SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT

CONSTRUCTION OF JETTY AND RIVER

TRAINING WORKS

Muddasani Jahnavi [B.tech, NIT Warangal ]

Raj Doholiya [ B.tech, NIT Jamshedpur]
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. ACNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………………… 4
2. ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION ……………………………………………….............. 5
3. L&T SERVICE SPECTRUM …………………………………………………………………. 8
4. ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY …………………………………………….. 8
5. VISION AND MISSION ………………………………………………………………………. 13
6. ORGANIZATION CHART ……………………………………………………………………. 14
7. STAFF RESPONSIBILITY …………………………………………………………………….. 15
8. SURVEY WORK …………………………………………………………………………………. 17
8.1.Horizontal control
8.2.Vertical control
9. GROUND IMPROVEMENT WORKS…………………………………………………….. 20
9.1.Stone Columns
9.2.Static Cone Penetration Test.
10.PILING…………………………………………………………………………………………….....30
10.1. Bored Cast in-situ Piles
10.2. Cross Hole Sonic Logging Test
10.3. Bidirectional Static Load Test
10.4. Pile Integrity Test
11.PRECAST YARD…………………………………………………………………………………….65
11.1. U- beams
11.2. Planks
12.RIVER TRAINING WORKS……………………………………………..........................69

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13.QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL DEPARTMENT ……………………......80
13.1. Quality Check for water
13.2. Quality check for aggregates
13.2.1 Course aggregates
13.2.2 Fine aggregates

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
We would like to thank LARSEN & TOUBRO, HEAVY CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE, for
providing us the opportunity to learn technicalities of different processes involved
in the construction of this compelling project.

We would like to express our gratitude to the Project Director Mr.A Roy and Project
Manager Mr.D Chatterjee who gave us this opportunity to study the practical
aspect of our course and implementation of the theory in the real field. The aim of
this internship was to understand and analyse the processes implemented during
the construction of harbour jetty and river training works. We wish to express our
indebtedness to our Mentor Mr. E.M Sreenivasa (Planning Manager) for helping
us with the project details. We would like to thank the below Department Heads
of L&T for giving their precious time and valuable guidance at the site and in the
Quality lab:

Mr. D Madhak, Project manager

Mr. Anil Chowdary, Engineering Manager

Mr. M. Venkata Rao, Quality Manager

Mr. K. Kulkarni, Deputy General Manager Contracts.

It was an excellent learning experience for us to have worked at the site as this
project involved many new and unique construction practices and challenges.

We would like to express our gratitude to Mr. Santana Gopalan, (CHENNAI

cluster HR) and Mr. Subrato Banerjee (Accounts & Admin Head) for giving us a
chance to be a part of this project.

RAJ DOHOLIYA
MUDDASANI JAHNAVI

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Page 6 of 90
Larsen & Toubro limited is the biggest legacy of two Danish engineers, who built
world-class organization that a leader in India's engineering and construction
industry. It was the business of cement that brought the young Henning Holck
Larsen and Soren Kristian Toubro into India. They arrived on Indian shores as
representatives of the Danish engineering firm F L Smidth & co in connection with
the merger of cement companies that later grouped into the associated cement
companies.
Together, Holck-larsen and Toubro, founded the partnership firm of L&T in 1938,
which was converted into a limited company on February 7, 1946. Today, this has
metamorphosed into one of India's biggest success stories. The company has
grown from humble origins to a large conglomerate spanning engineering and
construction.

Henning Holck Larsen Soren Kristian Toubro

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Larsen & Toubro construction is India’s largest construction organisation. Many of
the country's prized landmarks – it’s exquisite buildings, tallest structures, largest
industrial projects, longest flyover and viaducts have been built by L&T.
L&T construction has the resources to execute projects of large magnitude and
technological complexity in any part of the world. The business of L&T
construction is organized in six business sectors which will primarily be responsible
for technology development, business development, International tendering and
work as Investment centres headquarters in Chennai, India.
In India, it has 7 regional offices and over 250 project sites. Overseas it has offices
in gulf and other overseas locations.
L&T construction’s cutting edge capabilities cover every discipline of construction
– civil, mechanical, electrical and instrumentation engineering and services extend
to large industrial and infrastructure projects from concept to commissioning.
L&T construction has played a prominent role in India’s industrial and
infrastructure development by executing several projects across length and
breadth of the country and abroad. For ease of operations and better project
management, in-depth technology and business development as well as to focus
attention on domestic and international project execution, entire operation of L&T
construction is structured into various independent companies.

HEAVY CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE

L&T Construction helps in both finding the answers and implementing them at
some of the world's most challenging worksites.
Sharply focused on capitalizing infrastructure needs, L&T builds structures for the
future that facilitate movement of people and goods and fuels progress through
clean, green power.

Comprehensive range of design and construction services are offered for:

 Metros
 Hydro Power
 Nuclear Power
 Special Bridges
 Ports

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  Tunnels
 Defence

PORTS
With in-depth knowledge of marine technology, maritime structures such as
greenfield ports, breakwaters, docks, container terminals, bulk berths, liquid
jetties, shipyards, shiplift systems and shore protection have been engineered and
built to spearhead waterway transportation.
In-house expertise in design, quarrying and state-of-the-art equipment ensure
world-class quality and timely delivery.

TUNNELLING
With its rich experience of tunnelling in challenging altitudes and terrains like in
the Himalayas, one of the world's toughest fold mountain ranges, L&T has built
expertise in all types, sizes and shapes of tunnelling with vast experience in
construction of tunnels using various technologies such as the conventional Drill
and Blast Method (DBM), the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM), Tunnel
Boring Machines (TBM), Mechanical excavation or soft tunnelling using road
headers etc.

L&T Construction is involved in over 100 km of tunnelling for hydel projects and
has deployed the tunnel-boring machine for a tunnel length of about 9kms in a
hydropower project in Uttarakhand. Soft tunnelling employing road headers is
being carried out at the 2000 MW Subansiri Lower HEP in Arunachal Pradesh for a
length of about 14kms, for the first time in India.

SPECIALBRIDGES
L&T has bridged people and places in several countries across Asia with the finest
bridges. Having pioneered the design and construction of major bridges, L&T has
extensive experience in executing a wide range of bridges of different span lengths
using ingenious cutting-edge construction techniques such as:

 Incremental launching
 Segmental construction
 Cable-stay
 Precast, prestressed concrete
 Steel and concrete composite construction

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 SERVICE SPECTRUM
L&T Construction’s range of services includes:
Pre-engineering, feasibility studies and detailed project reports. Complete civil
and structural construction services for all types of buildings, industrial and
infrastructure projects.
Complete mechanical system engineering including fabrication and erection of
structural steel works; manufacture, supply, erection, testing and commissioning
of plant and equipment; heavy lift erection; high pressure piping; fire-fighting;
utility piping networks.
Electrical system design, project electrification, automation and control system
including instrumentation for all type of industrial and telecom projects.
Design, manufacture, supply and installation of EHV switchyards, transmission
lines.

ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND SAFETY

The various safety precautions that should be taken at the site were explained
in the induction. We viewed videos, learnt about various PPE equipments and
various Risk Assessment techniques.

Safety is not an event; it is a process. It is the relative freedom from danger, risk,
or threat of harm, injury, or loss to personnel or property, whether caused
deliberately or by accident. Hazard is a situation that poses a level of threat to
life, health, property, or environment.

EHS POLICY:

L&T is committed to:

 Prevention of infrastructure construction risk rather than reactive

rectification and its adverse impact on the environment.

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  Protection of the environment by preventing pollution and adopting the
robust environment management practices.
 Enhancing waste minimization, energy efficiency and conservation of
natural resources but their responsible and efficient use in all our operations.
 Follow safe work practices and continuous improvement of its effectiveness.
 Encourage teamwork and organizational climate that promotes awareness
of health, safety and environment to the employees.
 Comply with relevant laws and regulation as well as take any additional
measures that go beyond statutory requirement.
 Preserve and maintain health, safety and environment of construction site
and its neighbourhood.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE):

 PPE is intended to be worn or held by a person at work to protect themselves
against one or more risks to their health and safety.

 PPE includes equipment such as safety footwear, helmet, high visibility

waistcoats and goggles.

 Waterproof, weatherproof, or insulated clothing is subject to the

Regulations only if its use is necessary to protect employees against adverse
climatic conditions that could otherwise affect their health and safety.

 PPE must always be regarded as a last resort to protect against risks to safety
and health. Engineering controls and safe systems of work must always be
considered first. PPE may restrict the wearer to some extent by limiting
mobility or visibility, or by requiring additional weight to be carried.

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POLICIES:
EHS POLICY

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HR POLICY

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CSR POLICY

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WORK CULTURE:
Work culture emphasises:

 Freedom to experiment.
 Continuous learning and training.
 Transparency.
 Quality in all aspects of work.
 Rewards based on Performance and potential.
TRAINING:
Human resources department believes that quality is the hallmark of any
successful venture. Quality training and development of human resources is
realised through identifying training needs within the organization and designing
and implementing those need based training programmes to bring about
continuous upgradation of knowledge, skills and employee attitude.

VISION & MISSION:

VISION:
L&T shall be professionally managed Indian multinational committed to total
customer satisfaction and enhancing Shareholder value. L&T shall be an
innovative company entrepreneurial and empowered team constantly creating
value and attaining global benchmarks. L&T shall foster a culture of caring trust
and continuous learning while meeting expectations of employees, stakeholders
and society.
MISSION:
To achieve excellence in the field of engineering, procurement and construction
through world class practice and standards in quality, Safety and project
Management.

