLQVPDOODUPV7KHILOP SDJHDWZZZMLVFPDLODFXNOLVWV
ZLOOEHVKRZQLQWKH8.·V&KDQQHO IRUFHGPLJUDWLRQKWPODQGFOLFNRQWKH )HH …LQFOXGLQJFRXUVHPDWHULDOV
VHULHV¶7UXH6WRULHV·LQ0D\
International Summer School in
Forced Migration 2001
2 - 20 July 2001
¶MRLQRUOHDYH·RSWLRQ$QDUFKLYHRISUH
YLRXVSRVWLQJVLVDOVRDYDLODEOHWKURXJK
WKHKRPHSDJH
Latest RSC Working Paper
DQGOXQFKHV
)XUWKHULQIRUPDWLRQDQGDSSOLFDWLRQ
IRUPVIURPZZZTHKR[DFXNUVF
RUFRQWDFW'RPLQLTXH$WWDODDW5HIXJHH
6WXGLHV&HQWUH4(+6W*LOHV
2[IRUG2;/$8.

)XOO\IXQGHGVFKRODUVKLSVDUHDYDLODEOH 5HIXJHHVRQ6FUHHQ 7HO

)D[
IRUQDWLRQDOVIURP6RXWK$IULFD E\7HUHQFH:ULJKW (PDLOUVFPVW#THKR[DFXN
1DPLELD=LPEDEZH0R]DPELTXH
(WKLRSLD.HQ\D8JDQGDDQG7DQ]DQLD 6HH3XEOLFDWLRQVVHFWLRQSIRUGHWDLOV
RUYLVLWZZZTHKR[DFXNUVSPDLQB
7KLVWKUHHZHHNUHVLGHQWLDOFRXUVHSUR LQKRXVHKWPO
YLGHVDEURDGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKH
LVVXHVRIIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQDQGKXPDQL
WDULDQDVVLVWDQFHSDUWLFLSDQWVH[DPLQH )RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZLVIXQGHGPDLQO\E\JUDQWVIURPLQVWLWXWLRQVDQG
GLVFXVVDQGUHYLHZWKHRU\DQGSUDFWLFH DJHQFLHVLQYROYHGLQGHYHORSPHQWDQGKXPDQLWDULDQZRUN:HZRXOGOLNH
'HVLJQHGIRUPDQDJHUVDGPLQLVWUDWRUV WRWKDQNWKHIROORZLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQVIRUWKHLUFRPPLWPHQWWR)RUFHG
ILHOGZRUNHUVDQGSROLF\PDNHUVLQ
0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ LQDQG
KXPDQLWDULDQILHOGV,QYROYHVOHFWXUHV
DQGVHPLQDUVE\LQWHUQDWLRQDOH[SHUWV
VPDOOJURXSZRUNFDVHVWXGLHVH[HUFLV
$867&$5(
HVVLPXODWLRQVDQGLQGLYLGXDOVWXG\ 'DQLVK5HIXJHH&RXQFLO
(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ
7KHFRXUVHLVKHOGDW:DGKDP&ROOHJH /XWKHUDQ:RUOG)HGHUDWLRQ
LQWKHKHDUWRI2[IRUG&RXUVHIHHV 1RUZHJLDQ5HIXJHH&RXQFLO
…LQFO% %DFFRPPRGDWLRQLQ
2[IDP*%
:DGKDP&ROOHJHZHHNGD\OXQFKHV
WXLWLRQIHHVFRXUVHPDWHULDOVVRFLDO 6&)8.
DFWLYLWLHV&ORVLQJGDWHIRUDSSOLFDWLRQV
IRUEXUVDULHV0DUFKFORVLQJ
GDWHIRUDSSOLFDWLRQVIRUSODFHV0D\

&RQWDFWWKH,66$GPLQLVWUDWRUDW
7KH)RUG)RXQGDWLRQ&DLUR2IILFH
6SHFLDOWKDQNVWR81,&()IRUWKHLU
VSRQVRUVKLSRIWKLVLVVXHRQ
*HQGHUDQG'LVSODFHPHQW
WKH56&7HO
(PDLOVXPPHUVFKRRO#THKR[DFXN
$GGUHVVDWWRSRISDJH

