Certificate

Declaration
Preface
Acknowledgment
Maps

Contents

Chapter – 1 :

1.1 Introduction to tourism

1.2 Definition of tourism
1.3 Introduction of history
1.4 Definition of history
1.5 Importance and significance of historical tourism
1.6 Study area
1.7 Problem of the study area
1.8 Solution of the problems in the study area
1.9 Delimitation’s of the study
1.10 Sampling design and sample of the area
1.11 Methodology and Tools and Techniques
1.12 Research questions
1.13 Chapter plan

Chapter – 2 :

Status of Tourism in India and Assam

Introduction

2.1 Tourism in India

2.2 Tourism in Assam
Chapter – 3 :
Social-Economic profile of the study area

3.1 Geographical profile

3.2 Educational profile
3.3 Economic profile
3.4 Institutional profile

Chapter- 4:

Historical importance of the area

Sibsagar
 Ranghar
 Karenghar

Chapter- 5:
5.1 Problems analysis and suggestion's
5.2 Findings and suggestions

Chapter- 6:

Conclusion
Bibliography
Plates
Glossary (Conceptual Framework)
 DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that the research project and entitled

“Historical Tourism: A case study of Sivasagar” has been done by me and
not so far submitted earlier. This title has to be awarded by the
University/Institution for upgrading my career.

Bhaijan Das
Department of Tourism
Management
Jagiroad College
Jagiroad, Morigaon, Assam.
 Acknowledgement
First of all I would like to offer my heartiest thanks to the
department for giving me the opportunity to prepare an analytical report on
“Historical Tourism: A case study of Sivasagar”.

Here I take the opportunity to offer my deep sense of gratitude

to our principal sir Dr. Bhaben Chandra Neog, for giving me the
opportunity and precious advice for preparing this Analytical report.

I express my sincere gratitude to our guide Miss Ume Kulsum

Rohman, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. Of MTM, under whose guidance this research
project has been carried out . Without her assistance the Analytical report
would not have seen the light of the day.

I offer my sincere thanks to Miss Jhuma Bose , HOD, Deptt of

TTM, and other faculties for their valuable suggestions

I am also thankful to those persons , whose help me in the field

survey and also thankful to my parents and my friends and seniors for
their co-operation to complete this dissertation

Although, every effort has been given to conduct the study with
full perfection but at the same time I am quite aware of my limitation. So I
beg pardon for all my error and omission that may occur with or without
my knowledge.

Date : Mr. Bhaijan Das

Place : MTM 4 th sem.

Jagiroad College

Preface

The topic entitled “Historical Tourism: A case study of Sivasagar” has

been put forwarded by the investigator for the purpose of recognition by the Gouhati
University as a part of curriculum of study.

The findings of the project has shown the existing monuments and its
probabilities to prepare in realistic manner. The rich artistic style of architecture of
the famous “Ranghar” is aurable for the exqusite view.
 Anyhow the monuments and samples of the area of study has shown the rich
heritages of the Sivasagar district. The Olmec if to be conserve and preserve it will
promote to an advanced level and will generate more avenues and income to the
state.

Chapter -1

1.1 Introduction to Tourism :

Tourism is concerned with pleasure, holidays, travel and going and arriving
somewhere . These are motivations that people leave their ‘normal’ place of work and
residence for short-term temporary visits to ‘other’ places. According to the WTO ,
tourism is the movement of the people away from their normal place of residence
and work for a period of not less than 24 hours and not more than one year .Tourism
in fact is a leisure activity because it coexists with its opposite , that is regulated and
organized work . This shows us that in modern societies and regulated areas of social
practice. They are located in specific places and periods of time, Tourism involves the
movement of people to, and their stay at various destinations. This involves a journey
and services like transport, accommodation, catering and viewing etc. The journey to
and stay at a site outside the normal place of work and residence for a short period.
There is a clear intention when ‘going away ’ to ‘return home ’ , we must remember
that tourism sites are not connected with paid work and they preferable offer some
contrast with sites where a person’s work and residence are located.

The tourist is different from the traveler, because travel has an individual
character whereas tourism has a mass character. Tourism directed at places chosen
for the anticipation of intense pleasure because such places are different to what we
normally encounter. Such anticipation is sustained through a variety experiences
which influences our daily lives like film, TV, fiction, magazines, records, videos etc.
which construct and reinforce our image of a tourist destination.

1.2 Definition of Tourism

Over of the years the definition of the tourism has undergone a change along
the historical changes. According to Hunziker and Kraph, tourism is “the sum of
phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so
far as it does not lead to permanent residence and is not connected to any earning
activity”. This definition emphasizes travel and stay, but excludes day trips, business
trips etc. , and the overlapping of these boundaries with other practices. The league of
Nations in 1937 recommended that tourism covers the social activity of those who
travel for a period of 24 hours or more in a country other than the one a person
usually lives in. However, the limitation of this definition was that it excluded
domestic and emphasized only on international tourism.

The Rome Conference on Tourism in 1963 adopted the recommendation to

replace the term ‘tourist’ with the term ‘visitor ’and defined tourism as a visit ‘to a
country other than ones own or where one usually resides and work’, for the following
reasons :
a. Tourism : the activity of a temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours for leisure,
business, family, mission or meeting.
b. Excursion : The activity of temporary visitors staying less than 24 hours but
excluding people in transit.

This definition also excluded the domestic tourist, although it did recognize the
day visitors. The Tourism society of Britain in 1976 proposed to clarify the concept of
tourism by saying that ‘tourism is the temporary, short term movement of people to
destinations outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities
during their stay at this destinations, including day visits and excursions .’ AIEST in
1981 refined this concept and held that 'tourism may be defined in term of particular
activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment. Tourism
may or may not involve overnight stays away from home.' This definitions indicate
that tourism has expanded in its range and scope. The concept of tourism has
broadened to include all forms of the phenomenon of leisure activity. Today we may
define Mass tourism as the quest of someone who travels to see something different
and is dissatisfied when he finds that thongs are not the same as at home. This
definition reflects the orientation of global tourism, which is concentrated in western
societies where 60% of international tourist arrivals are received and from where 70%
of the tourist originate.