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Responsibilities of key personnel
The roles and responsibilities of the contractor’s key personnel are described in the
“Organization Plan”. The most important key functions regarding the survey works
are the following.
1.1 Project Director

 Responsible for over –all project’s Safety, Quality & Progress.

1.2 Project Manager
 Reports to Project Director.
 Plans and arranges resources.
 Liaison between design department and Site execution team.
 Monitoring the Program vs. Progress and achievement as per the Target
System Implementation.

1.3 Construction Manager

 Reports to the Project Manager.
 Co-ordinates with all concerned departments for technical and
administrative help.
 Involves in preparation & implementation of Method statement.
 Takes initiatives to obtain the statutory permits from concern authorities.
 Monitors utilization of Machinery/ Equipments.
 Monitors the Program vs. Progress of work and analyses issues, critical path
if any as per set target.
 Monitors requirements of safety and work environment.
.1.4 Chief Surveyor

The chief surveyor operates according to the survey department guidelines and in
accordance with the project’s contractual specifications. He plays a key role in the
realization of a project, guaranteeing the proper execution of different activities.

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He is responsible for all positioning of vessels and all survey work to be conducted.
Assistant surveyors for field measurements and processing of the data will support
him. He reports to works manager and his activities and responsibility covers the
following:

• Mobilization of survey equipment, including spare parts and consumables,

necessary to perform the required survey work;
• Ensure that all survey equipments are properly calibrated prior to the
commencement of operations;
• Setting out the work sites;
• Data handling and reporting
• Giving necessary assistance to bush clearance superintendent, River Training
superintendent and subcontractors (where applicable).

1.5 Site Surveyors

 The site surveyors are responsible for the set-up, preparation and
maintenance of the survey equipment and the collection of survey data
during the execution of the work.
 The site surveyors will be processing the collected data sets in the form of
charts for the presentation to the project management, deliver and
represent this information correctly to the site engineers and discuss the
results. They will also calculate quantities based on the survey data in
function of contractual agreements and for invoice preparations or by order.
 The site surveyors will take ownership of the safety and quality system and
observe and comply with those systems as well.
 The site surveyor will maintain log sheet as per Annexure at the time of the
survey.

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1.6 Safety Engineer

 Ensures that the Project HSE-plan is strictly adhered to.

 Ensures that casualty receives immediate and adequate attention in case of
accident;
 Arranges paramedics (24X7 on site) to give first aid and/or medical
treatment within the limits of his/their knowledge, supplies medicine, refers
employees to local clinic after deliberation with the Construction Manager.
 Ensures that all accidents, (near miss) incidents and damages are properly
investigated, recorded and reported.
 Updates the record of daily man-hours, organize daily toolbox talks at site,
conduct weekly safety meeting/frequent safety drills, and arrange for
servicing of all safety appliances (fire extinguishers, hoses, and life rafts etc.)
 Prepares requisitions for site safety equipment, and in case casual labor is
hired at site, he shall ensure PPE is distributed to them; controls the stock of
PPE at the site and keeps records of statements of PPE receipt.
 Prepares weekly and monthly safety reports, man-hour reports, safety
statistics, HSES-records.
 Participates in regular inspection and audits as procedure is implemented.
 Ensures that all arriving personnel are giving adequate safety induction and
tour of vessel and to issue that Safety handbook.
 Promotes cooperation between management and all personnel on site in
investigating, developing and carrying out measures to ensure HSES at the
site;
 Reports to the Project Director.

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 SURVEY WORK:

1. Horizontal control – Horizontal control is accomplished by means of a Real

Time Kinematic DGPS system. The system can be split up in a space segment
and a user segment.
The space segment of the GPS system consists of 24 satellites orbiting about
20,200km above the earth's surface so that at least four satellites can be
simultaneously in view round the clock anywhere on earth.
The user segment is made up of the entire marine and land applications
deciphering and using the signals received from the satellites. The receivers
compute positions in real time using both the L1 and L2 signals. Using the
two different signal frequencies makes it possible to cover bigger areas, to
cut down initialization time and to increase the reliability of the initialization
process, due to the more accurate positioning, velocity and timing
information available to resolve the ambiguities.
The real time DGPS involves a reference station (AsteRx2e GNSS series),
which computes the satellite pseudo range corrections and transmits them
to the remote receivers on land based equipment, with a transmitting
module attached to it. The corrections are transmitted by means of a
telemetry link. The remote receivers, installed on carbon pole, and the
remote receiver, carried inside the backpack, apply the differential
corrections from their telemetry link to their observed satellite pseudo
ranges to obtain corrected ranges for position calculation, resulting in cm
accuracy in X, Y and Z.

2. Vertical control – For the vertical control during topographic survey, the
Local Bench Mark (LBM) provided at the well is used. For the vertical
control, the backpack will be calibrated at the Project Benchmark, prior and
after every survey.
For topographic surveys, a DGPS Backpack system shall be used. The system
is operational within a radius of 10 km from the reference station. The total
propagated error shall be less than 0.2 m in horizontal plane and less than
0.050m in vertical plane.

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 Stage wise survey shall be carried out at 10m chainage and 1m along the
slope and profiling shall be done to the required slope.
Due to shallow water depth at the river training site, hydrography survey is
not possible and hence topographic surveys are performed Underwater
survey shall be carried out by the surveyor (along with a diver) using DGPS
Backpack system.
 The survey shall be done once after the bush clearance to ascertain where
cutting or filling is required as per the drawings and also to obtain the
Original Ground Level (longitudinal and cross-section profiles) with respect
to the chart datum, once after the profiles have been completed, once
after the granular filter layer has been installed and once after each section
has been completed.
 Carry out initial ground, beach and sea bed survey lines at 10 metre centres,
or other closer spacing if required (for example, where the profile is changing
rapidly or on tight-radius curves), extending for at least 10 metres outside
the intended toes or other edges of the rock structures.
For this, DGPS Backpack shall be used to take levels on the sloped profile
surface.
The measurement shall be carried out at the following intervals:
o Coarse and light grading: 1m to 2m
o Heavy grading: 1m
 Ensure that Cross survey lines are at 900 across the 10 metre survey lines.
After the placing and profiling of rock in a stretch, its profile checking shall
be carried out.
 It should be ensured that setting out, alignment, level and cross-sectional
control during construction of the layers of rock structures are accurate.

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 STONE COLUMNS
OBJECTIVE:
Ground improvement is the main objective of construction of stone columns. The
designs are such that the area replacement ratio for stone columns should be
23%. 900mm diameter stone columns were installed at 1.8m triangular spacing.
Stone columns are installed by Wet Method (Top Feed System).

SCOPE: Number of stone columns constructed: 14,687

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Aggregates of sizes varying from 25mm to 75mm.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
 Vibroflot
 Automatic data logger to record Depth Vs Time and Pressure vs Time
 Power Packs
 Cranes
 Excavators
 Water pumps
Time taken for complete construction of stone columns: May 2018 to
April 2019

METHODOLOGY:
 Site preparation:
Site area should be clean from vegetation. Any service lines passing
through the area should be identified and protected or diverted or
removed according to convenience before the start of work. Overhead
cables and any aerial obstruction, which might hamper the operation shall
be removed after arranging an alternative. A working platform of borrow
soil material of required thickness can be constructed for safe movement
of equipment.
 Marking of points:
The points for installation of stone columns should be marked on the
ground with reference to benchmark. All the locations should be marked

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precisely as per the drawing approved. Using pegs or lime powder mark the
location of stone columns.

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  WET METHOD (TOP FEED SYSTEM):

a) The power pack and water jetting pumps are started and the vibroflot
must be lowered into the ground. Boring up to desired depth is achieved
by the combined action of water jetting from the tip and the vibratory
action of the vibroflot Water pressure will vary depending on the soil
stiffness.
b) Refusal level- Level after which the vibroflot can’t penetrate even with a
pressure of 300bar.
c) If vibroflot reaches refusal level before penetrating up to the required
depth, investigations are carried on the soil strata and required action is
taken.
d) Measured quantity of aggregates are filled into the hole which has been
bored.
e) The vibrations are applied to vibroflot to drive the stones to form the
column of the required diameter. The vibroflot shall be slightly lifted and
lowered until stones are completely compacted at the tip of vibroflot.
f) A constant water flow should be maintained at pressure lower than that
which is used while boring to ensure that the stone backfill is washed to
the tip of the vibroflot and soft in-situ soils are flushed out. The process
shall be repeated till the stone column is formed to the required level.
g) The action of the vibrator compresses stone radially into the surrounding
soil and also compacts the stone. The constructed column diameter can
be determined by estimating the stone consumption during installation.
This compaction procedure continues until the full length of the stone
column has been constructed.
 The axis of the stone column should be vertical and should not deviate
more than 1 in 20 while their construction.

Tests on stone columns:

For initial tests on the column the test load is 1.5 times the design load and
for routine tests the test load is 1.1 times the design load. Here the design
load is 150KPa, so for initial test the pile should be tested for 225KPa and for
routine test the pile should be tested for 165KPa.

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a. Single column test: Single column test should be conducted on the
centre column in a group of 7 Columns using a test plate of size 1.90m.

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b. Group column test: Group Column load test shall be conducted on
central three columns in a group of 15 columns.