FORCED MIGRATION review 9 41

conferences
conferences

UNHCR/S Hopper
ExCom:
a Southern view

7
KH5HIXJHH&RQVRUWLXPRI.HQ\D
5&.DWWHQGHGLWVILUVW([&RP
PHHWLQJVLQ*HQHYDLQ6HSWHPEHU
([&RPZDVDJUDQGDQGIRUPDO
DIIDLUSURYLGLQJDJOREDOSHUVSHFWLYHRQ
WKHUHIXJHHVLWXDWLRQ,WZDVKHOSIXOIRU
DQRUJDQL]DWLRQVXFKDVRXUVIURPWKH
6RXWKWRNQRZZKDWPDMRUSOD\HUVDUH
GRLQJDQGHVSHFLDOO\WRKHDUWKHLU
UHVSRQVHWR$IULFDQUHIXJHHFRQFHUQV
,WDOVRDOORZHGXVWRXQGHUWDNHDGYRFDF\
IRUUHIXJHHVLQ.HQ\DDQGWKH(DVWHUQ
$IULFDUHJLRQDVZHOODVWRH[WHQGRXU
QHWZRUNDQGOLQNDJHZLWKRWKHU1*2VLQ
VLPLODUZRUN
ExCom 2000
+RZHYHUZKLOHZHDFNQRZOHGJHWKDW
UHIXJHDQGSURWHFWLRQPXVWDOVREH ,WVEXGJHWDU\DOORFDWLRQVDUHLQVXIILFLHQW
FRQVXOWDWLRQVVXFKDVWKHVHDUHQHFHV
WDNHQRQERDUG VRPHJRYHUQPHQWVGRQRWFRRSHUDWH
VDU\IRUUDLVLQJLQWHUQDWLRQDODZDUHQHVV
DQGWKHLUVWDIIDUHLQFUHDVLQJO\WDUJHWHG
RIUHIXJHHVLWXDWLRQVDQGIRUPRELOL]LQJ
([&RPVHHNVWRH[SORUHZD\VRILQFUHDV LQVWULIHWRUQDUHDV$VDQ1*2IURPWKH
VXSSRUWERWKLQILQDQFLDODQGKXPDQ
LQJFRPSOHPHQWDULWLHVEHWZHHQ1*2V 6RXWKLWDOVRKDUGO\HVFDSHVRXUNQRZO
UHVRXUFHVH[SHUWLVHZHDOVRIHHOWKDW
DQG81+&5LQWKHILHOGEXWWKLVFDQQRW HGJHKRZHYHUWKDWDVVLVWDQFHIRU
PRUHQHHGVWREHGRQHLQWUDQVODWLQJWKH
EHDFKLHYHGZLWKRXWWKHLQYROYHPHQWRI UHIXJHHVLQWKH6RXWKLVQRWFRPSDUDEOH
JRRGZLOOH[SUHVVHGLQVXFKIRUDLQWR
WKRVHLQWKHIRUHIURQW0RUHQHHGVWREH WRWKDWRIIHUHGWRUHIXJHHVLQ(XURSH
SUDFWLFDOVROXWLRQV
GRQHLQFRQFUHWHWHUPVWRVHFXUHWKH 7KHTXDOLW\RIUHIXJHHFDUHDVVLVWDQFH
SDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGLQYROYHPHQWRIWKH DQGSURWHFWLRQYDULHVIURPWKH1RUWKWR
)URPD6RXWKHUQ1*2SHUVSHFWLYHWZR
6RXWK7KHDQQXDO([&RPPHHWLQJVDUH WKH6RXWK,QWKH6RXWKDFFHVVWRVKHO
LVVXHVVWDQGRXWIRUXVQDPHO\LWKH
QRWDGHTXDWHO\DGYHUWLVHGLQWKHUHJLRQV WHUEDVLFULJKWVIRRGUHVHWWOHPHQWDVD
ODFNRIDGHTXDWHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRI
DQGLQWKHILHOG6RXWKHUQ1*2VDUHQRW GXUDEOHVROXWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQLV
6RXWKHUQLQWHUHVWVDWWKHVHFRQVXOWDWLRQV
IXOO\DZDUHRIWKHUHOHYDQFHRIWKH LQDGHTXDWHDQGPDQ\UHIXJHHVHVSH
DQGLLWKHLQFRQVLVWHQF\EHWZHHQSUR
([&RPDQGSDUWLFLSDWLRQLVWKHUHIRUH FLDOO\WKRVHLQGHVLJQDWHGSURWHFWHG
QRXQFHPHQWVDQGDFWLRQV
ORZ,QDGGLWLRQ6RXWKHUQ1*2VILQGLW DUHDVLHFDPSVIDFHDGDLO\UHJLPHRI
GLIILFXOWWRDWWHQGVXFKFRQVXOWDWLRQV UDSHDEGXFWLRQDQGPXUGHUZKLOHZH
L/DFNRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKH6RXWK
SDUWO\EHFDXVHRIODFNRIIXQGLQJ$ KHDUOLWWOHGHQXQFLDWLRQE\81+&5RI
PRUHFRQFHUWHGHIIRUWPXVWEHPDGH VXFKDFWV
*LYHQWKDW$IULFDSURGXFHVDQGKRVWV
ERWKWRDGYHUWLVH([&RPPRUHZLGHO\LQ
VLJQLILFDQWQXPEHUVRIUHIXJHHVWKHUHLV 5HIXJHHVWKHZRUOGRYHUIDFHWKHVDPH
WKH6RXWKDQGWRDVVLVW6RXWKHUQ1*2V
DZRUU\LQJODFNRIDGHTXDWHUHSUHVHQWD SUREOHPVRIGLVSODFHPHQWWUDXPDDQG
WRDWWHQGE\PDNLQJDSSURSULDWHIXQGLQJ
WLRQRIWKLVSDUWRIWKHZRUOGDW([&RP ORVVRIOLYHOLKRRGGLJQLW\DQGORYHG
DYDLODEOH
:KHQGLVFXVVLQJPDMRULVVXHVVXFKDV RQHVZK\WKHQLVWKHVXIIHULQJDQG
SURWHFWLRQFKDOOHQJHVFXUUHQWO\IDFLQJ
81+&5RUZKHQSURSRVLQJUHFRPPHQGD
WLRQVWRGHIHQGWKHULJKWVRIUHIXJHHV
ZLWKLQWKHFRQWH[WRILQFUHDVLQJO\YLROHQW
VLWXDWLRQVWKH6RXWKHUQSHUVSHFWLYHLV
FUXFLDO&KDOOHQJHVWRDV\OXPTXHVWLRQV
ERWKRIDFFHVVDQGTXDOLW\LVDOVRD
VHULRXVLVVXHDIIHFWLQJ$IULFDQUHIXJHHV
DQGWKHFRQVWUDLQWVH[SHULHQFHGE\WKH
6RXWKLQJLYLQJDV\OXPWRWKRVHVHHNLQJ
42
LL,QFRQVLVWHQF\EHWZHHQSURQRXQFH
PHQWVDQGDFWLRQV
7KHWKHPHRIWKH([&RP&RQVXOWDWLRQV
LQ6HSWHPEHUZDV¶81+&5DW 2YHUWKH\HDUV([&RPGLVFXVVLRQVKDYH
)URP5HVSRQVHWR6ROXWLRQV·$UHYLHZRI
81+&5VLQFHLWVLQFHSWLRQLQGLFDWHVD
PL[HGSLFWXUHRIVXFFHVVHVDQGLQDGH
TXDFLHV:HDUHZHOODZDUHWKDWWKH
FKDOOHQJHVIDFLQJ81+&5DUHLPPHQVH
SDLQRIRQHSDUWLFXODUJURXSPRUH
GHVHUYLQJRIDWWHQWLRQDQGDVVLVWDQFH
WKDQWKHRWKHU"
DOZD\VIRFXVHGRQKRZWRIXUWKHUWKH
SURWHFWLRQRIUHIXJHHULJKWV5HVXOWVRQ
WKHJURXQGKRZHYHUGRQRWIDYRXUDEO\
UHIOHFWWKHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVPDGH
:KLOHZHVHHPWREHDZDUHRIWKHLVVXHV
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
HIIHFWLYHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHVHUHFRP
PHQGDWLRQVLVQRWUHDGLO\HYLGHQW
Subscribe!
to Forced Migration Review
7KHWLPHKDVFRPHIRU81+&5DQGRWKHU published in English, Spanish and Arabic
UHOHYDQWDXWKRULWLHVWRWDNHDFWLRQWRFRU
UHFWWKHVHLPEDODQFHVDQGWREHVHHQWR Please complete and return the form below
DFWRQWKHVHLVVXHVDQGFRQFHUQVLQ
RUGHUWRPDNH([&RPDPRUHSUR
or subscribe via our website at www.fmreview.org
GXFWLYHDQGIUXLWIXOH[SHULHQFH
I/we would like to subscribe for:
5HIXJHH&RQVRUWLXPRI.HQ\D SOHDVHWLFNWKHDSSURSULDWHER[
&RQWDFW5&.32%R[/DYLQJWRQ
1DLUREL.HQ\D
❏ ,QGLYLGXDOUDWH …86¼27)
6XEVFULSWLRQVUXQIRURQH
7HO)D[ FDOHQGDU\HDU6SDQLVKDQG$UDELF
(PDLOUHIFRQ#LFRQQHFWFRNH
❏ ,QVWLWXWLRQDOUDWH …86¼45)
WUDQVODWLRQV)5(( RIFKDUJH

