TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES – QUEZON CITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECHTURE

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering Program and for the
Completion of the course (Electrical Circuits 3 / EE406)
Through the Design of the Experiment entitled:

“Determine the Factors Affecting the transient-state current in R – L series during its Sudden
Energization through A.C. source”

Presented by:
Geronimo, Frederick
Grospe, Ryan
Mandia, Edilberto
Sahagun, Angelo

Section:
EC41FA1

Submitted To:
Engr. Igor Cardona
Instructor

Engr. Ferdinand E. Milan

Program Chair

March 2018
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ………………………………………………………………………………………. 1

Table of contents …………………………………………………………………………….. 2

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………. 3

CHAPTER 2 – BACKGROUND OF THE EXPERIMENT ………………………………….. 6

Statement of the purpose …………………………………………………………………… 8
General objectives …………………………………………………………………………… 8
Specific Objectives ……………………………………………………………………………… 8

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………….. 9

Process Flow Diagram ……………………………………………………………………. 9
Circuit Diagram ……………………………………………………………………………… 9

CHAPTER 4 – TESTING ……………………………………………………………………. 10

Software Used………………………………………………………………………………………… 10

CHAPTER 5 – PRESENTATION OF DATA AND RESULTS …………………………….. 11

When R = 10,100,1k and L = 1omH, 10H, 100H ………………………………………. 11
When R = 10 ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
When R = 100 ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
When R = 1000 ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
When L = 10mH ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 16
When L = 10H ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
When L = 100H ………………………………………………………………………………………… 19

CHAPTER 6 – COMPUTATION …………………………………………………………………….. 22

CHAPTER 7 – CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………….. 25

RUBRICS

APPENDIX
Curriculum Vitae

2
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

A transient analysis deals with the behavior of an electric circuit as a function of time. A circuit passes

though a transition period before arriving steady-state condition when the circuit is switched with an ac supply,

in which the currents and voltages are not periodic functions of time. If a circuit contains an energy storage

element(s), a transient can also occur in a dc circuit after a sudden change due to switching. SPICE allows

simulating transient behaviors, by assigning initial conditions to circuit elements, generating sources, and the

opening and closing of switches. Students are advised to apply the techniques for transient analysis of simple

circuit laws and to verify the SPICE results by hand calculations.

Theory:

If an RL circuit is energized with and ac voltage then the expression of dynamic.

where, i is current through RL branch, Em sin(ώ+λ) is the applied voltage with λ phase. The solution for

current in RL circuit is:

where, impedance

and phase difference between voltage and current,

3
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

In (1) first and second terms are steady-state and transient respectively.

Similarly, for RC circuit the expression of dynamic Equilibrium is:

where, q is the charge and i= dq/dt

The solution for current in RC circuit is:

where, impedance-

and phase difference between voltage and current,

In (2) first and second terms are steady-state and transient respectively.

For RLC branch circuit the expression of dynamic Equilibrium is:

4
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

If

then expression of current can be written as follow:

If

then expression of current can be written as follow:

where,

5
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND OF THE EXPERIMENT

Initially when a source was, connect to a circuit containing energy storage elements like Inductors and

capacitors, the current or voltage through the inductor or capacitor dosent increase instantaneously as it does

in resistors (resistors with no inductance or capacitance). It gradually increases and reaches steady state at

t=infinity (theoretically).

Consider a RL circuit with DC excitation:

When the source is applied initially (t=0), the current through the inductor doesnt increase instantaneously,

it increases gradually in the form of an exponential curve.

Whereas the voltage through a inductor decreases exponentially at steady state because inductor is simply

a wire and there will be no voltage drop across it unless it is an ideal inductor.

6
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

𝑅
𝑣
 𝑖(𝑡) = (1 − 𝑒 − 𝐿 𝑡 )
𝑟

𝑅
𝑣 𝑣
 − 𝑟 𝑒 −𝐿𝑡
𝑟

𝑣
 Steady part = 𝑟

𝑅
𝑣
 Transient part = 𝑟 𝑒 − 𝐿 𝑡

At t = 0 (initially)

I(t) = 0

At t = ∞ (steady state)

ewe
𝑣
I(t) = 𝑟

RL circuit with AC excitation

In AC excitation, the source is in the form of a sinusoidal wave

𝑅
𝐸𝑚 𝐸𝑚 𝑤𝑙
 𝑖(𝑡) = [sin(𝑤𝑡 − ∅)] + 𝑒 −𝐿𝑡
𝑧 𝑧2

𝐸𝑚
 Steady part = 𝑧
[sin(𝑤𝑡 − ∅)]

