Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Big Ideas
Critical values
• What is the difference between a secant line and a tangent line drawn
to a curve? How can the slope of both be found?
• Under what circumstances will a function have a tangent line that is
parallel to a secant line on a given interval?
• Why are hypotheses necessary when applying theorems?
Optimization
Related Rates
x-value(s) x-value(s)
x-value(s) x-value(s)
• For each of the following graphs, draw the secant line through the two points corresponding to the endpoints for
the indicated interval.
• Then draw any tangent lines that are parallel to this secant line.
• Indicate the number of tangents that were drawn.
5. If a function is continuous on a closed interval [ a, b ] , is there a tangent line that is parallel to the secant line
=
through the points with x-coordinates x a=
and x b ?
6. If a function is differentiable on an open interval ( a, b ) , is there a tangent line that is parallel to the secant line
=
through the points with x-coordinates x a=
and x b ?
7. In the examples above, in order to ensure that the graph of a function has a tangent line that is parallel to the
secant line, the function must be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on ( a, b ) . For which functions do these
two conditions hold?
1
2. f ( x) = on the interval [ 0,3] .
x −1
1
3. h( x ) = on the interval [ 0,3] .
x +1
4. f ( x) on the interval [ 0, 6] .
A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e
16. If the line tangent to the graph of the function f at the point (1, 7) passes through the point (−2, −2) , then
f ′(1) is
A) -5 B) 1 C) 3 D) 7 E) undefined
17. Let f be the function given by f ( x) = 2 xe x . The graph of f is concave down when
A) x < −2 B) x > −2 C) x < −1 D) x > −1 E) x < 0
78. The radius of a circle is increasing at a constant rate of 0.2 meters per second. What is the rate of increase
in the area of the circle at the instant when the circumference of the circle is 20π meters .
A) 0.04π m 2 sec B) 0.4π m 2 sec C) 4π m 2 sec
D) 20π m 2 sec E) 100π m 2 sec
(related rate)
80. The function f is continuous for − 2 ≤ x ≤ 1 and differentiable for − 2 < x < 1 . If f (−2) =−5 and
f (1) = 4 , which of the following statements could be false?
A) There exists c, where − 2 < c < 1, such that f (c) =0.
B) There exists c, where − 2 < c < 1, such that f ′(c) =0.
C) There exists c, where − 2 < c < 1, such that f (c) =3.
D) There exists c, where − 2 < c < 1, such that f ′(c) =3.
E) There exists c, where − 2 ≤ c ≤ 1, such that f (c) ≥ f ( x) for all x on the closed interval − 2 ≤ x ≤ 1.
1. 1 3
What is the x-coordinate of the point of inflection on the graph of y = x + 5 x 2 + 24 ?
3
10
A) 5 B) 0 C) − D) -5 E) -10
3
17.
Graph of f ( x) .
18. An equation of the line tangent to the graph of y= x + cos x at the point (0,1) is
A) = y 2 x + 1 B) y= x + 1 C) y=x D) y= x − 1 E) y=0
77. let f be the function given by f ( x) = 3e 2 x and let g be the function given by g ( x) = 6 x 3 . At what value
of x do the graphs of f and g have parallel tangent lines?
A) -0.701 B) -0.567 C) -0.391 D) -0.302 E) -0.258
− ( 0.2 ) π C B) − ( 0.1) C
( 0.1) C
A) C) −
2π
( 0.1) C ( 0.1) π C
2 2
D) E)
(related rate)
90. If the base b of a triangle is increasing at a rate of 3 inches per minute while its height h is decreasing at a
rate of 3 inches per minute, which of the following must be true about the area A of the triangle?
A) A is always increasing. B) A is always decreasing.
C) A is decreasing only when b < h. D) A is decreasing only when b > h.
E) A remains constant.
(related rate)
C
A) B)
)
D) E)
12. 1 2
At what point on the graph of y = x is the tangent line parallel to the line 2 x − 4 y =
3?
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
A) ,− B) , C) 1, − D) 1, E) ( 2, 2 )
2 2 2 8 4 2
22. What are all values for which the function f defined by f (=
x) (x 2
− 3) e − x is increasing?
