Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Analysis of Structures:
1. Exact Solution:
Slope deflection
Moment distribution method (Cross method)
3-moment analysis
5-moment analysis
Gaspar Kani method
2. Approximate solution
Structures analysis under vertical load
Structures analysis under lateral (horizontal) load
Vertical loads:
Dead load (D.L.) Does not move during building life (fixed load) like the weight of
elements or external walls
Live load (L.L.) Live Loads are the loads which move or may displace during the
building life (such as people’s weight desk, chair, furniture, partitions (internal walls)
Lateral loads:
Earthquake load (E.L.)
Wind load (W.L.)
In calculation and design at normal buildings, only we consider the horizontal component of
the earthquake.
(E.L.) (W.L.)
When using Working Stress Design (W.S.D.) (or called Alternative Method)
In working stress design, the loads are real (with factor 1) but the stresses are limited
When using Ultimate Strength Design (U.S.D.) (or called simply strength design).
In Ultimate strength design, the loads are increased by factors more than 1 and stresses are
equal to ultimate stresses.
Tiles
Mortors and
other material
reinforced
concrete
slab
gypsium
S1 1m
W 2 S1/2+S2/2
S2
W
3
Plan of building
w: in W.S.D
wu: when we use U.S.D. limit of w or wu is kgf/m2 load for meter length of the beam
S1 S 2
w = (D.L. 1 + L.L. 1) ( ) when we use W.S.D. (Working Stress
2 2
Design) method
S1 S 2
wu = (D.L. 1.2 +L.L. 1.6) ( ) when we use U.S.D (Ultimate Strength
2 2
Design or simply Strength Design) method
Example:
Suppose you want to design a building a reinforced concrete building by using Strength
Design
Dead load = 750 kgf/m2 and Live load = 250 kgf/m2
Consider the spacing between beams 6m
S1 = 6m S2 = 6m
D.L = 750 kgf/m2
L.L. = 250 kgf/m2
S1 S 2
wu=(D.L. 1.2 +L.L. 1.6) ( )
2 2
6m 6m
= (750kgf/m2 1.2+250 kgf/m2 1.6) ( )
2 2
= 7800 kgf/m
RA L RB
Bending moment
diagram
M +
W .L
2
max
8
W .L
+
2
Shear
- W .L
force
diagram 2
W .L W .L
Reactions: RA =
, RB =
2 2
A Single beam with fixed supports:
A W B
R A W2.L R W2.L
A
0.21 L 0.21 L 2
RA L RB W .L
2 M moment 12
W .L - -
M moment 12 + Bending moment
diagram
W .L +
W. L
2
2
- W .L
M moment 24
2
For the actual cases (in normal buildings) of partial fixity, the point of inflecting (where
M=0) may be assumed to lie somewhere between the two extremes of 0.21L and 0.00L from
the ends of the beam. If they are assumed to be located at one-tenth of the span length (0.10
L) from each end joint, reasonable approximation has been made
M=0
In a real case
0.10 L 0.10 L
0<Fixity<%100
In Frames:
W M=0
- -- - W
0.1L + 0.1L0.1L + 0.1L 0.1L 0.1L
- -- -
+ +
-- - W
-
W W
+ + l=0.8 L
0.10 L 0.10 L
L (2 x0.1L) 0.8L
l 0.8L
Example:
Please find hereunder the sketch of “Typical Floor Plan” and “Frame Row C” of a building.
This building is under the “Dead Load” equal to 850 kgf/m2 and “Live Load” equal to 350
kgf/m2 on all the floors. The spacing between frames is 6m, assume that the columns have the
same stiffness, determine the bending moments in beams and axial force and bending
moments in columns for frame row C by using the approximate method of structural analysis
and W.S.D. method.