❏ 0XOWLSOHUDWHIRUXSWRFRSLHV …86¼70)

forthcoming )RUPRUHWKDQFRSLHVDGG…¼10 SHU
DGGLWLRQDOFRS\3OHDVHDWWDFKGHWDLOV

International Conference on ❏ )UHH(QJOLVK ❏ )UHHWUDQVODWLRQ

Refugee Women Fleeing Gender- ■ GHYHORSLQJFRXQWU\ ■ 6SDQLVKHGLWLRQ
■ VWXGHQWXQZDJHG ■ $UDELFHGLWLRQ
Based Persecution
■ UHIXJHH,'3
0D\0RQWUHDO
■ H[FKDQJHRISXEOLFDWLRQV

7KH&DQDGLDQ&RXQFLOIRU5HIXJHHVZLOO
EHKRVWLQJDQLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRQIHUHQFH Contact details:
EULQJLQJWRJHWKHUVRPHSDUWLFL 1DPH 
SDQWVUHIXJHHZRPHQUHIXJHHULJKWV
JURXSVUHIXJHHGHFLVLRQPDNHUVDFDGH -RE7LWOH 
PLFVJRYHUQPHQWUHSUHVHQWDWLYHV 'HSDUWPHQW 
81+&5DQGRWKHUVLQWHUHVWHGLQHQVXU
LQJWKDWZRPHQIOHHLQJJHQGHUEDVHG 2UJDQL]DWLRQ 
SHUVHFXWLRQUHFHLYHSURWHFWLRQ6SHFLDO
$GGUHVV
HIIRUWVZLOOEHPDGHWRHQVXUHWKDW
WKHUHLVSDUWLFLSDWLRQIURPDOOUHJLRQV &LW\ 3RVWDO&RGH
RIWKHZRUOGDQGQRWMXVWIURP:HVWHUQ
&RXQWU\ 
FRXQWULHV7KHJRDOVRIWKHFRQIHUHQFH
ZLOOEHWRLQFUHDVHDZDUHQHVVDERXWJHQ 7HO  )D[ 
GHUEDVHGUHIXJHHFODLPVWRGHYHORS
(PDLO
VWUDWHJLHVWRSURPRWHUHFRJQLWLRQRI
JHQGHUEDVHGUHIXJHHFODLPVDQGWR :HEVLWH
VWUHQJWKHQQHWZRUNLQJLQWHUQDWLRQDOO\
DPRQJWKRVHZRUNLQJRQWKHVHJRDOV
,QSUHSDUDWLRQIRUWKHFRQIHUHQFHWKH Methods of payment
&&5KDVFUHDWHGDQHWZRUNRIRYHU
LQGLYLGXDOVDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQVLQWHUHVWHG ❏ &KHTXHRUEDQNGUDIW LQ…VWHUOLQJ¼ RU86GUDZQRQ8.RU86EDQNRU
LQWKHLVVXHFRPPXQLFDWLQJE\HPDLO
7RMRLQWKHQHWZRUNHPDLO$IVDQHK
+RMDEULDWDKRMDEUL#WRWDOQHW
5HJLVWUDWLRQIHHIRU1*2VDQG
IRUJRYHUQPHQWDQGLQWHUJRYHUQ
(XURFKHTXH …VWHUOLQJRQO\SD\DEOHWR¶8QLYHUVLW\RI2[IRUG56&·
❏ &UHGLW&DUG 3D\PHQW❏ 9,6$ ❏ 0DVWHUFDUG ❏ (XURFDUG ❏ $FFHVV
&DUGQXPEHU 
([SLU\GDWH
PHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQV&DQDGLDQGROODUV 6LJQDWXUH 
:KHUHWKHIHHZRXOGSUHVHQWDEDUULHU &DUGKROGHUQDPHDGGUHVV 
WRSDUWLFLSDWLRQLWFDQEHUHGXFHGRU LIGLIIHUHQWIURPDERYH