A) There are no such values of x. B) x < −1 and x > 3
C) −3 < x < 1 D) −1 < x < 3
E) All values of x.
80. Let f be the function given by f ( x) = 2e 4 x . For what value of x is the slope of the line tangent to the
2
graph of f at ( x, f ( x) ) equal to 3 ?
A) 0.168 B) 0.276 C) 0.318 D) 0.342 E) 0.551
15
A) 3 B) C) 4 D) 9 E) 12
4
(related rate)
2011 AB4 d
The continuous function f is defined on the interval
− 4 ≤ x ≤ 3 . The graph of f consists of two quarter
circles and one line segment, as shown in the figure on the
right.
d) Find the average rate of change of f on the interval − 4 ≤ x ≤ 3 . There is no point c, − 4 < c < 3, for which
f ′(c) is equal to that average rate of change. Explain why this statement does not contradict the Mean Value
Theorem.
2010 AB5 b
The function g is defined and differentiable on the closed
interval [ −7,5] and satisfies g (0) = 5 . The graph of
y = g ′( x) , the derivative of g , consists of a semicircle
and three line segments, as shown in the figure on the
right.
b) Find the x-coordinate of each point of inflection of the graph of y = g ( x) on the interval − 7 < x < 5 .
Explain your reasoning.
2007 AB3 a b d
The functions f and g are differentiable for all real numbers and g is
strictly increasing. The table on the right gives values of the functions
and their first derivatives at selected values of x .
by h( x) f ( g ( x) ) − 6 .
The function h is given =
a) Explain why there must be a value r for 1 < r < 3 such that h(r ) =−5 .
b) Explain why there must be a value c for 1 < c < 3 such that h′(c) =−5 .
d) If g −1 is the inverse of g , write an equation for the line tangent to the graph
= −1
of y g= ( x) at x 2 .
2005 AB5 b c d
A car is traveling on a straight road. For 0 ≤ t ≤ 24
seconds, the car's velocity v(t ) , in meters per second, is
modeled by the piecewise-linear function defined by the
graph on the right.
b) For each of v′(4) and v′(20) , find the value or explain why it does not exist. Indicate units of measure.
c) Let a (t ) be the car's acceleration at time t , in meters per second per second. For 0 < t < 24 , write a
piecewise-defined function for a (t ) .
d) Find the average rate of change of v over the interval 8 ≤ t ≤ 20 . Does the Mean Value Theorem guarantee a
value of c, for 8 < c < 20, such that v′(c) is equal to this average rate of change? Why or why not?
2004 AB4/BC4
Consider the curve given by x 2 + 4 y 2 =+
7 3 xy .
a) dy 3 y − 2 x
Show that = .
dx 8 y − 3 x
b) Show that there is a point P with x-coordinate 3 at which the line tangent to the curve at P is horizontal.
c) d2y
Find the value of at the point P found in part (b). Does the curve have a local maximum, a local
dx 2
minimum, or neither at the point P ? Justify your answer.
2003 AB4 a b
Let f be a function defined on the closed interval
− 3 ≤ x ≤ 4 with f (0) =3 . The graph of f ′ , the derivative
of f , consists of one line segment and a semicircle, as
shown on the right.
1996 AB1
The figure below shows the graph of f ′ , the derivative of a function f . The domain of f is the set of all real
numbers x such that − 3 < x < 5 .
Let f be a function that is even and continuous on the closed interval [-3.3]. The function f and its derivative have the
properties indicated in the table below.
Section Questions
5.1 5 6 7 8 9 10
5.2 11 12 13 14 32 33 34 38
5.3 23 24 29 30 45 46 47 49 50 51 52
QQ p 222 1234
5.4 19 27 46 50
5.5 31 32 33 34 35 36
5.6 13 19 20 22
QQ p 259 234
Handouts
Chapter 4 Section 2
1. A particle moves along the x-axis so that its acceleration at any time t is given by a (t= ) 6t − 18 . At time
t = 0 the velocity of the particle is v(0) = 24 , and at time t = 1 its position is x(t ) = 20 .
a) Write an expression for the velocity v(t ) of the particle at any time t.
b) For what values of t is the particle at rest?
c) Write an expression for the position x(t ) of the particle at any time t .
d) =
Find the total distance traveled by the particle from t 1= to t 3 .