7
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

𝑅
𝐸𝑚 𝑤𝑙
 Transient part = 𝑒 −𝐿𝑡
𝑧2

Where t = 0+

At t = ∞

𝐸𝑚
 𝑖(𝑡) = [sin(𝑐𝑜𝑡 − ∅)] + 0
𝑧

(e-∞ = 0)

In DC excitation, the steady state is the condition where there is no transience i.e increase or decrease of

voltage or current with time. Likewise, in A.C. excitation steady state is a condition when there is no transience

i.e the exponential parts cancel out and there is only the AC sinusoidal wave. For both type of excitations

steady state occurs at infinity (theoretically)

The statement of the Purpose

The researchers wants to determine the factors affecting the transient-state current in R-L series

circuit during its sudden energization through A.C. source. It will show the computation of how to get transient-

state current in RL circuit. In order to achieve this main objective, some sub objective can be formulated.

 Analyze RL circuit

 Relationship of time and current flowing in a series circuit

 Relationship between current and voltage in a series RL circuit

 Transient Response of RL circuit.

8
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

Process flow diagram:

Circuit Diagram

9
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

CHAPTER 4: TESTING

Software we used:

DESCRIPTION PHOTOGRAPH FUNCTION

Multisim™ software integrates

industry-standard SPICE

Multisim simulation with an interactive

schematic environment to

instantly visualize and analyze

electronic circuit behavior.

LTspice® is a high performance

SPICE simulation software,

Ltspice schematic capture and waveform

viewer with enhancements and

models for easing the simulation

of analog circuits.

Minitab is a software product

that helps you to analyze the

Minitab data. ... Minitab provides a

quick, effective solution for the

level of analysis required in most

of the Six Sigma projects

10
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

CHAPTER 5: PRESENTATION OF DATA AND RESULTS

I.

Trial Transient period R L Vrms F Io

1 0 10 10mh 120 60 11.228A

2 .005us 100 10H 180 80 .036A

3 .0005us 1k 100H 220 100 3.501mA

Trial 1

Trial 2

11
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

Trial 3

II. When R = 10

Trial Transient period R L Vrms F Io

1 0 10 10mh 120 60 11.228A

2 41.37us 10 10H 180 80 .036A

3 9.953us 10 100H 220 100 3.501mA

Trial 1

12
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

Trial 2

Trial 3

III. When R = 100

Trial Transient period R L Vrms F Io

1 0 100 10mh 120 60 .032

2 .005us 100 10H 180 80 .036A

3 .404us 100 100H 220 100 3.499mA

13
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

Trial 1

Trial 2

14
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

Trial 3

IV. When R = 1k

Trial Transient period R L Vrms F Io

1 0 1k 10mh 120 60 .120A

2 1.63x10^-48 1k 10H 180 80 .035A

3 .0005us 1k 100H 220 100 3.501mA

Trial 1

15
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

Trial 2

Trial 3

V. When L = 10mh

Trial Transient period R L Vrms F Io

1 0 10 10mh 120 60 11.228A

2 0 100 10mh 180 80 1.798A

3 0 1k 10mh 220 100 .220A

16
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

Trial 1

Trial 2

17
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

Trial 3

VI. When L=10H

Trial Transient period R L Vrms F Io

1 36.77us 10 10H 120 60 .032A

2 .005us 100 10H 180 80 .036A

3 2.04x10^-48 1k 10H 220 100 .035A

Trial 1

18
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

Trial 2

Trial 3

VII. When L = 100

Trial Transient period R L Vrms F Io

1 9.048us 10 100 120 60 3.184mA

2 4.138us 100 100 180 80 3.583mA

3 .0005us 1k 100 220 100 3.501mA

19
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

Trial 1

Trial 2

20
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

Trial 3

21
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

CHAPTER 6: COMPUTATION

I.

Trial 1

(120)(60)(10𝑚𝐻) 10
Transient part = 2 𝑒 −10𝑚𝐻(.5𝑚𝑠)
√(10)2 +(60𝑥10𝑚𝐻)2 )

=0

Trial 2

(180)(80)(10𝐻) 100
Transient part = 2 𝑒 − 10 (.5𝑚𝑠)
√(100)2 +(80𝑥10 𝐻)2 )

= 0.005us

Trial 3

(220)(100)(100𝐻) 100
Transient part = 2 𝑒 − 10 (.5𝑚𝑠)
√(1000)2 +(100𝑥100 𝐻)2 )

= .0005 us

II.