3m K1
K1=Stiffness of columns
3m K1
3m K1
3m K1
1 2 3 4
5m 6m 5m
Frame C
1 2 3 4
A
6m
B
w = D.L. 1 L.L. 1. S 1 S 2
2 2
w= 850 kgf / m 1 350 kgf / m . 1 .3 3
2 2
w=1200 kgf/m2 6 m
w =7200 kgf/m
Beams between Rows 1-2 and 3-4 (Beam Type 1):
Bending moment
M=0
- W inflection -
Point Hyperstatic beam
(under Termined
+ beam)
0.1 L 0.1 L
L=5 m
l=0.8 L
W
W W
F1 W l W 0.8L
R1 M max R2
W 0.1L F2 l=0.8 L F2 W 0.1L
A R1 R2 B
0.1 L 0.1 L Mb
2
M max
W L
W L
RA W L
8
RB
2 2
- - ‹ bending
+ moment
W L
V
max
2 +
shear
force - W L
2
0.1L
M b R 0.1L F
1 2
2
Beams between Rows 1-2 and 3-4 (counted’):
F 1
W l 7200 kgf / m 4m F 1 28800 kgf
l 0.8 L 0.8 5m 4m
R R F 1
28800 kgf
14400 kgf R1 R 2
1 2
2 2
M max W 8l
7200 kgf / m 4m
2 2
7200 16
14400 kgf .m
8 8
F 2 W 0.1L 7200 kgf / m 0.5m 3600 kgf
0.1L
M b
R1 0.1L F 2
2
0.5m
14400 0.5m 3600
2
M b
8100 kgf .m
Reactions:
W L 7200 5m
Rb 2 2 18800 kgf
Checking:
Rb R1 F 2 14400 kgf 3600 kgf Rb 18800 kgf
V b max
Rb V b max 18800 kgf
l 0.8 L 0.8 5m 4m
R R F 2
34560 kgf
17280 kgf R1 R2
1 2
2 2
W l
7200 kgf / m 4.8m m
2
20736 kgf .m
2
M max 8 8
F 2 W 0.1L 7200 kgf / m 0.1m 6 4320 kgf
0.1L
R1 0.1L F 2
M b
Checking:
2
0.6m
17280 kgf 0.6m 4320 kgf
2
M 11664 kgf .m
b
R R F 17280 kgf 4320 kgf R 21600 kgf
b 1 2 b
R F 17280 kgf 4320 kgf R
R b
b
21600 kgf
1 2
V b max
R V
b
21600 kgf
b max
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1 Frame
1 2 1
Type Type
5m 6m 5m
1 2 3 4
Rb=18000kgf Rb+Rb'=39600kgf
negative for
- compressive -
force
2Rb=36000kgf 2(Rb+Rb')=79200kgf
- -
3Rb=54000kgf 3(Rb+Rb')=118800kgf
- -
4Rb=72000kgf 4(Rb+Rb')=158400kgf
18000kgf 18000kgf
39600kgf
- - 79200kgf - -
36000kgf 36000kgf
54000kgf - - 118800kgf - -
54000kgf
- - 158400kgf - -
72000kgf 72000kgf
- - - -
Shear force diagram of beams of Frame C:
18000kgf
18000kgf 21600kgf
+ + +
- 18000kgf - 21600kgf - 18000kgf
18000kgf
18000kgf + 21600kgf
+ +
- - -
18000kgf 21600kgf 18000kgf
18000kgf
18000kgf + 21600kgf + +
- - -
18000kgf 21600kgf 18000kgf
18000kgf
18000kgf + 21600kgf + +
- - -
18000kgf 21600kgf 18000kgf
5m 6m 5m
Mc ED Mb 8100 kgfm
Mc DE 8100
Mc _ DE kgfm 4050 kgfm
2 2
for
Clockwise Transferring factors for columns of the
columns same stiffness is 1/2; it means that the
Clockwise moment at the bottom of the column is
half of the moment at the top of the
column.
The same direction
M
D
0 Mb ( Mc DE) ( Mc DC ) 0
8100 kgfm 4050 kgfm Mc DC 0
Mc DC 4050 kgfm
EI
K=stiffness of columns = (where: E: Young modulus I: Moment of inertia, l: Columns
l
length)
The moments at the ends of beams distribute to the columns in the proportion of their
stiffness
Mc CD Mb
K 2
K2 K3
Mc CB Mb
K 3
K2 K3
Mc CD Mb
K 1
Mb
1 1
8100 kgfm 4050 kgfm
K K1 1
2 2
1 1
Mc CB Mb 8100 kgfm 4050 kgfm
2 2
Mc BC Mc BA 4050 kgfm
Mc BA 4050 kgfm
Mc AB 2025 kgfm
2 2
Mc JA 3564 kgfm
Mb
11664 8100
Mc IH Mb
1782 kgfm
2 2
11664 8100
Mc HI Mc HG 1782 kgfm
2
Mc GH Mc GF 1782 kgfm
-8100kgfm 3564kgfm
- E 4050kgfm
zero 1782kgfm
moment +
-
-4050kgfm +
-
+
- 891kgfm
A+
External columns bending Internal columns bending
diagram for moments diagram for moments
Approximate Analysis for Rigid Frames under Lateral loads:
The assumption made in analysis building frames are not suitable for Lateral-Load
-4050kgfm - + - - -+
- + +- 4050 kgfm
- + - + - + -
1782kgfm
+ - -
-4050 kgfm - + -- + +- 4050 kgfm
- + - + - + -
1782kgfm
+ + + + 2025 kgfm
-2025 kgfm 891 kgfm
Analysis and the behavior of structures under lateral load ae completely different from the
structure under vertical load.