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Test methodology:

 A granular blanket of thickness 500mm made with stone of size 75 mm

should be laid over the stone column for uniform distribution of load over
the stone column. It should be prepared by excavating 0.5 m below the
working level. A circular plate girder arrangement shall be placed on
levelled blanket surface.
 The test should be carried out by applying series of vertical downward
incremental load by means of Hydraulic jacks. Each increment shall be of
about 1/5th of the design load and should be maintained till the rate of
settlement is less than 0.05 mm per hour. The design and maximum test
load shall be maintained for a minimum period of 12 hours after
stabilization of settlement.
 Settlement should be recorded with 4 dial gauges resting on immovable
support at a minimum specified distance from column centre.
 Settlement readings are noted on each dial gauge for every 1 min, 2 min, 4
min, 8 min, 16 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min and so on till the
desired rate of settlement has been achieved for each loading.
 The load should be decreased in 5 decrements after completion of loading
up to the final load. Enough time shall be allowed for settlements to
stabilize at each unloading stage.
 Load Vs settlement graph should be plotted for evaluation of stone column
performance.

Settlement criteria: The load test is considered acceptable if it meets the

following settlement criteria:

 Settlement at design load for a single column load test should not exceed
12mm.
 Settlement at design load for a three column group load test should not
exceed 30mm.

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 STANDARD CONE PENETRATION TEST

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE:

The objective is to carry out the soil investigation works at the project site with
Static Cone Penetration Test (SCPT) as per the approved drawings & relevant
technical specifications.

The following values are obtained:

a) Cone resistance in MPa

b) Sleeve friction in MPa
c) Friction ratio
d) Angle of deviation
e) Depth of the cone below the ground surface in metres.

DESCRIPTION:

Static Cone Penetration Test (SCPT) will be conducted using a 20 tonne capacity
electrically operated CPT rig with digital piezocone and electronic data
acquisition system. SCPT test shall be carried out in two stages: pre-ground
improvement and after ground improvement. The post ground improvement
tests shall be undertaken in an area as close as possible to the point where pre-
ground improvement tests were conducted once Stone columns have been
installed.

The CPT is in wide use for in-situ geotechnical characterization of the ground. It
involves measurement of the resistance of ground at steady and continuous
penetration of a cone penetrometer equipped with internal sensors. The
measurements comprise of:

a) Penetration depth
b) Cone resistance
c) Sleeve friction
d) Pore pressure

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 e) Angle of deviation

These measurements comprise interpretation of ground conditions.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

 A Fugro owned hydraulically operated 20T SCPT unit mounted on Truck.

 A Pre-Calibrated Piezocone of 15cm2 with an apex angle of 600 for
measurement of in-situ pore pressure.
 Sensors fitted on the cone which are transmitted by electrical cables to a
data acquisition system.
 An electrical inclinometer for measuring the inclination fitted to the
penetrometer.

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MANPOWER REQUIRED:
CPT rig operator

Technician

Helpers

Engineer

POINT DETAILS: P9A

TEST CONDUCTED ON:30th May,2019

TIME TAKEN:

for setup: 60 minutes

for conducting the test: 2.5 hrs

METHODOLOGY:

 The filter element (present inside the cone) was saturated prior to
commencement of the penetration
 The 20T truck mounted CPT unit was placed on the location where the test
was to be conducted.
 The cone of 15cm2 with an apex angle of 60֯ was penetrated into the
ground with a penetration rate less than 2 cm /sec.
 Resistance to the penetration of the cone along with the sleeve friction was
measured for every 20mm penetration.
 Analysing the results for the stratification of the soil.

The variation with depth for various parameters obtained from the CPT:
a) Cone resistance
b) Sleeve friction
c) Angle of deviation
d) Depth of penetration.
And interpretative strata description based on these parameters are
presented as curves.

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TERMINATION CRITERIA FOR CPT:

The test is required to be terminated on reaching the required depth of

penetration or by attaining any of the conditions below:

▪ When Cone resistance reaches 50 MPa

▪ Sleeve friction becomes > 1MPa
▪ Angle of deviation exceeds 15 deg.
▪ Total refusal > 19 Tons

The refusal criteria for CPT’s were recorded and usually occurred when
encountering hard material, with either cone tip refusal, or sleeve friction refusal,
or both and/or excessive inclination of cone rods above tolerance limits.
Circumstances at the discretion of the operator were such as safety of personnel
or risk of serious damage to the equipment

The field test data incorporated was obtained and processed using procedures
specified in various codes of practices, good engineering norms and conventions.
The field records reported were relevant for the test locations and time at which
the tests had been conducted.

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 BORED CAST INSITU PILES
SCOPE:
Number of piles to be constructed: 795 working piles + 6 test piles

Pile details:

Working piles: 1.6m and 1.4m – 518

1.2m and 1.1m – 277

PILE LAYOUT OF MODULE 2

OBJECTIVE:

 Setting up of each pile point.

 Fabrication of steel liner.
 Liner driving.
 pile boring.-

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 o Boring in soil
o Boring in weathered rock
o Boring in hard rock
 Cutting, bending, tying, positioning and lowering of steel reinforcement
cages/joining cages by welding/couplers.
 Tremie fixing, flushing of pile bore with Bentonite.
 Check for toe level – Sounding check
 Casting of concrete piles.
 Testing of piles.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:

 Mild Steel liner

 Fe 500 steel bars
 Bentonite
 Concrete Grade M50-C
 Cover blocks
 Couplers
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

 Piling rigs
 Soil Bucket and rock bucket
 Excavator
 Tremie pipe and required accessories
 Guide frame
 Sounding chain
 Cranes
 Vibro hammer
 De-Sanding unit

MAN-POWER REQUIRED:

 Hydraulic Rig machine operator and helper

 Rigger
 Unskilled manpower

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 Quality control engineer
 P&M engineer
 Vibro hammer and operator and helper
 Rebar cage welder

METHODOLOGY:
 Initially trial bores of required specifications are drilled to verify the elevation
of the rock head which is used as a reference to determine the toe level of the
piles to ensure the rock socketing length of the pile.

 Setting up pile points:

Sand is used to fill the jetty location to increase the working platform level.
Survey is done from control points using total station and the pile locations are
marked with iron pegs. The pile points shouldn’t deviate more than 75mm from
their actual position. Reference points are established on the ground for
checking the pile liner alignment.

 Liner driving:
Liner of respective internal diameter should be used with a tolerance less than
1%. 10m Bottom liner cylinder should be placed through the guide frame
matching the pile location. While lowering the liner it is ensured that sufficient
length of the liner is above the working platform so that additional liner
cylinders can be welded. Liner driving is done using vibro hammer up to the
refusal level. Once the liner is driven by 3m the guiding frame is removed as it
would obstruct the vibro hammer and then the liner driving is continued. After
one 10 m liner is driven, boring is done up to the depth of 15m and thereafter
the next liner is driven again after being welded to the former liner.

 In the top most liner a rectangular shaped hole is made above the cut-off level.
The concrete which would overflow through this hole.

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 Drilling is carried out using soil and rock bucket, auger and core drilling tools
until the socketing depth of the pile is achieved as per requirement.

 Sample of the soil strata is collected for every 5m within the liner depth beyond
which the sample is collected only when change in strata is observed and when
rock is encountered the sample is collected for every one meter.

 Bentonite slurry is used for the stabilization of pile bore sides in addition to
casing where the subsoil and ground water condition would cause mud flow or
instability of pile bore.

HYDRAULIC RIG FOR

BORING

Page 35 of 90
 The final depth of bore is measured using depth meter of the rig. The depth
meter is an electronic device which displays the reading on the screen. The
depth of the bore will be measured during lowering kelly of the rig in the bore
location with reference to the existing working Ground level or Liner top level.
The depth of the bore is cross checked with the sounding chain.

 The boring activity should be recorded in the boring record, which comprises
rate of boring, change of soil stratum and duration of boring. Soil strata samples
shall be collected and kept in polythene packets to compare with the
geotechnical reports of trial bores. The soil and rock extracted during boring will
be disposed off by dumpers at the approved locations in accordance with
environmental management plan.

 BENTONITE SLURRY –
Bentonite is used as supporting fluid material. Bentonite shall be mixed
thoroughly with the water to make a suspension which will maintain the
stability of the boring for the period necessary to place concrete and to
complete pile concreting. This slurry prevents the entry of ground water into
the pile bore by counteracting the pore pressure exerted by the ground water.
Bentonite supplied to the site before mixing should comply with the provisions
of manufacturer's recommendations. A certificate shall be obtained from the
manufacturer showing the properties of each consignment of bentonite
delivered to the site.

 The Pile reinforcement cage is prepared as per the drawing. The pile
reinforcement cages prepared at the fabrication yard shall be transported to
the piling location by road transport on trailers. The cages shall be fabricated
with lifting hook arrangement for them to be handled by cranes and properly
harnessed to the trailer. Cutting, bending and tying of reinforcement cages shall

Page 36 of 90
 be done in the fabrication yard and shall be transported to work site by using a
trailer.

Welding of the cages is done as follows:

1. The reinforcement cages shall be sufficiently rigid to enable them to

be handled without damage. Reinforcement shall be welded to form a
rigid cage as well as for joining the cages. The bars to be welded shall
be maintained lap length of 40 times dimeter of the bar and the weld
length of 3 times diameter of the bar at both ends and 2 times
diameter of the bar at the middle. The weld size is 0.3 x diameter of
the bar.

2. Lap splices shall be staggered, the centre to centre distance between

the splices shall not be less than 1.30 times the Lap length as per
l.S.456:2000.

Coupling of the cage is done as follows:

1. Approved couplers shall be used for joining reinforcement bars.

2. The Rebar shall be cut to provide smooth and even surface.

3. Cold Forging at ends of the Rebar shall be carried out to increase the
diameter of the bar in order to maintain the Original diameter of the
Rebar after threading.

Page 37 of 90
 4. Threading of the Rebar shall be done according to threading mentioned
in designs.

