TCP/ IP – Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol. It is a set of networking protocols that allows
two or more computers to communicate.
Internet Protocol - a set of rules governing the format of
data sent over the Internet or other network.
IP Address - is a unique address that identifies a device
on the Internet or a local network. It allows a system to
be recognized by other systems connected via
the Internet protocol.
IPv4
32-bit IPv4 address represented in the dotted-decimal
format, divided into 8-bit boundaries, and then converted
to its decimal equivalent, and separated by periods.
Classes of IPV4
Class Theoretical Address Range Binary Used for
Start
A 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 0 Very large networks
B 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 10 Medium networks
C 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 110 Small networks
D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 1110 Multicast
E 240.0.0.0 to 247.255.255.255 1111 Experimental
IPv6
The 128-bit IPv6 address is divided into 16-bit
boundaries. The 16-bit blocks are then converted to a 4-
digit hexadecimal number, separated by colons.
A subnetwork or subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP
network
The practice of dividing a network into two or more
networks is called subnetting.
WINDOWS SERVER 2008
A server operating system produced by Microsoft. It
was released to manufacturing on February 4, 2008, and
reached general availability on February 27, 2008. It is
the successor of Windows Server 2003, released nearly
five years earlier.
Windows Server 2008, Enterprise Edition is really
focused on server systems that require extremely large-
scale processing and memory capabilities as well as
clustering or Active Directory Federation Services
Determining the Number of Forest Required
A single forest requires the least amount of hardware
and administrative effort, which makes this model the
most cost effective.
Multiple forests require additional hardware and
administrative effort. When determining the number of
forests required, you must weigh the costs of additional
forests against the requirements to deploy these
additional forests.
Data migration is the process of transferring
information from one system to a new system. This can
include transferring data between different file formats
and different storage types.
Planning for Data Migrations:
• How much data is there to migrate?
• How long do I estimate the project will take?
• What technology will this project require?
• What format is the data in, and will it need alteration
for the new system?
• Do I have any duplicate or obsolete content that I can
omit from the migration?
Upgrade Is the process of replacing your existing
software with a newer version of the same product.
Upgrading your applications usually does not require
special tools.
PLANNING AN UPGRADE
Good planning allows your upgrade to run as smoothly
and quickly as possible, and helps you to avoid retracing
your steps. When preparing for your upgrade, you will
need to consider how long each step will take and when
users need to be logged off the system so that you can
schedule each phases of your upgrade.
STEP 1: IDENTIFY THE UPGRADE RESOURCES
STEP 2: MEET THE SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
STEP 3: PERFORM A SYSTEM HEALTH CHECK
STEP 4: CREATE DEVELOPMENT AND TEST
ENVIRONMENTS
STEP 5: DEVELOP AN UPGRADE STRATEGY
STEP 6: MEET DATABASE REQUIREMENTS
Restructuring is the process of starting over, redesigning
the network structure and reassigning the server network
roles. Often restructuring will result in fewer but larger
domains.
• Active Directory Migration Tool (ADMT) - The use of
this is strategic tool for migration operations for both
inter/intra forest restructuring
• Clone principal - is a set of scripts that clone users &
groups to the new win 2000 environment. It facilitates
inter-forest migration
• Netdom - it is the command line utility, query a
domain for trust relationship & create new ones
automatically.it can also be used to add, move & query
 computer accts in a windows domain. Used in both
intra/inter
LDP - is a GUI tool uses LDAP (Lightweight Directory
Access Protocol ) allowing attributes of an object to be
viewed
Move tree - command line utility that moves AD
security principal objects between domains in the same
forest.
Interoperability testing is defined as a software testing
type, that checks whether software can inter-operate with
other software component, software's or systems.In other
words, interoperability testing means to prove that end-
to-end functionality between two communicating
systems is as required by the standard on which those
systems are based.
Physical Interoperability - is the physical connections
that allow the information to move from place to place
be it an Ethernet cable, a wireless network or the string
connecting the two soup cans.
Data-type Interoperability - This allows data to be
shared by different objects and procedures independently
of the programming languages or hardware platforms
used.
Specification level Interoperability - Interoperability at
the specification level enables programs to communicate
at higher levels of abstraction and increases the degree of
information hiding, affording application designers
greater flexibility in how they implement the underlying
structures beneath the interoperability interface.
Semantic Interoperability - is the ability of computer
systems to exchange data with unambiguous, shared
meaning. Semantic interoperability is a requirement to
enable machine computable logic, inferencing,
knowledge discovery, and data federation between
information systems.
Planning for Interoperability
Owner and user requirements:
Analysis:
Architecture Design:
Point lists:
System Integration Design:
Implementation:
Maintenance:
Network devices are required for communication and
interaction between devices on a computer network.
The purposes of having network devices
First, they allow a greater number of nodes to be
connected to the network.
Second, they extend the distance over which a network
can extend.
Third, they localize traffic on the network.
Fourth, they can merge existing networks.
Fifth, they isolate network problems so that they can be
diagnosed more easily.
A REPEATER is an electronic device that receives a
signal and retransmits it.
HUBS are very common network devices. Generally
speaking, the term hub is used instead of repeater when
referring to the device that serves as the center of a star
topology network. it can't filter network traffic. Data,
sometimes referred to as bits, arriving at one port of a
repeater gets sent out on all other ports
One way to solve the problems of too much traffic on a
network and too many collisions is to use an network
device called a BRIDGE.
A bridge eliminates unnecessary traffic and minimizes
the chances of collisions occurring on a network by
dividing it into segments
A ROUTER is a device that analyzes the contents of
data packets transmitted within a network or to another
network.
Routers determine whether the source and destination
are on the same network or whether data must be
transferred from one network type to another, which
requires encapsulating the data packet with routing
protocol header information for the new network type.
A router examines a packet header's destination IP
address and compares it against a routing table to
determine the packet's best next hop.
Routers operate on the third layer of the OSI Model, the
Network Layer.
Wireless Router - provides Wi-Fi access to smartphones,
laptops, and other devices.
Brouter - a networking device that serves as both a
bridge and a router.
Core router - a router in a computer network that routes
data within a network, but not between networks.
Virtual router - a backup router used in a VRRP (Virtual
Router Redundancy Protocol) setup.