ZDLYHG6RPHWUDYHOVXEVLGLHVDYDLODEOH
❏ %DQNWUDQVIHU…VWHUOLQJRQO\WR%DUFOD\V%DQN32%R[2[IRUG2;+68.
)RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHQHWZRUN
DQGFRQIHUHQFHYLVLWZZZZHEQHWaFFU
JHQGSHUVKWPORUFRQWDFW$IVDQHK
+RMDEULDW&&5'UROHW
0RQWUpDO4XpEHF+67&DQDGD
7HO)D[
(PDLODKRMDEUL#WRWDOQHW
$FFRXQWQDPH2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\&KHVW1XPEHU$FFRXQW
$FFRXQWQR%DQNVRUWFRGH
3OHDVHTXRWHUHIHUHQFH56&09*1
3OHDVHUHWXUQIRUPWR
)056XEVFULSWLRQV56&4XHHQ(OL]DEHWK+RXVH
6W*LOHV2[IRUG2;/$8.
)D[

FORCED MIGRATION review 9 43


The Global IDP Project expands
7
KH*OREDO,'33URMHFWFDQORRN
EDFNDWDYHU\EXV\DQGSURGXF
WLYH\HDUGXULQJZKLFKLQWHUQDO
GLVSODFHPHQWKDVIHDWXUHGKLJKRQWKH
KXPDQLWDULDQDJHQGD7KHLQWHUQDWLRQDO
GHEDWHZKLFKIROORZHG81$PEDVVDGRU
+ROEURRNH·VVWDWHPHQWWRWKH6HFXULW\
&RXQFLOLQ-DQXDU\JHQHUDWHGVXE
VWDQWLDOLQWHUHVWLQWKHSOLJKWRIWKH
LQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHG$VDUHVXOWRIWKH
3URMHFW·VORQJVWDQGLQJUROHLQSURPRWLQJ
DQLPSURYHGLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHVSRQVHZH
ZHUHZHOOSODFHGWRVDWLVI\WKHVXEVH
The Directorate
The Global IDP Project is a project of the
Norwegian Refugee Council and is adminis-
tered through its Geneva office.
Staff
Project Coordinator: Marc Vincent
Information Officers: Christophe Beau,
Andreas Danevad,
Bjorn Pettersson, Frederick Kok,
Stacey White, Greta Zeender.
Donor Relations: Tone Faret
Major Donors
The following governmnets have contributed
to the project: Canada, Denmark, Norway,
Sweden (SIDA), Switzerland, UK-DFID.
by Tone Faret
TXHQWLQFUHDVLQJGHPDQGIRULQIRUPD
WLRQDQGWUDLQLQJRQLQWHUQDO
GLVSODFHPHQW
6LQFHLWVODXQFKLQWKH*OREDO,'3
'DWDEDVH KDVEHFRPHWKHZRUOG·VFHQWUDO
LQIRUPDWLRQVRXUFHRQLQWHUQDOGLVSODFH
PHQW%\WKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH
GDWDEDVHZLOOLQFOXGHSURILOHVRI
FRXQWULHVZLWKRQJRLQJLQWHUQDOGLVSODFH
PHQWDQGZHDLPWRLQFUHDVHFRXQWU\
FRYHUDJHWRSURILOHVE\-XQH
7KHGDWDEDVHZLOOWKHQEHLQDSRVLWLRQ
WRDFWLYHO\FRYHUDOO FRQIOLFWLQGXFHG
GLVSODFHPHQWVLWXDWLRQV7KHGDWDEDVHLV
VHUYLQJDODUJHDXGLHQFH,WLVDOVRWKH
RIILFLDOVRXUFHRILQIRUPDWLRQIRUWKH
6HQLRU,QWHU$JHQF\1HWZRUNRQ,QWHUQDO
'LVSODFHPHQWDWZKLFK15&VHUYHVDV
,&9$·V1*2IRFDOSRLQW2WKHUVHUYLFHV
LQFOXGHWUDLQLQJPDWHULDOVWKHPDWLF
LQIRUPDWLRQDQGXVHIXOOLQNVZKLFKZH
KRSHFRQWULEXWHWRWKHXVHIXOQHVVRIWKH
ZHEVLWH
,Q15&ZLOOH[SDQGLWVVHUYLFHVWR
LQFOXGHDQH[SDQGHGQHZVSDJHRQ
LQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQWDQGGLVVHPLQDWLRQ
RILQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHGDWDEDVHLQGLI
IHUHQWIRUPDWVIRUWKRVHZLWKRXWLQWHUQHW
VSHFLDOEULHILQJSDSHUVVWXGLHVDQGHYDO
XDWLRQV6XFKSDSHUVFRXOGIRUH[DPSOH
DGGUHVVH[LVWLQJJDSVLQSURWHFWLRQDQG
DVVLVWDQFHWR,'3VLQDJLYHQFRXQWU\
15&FRQVWDQWO\DLPVDWLQFUHDVLQJWKH
VFRSHRILQIRUPDWLRQLQWKHGDWDEDVH
7RGD\WKHGDWDEDVHFRXQWVRYHU
LQWHUQDWLRQDODQGQDWLRQDO1*2VDPRQJ
LWVLQIRUPDWLRQVRXUFHV:HZLOOFRQWLQXH
WRSULRULWL]HLQIRUPDWLRQVKDULQJ
DUUDQJHPHQWVZLWKRWKHURUJDQL]DWLRQV
ZRUNLQJZLWK,'3VDQGHVWDEOLVKFORVHU
OLQNVZLWKILUVWKDQGVRXUFHVRILQIRUPD
WLRQSDUWLFXODUO\QDWLRQDO1*2VDQG
UHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQV
2QHSDUWLFXODUO\HIIHFWLYHZD\RIFRRSHU
DWLQJZLWKQDWLRQDO1*2VLVWKURXJK
WUDLQLQJ $VDQDFWLYHILHOG1*215&
UHFRJQL]HVWKDWWKHPDLQFKDOOHQJHWRGD\
LVWRILQGSUDFWLFDOZD\VRILPSOHPHQWLQJ
WKH81*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO
'LVSODFHPHQWDWWKHQDWLRQDODQGORFDO
OHYHO8QGHUWKH*OREDO,'33URMHFW15&