1.3 Introduction of History

The term history has been derived from the German word 'Geschichte' ,
meaning an intelligible and significant narrative past events. It is the study of events
their causes and effect. It is the records of human being activities from earliest times
with their achievements and failures.

Nature of history:- There are certain permanent characteristics for nature of History
which make it unique, and also certain transient features which may change from
time to time. The nature of history will change according to the prevailing philosophy
of history and even from historian to historian according to his predilection and
training.

1) As for the permanent characteristics of history, like every other discipline it has its
own immutable features. History can be distinguished from science on the one hand
and metaphysics on the other, literature on the one hand and fine arts like music on
the other.

2) History is man's attempt to describe and interpret the past.

3) It is man as a rational animal and as a social animal that ultimate forms the
subject matter of history.

4) History is concerned with the lives and doings of consequential persons, the
consequences being social. These 'consequences' are also known as 'importance' in
history.
5) History is the secular. It is concerned with temporal, mundane matters and not with
spiritual efforts.

6) Another importance characteristic features of history is to be interested is the past.

7) History is social memory; this is the memory of the collectivity. But it may not
always be dependable.

8) History obliges people to think and be responsible.

9) It is very obvious that 'chronology and geography are the two eyes of history '.
Chronology stands for time and geography for space. The time space continuum
provides the temporal base for History.

10) History should be concerned not generally with the past only with the realities of
the past.

11) Another chief characteristic of history is that history repeats itself.

12) History cannot be static as it moves in time.

13) Croce and Collingwood have opined that history does not exists outside the
historians mind.

14) According to Trevelyan there are three distinct function of history viz., the
scientific, the imaginative and the literary.

1.4 Definitions of History :

Generally definition limits and enlightens the scope of the subject. It sets its
boundaries and distinguishes it from other disciplines. In the case of history many
definitions have been given by many scholars and men of letters. Although there are
numerous definitions of history, the ultimate definition of history is yet to be arrived.
Perhaps can never be.
I) History is not what you thought. It is what you reminders. All others history defeat
itself -W.C. Sel and R.J. Yeatman -1930

II) A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a
trends without roots – Marcus Garvay.

III) We are not makers of history. We are made by history – Martin Luther king Jr.

IV) Aristotle, the great Philosopher has defined history as “an account of the
unchanging past”. He went to the extent of even saying that “even God cannot change
the past”.

V) R. W. Emerson says that “there is properly no history but only biography”.

VI) Thomas Carlyle also agree with Emerson's definition of history. He declared, “as I
take it , universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is
at bottom the history of what man has have worked here; social life of the aggregate
of all the individual man’s lives who constitute society ; history is the essence of those
innumerable biographies”. Really speaking this definition is a narrow and restricted
one. History does not stop with its dealing's with man's biographies alone. As a
matter of fact, it deals with the political, economic and social life of human beings .

VII) Leibnitz echoed the above sentiment and declared that, “A history is the true
demonstration of religion”.

VIII) According to Croce, “All history is contemporary history”. Croce said this because
he felt that past events became history only when they are contemplated by the
historians and so history materializes only only in the historians thought. “Thus all
history has to be contemporary history”.

IX) J.B. Bury made a controversial definition of history. According to him “History is a
science, no less no more”. If history means inquiry, of search and science means
findings out things, Then Bury's statement is a correct description of history.

X) The great philosopher Karl Marx advocated the materialistic interpretation of

history. He defined history is the following words: “the history of all hitherto existing
society is the history of class struggles”.
XI) Voltaire said, “history is just the portrayal of crimes and misfortunes”.

XII) E. H. Carr in his work “What is history” says that, “history is a continuous process
of interaction between the historians and his facts, an unending dialogue between the
present and the past ”

1.5 Importance and significance of Historical Tourism

History or Historical Tourism plays a vital role molding the globetrotter

industry. Tanks, Places, Roads, Temples etc. always attract a large number of tourists
finds difference parts of the cosmos.

The importance of historical tourism

a) To learn past experienced and built our future.

b) To understand the art, culture, etc. and realize its pinnacle / zenith civilization
c) By knowing and apprehending history.

Significance of Historical Tourism

a) Visitors can see and enjoying the artifacts, Monuments, Relics overall the “olmece”.
b)Gain idea and knowledge about past history culture and social aspects of the
society .
c) Generating Revenue and Income from the tourist enhances the finance Ministry
with respect to employment generations.
d) Periodical conservation and preservation the Olmecs leads to product the cultural
Heritages and inbuilt environment/ambiance.

1.6 Study Area:-

Joy Sagar or Joy Dole & Ranghar
Joysagar lies at the intersection of 26-56-20 N Latitude and 94-36-28 East
Long. It shot into prominence after Rudra Singha (1694-1714) dug up the Joysagar
Tank. It was the biggest man made tank comprising an area of 318 acres of land
including its four banks. The temple was built in 1697 in memory of his mother Sati
Joymoti by the king famed to be the real founder of the Ahom Architecture. The major
three temples on the bank of this tank provides the visitors with a serene and
majestic land shape worth never even to be missed. These temples are Kesavaras
Vishnudole alias the Joydole, the Sivadole and the Devidole.