3. Let f be a function that is defined for all real number x and that has the following properties:
f ′′( x) =
24 x − 18 f ′(1) =
−6 f (2) =0
a) Find each x such that the line tangent to the graph of f at ( x, f ( x) ) is horizontal.
b) Write an expression for f ( x) .
5. Consider the curve y 2= 4 + x and the chord AB joining points A(−4, 0) and B (0, 2) on the curve. Find the x-
and y-coordinates of the point on the curve where the tangent line is parallel to chord AB .
7. Let f be a differentiable function, defined for all real numbers x , with the following properties:
f ′( x) =
ax 2 + bx f ′(1) =
6 f ′′(1) =
18 f (1) =
11
Find f ( x) . Show your work.
8. Suppose f ′( x) =( x + 1)( x − 2) 2 g ( x) where g is a continuous function and g ( x) < 0 for all x . On what
interval(s) is f decreasing?
9. A particle, initially at rest, moves along the x-axis so that its acceleration at any time t ≥ 0 is given by
a=(t ) 12t 2 − 4 . The position of the particle =
when t 1= is x(1) 3 .
a) Find the values of t for which the particle is at rest.
b) Write an expression for the position x(t ) of the particle at any time t ≥ 0 .
c) =
Find the total distance traveled by the particle from t 0= to t 2 .
Chapter 4 Section 2
Answers
1. a) v(t ) = 3t 2 − 18t + 24
b)=t 2,= t 4
c) x(t ) =t 3 − 9t 2 + 24t + 4
d) Total distance = 6.
2. f ( x) = x3 + 4 x 2 + 3x − 2
3
3. a) x = 0,
2
b) f ( x) = 4 x 3 − 9 x 2 + 4
4. a) y − 12 =
−4( x + 1)
13
b) c =
3
6. f is increasing when x ≤ 3 or x ≥ 1
7. f ( x) = 4 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 10
8. (−1, ∞)
9. a) v(t ) = 4t 3 − 4t = 0 when t = 0, 1
b) x(t ) =t 4 − 2t 2 + 4
c) Total distance traveled = 10.
Chapter 4 Section 2
1. A particle moves along the x-axis with velocity at time t ≥ 0 given by v(t ) =−1 + e1−t .
a) Find the acceleration of the particle at time t = 3 .
b) Is the speed of the particle increasing at time t = 3 ? Give a reason for your answer.
c) Find all values of t at which the particle changes direction. Justify your answer.
d) Find the total distance traveled by the particle over the time interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 3 .
3. A particle moves along the x-axis in such a way that its acceleration at time t for t ≥ 0 is given by
a (t ) = 4 cos(2t ) . At time t = 0 , the velocity of the particle is v(0) = 1 and its position is x(0) = 0 .
a) Write an equation for the velocity v(t ) of the particle.
b) Write an equation for the position x(t ) of the particle.
c) For what values of t , 0 ≤ t ≤ π , is the particle at rest?
4. A test plane flies in a straight line with positive velocity v(t ) , in miles per minute at time t minutes, where v
is a differentiable function of t . Selected values of v(t ) are shown in the table below.
t (min) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
v(t ) (mpm) 7.0 9.2 9.5 7.0 4.5 2.4 2.4 4.3 7.3
a) Based on the values in the table, what is the smallest number of instances at which the acceleration of the
plane could be zero on the open interval 0 < t < 40 ? Justify your answer.
t 7t
b) The function f , defined by f (t ) =6 + cos + 3sin , is used to model the velocity of the plane in
10 40
miles per minute, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 40 . According to this model, what is the acceleration of the plane at t = 23 ?
Indicate units of measure.
c) According to the model given in part (b), for what values of t will the acceleration of the plane equal the
average acceleration of the plane over the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 40 ?
b) Find the absolute minimum value of f . Justify that your answer is an absolute minimum.
c) What is the range of f ?
d) Consider the family of function defined by y = bxebx , where b is a nonzero constant. Show that the
absolute minimum value of bxebx is the same for all nonzero values of b .