DFWLYHO\SURPRWHVWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
WKH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVDWFRXQWU\OHYHO
WKURXJKDSURJUDPPHRIWUDLQLQJZRUN
VKRSVRQWKH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHV7KHVH
DLPWRHQFRXUDJHGLDORJXHEHWZHHQ
QDWLRQDO1*2VJRYHUQPHQWUHSUHVHQWD
WLYHVLQWHUQDWLRQDORUJDQL]DWLRQVDQG
WKHLQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGWKHPVHOYHV6R
IDUILYHZRUNVKRSVKDYHEHHQKHOG
3KLOLSSLQHV8JDQGD7KDLODQG$QJROD
Other donors: ECHO, Inernational FRQQHFWLRQLH&'5RPDQGKDUGFRSLHV DQG*HRUJLDDQGILYHPRUHDUHSODQQHG
Development and Research Centre
(Canada), Norwegian Church Aid, OCHA,
UNDP, WFP, World Vision International
and private donors.
Website
Visit our database on internal displacement
and get more information about the Global
IDP Project on www.idpproject.org
Contact us
If you have any questions or comments,
please contact us at:
Global IDP Project
Chemin Moïse-Duboule 59
CH 1209 Geneva, Switzerland
Tel: + 41 22 788 8085
Fax: + 41 22 788 8086
Email: idpsurvey@nrc.ch
44
RIFRXQWU\SURILOHVXPPDULHV7KHIHHG
EDFNZHKDYHUHFHLYHGVRIDUIURP
YDULRXVXVHUJURXSVVXFKDVWKH81
1*2VJRYHUQPHQWVUHVHDUFKLQVWLWX
WLRQVDQGVWXGHQWVUHIOHFWHGLQWKH
JURZLQJQXPEHURIYLVLWRUVFRQILUPV
WKDWWKH*OREDO,'3'DWDEDVHLVILOOLQJD
FUXFLDOLQIRUPDWLRQJDS7KHGDWDEDVH
DOVRIXQFWLRQVDVDQLPSRUWDQWDGYRFDF\
WRROIRULPSURYHGDVVLVWDQFHDQGSURWHF
WLRQWRWKHLQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHG
%HVLGHVPDNLQJLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWVLWXD
WLRQVRILQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQWHDVLO\
DYDLODEOHWKH*OREDO,'33URMHFWDLPVWR
FDUU\RXWPRUHDQDO\WLFDOZRUN LQWKH
IXWXUH:KLOHWKHLQIRUPDWLRQLQWKH
GDWDEDVHZLOOUHPDLQQHXWUDO15&ZLOOWR
DODUJHUH[WHQWXVHWKHGDWDEDVHWRZULWH
IRU
15&·VWUDLQLQJZRUNVKRSVKDYHEHHQ
UHTXHVWHGQRWRQO\E\FRXQWULHVIDFLQJ
LQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQWEXWDOVRE\GRQRU
JRYHUQPHQWV'HSHQGLQJRQWKHDYDLO
DELOLW\RIVWDIIUHVRXUFHV15&ZLOO
WKHUHIRUHLQFUHDVHLWVWUDLQLQJFRPSR
QHQWQH[W\HDU,QDGGLWLRQ15&ZLOO
FRQWLQXHWRFROODERUDWHZLWK81SURWHF
WLRQWUDLQLQJLQLWLDWLYHVUHODWHGWR
LQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQW
)LQDOO\WKH*OREDO,'33URMHFWLVSXEOLVK
LQJDERRNRQUHVSRQVHPHFKDQLVPV
DPRQJWKHLQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHG:HDUH
FRRSHUDWLQJZLWKDXWKRUVIURP
GLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHVDQGWKHERRNZLOO
EHUHOHDVHGODWHULQ
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
7KH*OREDO,'33URMHFWKDVDFKLHYHGD
JUHDWGHDORYHUWKHODVWWZR\HDUVDQG )RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ
LQZLOOFRQWLQXHWRLPSURYHZKDW
KDVEHFRPHDQHVVHQWLDOLQIRUPDWLRQ Editorial Advisory Board
DQGWUDLQLQJWRROIRUDPRUHFRKHUHQW $OWKRXJKWKH($%PHPEHUV·LQVWLWXWLRQDODIILOLDWLRQVDUHOLVWHGEHORZWKH\VHUYHLQ
DQGHIILFLHQWUHVSRQVHWRWKHQHHGVRI DQLQGLYLGXDOFDSDFLW\DQGGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHSUHVHQWWKHLULQVWLWXWLRQV
WKHLQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHG
-RQ%HQQHWW
7RQH)DUHWLV'RQRU5HODWLRQV Oxford Development Consultants
2IILFHUIRUWKH*OREDO,'33URMHFW
%6&KLPQL
Professor, School of International Studies, Department of International Law,
5HSRUWVRIZRUNVKRSVKHOGWRGDWHDQGGHWDLOVRI
IRUWKFRPLQJZRUNVKRSVFDQEHIRXQGRQWKH*OREDO Jawaharlal Nehru University
,'33URMHFWZHEVLWHDWZZZLGSSURMHFWRUJ
.KDGLMD(OPDGPDG
Professor, Law Faculty, Casablanca University