5. These bars shall be used for fabrication of cages.

6. Staggering of couplers is not required for coupling cages.

 The bends of the bars shall be done in accordance with the IS:2502. The
binding wire is of black annealed mild steel of 1.2mm diameter.
After lapping, stirrups shall be tied using black annealed mild steel wire
according to the drawing.
The Cross Hole Sonic pipes are installed in the reinforcement for piles
with L/D ratio of reinforcement greater than 30.
 Bi-directional Load cell and telltale rod arrangements will be provided as per
the directions of the approved testing agency for specified piles.

Page 38 of 90
 The bottom most reinforcement cage (1St cage) shall be shifted near to the
pile bore and lifted by using the cranes with a set of double sling ropes and
lowered into the pile up to just above the lap length and hanging into the pile
by providing ISMC or ISA box through the cage at stiffener ring location under
suspension.

 The 2nd cage is held by the crane and shall be aligned with the 1st cage bars.
The joining of the bars the 1st cage and 2nd cages are carried out by welding
or coupling as mentioned previously. Then the ISMC or ISA box in 1st cage will
be removed and both the cages are lowered till the 2nd cage reaches the
lapping zone.

 This pattern stated above shall be repeated till the reinforcement cage
reaches 75 mm above the founding level of the bore hole.

Page 39 of 90
 Circular concrete cover blocks shall be casted using approved M50C grade of
concrete used in piles of 150mm diameter threaded on to the circular tie and
helix shall be used for ensuring the cover of 75mm.

 Tremie pipe fixing:

Tremie pipes of 250 mm diameter and 3m length are provided up to 300 mm
above the bottom level of the pile. The tremie pipes of double grooves shall
be lowered one after another duly joined till toe of pile. All the joints shall be
checked for air and water tightness. Generally, the bottom most tremie pipe
is of 3.09m. The gap between tremie pipe end and borehole end shall not be
more than 300mm.

 Proper Workmanship shall be taken care for fixing of tremie to make it air
tight in order to avoid tremie stuck up caused due to blockage of air in tremie
pipe and also slurry loss causing concrete to lose its workability. Once the
tremie pipe is lowered, the mild steel hopper shall be fixed at top of the
tremie pipe.

 The funnel is provided with a small pipe which allows entrapped air to
escape once the concreting is started. Blockage of this pipe would lead to
tremie choke. Before concreting of pile heavily contaminated bentonite
suspension will be removed by continuous flushing until density of bentonite
is between 1.05g/ml & 1.1g/ml. Bentonite is tested for parameters such as
viscosity, pH, density which should satisfy the limits given by the engineer.

 CONCRETING
The concrete mix used in piling should be the approved Mix Design concrete
of grade M50C whose temperature should range between 5-300 C. The
nominal maximum size of aggregate used is 20mm and the water cement
ratio should be 0.4 according to the contractual specification.

Page 40 of 90
 The concrete should be checked for slump in accordance with the
specifications mentioned by the engineer. The slump should be between the
limits of 150mm to 180mm. Slump should be maintained for easy workability
and also to avoid tremie Choke. The test tubes are casted as per IS 456.

 The hopper and attached tremie pipes should be wetted with water before
commencing the concrete works. The first charge of concrete should be
placed in the hopper over a stopper plate kept at the neck of hopper. By
releasing the stopper plate, concrete will be discharged suddenly from the
hopper in to the tremie pipes in one continuous operation to ensure flushing
action to minimize the mixing of drilling fluid with concrete.

 The tremie pipes should be removed in stages during pouring of concrete

ensuring the following:
 The tremie bottom is always embedded in to the previously placed
concrete for a minimum depth of 1.0m below the free rising surface
of the concrete as a precaution against accidental withdrawal and
also embedment should not be more than 5.0m in order to avoid
tremie choke.
 Sufficient quantity of concrete should be maintained within the tremie
pipe throughout concreting to ensure that its pressure exceeds that from
water or bentonite slurry.
 A record should be maintained for tremie pipes which comprises of
tremie length during lowering, tremie pipe removal at stages and
sounding of concrete, graph to demonstrate that the tremie embedment
has been maintained. The graph shall show, theoretical concrete level
after each pour, actual concrete level after each pour, tremie tip level.

Page 41 of 90
  The top of concrete in a pile should be brought to a height above cut off
level and should be allowed to over flow to ensure that pile formed is free
from mud concrete. The top of pile shall be casted to a height not less
than 75mm above pile cut-off level to ensure good concrete at cut-off
level.
 The over flowing drilling fluid while concreting the pile bore should be
pumped out into a water tight container or tank after completion of DE-
Sanding.
 The finished level of pile head should not be more than 20mm and should
not be less than 0mm than the designed cut-off level.
 After the pile is concreted, the hopper is removed and the tremie pipes
are placed in the tremie stand and it is ensured that they are cleaned
properly. The water flowing from tremie stand shall be allowed to flow
into the bentonite pit allotted for the concreting pile.
 Muck removal and keeping good bentonite during boring to stabilise the
channel is critical in piling with respect to progress.
 Concreting is critical in piling with respect to Quality.

Page 42 of 90
 TRAIL MIX DETAILS

PILING SCHEDULE:
No. of Duration
Modules LXB
Piles (in days)

Module 1 8X6 45 17
Module 2 18 X 6 102 37
Module 3 19 X 6 108 39
Module 4 15 X 6 85 31
Module 5 18 X 6 102 37
Module 6 10 X 6 57 21
Module 7 8X6 45 17
Module 8 10 X 6 57 21
Module 9 8X6 45 17
Module 10 10 X 6 57 21
Module 11 8X6 45 17
Module 12 8X6 45 17
South Approach
18 10
Bridge
Utility Bridge 9 10
822

Page 43 of 90
 TIME CYCLE OF PILING :

Crane Shifting & outer liner positioning (10 m piece) 2.00 Hrs
Liner Driving 0.25 Hrs
Liner welding (10 m) 1.50 Hrs
Liner Driving 0.50 Hrs
Boring (For soil removal) 2.00 Hrs
Liner welding (10 m) 1.50 Hrs
Liner Driving 0.50 Hrs
Soil Boring & removal 2.00 Hrs
Inner Liner erection (10 m) 2.00 Hrs
Inner Liner Lowering & welding (2nd piece - 10 m) 2.50 Hrs
Inner Liner Lowering & welding (3rd piece - 10 m) 2.50 Hrs
Inner Liner welding & Driving (4th Piece - 5.0 m) 2.00 Hrs
Boring upto (2 to 5 m) 1.50 Hrs
Inner Liner welding & Driving (5th Piece - 2.0 m) 2.00 Hrs
Boring upto (2 to 5 m) 1.50 Hrs
Inner Liner welding & Driving (5th Piece - 2.0 m) 2.00 Hrs
Boring upto (2 to 5 m) 1.50 Hrs
Boring from 37 to 68 m (in soft & hard soil) 10.33 Hrs
Socketing in Rock (2 m) 8.00 Hrs
Sounding check 1.00 Hrs
Cage Lowering & welding (1st piece - 10 m) 3.00 Hrs
Cage Lowering & welding (2nd piece - 10 m) 3.00 Hrs
Cage Lowering & welding (3rd piece - 10 m) 3.00 Hrs
Cage Lowering & welding (4th piece - 10 m) 3.00 Hrs
Cage Lowering & welding (5th piece - 10 m) 3.00 Hrs
Cage Lowering & welding (6th piece - 10 m) 3.00 Hrs
Additional misc time for straing guage, sonic tube fixing,
6.00 Hrs
telltale bar fixing, etc
Tremie Lowering 5.83 Hrs
Misc arrangements for concreting 2.00 Hrs
Concreting 7.82 Hrs
Hrs
Total cycle time per Pile 86.74 Hrs
Eff working hours per day 16.00
Cycle time/pile 5.42

Page 44 of 90
 CROSS HOLE SONIC LOGGING TEST

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE:

The objective of the test is to check the structural integrity, extent and location of
defects and quality of concrete, between pairs of mild steel pipes pre-installed in
cast-in-situ bored pile. This is a quality assurance program to ensure that the pile
shaft is formed properly and is of targeted depth. The procedure for carrying out
Cross Hole Sonic Logging test on the piles at the project site is as per ASTM 6760.

THEORY:
Ultra sonic waves are allowed to travel from transmitter and are received by the
receiver. The travel time of the waves and energy used in travel are monitored.
Cross hole sonic logging test is based on the principle that the travel time changes
along the depth of the pile where there are non-uniformities. Also when waves
travel through voids or any such irregularities the energy lost is also increased.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
 Transmitter probe and receiver probe of sufficient weight such that they sink
under self-weight in the access pipes filled with water.
 A suitable computer to measure and record the arrival time of waves
produced by the transmitter and energy of the waves lost during travel from
transmitter to receiver.
 Depth Probe – it is a depth measuring device

MAN POWER REQUIRED:

1. Technicians
2. Engineers
3. Helpers

Page 45 of 90
Test was conducted on: 30th March,2019 on pile E-17.
Time taken to conduct the test:
To setup the equipment - 30 minutes
To perform the test -15 minutes
o The piles should be provided with at least 3 access pipes of 50mm to insert
transmitter and receiver probes.