Architectural features of Joysagar Temple and Tank :

Joysagar Temple and Tank lies 9 Km from Sivasagar town. It is lies East and South
corner of Sivasagar town. These are the ruins now. It and ideal picnic place due to its alluding
and serene beauty and aura. It is the second form of architectural feature being usagel in
North India and North East India after the Dravidian style of architecture. It’s being
characterized by and distinct features manning where temples are basically quadrangle with
graduated projection in the centre and elevation, resembling a tower gradually inclining
inwards in a convex curve.

About the Dol / Temple

The Dole lies on an open field with 2 forms. Overall it has a quadrangle shape
and prabak shipnapatha forms till the Sikhara. The entrance has been acumen
marked with Mahamandapa. Mahamandapa and Mandapa mean “Ceremony Hall”.
The next phase is the Mukha Mandapa. It means the front façade before Garba Graha
where the items of poja to be performed are kept and here the canonicate performs
the rituals by chanting mantral. The ultimate phase is the sanctuary sanctorum where
the deity or idol is kept to be prayed a worshipped. It is called so because the idol is
considered to be pure and hole.
Vertical lines are observed by the investigator on due course of data collection
at the top level and the vertical lines are being on in-warded convexes from with black
colours. Through it’s a small temple but sikhara is of 3 storey multi layered sikhara
with an Amlaka on the top at the final stage with a “Trishula”. Side view is of
categoral architecture. An “Ohm” symbol has been marked on the top of the ex
The Dol lies on an open field with 2 forms. Over all it has a quadrangle shape
and prabakshinapatha forms till the sikhara. The entrance has been acumen marked
with Mahamandapa (meaning a hall with pillar or open space being kept for
ceremonies or marriage purposes). Mahamandapa and Mandapa mean “Ceremony
Hall”. The next phase is the Mukha Mandapa, it means the front façade before Garba-
Graha where the items of puja to be performed are kept and here the canonicate
performs the rituals by chanting mantras. The ultimate phase is the sanctum
sanctorum, (Garba- Graha) where the deity or idol is kept to be prayed a worshipped.
It’s being so called Garba Graha because the idol is considered to be pure and holy
and compared to mothers womb where a baby resides.

Vertical lines are observed by the investigator on due course of data collection
at the top level (sikhara) and the vertical lines are being on inward convexes from
with black colors. Though it’s a small temple but sikhara is of 3 storey multi layered
sikhara with an Amlaka on the top at the final stage with a “Trishula”. Side view is of
octagonal architecture. An “Ohm” symbol has been marked on the top of the
entrammels façade but it’s being in disarray and discomposed on its sikhara portion
with the passages of time. Lastly the investigator roots up the whole “Vimana” on a
“Beehive” form. The entranc of the temple has equality to the “Gopura” which is a
distinctive feature of the Dravidian style of architecture.

On the top entrammels façade but it is being I disarray and discomposed on its
Sikhara portion with the passage of time . Lastly the investigation roots up the whole
“Vimana” on a “Beehive” form .The entrance of the temple has equally to the
“Gopure” which is a distinctive feature of the Dravidian style of architecture .
Rudrasagar dole:- This temple is another of its kind where prayers are offered to Lord
Siva. It was constructed by king Laksmi Singha on bank of the Rudrasagar tank in
1773 in between Joysagar and Gaurisagar also known as Napukhuri. The building
works of this temple was supervised by a person as Mathan Darikiya Hazarika . It
represents the last remnant of long plastic tradition of the Ahom era. On the other
side of the tank lies another tank dug during the region of the king Jayadhawja
Singha. The king got this tank dug the meet the scarcity of water and it is said that
the king had to offer his wife who on her own as well sacrificed her life to get water
for the people of the kingdom. This is known as Athai Sagar’

1.7 Need and Significance of the study:-

Archeology and tourism is a burning issue in the present scenario of this esteemed
industry. Without history monuments and temples and tanks of ancient time
archeology can not thinks. Archeology lives on history. Different kings made different
temple and wonderful building in ancient time to make their names for ever.
Archeology and tourism helps us to understand and gives a clear picture of ancient
time. We known their education , cultural, political, living style of their Archeology and
Tourism also leads to the fulfillment of the revenues to the government sector as well
as sources of income for the unemployed youths. In order to make the study more
clear and lucid the investigator has highlighted some important points.
These are mentioned below :-
(1) Get an idea about the archeology features of tourism of the area and all kinds
of aspects of ancients living people.
(2) To study the archeology of the history, facts, figures and scope of the
concerned topic.
(3) To be acquaint with the Archeology and its relation to the Tourism

1.8 Objectives of the study area :-

Objectives:
(1) It is very very important the unfocussed ancient relics and enrich the tourism
sector.
(2) Its open the eyes of different scholars .
(3) To gains knowledge on archeological importance of that area .
(4) To have an idea on its educational and commercial importance.
(5) To study the standing problems and its solutions.
(6)Unemployment solve and increasing govt. revenues.
(7) Conservation and protection of the resource.

Findings and suggestion (solution):-

A lot of foreigner come to Assam every year as a tourist. It is seen that Assam
government does not take necessary action to maintain road, water supply, and govt.
tourist house to stay and take rest. Now the old temples are not properly maintain, as
a example Jayamoti uddyan at Bhatiapar. Long grass grown. It is seen that different
saints come to Sivasagar temple at Sivaratri mela. No any sanitation , hygienic bath
room at area of the temple. There are neither car parking place more any bus parking
place
Suggestion:-
(1) Assam govt. should take necessary action to promote historical ruins and
monuments.
(2) To link the road connection to tourist place should be constructed.
(3) Tourist information centre should be established
Assam is a holy place, here Majuli, Bordua, Borpeta, are main places on the other
hand Sivasagar is a historical place. Many tourist come to these places. Assam govt.
must keep proper necessary action.
1.7 Problems of the study area:-
 It is find out the there are many problems in the study area. Some are mention
here-
(1) The heavy vehicles of O.N.G.C. have damaged the main road.
(2) O.N.G.C. store their pines and other necessary material all sides.
(3) There are many office of O.N.G.C. , its makes the dol and take unclear.
(4) There are neither guest houses now any accommodation
(5) Public occupied its lands
(6) Public keep pig and cattle and make it very dirty.
(7) There is no any first aid facilities.
(8) There is no proper lavatory facilities.
(9) Lack of interest of Assam government.
(10) No any publicities.
(11) There is is absence of trained guide.
(12) There is absence of better transport and communication

