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In this presentation
Rigid pavement design considerstions
Wheel load and temperature stresses
Design considerations as per IRC
Design of Slab
Design of Joints
Dowel bar design
Tie bar design
Structural Response Models
Different analysis methods for AC and PCC
AC
Base
Subgrade
Subgrade
P
K=
∆
P = 10 psi (69 kPa) pressure sustained by a
rigid plate of diameter 30 cm
∆ = deflection
Plate Bearing Test
Plate Bearing Test
Plate Bearing Test
Plate Bearing Test
Plate Bearing Test
Plate Bearing Test Results
Plate Bearing Test – Corrections
r1
K =K1
r
Relationship between k values
and other soil properties
Radius of relative stiffness
Pressure deformation characteristics of
rigid pavement is a function of relative
stiffness of slab to that of subgrade
=4 Eh 3
2
12(1 − µ )K
Equivalent Radius of Resisting Section
When a < 1.724 h
b = 1.6a + h − 0.675h
2 2
When a ≥ 1.724 h
b=a
b = equivalent radius
a = radius of wheel load distribution, cm
h = slab thickness, cm
Critical Load Position
PCC SLAB
Corner Edge
Interior
Wheel Load Stresses & Deflections
Westergaard’s Stress Equation – Assumptions
• The reaction of the subgrade is vertical only
and is proportional to the deflection of the
slab.
(The support provided by the subgrade is
similar to that given by a dense fluid and
the subgrade has no shear strength)
Load Deflected Slab
Reaction
Wheel Load Stresses & Deflections
Westergaard’s Stress Equation – Assumptions
Load - interior
SLAB
Wheel Load Stresses & Deflections
Westergaard’s Stress Equation – Assumptions
SLAB
Deflection
Wheel Load Stresses & Deflections
Corner Loading - Ioannides et al (1985)
Stress
Load - corner
SLAB
c = 1.772a
Deflection
Example 2
Wheel Load Stresses & Deflections
Interior Loading – Westergaard (1929)
Stress Load
Interior
SLAB
When μ = 0.15
Wheel Load Stresses & Deflections
Interior Loading – Westergaard (1929)
Deflection
Example 3
Wheel Load Stresses & Deflections
Edge Loading – Westergaard (1926, 1933, 1948)
Load - edge
SLAB
Stress
Wheel Load Stresses & Deflections
Edge Loading - Circle
Ioannides et al. (1985) Load - edge
SLAB
Stress
Deflection
Wheel Load Stresses & Deflections
Edge Loading - Semicircle
Ioannides et al. (1985) Load - edge
SLAB
Stress
Deflection
Wheel Load Stresses & Deflections
Ioannides et al. (1985)
Example 4
Dual Tyres
Sd
0.3 L
0.4 L L
0.3 L
• Warping Stresses
• Frictional Stresses
Warping Stresses
Temp. Top > Temp. bottom Temp. Top < Temp. bottom
Winkler foundation
When the temperatura on the top is greater than that at
the bottom, the top is longer than the bottom and the slab
curls downward.
B = Slab width
L = Slab length
h = Slab thickness
γc = Unit weight of concrete
f = Coefficient of subgrade restraint
(max 1.5) with
The value of f is typically selected at 1.5 but will vary
a
the type of subgrade or base material and could
vary from 0.9 to 3 (ACPA):
Example 2
Joint Opening
FHWA (1989):
ΔL=CL(αΔt+ε)
ΔL, is the joint opening caused by the change in temperature and the drying
shrinkage of the concrete
α, is the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of concrete; the CTE value is typically
selected between 5 and 6 × 10−6/°F but varies greatly with aggregate type (FHWA,
1989)
ε, is the drying shrinkage coefficient of concrete typically ranging between 0.5 and
2.5 × 10−4 in./in.; Table 4.3 shows values of CTE for typical materials
L, is the slab length or joint spacing
Δt, is the temperature change, which is the temperature at placement minus the
lowest mean monthly temperature
C, is the adjustment factor due to slab-subbase friction, which is 0.65 for a stabilized
base and 0.8 for a granular subbase
Joint Opening
Stress levels – load and temperature
Due to Due to
Load Temperature
Corner Stress
Increases
Increases
Edge Stress
Interior Stress
Design of Joints
Joints in Concrete Pavement
Types of Joints
Warping Joint
Longitudinal
Joint
Construction Joint
Joints
Expansion Joint
Construction Joint
Spacing of Joints
Spacing of Expansion Joint
shear
Bending
Bearing
Bradbury’s analysis
P' = Load transfer capacity of a single dowel bar, kg
δ = Joint width, cm
Fs = Permissible shear stress in dowel bar, kg/cm2
1.8 L
Design spacing = The spacing which conforms to
required capacity factor
Dowel bars design details
Tie bar design – Diameter & Spacing
Area of steel per unit length of joint is obtained by
equating the total friction to the total tension
developed in the tie bars
or
(IRC : 58 – 2002)
Wheel Loads
Axle loads
Single : 10.2 tonnes
Tandem : 19.0 tonnes
Tridem : 24.0 tonnes
Sample survey
Min sample size 10% in both directions
Wheel Loads
Tyre pressure
Range 0.7 to 1.0 MPa
No significant effect on pavements ≥ 20cm thick
0.8 MPa is adopted
Depends on
traffic volume
growth rate
capacity of road and
possibility of augmentation
Normal – 30 years
Accurate prediction not possible – 20 years
Design Traffic
Average annual growth rate – 7.5%
Design traffic
2-lane 2-way road – 25% of total for fatigue design
4-lane or multi-lane divided traffic – 25% of total
traffic in the direction of predominant traffic.
New highway links where no traffic data is
available - data from roads similar classification
and importance
Design Traffic
Cumulative Number of Repetitions of Axles
One test/km/lane
Approximate k-value
Soaked CBR
(%)
2 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 50 100
k-Value
(kg/cm3)
2.1 2.8 3.5 4.2 4.8 5.5 6.2 6.9 14.0 22.2
Approximate k-value
Effective k over 100 mm DLC (kg/cm3) 5.6 9.7 16.6 20.8 27.8 38.9
Effective k over 150 mm DLC (kg/cm3) 9.7 13.8 20.8 27.7 41.7 -
Characteristics of Concrete
Modulus of Elasticity
Experimentally determined value
3.0 x 105 kg/cm2
Poisson’s ratio
µ = 0.15
Coefficient of thermal expansion
α = 10 x 10-6 per °C
Fatigue behaviour of cement concrete
Fatigue Life (N)
Edge Stress
Due to Temperature
σ te = Eα tC
2
Calculation of Stresses
Corner Stress
Due to Load
a 2 1.2
3P
σc = 2 1−
h l
Due to temperature
negligible and hence ignored
Calculation of Stresses
Eh 3
4
12(1 − µ )k
2
Typical Design Charts
Typical Design Chart
Typical Design Chart
Design Procedure
Stipulate design values for the various parameters
Decide types and spacing between joints
Select a trial design thickness of pavement
Compute the repetitions of axle loads of different
magnitudes during design period
Calculate cumulative fatigue damage (CFD)
If CFD is more than 1.0 revise the thickness
Check for temp+load stress at edge with modulus of
rupture
Check for corner stress
Example
Total two-way traffic = 3000 CVPD at the end
of construction period
Corner
Load stress = 15.52 kg/cm2