Spreading the word: 0DXULFH+HUVRQ

Oxfam International Humanitarian Operations Coordinator
translation of the
(ULQ0RRQH\
Guiding Principles Special Assistant, Representative of the UN Secretary-General on IDPs;
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights

(LJLO2OVHQ
Head of Latin America Section, Norwegian Refugee Council, Oslo

%RQDYHQWXUH5XWLQZD
Lecturer, Centre for the Study of Forced Migration,
Faculty of Law, University of Dar es Salaam

-LOO5XWWHU
National Education Adviser, The Refugee Council (London)

/\QGDOO6DFKV
Public Information Officer, UNHCR, Branch Office, Great Britain and Ireland
2YHUWKHSDVWWZR\HDUVWKH*XLGLQJ
'DQ6H\PRXU
3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQWKDYH
SCF UK representative to the UN, New York
JDLQHGVLJQLILFDQWVWDQGLQJDWWKHLQWHU
QDWLRQDOUHJLRQDOQDWLRQDODQGORFDO 'DYLG7XUWRQ
OHYHOVDVDXVHIXOWRROIRUWKHSURWHFWLRQ
Director, Refugee Studies Centre
RI,'3V$FOHDUVLJQRIWKHLUDSSHDODQG
UHOHYDQFHLQGLIIHUHQWSDUWVRIWKHZRUOG 0DUF9LQFHQW
LVWKHLUWUDQVODWLRQLQWRDQLQFUHDVLQJ Coordinator, Global IDP Project, Norwegian Refugee Council, Geneva
QXPEHURIODQJXDJHV
/DXUHQFH:KLWHKHDG
,QLWLDOO\PDGHDYDLODEOHLQDOO81ODQ Official Fellow in Politics, Nuffield College, University of Oxford
JXDJHV$UDELF&KLQHVH(QJOLVK
)UHQFK5XVVLDQDQG6SDQLVKIRUWKHLU
SUHVHQWDWLRQWRWKH&RPPLVVLRQRQ LQSDUWQHUVKLS$GGLWLRQDOVXFKWUDQVOD IRUVXSSRUWLQFOXGLQJILQDQFLDOZLWKLQ
+XPDQ5LJKWVLQWKH3ULQFLSOHV WLRQVRIWKH3ULQFLSOHVLQWRORFDO WKHIUDPHZRUNRIWHFKQLFDOFRRSHUDWLRQ
KDYHVLQFHEHHQWUDQVODWHGLQWRDQXP ODQJXDJHVDUHQHHGHGWRPDNHWKH SURMHFWVRIWKH2IILFHRIWKH+LJK
EHURIORFDOODQJXDJHVUHOHYDQWWR 3ULQFLSOHVPRUHDFFHVVLEOHWR,'3VDV &RPPLVVLRQHUIRU+XPDQ5LJKWV
SDUWLFXODUVLWXDWLRQVRILQWHUQDOGLVSODFH ZHOODVWRWKHQDWLRQDODQGORFDODXWKRUL 2+&+52+&+5LVSRVWLQJWKHYDULRXV
PHQW$UPHQLDQ$]HUEDLMDQL*HRUJLDQ WLHVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUHQVXULQJWKHLU ODQJXDJHYHUVLRQVRIWKH*XLGLQJ
%XUPHVH6JDZ.DUHQ DQG&KLQ IRU SURWHFWLRQDQGDVVLVWDQFH,QGHHGGRLQJ 3ULQFLSOHVRQLWVZHEVLWHZZZXQKFUFK
%XUPD0\DQPDU'DUL DQG3DVKWX VRLVYHU\PXFKLQOLQHZLWKWKH KWPOPHQXESULQFLSOHVBODQJKWPLQ
$IJKDQLVWDQ3RUWXJXHVH $QJROD 3ULQFLSOHVWKHPVHOYHVZKLFKDIILUPWKDW RUGHUWRIDFLOLWDWHWKHLUGLVVHPLQDWLRQ
6LQKDODDQG7DPLO6UL/DQND$ENKD] ,'3VKDYHWKHULJKWWRFRPPXQLFDWHLQD
ODQJXDJHWKDWWKH\XQGHUVWDQGDQGWR &RQWDFW(ULQ0RRQH\6SHFLDO
%DKDVD,QGRQHVLD)LOLSLQRDQG7HWXP
HGXFDWLRQWKDWUHVSHFWVWKHLUFXOWXUDO $VVLVWDQWWRWKH5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRI
(DVW7LPRUODQJXDJHYHUVLRQVRIWKH
3ULQFLSOHVDUHXQGHUZD\1RWDEO\WKHVH
HIIRUWVWRWUDQVODWHDQGSXEOLVKWKH
3ULQFLSOHVKDYHEHHQXQGHUWDNHQDWWKH
LQLWLDWLYHRIDYDULHW\RIDFWRUV²WKH81
DQGLWVDJHQFLHVLQWHUQDWLRQDODQGORFDO
1*2VDQGJRYHUQPHQWVRIWHQZRUNLQJ
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
LGHQWLW\DQGODQJXDJH WKH6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDORQ,'3VDW
2+&+53DODLVGHV1DWLRQV
(IIRUWVWRWUDQVODWHWKH*XLGLQJ *HQHYD6ZLW]HUODQG
3ULQFLSOHVLQWRWKHORFDOODQJXDJHVRI 7HO
FRXQWULHVFRQIURQWHGZLWKWKHSUREOHP )D[(PDLO
RILQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQWPD\EHHOLJLEOH HPRRQH\KFKU#XQRJFK
45
 Gender and Refugee Status The State of the World’s Refugees:

publications
by Thomas Spijkerboer, Centre for Migration Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action

publications
Law, Nijmegen, Netherlands. 2000. 255pp. UNHCR. November 2000. 350pp. ISBN 0
ISBN 0 7546 2034 4. 19 829778 5 (hardback); 0 19 829779 3
(paperback). £40 (hb); £12.99 (pb).
$GHWDLOHGDQDO\VLVRIUHIXJHHVWDWXV
GHWHUPLQDWLRQDQGFDVHODZZKLFKVKRZV
WKDWDWOHDVWLQWKH1RUWKZRPHQDUH
QRZPRUHOLNHO\WKDQPHQWREHUHFRJ
QL]HGDVUHIXJHHV7KLVLVDQLPSRUWDQW
RYHUYLHZRIWKHSRVLWLRQRIZRPHQLQ
UHIXJHHODZ