1.9 Delimitation’s of the study

This dissertation or thesis is an important part of the research on the field of

study being prepared as means of curricular for the project entitling
“…………………………………….” under Gauhati University. So the period of the study is
boundless but have to make it in limitation. As the main purpose of the study is to
make an awareness among the people about the rich heritage that the state of
Assam and particularly the Sivasagar district posses and how it will contribute and
promote to the tourism industry. The with the guide and co-guide has chosen two
relics(Ranghar and Karenghar) that are being meant for field study. While on the turn
of receiving part the scholars has not come across any research project journals
souvenirs in the department. So the scholars has taken those two areas and
knowledge for his field study

To fulfill the main objectives, emphasis will be laid on awareness and

investigation the existing cultural heritages in respect to their educational and
commercial values. However, special attention will be paid to examined the available
infrastructural facilities and its role in promoting and making the cultural heritage
more realistic and tourism life lovers.
 As the task is a cross disciplinary research study another categories of
destructive survey method, the methodology of the research project will be the field
study structured and non-structured interview schedule, direct and indirect
observation and questionnaire will be employed as the tools and techniques of data
collection.
Due to having limited time to collect data and study, a humble attempt has been
made to find out remedial measures against the problems faced by the officers,
technicians, working committee, existing conditions, environmental affects and
promoting to tourism requires more amenities like Transport and Accommodation,
Recreational centers, Generating Revenues and Employment Opportunities in
general. The result of the investigation will be useful Educational Oriented Research
and contributing to the society in larger scale. Therefore I opines that the project will
be remarkable contribution to the nation and fertile field of knowledge and
experiences.

REFERENCE

i) Best. J.W. “Research in Education”, New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
ii) Kothari. C.R. “Research Methodology” New Delhi: Welei Estern Pvt. Ltd. 1985.

1.10 Sampling design and sample of the study :-

The nature of data that has to be collected is determined by the objectives or

the hypothesis of the study but its collection need appropriate instrument not sample.
If an investigation collect information of the cultural heritage about whom he wants
to do research, his data will be on total “population”, population is a technical term in
recent which is determined by “defining characteristic”. Population research consist
subjects, ideas, attributes eg. Population of books mention, archaeological sites
heritage wildlife sanctuaries have found in and around concern district. If a portion of
population is taken with defining characteristic, it will be same that a sample of
population has been taken. Since educational and historical research is generally
done on large size of population, it is necessary to select a sample in order to
generalization for the population. The techniques that has been adopted for obtaining
and selecting data in the random selection in this process every elements in the
population have an equal sense of selection.

1.11 Methodology and Tools and techniques

Methodology:

The methodology applied in the investigation was “Field Study” under the
category of the ‘Descriptive Method’. The investigator collected the data both from
the Primary and Secondary Sources.

Tools and Techniques

On the basis of the nature, scope and objectives of the problems to be

investigated, the investigator has selected the following tools and techniques.
a. Observation
b. Questionnaire
c. Interview

Observation :- While collecting data on the spot the investigator observed the
olmecs jn a scientific manner. Since observation in a vital part is research methods by
by its require its experimented work analyzing the concept. While observing the
investigator was allotment to see such a beautiful heritage of Assam.

Questionnaire :- Questionnaire schedule is a format part and present of doing

research. Here the scholar prepared question relating his topic and hand over to the
authorities, faculties layman’s and officials. On the basic of their replies the neophyte
trace out his findings and data analysis.

Interviews :- The interview was too friendly and the acumint interest to his area of
study should be taken to be account. The perspective of the scholar regarding to his
field study area a last and their knowledge's.

1.12 Research Questions:-

q.1- What is archeology ?
q.2- What is tourism ?
q.3- What is the annual income of the olmecs ?
q.4- how these study/ area of study contribute to the society ?
q.5- How far possibilities can be seen for the developments in future ?
q.6- what is your contribute to the staff department?
q.7-what are the role of the olmecs of the institution ?
Chapter plan

Chapter Plane is an integral part of any research study. It helps the researcher
to analyse the chapters in a scientific way. Moreover the Chapters are to be written in
a juxtapose manners.

Chapter -2

Introduction

From the ancient times and civilization travel by the nomads have now
become the world’s most popular industry known as tourism. The search for basic
necessities of like water, food, shelter and safety kept the early hunters constantly on
the move from one place to another. Tourism today is one of the largest industries in
the world. The industry has a great potential for growth in the new millennium. As an
industry, tourism is highly complex phenomenon, as various disciplines are involve in
its stud. Therefore, it becomes paramount important that both student as also
industry professionals, must not understand, but also fine-tune their knowledge of
this complex subject.

Tourism today is one of the world’s fastest growing and oldest industries. With
the advent of industrialization people started moving in large numbers to places away
from their usual places of resident and work with a view to seek changes. This trend
continued until tourism becomes a great mass phenomenon. This phenomenon is a
visible result of the great technological development which have changed the social
geography of the world since the 19 th century. In the beginning it were the railways
which were for opening up the continent, carrying the people, material and food
which made possible the formation of great 19th century industrial towns and cities.
Then came steamships making it possible for people to cross continents to be
qualified as international travelers. This was followed by the invention and
introduction of motor car which gave great freedom of mobility to people. Finally, it
was the Aeroplane which, when linked with rising affluence, couple with free time and
motivation, lead to entry new concept – the concept of mass tourism.