METHODOLOGY:
 Four access pipes were provided up to full depth of the piles, extending
about 300mm above the pile, initially filled with water to avoid de-bonding
of access tubes due to differential temperatures and were closed with caps
to avoid the entry of soil or any impurities which can block the pipes.
 The pipes were tied at every 300mm to the reinforcement cage to avoid
bending and damage which may give erroneous results.
 Dummy probes were inserted to check if the pipes are straight or not and if
the pipes are blocked.
 The transmitter and receiver probes were lowered into the access pipes with
the help of a pulley and cables and connections were set with the computer.
The transmitter probe and receiver probe wires were of different colours
which helps in differentiating them. Transmitter probe wire was black and
receiver probe wire was red.
 Diameter, depth of the pile being tested and the distance between the
combination of access pipes was entered into the computer.
 The transmitter sent out ultrasonic pulse which was received by the receiver
probe. The probes were pulled out together. They should be maintained at
an equal level even while lifting them. Their depths can be monitored in the
computer.
 The first arrival times (FAT) of the waves were recorded.

Page 46 of 90
 Schematic layout showing 4 sonic pipes
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS:
 In a uniformly formed pile the FAT’s are almost same and the energy
reduction would be <6db.The results generated are analysed to see if there
are any non-uniformities in the pile such as honeycombing or voids. This was
repeated for different combinations of access pipes so as to cover whole
pile.
 For a pile to be accepted the FAT increase can be up to a maximum of 20%
and the energy reduction should be <9db generally.
 It is checked whether the probes have travelled the whole depth of the pile.
If their travel length is less it indicates that they did not penetrate till the
bottom of pile which represents blockage of pipe.
POST-TEST:
 Once the test has been conducted fill the access pipes with self-compacting,
non-shrinking cement grout and seal the pipe.

Page 47 of 90
REPORTS (of test conducted on pile E-17):
The details regarding tube corridor, tube spacing, average wave speed, energy
reduction (db) and remarks for each pile have been tabulated. The following
conclusions can be concluded from cross-hole sonic logging tests conducted on
the pile shafts based on data, pile location and pile Information supplied.

1. CSI- testing was conducted on Pile No. E17. Since four tubes were installed
inside this pile, six scans were obtained.

2. Pile Integrity for this pile is classified as acceptable up to scanned depth

based on the available data and Cross Hole Sonic Logging Test results.

Page 48 of 90
 BIDIRECTIONAL STATIC LOAD AXIAL TEST

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE:

The objective is to lay down a procedure for carrying out Bi-Directional Static
Load on the piles at the project site as per project Specification. The proposed
test was executed using single-level supercell configuration using which the pile
will be divided into two segments. The hydraulic jack assembly contains bi-
directional hydraulic jacks in a symmetrical formation. The Supercell assembly
delivers equal loading in both the upward and downward directions, resulting in a
total capacity of Piles.

THEORY:
Bi directional test is sacrificial type of test i.e., once the supercell is welded and
embedded in the pile we can’t retrieve it back after the test. The settlements
occurring under the force applied by the supercell are measured and it is checked
if they are within the limits for the pile to be accepted.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
 Supercell or Hydraulic jacks:
Supercell is standardized according to the load which is to be applied on
the pile for the test and then sent to the site. Ring Super Cells are applied
to this pile, with the diameter as the outer diameter of reinforcing cage,
with a height of 30 cm and maximum stroke of 15 cm. Super Cell produces
large load capacity through built-in special pressurize technology and are
designed with low hydraulic pressure, which can also reduce the system
failure rate on a larger scale.
 Displacement transducers:
They are used to measure movements up to a maximum of 100mm stroke.
Minimum one at the top of the pile to measure pile head movement, two
at the top and two at the bottom of the supercell assembly.

Page 49 of 90
  Strain Gauges: As per the project specification strain gauges are arranged
in four layers with 3 strain gauges per layer.
 Reference beam and reference piles
 Datataker geologger DT85G- displaying and storing of the measurements

MANPOWER REQUIRED:

1. Helpers
2. Engineers
3. Operators

Pile details: TP-05 (Test Pile)

Test conducted on: 28th May, 2019 Tuesday

Time taken:
For Setting up of arrangement- 2.5 hrs

For Test conduction- 15 hrs

METHODOLOGY:

Location of supercell within the pile: The location of supercell assembly

should be such that it will equalize the bi-directional forces in the pile so as to
prevent premature failure in any one direction.

The detailed positioning requirements are calculated based on the pile design and
the soil conditions as shown by the borehole records.
Q1 = Sum of each soil layer ultimate skin friction resistance of upper pile x
positive or negative skin friction resistance correction factor + upper pile self-
weight.
Q2 = Sum of each soil layer ultimate edge skin friction resistance of lower pipe +
ultimate end bearing capacity
The position of supercell should be so as that Q1 = Q2

Page 50 of 90
Field Installation:

 Bored pile excavation was done up to the desired depth as mentioned in the
designs. The soil strata of the pile bores were inspected and bore hole log
were prepared and studied by a geologist. Whenever change in strata was
observed, a sample of the strata was collected for testing.
 After reaching the final toe elevation the pile bottom should be cleaned for
placement of concrete.
 The super cell capsule was concreted 72 hours prior to its welding to the
reinforcement cage and the concrete used should be of the same grade of
the Pile i.e., M50 C. The supercell was enclosed in a conical shaped capsule
with openings at top and bottom. While concreting the pile the chambers
below the supercell may not be concreted fully, which results in hollow
portions in the capsule. Due to this reason the supercell is concreted prior
to concreting of the pile.

Combine Super Cell Laitance flow-guiding diagram

 A cross reinforcement extends from the supercell to the main reinforcement

in both up and down directions. This reinforcement ensures uniform
distribution of the load applied by the supercell.
 The Supercell assembly, related hydraulic supply, and instrumentation will
be lowered into the hole attached to the steel cage. Supercell assembly

Page 51 of 90
 inside the cage will be supported either using angle bar welded to the cage
or is directly welded to the cage.
 The first section of the reinforcing cage containing the hydraulic jack
assembly will be lowered into the bored hole and is temporarily supported
on the steel liner.
 The second cage section will then be lowered vertically into position and is
spliced with coupler or welded to the top of the first cage

 Supercell is protected inside the steel capsule.

Reference beam and pile setup: Reference beam is used to attach

displacement gauges to measure displacements. Reference beam rests on
reference piles on both the ends and its length should not be less than 6D.
Here D= pile diameter

Page 52 of 90
Page 53 of 90
TEST PROCEDURE:

 The embedded jack assembly is used to apply load to the test pile by the
following procedure. The test load applied to the pile is twice the load
measured in the jack assembly.
 Apply ten equal increments of jack assembly load to the pile. The maximum
specified jack assembly load will be 50% of the maximum specified test
load. Although there is no safety concern, the pile properties may change
near the load and the test may be shortened or the data can be
compromised in that part.
 After attaining the load, maintain each load increment until the rate of
axial movement (creep) both above and below the jack assembly is 0.25
mm/hour or less and for a time interval of at least 30 minutes but not more
than 2 hours.
 At the maximum load attainment, it is kept for 360 minutes. Remove the
load in five equal decrements, keeping the load constant for a time interval
of 30 minutes and once the load is completely removed the reading is
taken after 60 minutes.

CONVERSION OF CURVE:

Conversion of pile top load vs displacement between BDSLT and conventional

static test is based on synchronization principle of upward and downward
displacement. According to the load distribution of two test methods, the
formula for conversion is as shown below:

Q = [(Qu-W)/ γ] + Qd (formula 1)

S = Sd + ΔS (formula 2）

Where Q is equivalent pile top load after conversion, S is pile top displacement
after conversion, Qu is upward load value of cell, Qd is downward load value of
the cell, ΔS is pile shaft compression, Sd is downward displacement.

Page 54 of 90
Upper pile compression ΔS is equal to the sum of elastic compression caused by
upper pile and lower pile:

ΔS = Δs1 + Δs2 (formula 3）

where： Δs1 — elastic compression caused by the vertical load of the bottom
compressed pile;

Δs2 — elastic compression caused by friction resistance of the upper

compressed pile

Qd - Load cell downward load, unit is kN;

Qu - Upper pile load when upper pile displacement absolute value equal to Su in
Qu vs Su Curve, unit is kN;

Page 55 of 90
L - Upper pile length, unit is m;

EP - Pile shaft elasticity modulus, unit is kPa;

AP - Pile shaft cross section area, unit is m2;

W - Test pile upper pile self-weight above load cell, unit is kN.

γ- Correction Factor; for soil = 0.8, sand = 0.7, rock = 1.0

Settlement criteria:

For test piles:

Total settlement at 1.5 times the working load should be less than 12mm.

For working piles:

The residual settlement after the whole process of loading and eventually
unloading the test pile should be less than 5mm.

DISCUSSION ON TEST CONDUCTION, RESULTS AND ANALYSIS {of test pile 06

(TP06)}:

CONSTRUCTION OF THE TEST PILE-

The cage was lifted in segments as per the work plan and each cage was spliced
by overlapping as per rebar schedules. The concrete was poured immediately
after the cage lowering to the pile cut off elevation of +3.53 m.

The nominal 1200mm diameter cast in place concrete pile was bored to a depth
of -56.23 m. The external casing was installed to an elevation of -10.2m during
the pile drilling. Pile was founded on Moderately Weathered Khondalite Rock
material. Working platform was at an elevation of +2.36 m while pile cut-off level
was +3.53 m. Final pile length was 59.78 m due to rock level at the pile location.
The Supercell is of donut shape within the prefabricated frame of 910 mm

Page 56 of 90
diameter on top and bottom of supercell. Supercell jacks were calibrated to
maximum load of 5750 kN prior to shipping by manufacturer.
Both upper cage and the bottom cage were welded to the Super Cell. The Bottom
of the Supercell was located 8.43 m above the tip of the pile. The location of
supercell assembly should be such that it will equalize the bi-directional forces in
the pile. Calculations are done for the same as follows:

Page 57 of 90
Page 58 of 90
Test arrangement and data interpretation:

5 Displacement Transducers were placed at:

1.Two at the upper part of the Supercell.

