Sains Air B.

Water cycle 5M

SEP 15/16

Ai. Aquifer 2M

An underground water supply/layer of permeable rock, sediment (usually sand

or gravel), or soil that yields water. The pore spaces in aquifers are filled with
water and are interconnected, so that water flows through them.

A layer of rock or sand that can absorb and hold water.

A body of saturated rock through which water can easily move.

ii. Spring 2M

Opening at or near the surface of the Earth for the discharge of water from
underground sources.
Ci. Open channel for water flow 2M
A natural discharge point of subterranean water at the surface of the ground or
Flow takes place due to the slope of the channel bed (gravity)
directly into the bed of a stream, lake, or sea.
Liquid has free surface
The result of an aquifer being filled to the point that the water overflows onto
the land surface. ii. 3 types water flow in a channel 3M

iii. Base flow 2M Stream

Dry weather flow in a stream or river. Rill

The portion of stream flow that is not runoff and results from seepage of water
from the ground into a channel slowly over time. The primary source of running
D. 5 aims field drainage 5M
water in a stream during dry weather.

The sustained flow in a channel because of subsurface runoff.

E. Explain Pascal’s principle & its application 5M
iv. Peak flow 2M

The point of the hydrograph that has the highest flow.

F. Explain surface drainage using land forming & ditch excavating methods 10M
v. Watershed 2M

An area characterized by all direct runoff being conveyed to the same outlet.
Similar terms include basin, subwatershed, drainage basin, catchment, and catch 2a. Sketch the characteristics of contour lines at pond & hilly area 4M
basin.

The land area, or catchment, that contributes water to a specific water body. All
the rain or snow that falls within this area flows to the water bodies as surface b. 3 uses of cover plant to reduce soil erosion in water catchment area 6M
runoff, in tributary streams, or as groundwater.
c. The leveling work started at Station A having the bench mark of 400.00m. The iii. Isohyetal method 5M
distance between stations was recorded as 80m. The readings from leveling tool
were recorded as following:

3.45m,2.25m,4.18m 2.74m,3.64m 4.82m,4.43m 2.36m,4.57m,6.24m

3.48m.5.82m 4.43m,3.38m,4.21m,5.72m

Using the recorded reading above, apply Rise & Fall Method on your booking
sheet & shows your arithmetic checking 10M

3a.

ii. Calculate the hydrostatic force at the bottom of the aquarium 2M

iii. Calculate the hydrostatic force at one end of the aquarium for the shaded area
6M

b. Observed rainfall within or close to the study area is given in Figure 2.

Determine the average rainfall intensity of the study area based on the following
methods:

i. Arithmetic Mean Method 2M

ii. Thiessen method 2M

 c.

i. %tage of water at saturation 2M

ii. %tage of water at field capacity 2M

iii. %tage of water at wilting point 2M

iv. %yage of available water 2M

4a. State 1 advantage & disadvantage of the following
equipments:

i. Tensiometer 2M v. The soil bulk density 2M

ii. Granular matrix sensor 2M 5a. Explain in detail the classes of surface water
according to Interim National Water Quality Std 10M

b. Explain the parameter of each groundwater source

b. Differentiate between sprinkler & drip irrigation
characteristics that need to be measured 10M:
systems 6M
FEB 14/15

1a. State the reason stating water is a universal solvent

2M

b. With aid of diagram explain the chemical properties

of water that making water a kind of sticky 4M

c. Describe the shape of water droplet in space without

the earth’s gravity 2M

d. Explain the origin of earth water 2M

e. Discuss the following important processes in the

earth water cycle

i. Evaporation 3M

ii. Condensation 3M

ii.