Travel from the earliest times has held a fascination for mankind. The urge to
explore new places within ones own country or outside and seek a change of
environment an experience there from ancient times. Rapid development in the
means of transport systems and communication has made the entry world practically
one neighborhood. Today millions of people seem to enjoy the prospect of moving
from one continent to another in matter hours. Prosperity, leisure, coupled with the
guest for pleasure and recreation, are the principal motivating factors which sustain
the development of mass movement of the people. The force behind the
phenomenon is tourism, one of those greatest 20 th century paradoxes- the leisure in
the industries.

It has been estimate that in 1991 there were 43 million tourists all over the
world which is more than the entire population of USA and Russia taken together,
they spent about $278 billion, which is about 5.5 percent of the total international
trade of that year. Again in 2000, there were approximately 720 million international
visitor arrivals world wide, which is more than entire population of the United State
and Europe put together. Between them they Some $2000 billion US dollar which
amount of approximately 8% of the world export in the same year. Travel and tourism
economy accounted for almost 11.7% of the world GDP in 1999 according to World
Travel and Tourism Council. The global flow of tourist, however, substantially
increased during the period 1991- 2002. It crossed 7 million mark in 2002 with a
growth of 4.3% over the figure of 693.9 million 2001 (WTO, 2003).

2.1 Tourism in India

Travel has always been and continuous to be one of the important means of
social intercourse between the nation of the world. Throughout the ages, men have
always had the urge to see distant lands and learn about the customs and the
manner of people in other countries. Thus travel has been aptly called the best part of
once education. The world would have been poorer today but the records and
impression of travels and journeys undertaken by great travelers in the past. With the
modern advances in technology and development of faster and comfortable means of
communication, the urge to travel and to see far-off and distance land is now findings
greater scope of satisfaction. The modern day travelers have now became tourists
and tourism is regarded as one of the important industries. What was tourism like on
the eve of independence? How did India receive a visitor who came to see the
astounding beauty and the variety of the country and the glory of the ancient past?
What were the early efforts of the government to promote tourism in India? What
were the various facilities and infrastructure available?

The development of tourism in India is a fascinating subject. What makes it

fascinating is its history. Tourism thrives on history of the country. In fact, tourism
cannot be isolated from history much less in a country like India whose cultural
heritage has a wea9lth of attraction.
200years, the natural surroundings, the architectural masterpieces, the music, dance,
paintings, customs and languages-all these go to make India a tourist paradise. Few
countries in the world provide such varied interests to a visitors.

In the words of Nehru, India is a “a land of contrasts”, where rural tranquility

runs shoulders with metropolitan bustle, austerity with pomp and so, pageantry with
simplicity. History has been equally generous in bequeathing a treasure of
monuments. There is the immortal Taz, the Dravidian temples of the south, especially
those of madurai, and the world famous frescoes of Ajanta and Ellora. There is also
no dearth of cities that create an impression on the tourist. In the words of Mark
Twain, India is “the one country under the sun that endowed with an imperishable
interest for alien prince and alien peasant, for lettered and ignorant, wise and fall,
rich and poor, bounded and free and on land that all men desire to have seen and
having seen once by even a glimpse would not give the glimpse for the shows of all
the globe combine”. This sums up the relationships of history with tourism and how
these two put together contribute towards the development of the countries
economy.

India is the second largest populous country in the world next to China. It has a
rich heritage of culture, history, philosophy and social system. From the ancient time
onwards India was attracting more people from different countries like Afghanistan,
China, Tibet, Srilanka and South East Asian nations. They came to see rich cultural
heritage of India. They also visit different places in India for religious purposes. They
have also built shrines and temples. There are now very important sites from the
tourism point of view. In 871 A.D. Muslim invader Sultan Mahmmud conquered soma
parts of northern India. They also fought against original tribes and different ethnic
leaders of India. The Mughal monument, Qutub Miner reflects the architectural style
of Muslim invadre. Tajmahal, Jaipur palaces etc. are the important historical
monuments which attracts tourists. Vasco-da-Gama, discovered the sea route to India
viz. the Cape of Good Hope. It was an important event in Indian History. Some
monuments likes Victoria Memorial in Kolkata, Catholic Churchs of Goa, Kerala,
Pondichery etc still appeal a large number of European visitors in India.

On Indian historical tourism, study the long and eventful history of the country
that is as vast and as rich the country itself. Explore the fort, palaces, temples,
mosques, churches, schools, tombs, cemeteries, victory pillars and places built by
various builders at various points of time during their rules on Indian historical
tourism. These monuments of the past have stood the vagaries of time to tell the
story of their inscription, beauty, grace, love, passion, art and architecture. Most of the
famous Indian cities have a rich history worth knowing and important sites worth
visiting on Indian historical tourism.

Agra:

The city of Agra is known to be in existence since the period of Mahabharata

when it was known as Agravana and believed to be the part of the Brij-Bhoomi. Made
the capital cities by Raja Badal Singh, Sikander Lodi and Babur, the city rise to fame
only after the Itmadud Daulah, Akbar’s Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri and other smaller
monuments to learn the real grandeur of the city.

Bodhgaya:

Bodhgaya is the place where Prince Siddhartha attained enlightenment under

the papal tree and become “The Buddha” or “The Enlightened” 13 km from Gaya in
Bihar, Bodhgayais the place where the birth of Buddhism took plce. Visit the
Mahabodhi temple, Mahabodhi Tree, Vajrasana, Ancient Railing, Lotus Tank,
Chankaramana, Animeshlochana and Ratnagar to learn the real grandeur of the city.