M=0
inflection
P1 point
M=0
Page 126
P2
P3
P2
for beam
P3
for column
Actually, when a building Frame is under lateral load, there will be the points of
inflection near the center of girders (beams) and near the center of columns
The assumption that points of inflection occur at the midpoints of all members is,
therefore, a reasonable one and is after among those made to carry out by static and
approximate analysis of Building Frame under Lateral Loads.
The bending moment curves are shown in figures (a) In these treatments, there are
different methods for approximate analysis of structures as follows:
1. Portal Method
2. Bowman Method
3. The cantilever method
4. Factor method
1- Portal Method:
Figures
X 2X 2X X
Example:
600 kN
1 İnflection
600 kN point
2
600 kN
3
5m 6m 5m
Find the shear force in columns for the given frame (when using Portal method)
Solution:
Section 1
V x 2x 2x x
V 6x
600 kN 6 x x 100 kN
V=600 kN F F
1 4
100 kN
F1 F2 F3 F4 F F
2 3
200 kN
x 2x 2x x
Section 2
600 kN
600 kN
T=1200kN F1 F2 F3 F4
x 2x 2x x
V = 6x
1200kN = 6x x = 200kN
F1 = F4 = 200 kN
F2 = F3 = 400kN
Section 3
600 kN V = 6x
1800kN = 6x x = 300 kN
600 kN
F1 = F4 = 300 kN
600 kN F2 = F3 = 600 kN
V=1800kN F1 F2 F3 F4
(total x 2x 2x x
shear
force)
Origin of wind:
Wind is moving air generated by changing the temperature or changing the pressure
P=wind pressure
WIND
F=total wind
force
A=area
Example:
Wind force on a building of NEU
For Cyprus
F= p A
6m A= 40m 6 =240m2
P = 100kgf/m2 =0.100 ton/m2
F= (0.100 ton/m2) (240 m2)
F = 24 ton
40m
west pacade(elevation)
Example:
Find the wind forces different floor levels of the shown builds (the building is situated in
Cyprus) (calculate wind forces for frame C)
F1=? A
3m 5m
F2=? P B
3m 6m
F3=? 5m C
3m 5m
D
Plan of building
1 2 3 4
5m 6m 5m
Frame C
For Frame C
A= 5m 9m= 45m2
F=p A
A=45m2
p =100kgf/m2 = 0.100 ton/m2
F = (0.100 ton/m2) 45m2 F=4.5 ton (total wind force on Frame C)
F1 = p A1 = 0.1ton/m2 3mx5m = 1.5 ton
A1=3m 5m=15m2
F2=p A2=0.1ton/m2 15m2 = 1.5ton
A2=3m 5m=15 m2
F3=p xA3=0.1ton/m2 x15m2 =1 .5ton
F1
F2
Laternal (horizontal) eartquake
components
F3
F4
F5
displacement
time history
graph time
Mode 5 Mode 1
*we use static-equivalent method for designing of the normal and regular building (up to 7
stories (floors))
complitude
eartquake spectrum
Design of Building against earthquake forces by using the Static Equivalent Method:
İ=1
İ=2
İ=3
İ=4 h2 h1
İ=5
İ=6
V
*We should calculate the total shear force structural base (V)
*Then should calculate the distribution of forces on the stories (F1, F2, ....., F6, …)
*After finding F1, F2, ....., F6, …, we analyze the building by Portal Method