2. Two at the Lower part of the Supercell.

3. One at the top of the Upper pile to monitor the upper movement of the upper
pile.

 Approximately 13-meter-long ISMB250 (Indian Standard Main Beam)

section was used as reference beam and it was supported on 900mm
diameter casing driven into ground. The reference beam was about 600mm
above the top of the pile.

 All the Strain gauges were read by automatic data logger prior to each
increment of the load using DATATAKER 85G.

 Preload the Supercell at 16.58 Mpa pressure to break tack weld. The
pressure was held for three to five seconds to form fracture plan in the
concrete surrounding the base of the Supercell while monitoring
displacement of all the gauges.

 The maximum displacement of 0.07 mm were recorded at the time the pile
fracture and 0.0 mm once the was pile relaxed.

Loading sequence and methodology of the testing was established and approved
by Client prior to testing.
A maximum bidirectional load of 5625 kN applied to the pile above and below the
Supercell. Once the maximum load achieved, unloading of pile was started.

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The loading sequence was as follows:

Displacements observed are as follows:

Page 60 of 90
 PILE INTEGRITY TEST

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this test is to evaluate the pile for potential defects that may be
caused due to necking, honey-combs, soil inclusions, cold joints etc. This test also
evaluates the bulge or bulbs inside the pile.
M/S. Geo Dynamics was engaged by L&T — ISDPL JV to conduct pile integrity
testing (PIT) on r.c. bored piles installed at the above site. The aim of testing was
to assess the pile integrity for potential problems like cross-sectional changes,
honeycombing, concrete quality, continuity etc.
The tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM D5882-16.This report
presents the results of pile integrity testing using the Pile Integrity Tester, PIT,
based on the details available and the site conditions at the time of testing.

THEORY:
Impacts on pile are given using a hammer due to which waves are generated and
the velocity of the waves are recorded. Waves move down the pile and as they
move down they get weak. Motion sensors are placed near the pile head which
measures the axial pile motion. Pile integrity test shall be done after the piles
have been chipped up to sound concrete level (cut-off level). The testing is to be
performed 7 days after casting or after concrete achieves at least 75% of its
designed compressive strength.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

 PIT-V Equipment
 PIT-W 2009 Software Standard Version
 Hand Hammer- should be able to produce an input force pulse without
causing any local pile damage due to the impact.
 Transducers

Page 61 of 90
MANPOWER REQUIRED:
 Engineers
 Operators
 Helpers

Pile details:
Test was conducted on: 25th May,2019.

Time taken to conduct the test:

To setup the equipment - 30 minutes
To perform the test -10 minutes

METHODOLOGY:
 The pile top surface is made smooth with sufficient space for the attachment
of the motion sensing device and hammer impact area.
 An accelerometer is attached on to the pile top with the help of bonding
material like candle wax, Vaseline etc.
 Now the pile is impacted with a hand held hammer.
 Several impacts were applied and the average was recorded. Velocity
measurements are also recorded. Typically, six quintessential blows
are impacted to the hammer and an average of similar of these blows
constitutes one data set. The test involves collection of several data
sets for each pile so that a reasonable inference can be obtained for
each pile.
 For piles with diameters larger than 500mm, attach the
accelerometer at a minimum of three locations so that an integrity
evaluation near the pile head may be made for each localized section
of pile.

Page 62 of 90
  The data collected using PIT equipment shall be under observation
and processed using PIT-W 2009 software.
 A report should be submitted describing:
1. The uniformity of pile
2. changes in cross-section i.e., bulge or defects due to necking,
honey-combs etc.
3. Concrete quality in terms of wave speed. A normal range of
wave speed shall be between 3500 m/sec to 4200 m/sec.
 The report should indicate whether the piles are acceptable or
rejected. The following criteria is used to decide whether they can be
accepted or not.
1. Piles with toe response and no apparent defect shall be
classified as acceptable.
2. Piles with no toe response and significant reduction or defect
above the pile toe shall be rejected and replacement or any
other remedial action may be considered.

REPORTS:
Integrity tests were performed using the most advanced state of art data
collection system available to estimate pile integrity by surface impact methods.
In this system the PIT Collector allows for detection of wave reflections from
changes in pile impedance. The Collector can acquire, enhance, display and plot

Page 63 of 90
data. The conclusion and interpretation of the results are based on the pile top
velocity against time curve.

On analysis of the observed readings:

1. No major defect was observed in case of the tested piles.

2. Pile integrity for the tested pile is classified as OK based on low strain test
records and subject to above mentioned comments.

3. This report has been prepared with generally accepted engineering practices
and the results of integrity testing as per ASTM 5882.

Page 64 of 90
 PRECAST U-BEAMS AND PLANKS
SCOPE:
Number of beams required to be constructed: 648
Number of planks required to be constructed: 1970

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of work includes the following:

 Preparation of precast bed.

 Reinforcement cutting, bending, placing and tying.
 Fixing of form work.
 Concreting and curing.
 Stacking of precast members.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
 Concrete- Cement, GGBS, silica fume, aggregates, admixtures
 Reinforcement
 Mould releasing agent
 Cover blocks
 Retarder
 Binding wires

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
 Shuttering materials: Side and end shutter panels, stiffeners, head and foot
adaptor assemble, waler.
 Electrical Immersion Vibrator
 Slump Cone
 Cube moulds
 Concrete bucket
 Rebar bending and shearing machines

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MAN POWER REQUIRED:
 Engineer
 Supervisor
 Rebar fitter
 Carpenter
 Mason
 Helpers.
METHODOLOGY:
a) Reinforcement stacking:
Reinforcement of required diameters will be stacked on elevated
platforms made of concrete and will be covered with tarpaulin to avoid
their contact with soil and rain dew.
b) Reinforcement cutting, bending and tying:
The elements of reinforcement cage are prepared as per the requirements
mentioned in the drawings.
c) Cover blocks made with M50 P are used. Cover blocks facing outwards are
of 75mm and inwards are of 25mm.
d) Casting bed:
A smooth, levelled, inert and strong (should be able to bear load of precast
element) casting bed should be prepared.
e) Before placing reinforcement cage with cover block on the casting bed
releasing agent should be applied over the bed.
f) Shuttering:
Cleaned end shutter and side shutters are placed using the support of foot
and head adaptor, prop jack, waler, vertical and horizontal stiffeners. The
gaps and holes in the shuttering arrangement are closed by glass putty and
bob tape to avoid concrete overflow through the gaps.
g) Concreting:
Concrete mix of M50 P is used as mentioned in design mix requirements.
Temperature shouldn’t exceed 30⁰C while pouring. The nominal maximum
size of aggregate used in concreting of precast element is
20mm.Workability of concrete being used should be between 100 – 150
mm and this should be checked . Concrete pouring should be started from
side walls of the beam up to approximately half the height after which the

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 concrete should be compacted. Concrete shall now be poured using
concrete bucket carried by gantry crane up to the full height and
compacted. Overflow should be controlled to the minimum extent possible
to avoid wastage. Compaction of concrete should be done by vibrator of 60
or 40 mm needle as per requirement. Top of the concrete should be
finished by straight edge and English trowel.
h) Post concreting, after 30 minutes two coats of retarder are applied which
delays the setting time of upper surface of the plank.
i) Deshuttering:
Shutters should be removed after the concrete achieves adequate strength
(approximately after 24 hours). All the props are loosened and side and end
shutters are removed one after the other. Date of casting and the pour
number is painted on the structure for identification. Other details such as
length and width of the beam are noted according to the pour number in
soft format.
j) Green Cutting:
Water jet is used to chip the top 6mm of the plank. This exposes the
aggregate surface and hence better concreting joint is attained when
planks are further concreted at the site.
k) Lifting and shifting:
The precast units should not be moved until the flexural strength reaches
4N/mm2. The flexural strength is calculated by the formula Fs = 0.7√fck
N/mm2 (here fck = Characteristic cube strength of concrete in N/mm2)
The precast elements are lifted by strongback using gantry crane. They
should be placed on firm and levelled ground.
l) Stacking:
2 TIER stacking of the precast elements will be done on concrete sleeper
with rubber pad or wooden block placed at the bottom.
m) Curing:
After the final setting a wet hessian along with polythene will be used to
cover the precast element. The hessian should be kept damp at least for 14
days after which an approved aluminised or white resin based curing
compound is applied as recommended by the manufacturer.

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Page 68 of 90
 RIVER TRAINING

SCOPE:
The scope of river training extends up to a length of 4.223km.
To ensure the topographic survey activities and construction procedures in order
to guarantee an accurate result and the complete sequential process to be
followed includes excavation, placing, finishing, profiling of filter layer and armour
layer.