Delhi:
 Delhi has traveled a long way since it becomes the capital of the Pandavas
becoming the capital of India eight times. If youn pass through the city, you will come
across various monuments big and small, some in good condition while some
dilapidated, that will remind you about the glory royalty that once this city has seen.

Mysore:

Mysore is situated 140km from Bangalore on the southern part of the Deccan
plateau, Mysore is lined wit splendid palaces, well laid gardens, magnificent temple
and striking building.

Jaipur:

Jaipur is the brainchild of the Kachhwaha king, Sawai Jai Singh who come up
with the idea to build the first planned city of India in 1713 AD. His ideas were
effectively complimented by a very talented Bengali architect, Vidhyadhar
Bhattacharya, who planned the city on basis of principles laid down in ancient Indian
treatise on architecture, Shilpa Shastra and ancient India science of architecture,
Vastu Shastra.

Khajuraho:

Khajuraho is a small village in the region of Madhya Pradesh. The village is

celebrated the world over for beautiful stone temple that mark the culmination of
temple architecture in India. Hidden deep in the forts, the temples were first
discovered by T.B Burt, a British engineer in 1838 AD. The temples were patronized by
the Chandela king between 950 AD and 1050 AD

2.2 Tourism in Assam

Assam is the central state in the north-east region of India and serves as the
gateway to the rest of the eight sister states . The land of red rivers and the blue hill.
Assam is a reflected peerlessness in the axquisite natural beauty, cultural richness
and all round socio-economic scenario by its name. In ancient times Assam known as
Pragjyotisha or Pragjyotispura, and Kamarupa. For the purposes of tourism there are
wildlife preserve like the Kagiranga National Park, Manas N.P., Pobitora W.S. Etc.The
climate is subtropical. Assam experiences the India Monsoon and has one of the
highest forest densities in India. The winter month are the best time to visits. It has a
rice cultural heritage going back to the Ahom Dynasty which governed the region for
many centuries before the british occupation.

Guwahati

One of the key urban centres of Assam and the biggest cities in the north-east
India (Guwahati). This serves as the major gateway to whole region. The major tourist
of guwahati temple are kamakhya temple. Sankardeva kalashatra, Umanda temple,
Assam state zoo etc.

Majuli

The largest fresh water island in south asia on the Brahmaputra river.
Kamalabari satra, dakhinpat satra, Garamurh satra, Auniati satra, Benganaati satra
and Samaguri satra of majuli.

Kagiranga N.P.

This is one of the few places covered as the World Heritage Site. The main
habitat of the great India one horned Rhinoceros.

Moreover Jatinga, Tezpur, Sivasagar, Hajo, Goalpara etc. are the tourist spots
which has an ample opportunities to attract large number of tourist to the place.
 Chapter -3

Social-economic profile of the study region

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Geographical factor
3.3 Educational profile
3.4 Economic profile
3.5 Institutional profile

3.1 Introduction:

The growth and development of tourism industry is dependent on its socio-

economic environment. The development of tourism industry based on a number of
variables like climatically condition of a region, tourism infrastructural facilities etc.
and it is going to change faster rate all over the world. This chapter is mainly
consisting of the study of these factors, which have influenced the growth of tourism
sector in Assam.

3.2 Geographical factors:

 Geographical factors play a vital role to promoting tourism sector. It covers a
wide range of factors. The Sivsagar district is situated between 26.45o and 27.15o
north latitude and 94.25o and 95.25o east longitudes.

1. Climate:
The characteristics of Assam’s climate conditions are warm, humid, summer
and cool dry winter. In the month of June, July and August, it is unpleasantly hot, the
maximum temperature lies between 30 o C to 34o C. The humidity between Decembers
to July is 65-75 present and rest of the year, it is 65 percent. The entire year can be
divided into four seasons. These are (i) Summer Season, (ii) Monsoon Season, (iii)
Post- Monsoon and (iv) Winter Season.

The Sivsagar district is situated on the southern bank of upper Brahmaputra

valley. In summer days the highest temperature is between 22oc to 33oc.

2. Rainfall:

Assam is situated in high rainfall area. The average rainfall is 204 cm. But the
rainfall has not been even throughout the year. Between March to May, the state
receives 549.5 mm (25%) of rainfall. During the month of June to September
maximum rate of rainfall is 1430 mm (65%). During June to September rainfall is so
extreme that flood occurs in the entire state of Assam twice of thrice a year.

3. Soil:

The soil textures of Assam are (i) New alluvial soil (ii) Old alluvial soil (iii) Old
mountain valley alluvial soil (iv) Non- latheriest soil and (v) Latheriest red soil. The soil
of Assam is acidic in reaction having PH (phosphorus content per hydrogen ion)
between 4.2 to 5.8. The soil of flood plain has slightly high PH ranging from 6.0 -- 6.5.
The Hill Zone has higher PH ranging from 6.0 – 7.1.

Administrative Profile:

The administrative set up of Assam is reorganized from time to time that it

could become more efficient active and people oriented. At present, there are 49 sub-
divisions, 219 Blocks, 155 Revenue Circles, 42 Mahkuma Parishads, 2490 Goan
Panchayats, 26247 villages and 125 towns.

Demographic Profile:
Population Composition:

According to 1991 census the population of Assam was 2,24,14,322 persons

which increased to 2,66,38,407 persons 2001 census. The decadal percentage
variation (1991 - 2001) of population was 18.85. In 1991 census 19,926,527
persons (88.90%) lived at rural area and it increased to 23,248,994 persons in 2001
census (87.28%).

In Sivsagar district according to the 2011 census has a population of

1,150,253. The district has a population density of 431 inhabitants per square
kilometer. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001- 2011 was 9.37%.

Sex- Composition:

The sex ratio means number of females per one thousand males. It effects on
the earning of income in our society. This sex ratio indirectly influences our
agricultural economy. A female has very limited scope of work in open field of
agricultural activities. According to traditional rule women activities are mainly
confined to household affairs and to a limited extent in village industries.
The Sivsagar district has a sex ratio of 95% females for every 1000 males.