Old UBC (Uniform Building Code) of U.S.A. for designing the earthquake forces and
buildings:
V = SZICKW
Where:
W is the weight of the building including a portion of live load
V=I.Z.C.W
Where:
C is about 0.10 (something between 0.08 to 0.14)
W is the weight of the building including a portion of live load
F=m.a
The weight (W) is a force applied by gravitation
acceleration (g):
W m.g (B)
W
From (B) m (C)
g
First degree affreed W q
We substitute m from (C) F .a F .W
g g
a
F .W F = earthquake force (V) a = earthquake acceleration
g g = gravitational acceleration W=weight of building
V = C.W
V = Z.I.C.W
(W h
i m
i 1 i i W = weight of the ith floor (story)
i
1 2 3 4
A
h =9m1
4.333m
B
4.333m 4.333m
h =6m
2
C
h =3m
3 4.333m
D
Plan of Building
5m 6m 5m
Frame C
Solution:
W .S.D w ( D.L. 1 L.L 1) S
w = (850 kgf/m2x1+300 kgf/m2x1) x 4.333m
w = 4983kgf/m
W h V
Fi i i
(W h
i m
(W h ) W . h W h W h
i 3
i 1 i i
i 1 i i 1 1 2 2 3 3
For i=1
F 1
11,96ton
For i=2
F 2
7,973ton
For i=3
(W h
i 3
1435104 kgf
i 1 i i
F 3
3,987 ton
Checking:
F1+F2+F3 should be equal to V
F1+F2+F3=23,92ton
V=23,92 ton
Please consider the shown figure (containing plan and frame C) for dimensions of a building
located in Cyprus. Considering the W.S.D. method, calculate:
a) The wind forces
b) The bending moment, shear and axial load diagrams for the given wind forces on the
building (Portal method)
inflection
point 1 2 3 4
F1=1.3 ton A
h/2 =1.5m
3m 4.333m
F1=1.3 ton B
3m 4.333m
4.333m
F1=1.3 ton C
3m 4.333m
D
Plan of Building
5m 6m 7m
Frame C
Solution:
F = p.A
F1=p.A1 A1 =4,333 3m
F2=p.A2 A2 =4,333 3m
F3=p.A3 A3=4,333 3m
We select the inflection points at the middle of the beams and columns
We calculate the shear force on the middle of columns (on under inflection points for
all levels)
F1=1.3
ton
M=0 M=0 M=0 M=0
For level 1
Fx = 0 F1-V1- V2 –V3-V4 = 0
F1=V1+V2+V3+V4
F1= x+2x+2x+x 1.3 ton =6x
X = 0.2166 ton
V1 = x = 0.2166 ton
V2 = 2x = 0.4333 ton
V3 = 2x = 0.4333 ton
V4 = x = 0.2166 ton
F1=1.3
ton
F2=1.3
M=0 M=0 M=0 M=0
ton
V'1 =x V'2=2x V'3=2x V'4 =x
For level 2
Fx =0
F F V V V V
1 2 1 2 3 4
0
F F V V V V
1 2 1 2 3 4
1.3ton 1.3ton x 2 x 2 x x
x 0.4333ton
V x 0.4333ton
1
V 2 x 0.8666ton
2
V 2 x 0.8666ton
3
V x 0.4333ton
4
For level 3
F1=1.3
ton
F2=1.3
ton
Fx = 0
F3=1.3
ton M=0 M=0 M=0 M=0
F F F V V V V
1 2 3 1 2 3 4
1.3 ton +1.3 ton+1.3 ton=6x
X=0.65 ton
V x 0.65
1
V 2 x 1.30ton
2
V 2 x 1.30ton
3
V x 0.65ton
4
Calculation of bending moments:
M N O P
3m
I J K L
3m
E F G H
3m
A B C D
5m 6m 7m
I J K L
v' 1 v'
2 v' 3 v' 4
Bending moment of the top of column = bending moment bottom of that column.