Chapter 4 Section 2
Answers
1. a) a (3) = −e −2
b) Speed is increasing since v(3) < 0 and a (3) < 0 .
c) Particle changes direction at t = 1 .
d) Total distance traveled equals e + e −2 − 1 or 1.853623075
2. a) y = 0
b) Critical point at x = 1 . f (1) is a relative maximum (also an absolute maximum)
3. =
a) v(t ) 2sin(2t ) + 1
b) x(t ) =− cos(2t ) + t + 1
7π 11π
c) t = or
12 12
−1
b) is the absolute minimum value.
e
c) Range of the function is [ −1 e, ∞ ] or [ −0.367, ∞ ] or [ -0.368,∞ ]
−1 −1
=
d) The absolute minimum value is y = at x
e b
Chapter 4 Section 2
Find a point c satisfying the conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem for the given function and interval.
π
1. y = cos( x) 0, 2
2. y = e −2 x [0,3]
3. y = x ln( x) [1, 2]
6. Sketch the graph of a function f ( x) whose derivative f ′( x) is negative on (1,3) and positive everywhere
else.
Find the critical points and the intervals on which the function is increasing and decreasing.
x2
7. f ( x)= 8. g ( x)= x + e − x
x +1
1
9. tan −1 ( x)
h( x) =− x 10. y=
x − ln( x) ( x > 0)
2
13. f ′( x) =
12e x − 4sin( x) 14. sec 2 ( 7 x − 5 )
f ′( x) =
dy dy
15. =
8 x3 + 3x 2 y (2) =
0 16. =
cos(5 x) y (π ) =
3
dx dx
dy π dy
=
17. sec=
2
(3 x) y 2 =
18. e12 −3 x
9= y (4) 7
dx 4 dx
20. f ′′( x) =
x − cos( x) f ′(0) =
2 f (0) =
−2
ANSWERS
5 52
1. c = 0.690107 11. f=
( x) x +C
2
1 1 − e −6 9
2. c = − ln 12. f ( x) = x 2 − 15 x −1 + C
2 6 2
4
3. c= 13. f ( x) =
12e x + 4 cos( x) + C
e
Critical point 0.
8. Decreasing ( −∞, 0] 18. −3e12 −3 x + 10
y=
Increasing [ 0, ∞ )
1 4 1
Critical point -1, 1. f ′( x=
) x − x2 + x −
9. Decreasing ( −∞, −1] [1, ∞ ) 19.
4 4
1 5 1 3 1 2 1 1
Increasing [ −1,1] f ( x)= x − x + x − x+4
20 3 2 4 30
1
Critical point 1. f ′( x) = x 2 − sin( x) + 2
10. Decreasing ( 0,1] 20.
2
1 3
Increasing [1, ∞ ) f ( x) = x + cos( x) + 2 x − 3
6
Chapter 4 Section 3
Graph of f ′( x)
c. Find the x-coordinates of all relative minima of f . d. Find the x-coordinates of all relative maxima of
f .
e. On what subinterval(s) is f concave up?
f. On what subinterval(s) is f concave down?
g. Find the x-coordinates of all points of inflection of
f .
2. The figure shows the graph of f ′ , the derivative of the function f , on the closed interval −1 ≤ x ≤ 5 . The
graph of f ′ has horizontal tangent lines
= at x 1= and x 3 . The function f is twice differentiable with
f (2) = 6 .
a. Find the x-coordinate of each of the points of inflection of
the graph of f . Give a reason for your answer.
4. Determine the coefficient c so that the curve f ( x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d has a relative minimum at ( 2, −10 ) and
a point of inflection at ( 0, 6 ) .
k
5. What is the value of k such that the curve =
y x3 − has a point of inflection at x = 1 ?
x
Answers
f ( 0, 4 ) because f ′( x) is decreasing
=
x 1,= absolute minimum at
2 a x 3 b c y − 12 = 4( x − 2)
x=4
1
3 a=
− b=
0 c=
3 d=
0
4
4 a=
1 b=
0 c=
−12 d =
6
5 k =3
Chapter 4 Problems
Answers
4a. =
L( x) 12 - 4( x + 1)
b. 12.8
13
c.