3.3 Educational Profile

Literacy Rate:

Literacy rate is one of the most effective indicators of human resources

development. In census 2001, literate is defined as “A person aged 7 and above who
can both read and write with understanding in any language is to be taken as literate.
A person, who can only read but cannot write, is illiterate. As per 2001 census, the
rate of literacy of Assam was 64.28% male 71.93% and female 56.03%. The literacy
rate of Assam from 1951 – 2001 is shown below:

Literacy Rate in Assam, 1951 – 2001

Year Persons Males Females

1951 18.53 28.01 7.58

1961 32.95 44.28 18.62

1971 33.94 43.72 22.76

1991 52.89 61.87 43.03

2001 64.28 81.93 56.03

N.B. in 1981, census was not held in Assam

Sources: Census of India 2001, Series- 19, Assam.
The literacy rate of Sivsagar is 81.36%.

Educational Institutions:

Education is an important factor of human resource development. It can be

possible to develop basic skill and abilities and promotes application of new
knowledge to production activities only through education. It is an asset in
accelerating economic growth and in ensuring social change in desired direction. It
plays a vital role reducing ignorance, superstitions and incident of fatal diseases and
fears, and above all it raises the standard of living of the people. It may be general
education or technical education, it the most important factor that determines the
economic position of the people. Table
3.3 shows the educational institutions in Assam.

3.4 Economic Profile:

(1) Occupational Structure:

The economic activity of any region will remain incomplete without referring to
the occupational structure of the people living therein. These are a close relation
between the occupational structure of any economy and the distribution of its
population to various occupations. The livelihood of mankind is the key indicator
where all economic activities are concentrated. Therefore, occupation structure and
to the development of an economy are closely related. The occupation structure of
the people of Assam is depicted in the table.
 The people of Sivsagar district are mainly depending upon the Oil and Tea
industry. The people are very sound in economic condition because of those
industries. The majority of people are agrarian. In other hand Sivsagar is popularly
known as tourist destination thus many people are engaged themselves in this sector
for earning money.

(2) Work force participation Rate:

Work force participation rate is defined as the promotion of working

population of the total population. It depends on availability of work, attitude to work,
age and sex composition, wage rate, working environment, types of work, social
security, labour laws etc. It is necessary to exclude children below 17 years and senior
citizens (i.e. above 60 years) to determine the size of labour force which presents the
proportion of workers and non- workers in the economy. There may be spatial
variations or trend variations. Over a period of time, where is change in these factors
even within the country. The workforce participation in Assam as per 2001 census is
35.88%.

3.5 Institutional Profile:

a) Post- office:
It is also an important factor in the economic development process in Assam
and it helps to boost tourist in many ways. Today, there are 9 postal divisions with 2
RMS division which serves 23 districts of the state. There are 3942 post- offices and
12,839 letter boxes at the end of 2000- 01.

b) Health Services:
Health is an important component off Human Development Index HDI. A
composite index measuring achievement in three basic dimensions of human
development a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living is
called Human Development Index (HDI).

c) Banking:
Banking is a business of accepting deposits and lending money. In the opinion
of R.S. Sayers “Banks are institutions whose, debts usually referred to bank deposit
are commonly accepted in final settlement of other people’s debts”.

d) Power Sector:
 Electricity is not an essential infrastructure but also a productive input. It plays
a pivotal role in rejuvenating the economy and it is an integral component of growth.
To increase agricultural productivity and industrial growth power sector must be good
and sound. It is a catalyst for overall economic growth.

e) Telecommunication:
It is also indispensible part in the development of economy of a nation. It
provides the people with the latest information and knowledge. There are 567
telephone exchange in Assam of which 153 are situated in urban areas and 414 in
rural areas. The tele-density of the country was 4.9 as on December 2003.

f) Road Profile:
The transport system of Assam can be classified into four categories. They are
(i) road ways (ii) railways (iii) inland water transport and (iv) air transport.

i) Road ways:
It is an important component of transport system in Assam. The length of road
in Assam is divided in to three classes namely (a) National Highway, (b) State
Highway and (c) Other P.W.D. roads.
By road Sivsagar is 359 km. far from Guahati. It takes minimum 6 hours. The NH
highway number is 37. The distance between Jorhat and Sivsagar is 56 km and it
takes near 1 hour to reach. And the distance between Dibrugarh and Sivsagar is 76
km and can be covered in 3 hours. The road journey is very comfortable and easy to
travel.

ii) Railways:
The railway sector connects the length and breadth of the country. During
2001- 02, the railway route length in Assam was 2516.25 km.-- 1185.78 km. broad
gauge and 1330.47 km. meter gauge.
The closest rail head is located at a place called Simalguri, which is situated around
16 km from the town. The station is connected is connected to Yeshwantpur and
Dibrugarh. Traveling by trains is one of the most comfortable journey. Taxis are
available at the platform.

iii) Inland Water Transport:

 Assam has two might rivers the Brahmaputra and the Barak and these two
rivers have numerous tributaries. Under the Directorate of Inland water transport,
Assam, there are 61 ferry services operating in the state.

iv) Air Transport:

It has connected different parts of the country. The civil airports of Assam are
Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport at Guwhati, Salonibari at Tezpur,
Rowriah at Jorhat, Mohanbari at Dibrugarh, Lilabari at Lakhimpur and Kumbhiragram
at Silchar.

The closest airport is located at Jorhat, which is situated around 55 km away

from the city of Sivsagar. The airport is connected to places such as Dibrugrah,
Shillong, Kolkatta, Bangalore and Guahati. The Dibrugrah airport that is located at a
distance of 80 km from the city. There are frequent flights services to both the places.

