1.

1 Animal and Plant Cells

1. The ________ is fully permeable and allows substances to freely pass through it. It is
found only in plant/animal cells.

2. The parts of the nucleus include the nuclear ______ (a bi-layer lipid membrane), and
the nuclear ______, which are small openings. Inside the nucleus are ___________,
which are made up of DNA and some proteisn and carry most of the cell's genetic
material. The nucleus serves as the center of ______ and _______. It determines the
cell type and controls much off the cell's behavior, including:
1. The type and quantity of _____ produced.
2. Cell _______.

3. The ___________ is a clear, jellylike substance that fills out the cell and consists
primarily of water, salts, sugars, dissolved substances, as well as _____ and _____
that can be used to build cell structures. The __________ contains enzymes that
control metabolic reactions including those that help in the production of energy or
formation of new structures. Therefore, it is the site for most cellular

4. The __________ is also called the plasma membrane. The following are its functions
EXCEPT:
1. Holding the cell together and gives it shape.
2. Allowing the cell to fully process proteins.
3. Protecting and supporting the cell.
4. Controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell, by selective
_____.

5. Organelles are found in bones/organ systems/cells/organisms.

6. _________ is the organelle that is responsible for cellular __________, (the

production of energy). It is found in most eukaryotic/prokaryotic cells. How is the
structure of this organelle designed to enhance chemical reactions?
A skin cell will have a greater/smaller number of this organelle than a muscle cell.

7. Lysosomes have digestive enzymes which break down _______, ______ and ______
into smaller molecules to be used later by the cell. They are protected by a
membrane which prevents the enzymes from ________.

8. Products and wastes that cannot be shipped out of the cell straight away are stored
in ______. This organelle is found more abundantly in animal cells than plant cells.
(True/False). In a plant cell, it helps to maintain the _____ of the plant. When a
plant is deyhadrated, it will _____ because the water content in this organelle is low.

9. Chloroplasts are found in most plant cells and _______. Their function is to convert
sunlight energy into ______ energy which is used by the cells to make ________ in a
process called _______.

10.________ are the smallest and most numerous organelles. They are the site of
 protein synthesis and are found to be either floating freely in the cytoplasm or are
attached to an organelle called the ______ _______. They are found only in animal
cells. (True/False).

11.The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an interconnected network of tubes and

passageways that: (i) synthesizes important ___________ and (ii) _________ them
within the cell. Part of the ER looks smooth because it does not have ________
attached to it. __________ synthesis happens on the smooth ER. Parts of the ER
break off as _________ containing partially processed _____ and _____.

12. The _______ _______ is the organelle that receives the vesicles to further process
the lipids and proteins and package and send them off. This organelle is found in only
plant cells. (True/False).

13.Granules of glycogen are found only in animal/plant cells.

14. Label the following and mention whether it is a plant or animal cell:
15.Label the following:

16.In plant cells, metabolic activities mainly take place in ______. Examples of plastids
are:
1. Chloroplasts (which contain green pigment).
2. __________ (which contain no pigment but store starches and oils).

17. Chloroplasts are smaller than mitochondria. (True/False)

1.2 Cell Biology and Microscopy

1. The two types of microscopes are: (I) _____________ and (II) ______________.

2. A specimen is any ______, part of an ______ or a __________ used for scientific

examination. What are five examples of specimen types?

3. In a light microscope, light is directed through the eye piece down through the
specimen. (True/False)

4. The occular lens is the upper lens with a common magnification of 100X. (True/False)

5. The _____ contain lenses of different magnification.

6. The nosepiece supports the nose of the scientist looking at the speciment.
(True/False)

7. The two focusing knobs on the microscope are: ______ and _____.

8. The condenser collects _______ from the ______ and ______ it on the specimen.

9. The _____ _______ imitates the function of a human eye while regulating light.

10.The best place to hold the microscope while carrying it is the ______.

11.Magnification is the ability to distinguish between two points (fine details) that are
very close together. (True/False)

12.What is magnification?

1.3 Cell Division and Specialization

1. Why is cell diviision important?

1. Tormation of a new body parts
2. Growth
3. Repair and replacement of worn-out or damaged body parts
4. Decay
5. Reproduction for prokaryotic organisms

2. Cell division is also called the “Division of _____.” It is usually followed by cell
______.

3. In plants, the actively dividing growing areas are called _______, and they are found
in the _____ and the ______.

4. Binary fission is when cell division is a type of _______ for bacteria.

 5. Cell specialization is the differentiation of cells they develop, depending on their
location in the body and on their primary roles within the organism. (True/False)

6. Liver cells are adpated to their specialized task of breaking down toxic substances
because this activity requires energy and they are equipped with numerous ______.

7. Smooth muscle cells are adapted to contract because they have a high concentration
of _________ _________. They protect internal organs and do things like pushing
food along the gut (True/False).

8. Red blood cells are adapted to transport oxygen because they lack _______ and are
biconcave, which allows them to have a larger _____ _____.

9. Ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract are adapted to moving mucus away
from the lungs because they have tiny _________ structures called _______.

10.Nerve cells (also called _______) are adpated to transmit nerve impulses within the
body using four parts: _____, ______, _____ and ______.

11.Gametes are diploid/haploid cells produced by the reproductive organs. Testes

produce ______ and ovaries produce ______ (also called ova). The sperm is adapted
to reach the egg and fertilize it using three parts: a ______ that contains genetic
material, a middle body that supplies ______, and a _______ that propels it through
the female reproductive system. When a sperm and egg fuse, a _______ is produced,
which is haploid/diploid.

12.Xylem vessels are adapted to _______ and _______ for the plant. Why are they
considered dead? Their cell wall contains a hard substance called lignin to support
the underground parts of the plant. (True/False)

13.Root hair cells are adapted to absorb water and minerals from the soil because they
have ______ which increase the surface area available for absorption.

14._____ ______ cells form the main photosynthetic surface of the leaf.

1.4 Cellular Organization

1. The smallest functional and structural unit of an organism that is necessary for life is
an organelle. (True/False)
2. Organelles are smaller, non living structures made of molecules such as lipids,
proteins and sugars. (True/False)
3. A tissue is a group of embryonic cells with similar structures that work together to
perform a specific function. (True/False)
4. Organs are made up of several similar tissues that work together to carry out
specific functions. (True/False)
5. An organ system is a group of organs with related functions that work together to
perform specific body processes. (True/False)
6. The heart and blood vessels make up the _____ system to circulate blood throughout
the body.
7. The brain, spinal cord and ______ make up the nervous system.
8. The stem and leaves in a plant make up the _____ system.
9. Xylem, phloem and bone are all:
1. organs
2. tissues
3. organ systems
4. cells
10. Examples of tissue are: epethelial, musculuar, glandular and nervous.
(True/False)
11. All of the following are organs EXCEPT:
1. Lungs
2. Intestines
3. Epidermis
4. Leaf
5. Eye
6. Heart

12. The specimen in the experiment on page 20 is a squash. True/False