3
4. A particle moves along the x-axis so that its velocity at any time t is given by v(t ) = 3t 2 − 2t − 1 . The position
x(t ) is 5 for t = 2 .
• Write a polynomial expression for the position of the particle at any time t .
• For what values of t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 3 , is the particle's instantaneous velocity the same as its average
velocity over the closed interval [0,3] ?
• Find the total distance traveled by the particle =
from time t 0=
until time t 3 .
7. After applying the brakes, the stopping distance of an automobile is approximately f =( s ) 1.1s + 0.054 s 2
feet, where s is the speed in mph. If the stopping distance when a car is traveling 55 mph is approximately
235 feet, use linearization to estimate the stopping distance when s = 57 mph .
9. If the price of a monthly bus pass is set at x dollars, a bus company takes in monthly revenue of
R=( x) 1.5 x − 0.01x 2 (in thousands of dollars).
Estimate the change in revenue if the price rises from $50 to $53.
Suppose that x = 80 . How will revenue be affected by a small increase in price?
Answers
1. (−∞, 13 ][3, ∞)
(−∞, 53 )
k = 20
2. Abs Min 0
Abs Max ln(2) ≈ .693
7π 11π
x= ,
6 6
3. y + 28= 24( x − 2)
−44
7
x = − ,1
6
4. x(t ) = t 3 − t 2 − t + 3
t = 1.786
17 units
5. [−1,1]
[−2, −1] [1, 4]
(−2, −.5) (1.8,3)
(−.5,1.8) (3, 4)
x= −1 and x = 4
x = 1 and x = −2
x = −.5, 1.8, 3
2 cos(2 ln( x))
=
6. dy dx= dy 0.6 y (1.3) ≈ 3.6
x
7. 14.08 additonal feet appoximately 249 feet
=
8. f (2) 8= f ′(2) 2
9. Revenue will increase by $1500.
Revenue will decrease.
1. A function f is continuous on the closed interval [-1,3] and its derivatives have the values indicated in the
table below.
Suppose f ′( x) =( x + 1)( x − 2 ) g ( x) , where g is a continuous function and g ( x) < 0 for all x. On what
2
4.
interval(s) is f decreasing?
3
5. Find the minimum value of f ( x) = x 3 − 3 x + 2 over the interval −3, .
2
1
8. For what values of x is the curve f ( x) = both increasing and concave down?
x +1
2
9. Find all values of c on the closed interval [ 0,1] that satisfy the Mean Value Theorem for f ( x=
) 1 − x 2 , or
explain why no such values exist.
2
10. Find the linear approximation L(x) of f ( x) =
5x − at x =
2 . Use the linearization to approximate f (2.2) .
x3
13. A pizza shop claims its pizzas are circular with a diameter of 18 inches.
Estimate the amount of pizza lost or gained if the shop errs in the diameter by at most 0.4 inches.
Answers
1.
2. a=
−6 b =
−15 c =
−4 10. L( x) =39
4
+ 438 ( x − 2 ) 10.825
1
9. x=
2
Chapter 4 Section 4
2. A rectangular plot of ground is to be enclosed by a fence and then divided down the middle by another fence.
If the fence down the middle cost $3 per running foot and the other fence costs $3.50 per running foot, find the
dimensions of the plot of largest possible area that can be enclosed with $750 worth of fence.
4. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of greatest area that can be inscribed in a semicircle of radius 4.
5. A rectangular plot of land is to be fenced off using two kinds of fencing. Two opposite sides will use heavy-
duty fencing selling for $3 per foot, while the remaining two sides will use standard fencing selling for $2 per
foot. What he the dimensions of the rectangular plot of greatest area that can be fenced in at a cost of $6000?
6. A rectangular area of 3200 square feet is to be fenced off. Two opposite sides will use fencing costing $1 per
foot and the remaining sides will use fencing costing $2 per foot. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of least
cost.
7. A closed rectangular container with a square base is to have a volume of 2250 in 3. The material for the top
and bottom of the container will cost $2 per in2, and the material for the sixes will cost $3 per in2. Find the
dimensions of the container of least cost.