OBJECTIVE:
The working sequence includes:

Survey to obtain the original ground level (longitudinal & cross-section) with
respect to Chart Datum.
Area development (as per drawing profile).
Post- profile survey
Geomat placing
Geomat post placement check

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 Granular Filter Layer placing (as per drawing specification).
Post fill survey, progress survey and acceptance survey where required.
Rip rap placing
Post placement survey
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
 Geotextile Sand Mat as per the specifications.
 Granular Filter Layer.
 Rocks shall be supplied in the grading classes defined using the grading limits:

Class Limit Definition by size (mm)

Granular filter layer grading

Fine Grading DIO D15 D50 D60 D85

D50=5 mm 3.5 4 5 6 8
D50=36 mm 28 30 36 40 50
D50=100 mm 75 80 100 110 140
D50=160 mm 120 130 160 180 230
D50=200 mm 150 160 200 220 280

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
To meet the objectives of the work, the following machinery shall be used:

 Excavator
 150 ton Crane
 Dumper 30 ton
 Survey boat
 DG35
 Wheel loader
 DGPS backpack

MANPOWER:

 Construction manager
 Senior engineer

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 Supervisor
 Flagman
 Rigger
 Welder
 Gas cutter

METHODOLOGY:
a) SURVEY METHOD:
 Horizontal control – Horizontal control is accomplished by means of a Real
Time Kinematic DGPS system. The system can be split up in a space segment
and a user segment.
The space segment of the GPS system consists of 24 satellites orbiting about
20,200km above the earth's surface so that at least four satellites can be
simultaneously in view round the clock anywhere on earth.
The user segment is made up of the entire marine and land applications
deciphering and using the signals received from the satellites. The receivers
compute positions in real time using both the L1 and L2 signals. Using the two
different signal frequencies makes it possible to cover bigger areas, to cut
down initialization time and to increase the reliability of the initialization
process, due to the more accurate positioning, velocity and timing
information available to resolve the ambiguities.
The real time DGPS involves a reference station (AsteRx2e GNSS series),
which computes the satellite pseudo range corrections and transmits them
to the remote receivers on land based equipment, with a transmitting
module attached to it. The corrections are transmitted by means of a
telemetry link. The remote receivers, installed on carbon pole, and the
remote receiver, carried inside the backpack, apply the differential
corrections from their telemetry link to their observed satellite pseudo
ranges to obtain corrected ranges for position calculation, resulting in cm
accuracy in X, Y and Z.

 Vertical control – For the vertical control during topographic survey, the
Local Bench Mark (LBM) provided at the well is used. For the vertical control,

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 the backpack will be calibrated at the Project Benchmark, prior and after
every survey.
For topographic surveys, a DGPS Backpack system shall be used. The system
is operational within a radius of 10 km from the reference station. The total
propagated error shall be less than 0.2 m in horizontal plane and less than
0.050m in vertical plane.
Stage wise survey shall be carried out at 10m chainage and 1m along the
slope and profiling shall be done to the required slope.
Due to shallow water depth at the river training site, hydrography survey is
not possible and hence topographic surveys are performed Underwater
survey shall be carried out by the surveyor (along with a diver) using DGPS
Backpack system.
 The survey shall be done once after the bush clearance to ascertain where
cutting or filling is required as per the drawings and also to obtain the
Original Ground Level (longitudinal and cross-section profiles) with respect
to the chart datum, once after the profiles have been completed, once
after the granular filter layer has been installed and once after each section
has been completed.
 Carry out initial ground, beach and sea bed survey lines at 10 metre centres,
or other closer spacing if required (for example, where the profile is changing
rapidly or on tight-radius curves), extending for at least 10 metres outside
the intended toes or other edges of the rock structures.
For this, DGPS Backpack shall be used to take levels on the sloped profile
surface.
The measurement shall be carried out at the following intervals:
o Coarse and light grading: 1m to 2m
o Heavy grading: 1m
 Ensure that Cross survey lines are at 900 across the 10 metre survey lines.
After the placing and profiling of rock in a stretch, its profile checking shall
be carried out.
 It should be ensured that setting out, alignment, level and cross-sectional
control during construction of the layers of rock structures are accurate.

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b) AREA DEVELOPMENT

The River Training area shall be cleaned of all the existing bushes and developed
as per the required slopes using the excavator. If the access is not possible then
excavator on barge shall be used with prior permissions from the engineer.
c) POST-PROFILE-SURVEY
Once the profile sections have been completed, the section shall be checked as
per the drawing requirements using DGPS Backpack across the profile for 10m
chainage, at (1m to 2m) interval along the slope. After the survey, data shall be
imported in the survey software and cross-section shall be plotted for the
engineer approval.

d) LAYER PLACEMENT

The sequential placing of individual filter layer and rip rap shall proceed as closely-
spaced in only one grade of material as required at each location. The filter layer
and Rip-rap layer shall be placed using long boom excavator/ 150T crane as per
site conditions.
At each location, the placing of the next layer is only permitted to proceed upon
approval by the Engineer of the previous layer.
The Contractor shall ensure that segregation of rock within the gradings does not
occur, particularly where placement takes place underwater.
The River Training works is divided into various sections as per the design and each
section has different length and different grade of materials (Rip-rap & Filter layer)
to be filled as per the following:

Section Length( m) Material Grade

Rip -rap Filter layer
A-A 300 Dn50=200mm D50=36mm
B-B 790 Dn50=200mm D50=36mm
C-C 401 Dn50=200mm D50=36mm
D-D 1109 Dn50=550mm D50=100mm
E-E 533 Dn50=550mm D50=100mm
F-F 185 Dn50=550mm D50=100mm
G-G 905 Dn50=550mm D50=100mm

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Following figure depicts the typical cross-section which is to be constructed.
Execution at site shall be based on individual drawings for each stretch.

The step-wise placement of different materials is as follows:

Step 1: Placement of Geomat Layer:

The Geotextile sand mat shall be placed manually by the divers to the positions
and slopes indicated in the drawings. The length of the Geomat shall be adjusted
according to the length of the section (including the slope) and then laid by rolling
it down from top to bottom by the following mechanism:
 The geomat shall be supplied to site wrapped onto a 4 – 6 inch hollow tube
so the Roller bar can be inserted at site. Geomat roll shall be installed with
the necessary weights for negative buoyancy and laid along the river
training channel.
 The Onshore team shall position the geomat rolls with specially fabricated
roller bars to unwrap the sheet from top to toe along the gradient.
Additional weights shall be added to the geomat rollers to achieve the
required negative buoyancy for uninterrupted unwrapping of the Geomat
sheets in submerged conditions.

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  The lowering and unwrapping of the Geomat sheet shall be controlled by
the onshore team. The Lowering and unwrapping process shall take place in
5 - 10 m intervals to suit the site conditions.
 The Onshore team shall prepare the next geotextile sheet by stitching (for
lowering into the channel) with the previous geomat and keeping minimum
1000 mm overlap.
 Similarly, the above steps shall be repeated through the entire 4.223 Km
stretch of the river training work.
The Geomat placement shall be checked after completion for proper overlap and
area coverage.

Step2: Placement of Granular Filter Layer: Granular filter layer (as per the
specification) shall be placed and profiled using the long boom excavator/ 150T
crane. Adequate care shall be taken to avoid any damage to the Geotextile layer
placed. Required slope profile and thickness of the layer shall be maintained by
continuously monitoring through the survey. Placing shall be done as dense as
possible.

The layer placement shall be checked at (1m to 2m) interval across the
measurement profile.

Step3: Placement of Rip-rap Layer: Rip rap gradings shall be placed to achieve
dense, fully interlocked slope using Long Boom excavator/ 150T crane. The
methods of placing the layers shall be appropriate for the grading of the rock
which ranges from light (Dn50=200mm rip rap) to heavy (Dn50=550mm Rip rap).
Placing shall start at toe and proceed upwards towards the crest. Placement shall
be done as dense as possible. The layer placement shall be checked at 1m
interval across the measurement profile.

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The following images describe the typical sequential working process:

Stage 1: Fill material shall be placed to provide access for excavation

Stage 2: After levelling of the Riverbed for the required profile, the excavation
shall be carried out on temporary fill by excavator.

Stage 3: Extra fill shall be excavated as per the required profile

Stage 4: Placement of Geotextile layer shall be carried out by land crane and
then followed by rolling it down the slope

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Stage 5: Granular filter layer shall be placed using crane. (Where Excavator not
reach in proper location.)

Stage 6: Rip-rap layer shall be filled using crane. (Where excavator reach in
perfect location)

Before starting any work of River training/surveying, the following conditions

were kept in mind:

 All permissions from port and local authorities were in place before
commencement of work.
 Diving permit was issued to the supervisor before commencing the diving
operations.
 All the wires and ropes under tension were monitored constantly.
 Water current was not greater than 1.2 knots.
 Radio contact was maintained with Ship’s bridge and nearby operators.
 Divers were aware of the effects of the surge, swell and current.

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ROCK GRADINGS USED IN RIP RAP AND FILTER MEDIA:

Page 78 of 90
Page 79 of 90
 QUALITY CONTROL
SCHEDULING OF QUALITY LAB TESTS AS PER THE FOLLOWING TABLE:

TESTS TO BE CONDUCTED FREQUENCY

COURSE AGGREGATE

Clay, silt and dust content Daily

Sulphate test 2 times a week
Chloride test 2 times a week
Magnesium and sulphate soundness Monthly
Organic impurities Monthly
FINE AGGREGATES

Clay, silt and dust content Daily

Sulphate test Daily
Chloride test Daily
Organic impurities Once in a week
HARDENED CONCRETE

Sulphate test Once in 14 days

Chloride test Once in 14 days
Water test as per IS 456 Monthly
Admixture test For each lot as per IS910
CEMENT

Loss of ignition Monthly

Tests on construction water as per IS 3025

Water is to be tested for seven parameters:
a) pH test (IS 3025 part 11)
b) organic and inorganic impurities (IS 3025 part 18)
c) total suspended solids (IS 3025 part 17)
d) chloride content (IS 3025 part 32)
e) Acidity (IS 3025 part 22)

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 f) Alkalinity (IS 3025 part 23)
g) Sulphate (IS 3025 part 24)

pH
To find pH of the given water sample.