&RQWDFW$VKJDWH3XEOLVKLQJ/LPLWHG
*RZHU+RXVH&URIW5RDG$OGHUVKRW
+DPSVKLUH*8+58.:HEVLWH
ZZZDVKJDWHFRP

War’s Offensive on Women: The

Humanitarian Challenge in
Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan
by Julie A Mertus, Humanitarianism and War
Project, Tufts University. September 2000. ISBN
1 56549 118 1 (hardback); 1 56549 117 3
(paperback). US$50 (hb); US$19.95 (pb).
$WLPHO\DQGLPSRUWDQWSXEOLFDWLRQIURP
81+&5H[DPLQLQJWKHPDMRUUHIXJHH
FULVHVRIWKHODVW\HDUVDQGWKHFKDQJ
LQJQDWXUHRILQWHUQDWLRQDOUHVSRQVHVWR
WKHSUREOHPVRIIRUFHGGLVSODFHPHQW
$JRRGHQFDSVXODWLRQRI\HDUVRI
OHDUQLQJDQGJXLGHOLQHVIRUWKHIXWXUHRI
WKHSURWHFWLRQUHJLPH

(PDLORUGHUV8. (XURSH

ERRNRUGHUV#RXSFRXN86$
FXVWVHUY#RXSXVDRUJ
7HOHSKRQHRUGHUV8. (XURSH
8VLQJZRPHQ·VRZQYRLFHVDQGFDVH
VWXGLHVWKLVERRNORRNVDWWKHUROH
SOD\HGE\ZRPHQLQZDUKXPDQLWDULDQ
FULVHVDQGSRVWZDUUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ,W
GHWDLOVKRZKXPDQLWDULDQDLGRSHUDWLRQV
IUHTXHQWO\PDQDJHWRLJQRUHWKHH[SHUL
HQFHVDQGQHHGVRIZRPHQLQZDU]RQHV
&RQWDFW.XPDULDQ3UHVV%OXH+LOOV
$YHQXH%ORRPILHOG&786$
7HO
)D[
2UGHURQOLQHDWZZZNSERRNVFRP
(PDLONSERRNV#DROFRP
46
86$
)RURWKHUODQJXDJHHGLWLRQVFRQWDFW
&HQWUHIRU'RFXPHQWDWLRQDQG5HVHDUFK
81+&5&3&+*HQHYD
6ZLW]HUODQG)D[
(PDLOFGU#XQKFUFK
Refugees on Screen
by Terence Wright, Refugee Studies Centre.
November 2000. 28pp. £3.00/$4.80.
7KHODWHVW56&ZRUNLQJSDSHUORRNVDW
KRZYLVXDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIUHIXJHHV
FUHDWHVVWHUHRW\SHV+LVWRULFDODUFKH
W\SHVDQGFRQWHPSRUDU\LPDJHVDUH
DQDO\]HGDORQJZLWKUHFHQWWHFKQRORJLFDO
DQGLQVWLWXWLRQDOFKDQJHVLQPHGLDSUDF
WLFH7KHDXWKRUOD\VRXWJXLGHOLQHVIRU
IXWXUHUHVHDUFKWRSLFV
&RQWDFW5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUH4XHHQ
(OL]DEHWK+RXVH8QLYHUVLW\RI2[IRUG
6W*LOHV2[IRUG2;/$8.
(PDLOUVF#THKR[DFXN2UGHURQOLQHDW
ZZZTHKR[DFXNUVSPDLQBLQKRXVHKWPO
FORCED MIGRATION review 9
World Migration Report 2000
edited by Susan Forbes Martin, International
Organisation for Migration. November 2000.
297pp. ISBN 92 9068 089 X. US$39.00.
&KLOOLQJUHSRUWGHWDLOLQJWKHF\FOHRI
WRUWXUHDQGH[WRUWLRQIDFHGE\WKRX
VDQGVRI&KHFKHQVGHWDLQHGE\
5XVVLDQIRUFHV+XPDQ5LJKWV:DWFK
XUJHVWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\WR
PRUHHIIHFWLYHDFWLRQ
Humanitarian Action in the
21st Century
Inter-Agency Standing Committee. 2000.
80pp. ISBN 0 9701247 4 0. Free.

&RQWDFW3XEOLFDWLRQV'HSDUWPHQW
+XPDQ5LJKWV:DWFK)LIWK$YH
WK)ORRU1HZ<RUN1<
86$7HO
(PDLOJHQDRV#KUZRUJ
7KHIXOOUHSRUWLVDYDLODEOHRQOLQHDW
ZZZKUZRUJUHSRUWVUXVVLDB
FKHFKQ\D

