BASIC PROPERTIES OF INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

➢ Integral of 1

∫ 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝑪

➢ Integral of a constant

∫ 𝒌 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌𝒙 + 𝑪

e.g.

𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 𝐶

➢ Simple Power Rule

𝒙𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝒏+𝟏
provided 𝑛 ≠ −1

e.g.

𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫ 5𝑥 4 = 𝑥 5 + 𝐶

➢ Simple Power Rule (𝑛 = −1)

𝟏
∫ 𝒙−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒙

➢ Integral of a function with constant coefficient

∫ 𝒌𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

e.g.

𝑥5
1. ∫ 5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ( 5 ) + 𝐶 = 𝑥 5 + 𝐶
𝑥 −7
2. ∫ 7𝑥 −8 𝑑𝑥 = 7 ∫ 𝑥 −8 𝑑𝑥 = 7 ( −7 )
 1
= −𝑥 −7 = −
𝑥7

➢ Integral of sum and difference

∫[𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)] = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) + ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)

∫[𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)] = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) − ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)

e.g.

4
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫ (3𝑥 2 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5

= ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4𝑥 −5 𝑑𝑥

= 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥 −5 𝑑𝑥

1
= 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 −4 = 𝑥 3 +
𝑥4

➢ The General Power Formula

𝒖𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪
𝒏+𝟏

provided 𝑛 ≠ −1

e.g.

1. 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫(3𝑥 + 4)3 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 4

𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
3

𝑑𝑢
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑢 3
3
 1 3
1 𝑢4 1 4
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ( ) + 𝐶 = 𝑢 +𝐶
3 3 4 12

(3𝑥 + 4)4
= +𝐶
12

2. 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫(𝑥 2 + 2)2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 2

𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1 1 𝑢3
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑢 2 𝑥 2
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ( ) + 𝐶
2𝑥 2 2 3

(𝑥 2 + 2)2
= +𝐶
6

3. 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑢4 cos 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
cos 𝑥

𝑢5 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥
= +𝐶 = +𝐶
5 5

➢ The General Power Formula (𝑛 = −1)

𝟏
∫ 𝒖−𝟏 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒖

e.g.
 −1
1. 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫(3𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 4

𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
3

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢 1
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑢−1 =∫ = ∫ = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
3 3𝑢 3 𝑢 3

1
= ln(3𝑥 + 4) + 𝐶
3

➢ Exercises

Determine the Antiderivative/Indefinite Integral of the following functions and check by

differentiation.

e.g.

i f ( x) = x

F ( x) =  f ( x)dx
=  x dx
x2
F ( x) = + C
2

Checking:

f ( x) = F ' ( x )

d  x2 
x=  +C
dx  2 
 d  x2  d
x=  + (C )
dx  2  dx

( 2 x) + 0
1
x=
2

/
x=x

1. f ( x) = 5 Ans: F ( x) = 5 x + C

2. f ( x) = 0 Ans: F ( x) = C

3. f ( x ) = 3x 3 2
Ans: F ( x) = x +C
2
4. f ( x) = 3 x8 1
Ans: F ( x) = x9 + C
3
5. f ( x) = 4 x −5 −1
Ans: F ( x) = 4 + C
x
3 −41 3
6. f ( x) = x Ans: F ( x) = x 4 + C
4

f ( x) = 5 x 3 5 85
7. Ans: F ( x) = x +C
8
7 Ans: F ( x) = 7 ln x + C
8. f ( x) =
x
3
3 5 2 5
9. f ( x) = 2 x 4 + 1
− Ans: F ( x) = 4 x 4 + x − 5ln x + C
4
x 5
x

10. f ( x) = 2 x 4 + 2 x −3 − 3 4 x3 2 5 1 12 74
Ans: F ( x) = x − 2 − x +C
5 x 7
11. f ( x) = ( 2 x + 1) ( 2 x + 1)
2 3

Ans: F ( x) = +C
6
12. f ( x) = x ( x2 + 2) (x + 2)
2 3
2

Ans: F ( x) = +C
6
1 4
13. f ( x) = sin 3 x cos x 3sin 3 x
Ans: F ( x) = +C
4
 ( 3 + ln 2 x ) ( 3 + ln 2 x )
3 4

14. f ( x) = Ans: F ( x) = +C
x 4

3
15. f ( x) = 2 1 − e− x e− x Ans: F ( x) =
4
3
(1 − e− x ) 2 + C

( arccos 2 x ) ( arccos 2 x )
4 5

16. f ( x) = Ans: F ( x) = − +C
1 − 4 x2 10

f ( x) =
(1 − 2ln x ) − (1 − 2ln x )
2
17. Ans: F ( x) = +C
x 4
1 5
18. f ( x) = ( e x + e − x ) 4 ( e x − e − x ) 4(e x + e − x ) 4
Ans: F ( x) = +C
5
2 x3 1
19. f ( x) = Ans: F ( x) = ln x 4 + 1 + C
x4 + 1 2

sec2 x Ans: F ( x) = ln 4 + tan x + C

20. f (x) =
4 + tan x

dx Ans: F ( x) = ln ln x + C
21. f ( x) =
x ln x

22. f ( x) = ( 2 x 4 + 3x ) ( 2x + 3)
2 3
3

Ans: F ( x) = +C
18