Equipment required:

a) pH meter
b) beaker
c) standard pH buffer solution-pH 4, pH7, pH10

PROCEDURE:

 After keeping the pH meter switched on for half an hour prior to the
commencement of the test, calibrate the pH meter with buffer solutions of
known pH’s of 4,7 and 10
 Temperature of the pH rods must also be taken care of [maintained at room
temperature]
 Rinse the pH rods with solution of distilled water and then the electrodes should
be dipped directly up to an adequate depth and moved in a way to ensure
sufficient sample movement.
 Note and record the data of pH and temperature in the sample.

RESULT:

Report the pH to the nearest coefficient or two decimal places.

The overall pH value range of natural water is generally between 6 and 8. In case
of alkaline thermal spring waters pH value may be more than 9 while for acidic
thermal spring waters the pH may be 4 or even less than 4. Industrial wastes may
be strongly acidic or basic and their effect on pH value of receiving water depends

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on the buffering capacity of water. The pH value obtained in the laboratory may
not be the same as that of water at the time of collection of samples due to loss-or
absorption of gases, reactions with sediments, hydrolysis and oxidation or
reduction taking place within the sample bottle. pH value should preferably be
determined at the time of collection of sample.

ACIDITY
To find the acidity of the given sample water.

Equipment required:

a) Burette
b) conical flask
c) funnel
d) pipette

Reagents required:

a) 0.02N NaOH
b) phenolphthalein indicator
c) Distilled water

Methodology:

 All the apparatus being used should be cleaned with distilled water.
 The sample should be filtered through 542 Filter paper to remove turbidity.
 Using a clean pipette, pipette out 100ml of sample water to be tested in to a
clean conical flask.
 Fill a clean burette with 0.02N NaOH.

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 Determine the pH of water. If pH is less than 3.7, add two drops of methyl
orange indicator into the sample beaker and titrate with standard 0.02 N
sodium hydroxide solution until the colour changes to the faint orange
characteristic of pH 3.7.
 Record the volume of sodium hydroxide used.
 Take 100 ml of sample in another conical flask.
 Add 3-4 drops of phenolphthalein indicator in the conical flask. If the colour of
the sample doesn’t change, it indicates that acidity is present. If light pink colour
appears, it implies that Acidity is absent.
 If acidity is present, this sample should be titrated against 0.02N NaOH.
 Titration should be stopped once the mild pink colour of the sample disappears.
 The amount of titrant consumed to neutralise the acidity of sample is noted.
Acidity at pH 3.7, as mg/l CaCO3 = A × N × 50000/V
Acidity at pH 8.3, as mg/l CaCO3 = B × N × 50000/V
where
A = volume in ml of standard sodium hydroxide used to titrate to pH 3.7,
N = normality of standard sodium hydroxide,
V = volume in ml of sample taken for test, and
B = volume in ml of standard sodium hydroxide used to titrate to pH 8.3.
 The amount of titrant consumed shouldn’t be greater than 5ml.
 If the titrant consumed is greater than 5ml, then this water shouldn’t be used
for construction purpose before treating it for acidity.

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 ALKALINITY
To find alkalinity of the given water sample.

Equipment required:

a) Burette
b) conical flask
c) funnel
d) pipette

Reagents required:

a) 0.02N H2SO4
b) Methyl orange indicator
c) Distilled water

METHODOLOGY:

 All the apparatus being used should be cleaned with distilled water.
 The sample should be filtered through 542 Filter paper to remove turbidity.
 Using a clean pipette, pipette out 100ml of sample water that is to be tested in
to a clean conical flask.
 Fill a clean burette with 0.02N H2SO4.
 Determine the pH of water. If the pH of the sample is over 8.3, then add 2 to 3
drops of phenolphthalein indicator and titrate with standard sulphuric acid
solution till the pink colour observed by indicator just disappears (equivalence
of pH 8.3).
 Record the volume of standard sulphuric acid solution used.

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 Add 2 to 3 drops of Methyl orange indicator to the solution in which the
phenolphthalein alkalinity has been determined.
 This sample should be titrated against 0.02N H2SO4.
 Titration should be stopped once the light yellow colour of the sample changes
to orange colour (equivalence of pH 3.7).
 Record the volume of standard acid used after phenolphthalein alkalinity.
Phenolphthalein alkalinity (as mg/l of CaCO3) = A × N × 50000/V
Total alkalinity (as mg/l CaCO3) = (A+B) × N × 50000/V
where
A = ml of standard sulphuric acid used to titrate to pH 83,
B = ml of standard sulphuric acid used to titrate from pH 8.3 to pH 3.7,
N = normality of acid used, and
V = volume in ml of sample taken for test.
 The amount of titrant consumed shouldn’t be greater than 25ml.
 If the titrant consumed is greater than 25ml, then this water shouldn’t be used
for construction purpose before treating it for alkalinity.

CHLORIDE
To find the chloride content in the given water sample.

Equipment required:

a) Burette
b) Pipette
c) Conical flask
d) Funnel

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Reagents required:

a) Potassium chromate indicator

b) 0.0141N silver nitrate solution
c) Distilled water

Methodology:

 All the apparatus being used should be cleaned with distilled water.
 The sample should be filtered through 542 Filter paper to remove turbidity.
 Using a clean pipette, pipette out 10ml of sample water that is to be tested in
to a clean conical flask.
 A clean burette is filled with 0.0141N silver nitrate.
 Add 3 drops of potassium chromate indicator in the sample. This imparts light
yellow colour to the sample.
 Titrate the sample till an end point of brick red colour.
 Chloride content is calculated as follows:
Chloride, mg/l = (V1 – V2) × N × 35,450/V3
Where
V1 = volume in ml of silver nitrate used by the sample,
V2 = volume in ml of silver nitrate used in the blank titration,
V3 = volume in ml of sample taken for titration, and
N = normality of silver nitrate solution

 The water sample with chloride content greater than 500mg/l shouldn’t
be used before treating it for chloride.

SULPHATE TEST
To find the sulphate content in the given water sample.

Equipment required:

a) Burette

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 b) Pipette
c) Conical flask
d) Funnel

METHODOLOGY:

1. The sample is filtered through 542 filter paper to remove the turbidity.
2. 2ml filtered sample is taken into a clean conical flask.
3. Add 10 ml of ethanol along with a pinch of NSP2 .NSP3 is added drop by drop
to the solution until the sample turns saffron red.
4. The number of drops added are counted and reported.
5. Sulphate content is calculated in ppms [1 drop = 10 ppm]
6. If the number of drops added exceeds 40 then new sample is prepared in the
same way and another reagent other than NSP-3 is added. Since the
acceptable limit is below 400ppm, once the concentration exceeds 400ppm
the water is consider unfit to use in construction.

TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

Measurement of total dissolved solids:

1. Keep a preheated beaker maintained at 550oC and cooled in a dessicator

and weigh the beaker as w1.
2. Add 100 ml of sample which is filtered through 542 filter paper.
3. Keep on the beaker on hot plate at 100 oC. Till the sample is fully evaporated
and keep thereafter keep the beaker in an oven 105 deg. For an hour and
measure the weight it as w2.
4. TDS= w2-w1

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Organic and inorganic impurities:

The residue is heated at 550oC in a muffle furnace and cooled down in a

dessicator after which its weight is measured as w3.
Organic solids = w2 -w3
Inorganic solids = w3-w1

Limits:
Organic impurities should be less than or equal to 200 mg/lt.
Inorganic impurities should be less than or equal to 3000 mg/lt.

TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS

Place the glass fibre filter on the membrane filter apparatus or insert into bottom
of a suitable Gooch crucible with wrinkled surface up. While vacuum is applied,
wash the dish with three successive 20 ml volumes of distilled water. Remove all
traces of water by continuing to apply vacuum after water has passed through.
Remove filter from membrane filter apparatus. Transfer to a desiccator and weigh
after half an hour. Repeat the drying cycle until a constant mass is obtained.
Weigh immediately before use. After weighing, handle the filter or crucible filter
with forceps or tongs only.
Shake the sample vigorously and quantitatively transfer the predetermined sample
volume selected accordingly to the filter using a graduated cylinder getting void of
all the water traces.
After filteration, transfer the filter along with contents to an oven maintained at
either 103-105°C or 179-181°C for at least 1 hour. Cool in a desiccator and weigh.
Repeat the drying cycle until constant mass is obtained.

TSS= [A-B]*1000*(suspended solids mg) / 1000

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 TEST ON AGGREGATES:
Coarse aggregates are of sizes 20 mm and 40mm

Fine aggregates comprise of Crushed, River and Natural sand.

SAMPLING:
Dry the sample in an oven and after placing sample in distilled water, stir it
continuously for an hour.
For COARSE AGGREGATE: 2KG SAMPLE AND 2LT DISTILLED WATER
For FINE AGGREGATE: 500GM SAMPLE AND 1 LT DISTILLED WATER
Following tests were conducted on the aggregates:

COARSE AGGREGATES AND FINE AGGREGATES:

 Clay, silt and dust content
 Sulphate and Chloride content
 Magnesium and Sulphate Soundness
 Organic impurities

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 CONCLUSION
We feel extremely fortunate for being a part of biggest construction company of
India. This internship helped us grow a lot and get a deeper look in the
construction field. We are very thankful to all the people at site who took their
time out to help us in getting field related knowledge.
We are very much thankful for the wonderful accommodation facility from L&T.
By attending this training a lot of our concepts have got cleared up and this will
surely help us to apply our theoretical learning to practical situations in a better
manner. I hope this experience will surely help us in shaping our career.

RAJ DOHOLIYA
MUDDASANI JAHNAVI

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