Rwanda Recovery: UNHCR’s

$QDXWKRULWDWLYHDFFRXQWRIFRQWHPSR
UDU\WUHQGVLVVXHVDQGSUREOHPVLQWKH
ILHOGRILQWHUQDWLRQDOPLJUDWLRQERWKYRO
XQWDU\DQGIRUFHG7KHUHDUHUHJLRQDO
RYHUYLHZVRIWUHQGVUHSRUWVRQWKHYDVW
VFDOHRIGLVSODFHPHQWLQ$IULFDDQG
GHWDLOVRI´RQHRIWKHPRVWH[SORVLYH
EUDQFKHVRIRUJDQL]HGFULPHµ²PLJUDQW
VPXJJOLQJDQGWUDIILFNLQJ
&RQWDFW813XEOLFDWLRQV5RRP'&
'HSW813OD]D1HZ<RUN
1<86$)D[
(PDLOSXEOLFDWLRQV#XQRUJ
2UGHURQOLQHZZZLRPLQWLRP3XEOLF
DWLRQV:05(1*KWP$VXPPDU\RI
WKHERRNLVDYDLODEOHDWZZZLRPLQW
LRP3XEOLFDWLRQV:053UHVV.LWKWP
‘Welcome to Hell’: Arbitrary
Detention, Torture and Extortion
in Chechnya
Human Rights Watch. October 2000. 99pp.
ISBN 1 56432 253 X. US$10.00.
Repatriation and Reintegration
Activities in Rwanda from 1994
to 1999
7KLVSXEOLFDWLRQSUHVHQWVDFRPSLODWLRQ
UNHCR January 2001. 116pp. Free.
RIHVVD\VRQWKHWLWOHVXEMHFWE\WKH
+HDGVRI,$6&DJHQFLHVDQG1*2V
2&+$)$281,&()81'381+&5
:)3:+2,&5&,&9$,QWHUQDWLRQDO
)HGHUDWLRQ,QWHU$FWLRQ,206WHHULQJ
&RPPLWWHHIRU+XPDQLWDULDQ5HVSRQVH
5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDO
RQ,'3V81+&+5DQGWKH:RUOG%DQN
$OVRLQFOXGHVPLVVLRQVWDWHPHQWVE\DQG
FRQWDFWLQIRUPDWLRQIRUWKHVHDJHQFLHV
)RUDIUHHFRS\FRQWDFW0V8WH.ROOLHV
&XPPLQJV2IILFHIRUWKH&RRUGLQDWLRQ
RI+XPDQLWDULDQ$IIDLUV81
*HQHYD6ZLW]HUODQG
(PDLONROOLHVFXPPLQJV#XQRUJ
If you produce or know of publica-
tions which might be of interest to
$IXOOFRORXUFRPPHPRUDWLYHERRN
other FMR readers, please send
FKURQLFOLQJ81+&5·VUROHLQWKHUHSDWULD
details (and preferably a copy) to
WLRQDQGUHLQWHJUDWLRQRIWKUHHPLOOLRQ
5ZDQGDQVLQWKHILYH\HDUVIROORZLQJWKH the Editors (address p2) with details
JHQRFLGHDQGGHYDVWDWLQJZDURI of price and how to obtain a copy.
)RUIXUWKHUGHWDLOVVHHZZZXQKFU
RUJSXEOLFUZDQGKWPO7RRUGHU
HPDLO5:$.,#XQKFUFKVXEMHFW
5ZDQGDERRNUHTXHVW

Nashra Al-Hijra Al-Qasriya

and Revista sobre
Migraciones Forzosas
)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ LVDOVRSULQWHGLQ6SDQLVKDQG$UDELF

$OOVXEVFULSWLRQVWRWKH$UDELFDQG6SDQLVKHGLWLRQVDUHIUHHRIFKDUJH

,I\RXZRXOGOLNHWRUHFHLYHRQHRUWKHRWKHURULI\RXNQRZRIRWKHUVZKR
ZRXOGOLNHWRUHFHLYHFRSLHVSOHDVHVHQGXVWKHUHOHYDQWFRQWDFWGHWDLOV
(PDLOWKH(GLWRUVDWIPU#THKR[DFXNRUZULWHWRXVDW)055HIXJHH6WXGLHV
&HQWUH4(+8QLYHUVLW\RI2[IRUG6W*LOHV2[IRUG2;/$8.

FORCED MIGRATION review 9 47

 World Wildlife Fund for Nature
5XXG/XEEHUVEHFRPHVWKHQHZ+LJK&RPPLVVLRQHUIRU
5HIXJHHVLQ-DQXDU\:LOOKLVSHULRGRIRIILFHVHH
DFWLRQWRSXW$IULFD·VGLVSODFHPHQWFULVHVDWWKHIRUHIURQW
RILQWHUQDWLRQDODWWHQWLRQ"7KHVWDUWOLQJIDFWV

■ RIDOOWKRVHGLVSODFHGIURPWKHLUKRPHVDUH$IULFDQV

■ 6L[W\SHUFHQWRI$IULFD·VXSURRWHGSHRSOHDUHIURPIRXUFRXQWULHV6XGDQ
PLOOLRQXSURRWHG$QJRODPLOOLRQ%XUXQGLPLOOLRQ'HPRFUDWLF
5HSXEOLFRIWKH&RQJRPLOOLRQ

■ 1HDUO\RQHWKLUGRIDOO$IULFDQUHIXJHHVDUHVHHNLQJDV\OXPLQFRXQWULHVWKDW
DUHWKHPVHOYHVH[SHULHQFLQJDUPHGFRQIOLFWPLOOLRQ$IULFDQUHIXJHHVKDYH
IOHGWRSRWHQWLDOO\XQVDIHDV\OXPFRXQWULHV

■ ,QGRQRUJRYHUQPHQWVJDYHIRUHYHU\SHUVRQLQQHHGLQIRUPHU
<XJRVODYLDDQGSHUKHDGIRUWKRVHLQQHHGLQWKH'HPRFUDWLF5HSXEOLF
RIWKH&RQJR

■ 2QHRIHYHU\QLQHXSURRWHGSHRSOHZRUOGZLGHLV6XGDQHVH

■ (XURSHDQ8QLRQHPHUJHQF\DVVLVWDQFHWRIRUPHU<XJRVODYLDLQZDVIRXU
WLPHVWKHDPRXQWJLYHQWRWKH$&3$IULFD&DULEEHDQ3DFLILFVWDWHV

UNHCR/R Chalasani