(120)(600)(10𝑚𝐻) 10
Transient part = 2 𝑒 −10𝑚ℎ(.5𝑚𝑠)
√(10)2 +(60𝑥10𝑚𝐻)2 )

=0

(180)(80)(10𝐻) 10
Transient part = 2 𝑒 −10(.5𝑚𝑠)
√(10)2 +(80𝑥10 𝐻)2 )

= 41.37us

(220)(100)(100𝐻) 10
Transient part = 2 𝑒 −100(.5𝑚𝑠)
√(10)2 +(100𝑥100 𝐻)2 )

= 9.953us

22
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

III.

(120)(600)(10𝑚𝐻) 100
Transient part = 2 𝑒 −10𝑚ℎ(.5𝑚𝑠)
√(100)2 +(60𝑥10𝑚𝐻)2 )

=0

(180)(80)(10𝐻) 100
Transient part = 2 𝑒 − 10 (.5𝑚𝑠)
√(100)2 +(80𝑥10 𝐻)2 )

= .005 us

(220)(100)(100𝐻) 100
Transient part = 2 𝑒 − 10 (.5𝑚𝑠)
√(100)2 +(100𝑥100 𝐻)2 )

= .404 us

IV.

(120)(600)(10𝑚𝐻) 1000
Transient part = 2 𝑒 −10𝑚ℎ(.5𝑚𝑠)
√(1000)2 +(60𝑥10𝑚𝐻)2 )

=0

(180)(80)(10𝐻) 1000
Transient part = 2 𝑒− 10
(.5𝑚𝑠)
√(1000)2 +(80𝑥10 𝐻)2 )

= 1.65x10-48

(220)(100)(100𝐻) 1000
Transient part = 2 𝑒− 10
(.5𝑚𝑠)
√(1000)2 +(100𝑥100 𝐻)2 )

= .0005 us

V.

(120)(600)(10𝑚𝐻) 10
Transient part = 2 𝑒 −10𝑚ℎ(.5𝑚𝑠)
√(10)2 +(60𝑥10𝑚𝐻)2 )

=0

23
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

(180)(80)(10𝑚𝐻) 100
Transient part = 2 𝑒 −10𝑚ℎ(.5𝑚𝑠)
√(100)2 +(80𝑥10𝑚 𝐻)2 )

=0

(220)(100)(10𝑚𝐻) 1000
− (.5𝑚𝑠)
Transient part = 2 𝑒 10𝑚ℎ
√(1000)2 +(100𝑥10𝑚𝐻)2 )

=0

VI.

(120)(600)(10𝐻) 10
Transient part = 2 𝑒 −10ℎ(.5𝑚𝑠)
√(10)2 +(60𝑥10𝐻)2 )

= 36.77 us

(180)(80)(10𝐻) 100
Transient part = 2 𝑒 −10ℎ(.5𝑚𝑠)
√(100)2 +(80𝑥10𝐻)2 )

= .005 us

(220)(100)(10𝐻) 1000
− (.5𝑚𝑠)
Transient part = 2 𝑒 10ℎ
√(1000)2 +(100𝑥10𝐻)2 )

= 2.04x10-48

VII.

(120)(600)(100𝐻) 10
Transient part = 2 𝑒 −100ℎ(.5𝑚𝑠)
√(10)2 +(60𝑥100𝐻)2 )

= 9.048 us

(180)(80)(100𝐻) 100
Transient part = 2 𝑒 −100𝐻(.5𝑚𝑠)
√(100)2 +(80𝑥100𝐻)2 )

= 4.138 us

(220)(100)(100𝐻) 1000
− (.5𝑚𝑠)
Transient part = 2 𝑒 100ℎ
√(1000)2 +(100𝑥100𝐻)2 )

= .0005 us

24
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSIENT-STATE CURRENT IN RL CIRCUIT WITH AC SOURCE EE003

CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION

Conclusion

In this design of experiment, the team find the factors affecting transient-state current in R-L series

through sudden energization of AC source. Based on the data we gather the factors affecting transient state

current are the following, first is circuit components. The transient depends on the value of these two and we

found out that the value of the inductor is directly proportional to the transient-state current. Second is

frequency of the circuit, third the time of the switch being switched on and lastly is the angle of the AC source.

Synthesis

In this experiment we discover the different factors affecting the transient of a RL series and how

each other affect the circuit. Base on our data and result the inductor has the most part of how the transient

state of the circuit is being affected, cause as the value of inductor gets lower and lower the inductor is

becoming non effective in the circuit it becomes short circuited. We observe this in the graph and the given

data values of our experiment. The frequency also plays part of the resulting wave of the circuit. As the

frequency gets higher the shorter the time amount of the transient period.

25