MIM=MMI=0.325ton.m MJN=MNJ=0.65ton.m
MLP=MPL=0.325ton.m MKO=MOK=0.65ton.m
MEI=MIE=0.65ton.m MFJ=MJF=1.3ton.m
MHL=MLH=0.65ton.m MGK=MKG=1.3ton.m
MAE=MEA=0.975ton.m MBF=MFB=1.95ton.m
MDH=MHD=0.975ton.m MCG=MGC=1.95ton.m
0.325 0.325 0.325
0.325 0.65 0.325
0.65
0.325 M 0.325 N O P
0.325
0.65
0.975
1.3
0.975
1.3
0.975
0.65
Bending moment
0.325
I 0.65 J 0.65 K 0.325
L diagram
0.975 0.975 0.975
For joint M:
Mbeam= Mcolumn
MMN=MMI MMN=0.325 ton.m =MPO
For joint I:
Mbeam= Mcolumn
MIJ=MIM+MIE
MIJ=0.325tonm+0.65ton.m MIJ=0.975ton.m=MLK
For joint E:
Mbeam= Mcolumn
MEF=MEI+MEA
MEF=0.65tonm+0.975ton.m MEF=1.625ton.m=MHG
For joint A:
Mbeam= Mcolumn
MAB=MAE
Since the bending moments of two ends of beam are equal, thus:
MNM=MMN=0.325ton.m
MOP=MPO=0.325ton.m
MJI=MIJ=0.975ton.m
MKL=MLK=0.975ton.m
MFE=MEF=1.625ton.m
MGH=MHG=.625ton.m
For joint N:
Mbeam= Mcolumn
MNM=MNO=MNJ
0.325ton.m+MNO=0.65ton.m MNO=0.325ton.m
MON=MNO=0.325ton.m
For joint J:
Mbeam= Mcolumn
MJI+MJK=MJN+MJF
0.975ton.m+MJK=0.65ton.m+1.3ton.m MJK=0.975ton.m
MKJ=MJK=0.975ton.m
For joint F:
Mbeam= Mcolumn
MFE+MFG=MFJ+MFB
1.65ton.m+MFG=1.3ton.m+1.95ton.m MFG=1.625ton.m
MGF=MFG=1.625ton.m
Shear force:
2M
MA = 0 +M+M-P.l=0 2M = P.l P
l
M
action
M reaction
beam
V(+) right
left side side
Shear force (V)
2M 2M 2M
V P V V
l l l
M: bending moment on one end of the beam
l: length of the beam
V = shear force
0.325
- - 0.325 - 0.325 -
0.325 M 0.325 N 0.325O P - -
+ + +
0.975 0.975 0.975
- - - -
I J K L - -
0.975 0.975 0.975
+ + +
- 1.625 - 1.625 - 1.625 -
E F G H - -
1.625 + 1.625+ 1.625+
A B C D
5m 6m 7m Shear force diagram
(due to bending moment)
2M MN 2 0.325ton.m
VMN= VMN= -0.13ton
l 5m
2M NO 2 0.325tonm
VNO= VNO= -0.108ton
l 6m
2M OP 2 0.325ton.m
VOP= VOP= -0.092ton
l 7m
2 M IJ 2 0.975ton.m
VIJ= VIJ= - 0.39ton
l 5m
2M JK 2 0.975ton.m
VJK= VJK=0.325ton
l 6m
2M KL 2 0.975ton.m
VKL= VKL=0.278ton
l 7m
2M EF 2 1.625ton.m
VEF= VEF=0.65ton
l 5m
2M FG 2 1.625ton.m
VFG VFG=0.541ton
l 6m
2M GH 2 1.625ton.m
VGH= VGH=0.46ton
l 7m
Shear force or
reaction
F NJ F OK FPL
FMI O.39ton O.39ton O.325ton O.325ton O.278ton O.278ton
I J K L
F JF F KG FLH
FIE O.65ton O.65ton O.541ton O.541ton O.46ton O.46ton
E F G H
FFB FGC HD
FEA
A B C D
FNJ= 0.13ton+0.108ton=0.238ton
FJF= 0.238ton+0.39ton+0.325ton=0.953ton
FFB=0.953ton+0.65ton+0.541ton=2.144ton
FOK=0.108ton+0.092ton=0.2ton
FKG=0.2ton+0.325ton+0.278ton=0.803ton
FGC=0.803ton+0.541ton+0.46ton=1.804ton
FPL=0.092ton
FLH=0.092ton+0.278ton=0.37ton
FHD=0.37ton+0.46ton=0.83ton
0.13ton 0.238ton 0.2ton 0.092ton
axial load(compression)= -
- - - - axial load(tension)= +
- - - -
1.17ton 2.144ton 1.804ton 0.83ton
- - - -