9. An offshore oil well is located at point W 5 miles from the closest point A on a straight shoreline. Oil is to be
pumped from the well to a point B that is 8 miles from A by piping it on a straight line under water from W to
some point P on shore between A and B, and then on to B via a pipeline on shore. If the cost of laying pipe is 1
million dollars per mile under water and one-half million dollars per mile on land, where should the point P be
located to minimize the cost of laying the pipe?
10. Orange trees grown in California produce 600 oranges per year if no more than 20 trees are planted per acre.
For each additional tree planted per acre, the yield per tree decreases by 15 oranges. How many trees per acre
should be planted to obtain the greatest number of oranges?
Answers
1. 250 ft by 500 ft
2. 37.5 ft by 53.571 ft
3. 20 ft by 40 ft
4. 2.8284... by 5.6568...
5. 500 ft by 750 ft
7. 15 in by 15 in by 10 in
8. 10.954 in by 8.2158 in
10. 30 trees
1. Sand is being dropped at the rate of 10 ft3/min onto a conical pile. If the height of the pile is always twice the
base radius, at what rate is the height increasing when the pile is 8 ft high?
2. A light is hung 20 ft above a straight horizontal path. A man 6 ft tall is walking toward the light at the rate of
4 ft/sec.
(a) How fast is his shadow shortening?
(b) At what rate is the tip of the man’s shadow moving?
3. A man 6 ft tall is walking toward a building at the rate of 5 ft/sec. If there is a light on the ground 50 ft from
the building, how fast is the man’s shadow on the building growing shorter when he is 30 ft from the
building?
4. A water tank in the form of an inverted cone is being emptied at the rate of 6 ft3/min. The altitude of the cone
is 24 ft, and the base radius is 12 ft. Find how fast the water level is lowering when the water is 10 ft deep.
5. A trough is 12 ft long and its ends are in the form of inverted isosceles triangles having an altitude of 3 ft and
a base of 3 ft. Water is flowing into the trough at the rate of 2 ft3/min. How fast is the water level rising
when the water is 1 ft deep?
6. An automobile traveling at a rate of 30 ft/sec is approaching an intersection. When the automobile is 120 ft
from the intersection, a truck traveling at the rate of 40 ft/sec crosses the intersection. The automobile and the
truck are on roads that are at right angles to each other. How fast are the automobile and the truck separating
2 sec after the truck leaves the intersection?
7. A ladder 25 ft long is leaning against a house. If the base of the ladder is pulled away from the house wall at a
rate of 2 ft/sec, how fast is the top moving down the wall when the base of the ladder is 7 ft from the wall?
8. A stone is dropped into a lake, causing circular waves whose radii increase at a constant rate of .5 m/sec.
a) At what rate is the circumference of a wave changing when its radius is 4 m?
b) At what rate is the area of the wave changing when its radius is 4 m?
9. A spherical balloon is inflated with gas at the rate of 20 ft3/min. How fast is the radius of the balloon
increasing at the instant the radius is:
(a) 1 ft? (b) 2 ft?
10. A revolving beacon in a lighthouse makes one revolution every 15 sec. The beacon is 200 ft from the nearest
point P on a straight shoreline. Find the rate at which a ray from the light moves along the shore at a point
400 ft from P.
11. A horizontal trough is 16 ft long, and its ends are isosceles trapezoids with an altitude of 4 ft, a lower base of
4 ft, and an upper base of 6 ft. Water is being poured into the trough at the rate of 10 ft3 per min. How fast is
the water level rising when the water is 2 ft deep?
12.
A tanker accident has spilled oil in a bay. Oil-eating bacteria are gobbling at the rate of
5 ft3/hr. The oil slick has the form of a circular cylinder. When the radius of the cylinder is 500 ft, the
thickness of the slick is .01 ft and decreasing at a rate of .001 ft/hr. At what rate is the area of the slick
changing at this time? Is the area of the slick increasing or decreasing?
V dA
=
Hint: V Ah = A = ?
h dt
10 ft
1. .19894
16π min
24 ft
4.
100π min
5. 1/6 ft/min
6. 14 ft/sec
7. -7/12 ft/sec
2
8. a) π m b) 4π m
sec sec