Chapter -4

Historical importance of the area

Sivsagar, 369 km east of Guwahati in Assam, remained the seat of Ahom

power for approx. Six centuries whose first king, Sukapha, migrating from Mong- Mao
or Mong-Mao Ling (South-west Yunnan province in China) had established his first
capital at Charaideo in 1261 AD. Later on, Sudangpha changed his capital to
Charaguya, in 1403 AD., from where Suklengmung shifted to Garhgaon. Sukapha
again shifted his capital to Salaguri and finally Rudra Singha founded the fifth Ahom
capital at Rangpur on the bank of river Dikhow. The Sivsagar district encompasses
the above cited places where vestiges of Ahom are located.

The most remarkable landscape of the town is the 200year old sibsagar
tank.which literally means 'The ocean of Lord Shiva'. On the banks are Three temples
– The Sibvadol, The Vishnudol and the devidol – all three built by Queen Mandambika
, wife of Siva Singha , in the year 1734. The Shivadol is believed to be the highest Siva
temple in india, having a height of 104 feet and the perimeter 195 feet.
Modern Sibsagar is a fast developing urban settlement. It is the headquaters of the
district Sibsagar , a leading tea and oil producing center.
Architectural features of Borpatro Dol :

Borpatro Dol lies 2km from Jaysagar on the side of Kharikatia Ali. These are
the ruins of Jagatdhatri Devi and Vishnu temple on the bank of Jaysagar tank. They
were constructed in the region of king Shiva Singha is in saka era of 1666. Its an
ideal picnic spot due to its alluring and serene beauty and aura.

Borpatro Dol comes under the Nagara form of architecture. It is the second
form of architectural feature being usagel in North India and North-East India after
the Dravidian style of architecture. It developed in the 5 th century AD. Its being
characterized by and distinct features manning where temples are basically
quadrangle with graduated projection in the centre and elevation, resembling a tower
gradually inclining Inwards in a convex curve.

According it consists a sikhara from bottom to top in the form of a tower in its
elevation process and strong vertical lines are in elevation. Such plans and curvilinear
tower are however, common to cary medieval temple of North India. Such types of
temples are found in the Orissa, Central India, Rajasthan, Gujrat and Kathiwa.

About the Dol / Temple

The Dol lies on an open field with 2 forms. Over all it has a quadrangle shape
and prabakshinapatha forms till the sikhara. The entrance has been acumen marked
with Mahamandapa (meaning a hall with pillar or open space being kept for
ceremonies or marriage purposes). Mahamandapa and Mandapa mean “Ceremony
Hall”. The next phase is the Mukha Mandapa, it means the front façade before Garba-
Graha where the items of puja to be performed are kept and here the canonicate
performs the rituals by chanting mantras. The ultimate phase is the sanctum
sanctorum, (Garba- Graha) where the deity or idol is kept to be prayed a worshipped.
It’s being so called Garba Graha because the idol is considered to be pure and holy
and compared to mothers womb where a baby resides.

Vertical lines are observed by the investigator on due course of data collection
at the top level (sikhara) and the vertical lines are being on inward convexes from
with black colors. Though it’s a small temple but sikhara is of 3 storey multi layered
sikhara with an Amlaka on the top at the finial stage with a “Trishula”. Side view is of
octagonal architecture. An “Ohm” symbol has been marked on the top of the entraml
façade but it’s being in disarray and discomposed on its sikhara portion with the
passages of time. Lastly the investigator roots up the whole “Vimana” on a “Beehive”
form. The entrame of the temple has equality to the “Gopura” which is a distinctive
feature of the Dravidian style of architecture.

Ajan Pir Dargah Sarif:

Ajan Pir, an heritage monument and legacy of the Assamese culture rejoice its
beauty and shows the beautiful and quality of an architectural feature of the Muslims.
It is situated in the Saraguri chapori 22 km from the town of Sibsagar, the abode of
the mighty Ahoms. It was built in the memory of great Muslim reformer and Saint
Ajan Fakir. He was a Safi Syed, Poet, Muslim preacher and Saint from the 17th
century, came from Baghdad to settle in the Sivsagar area of India.

He succored to harmonize the people of the Brahmaputra valley and to reform

and reinforce the Islamic culture and religion. He came to Assam with his brother
Shah Navi 1634/35 was a disciple of Khwaja Nizamuddin auliya of Baghdad. Through
he wedlock an Ahom woman of high social nature at Gargaon, he was pleased to her
and accompanied at the time of bummers. He composed Zikir and was sequel to the
vaisnavites contemporaries. He led Muslims reformation movement in Assam. Its
deemed that he built Majid at Sonpura, hear the Ahom capital Gargaon and chanted
“Ajan” calling for Namaj for which called him Ajan Pir.

He came with his companions on foot and bourgeois entered the country
through the Khaibor. He came to the Dargah of Hazrat Khwaja Mouiniddin Chishy at
Ajmer and settled st delhi . No evidence are found regarding his entrance ti assam
but its believed that he came to hajo through Koch Bihar.
The dargah is held sacred by people of all religion communities. Annual 'urs'
are held to commemorate the Fakir. Thousands of people from gathered at the
Dargah to pray during the 'urs'.
 Chapter -5

5.1 PROBLEMS ANALYSIS AND SUGGESTION

It is seen that there are problem, in that area 1 st and main problem is in
Napukhuri that its all round O.N.G.C. . keep its different kinds of raw materials
O.N.G.C. has different office on the tank bank. The heavy loading vehicles daily use
the main path. For that reasons all roads damage and other light vehicles face
troubles .
On the other hand O.N.G.C. use the tank water for their work. Due to that reason
the tank water level discrete.
On joysagar Dole and tank the govt. has not take necessary hand. All the doles are
unclear and different grass grown. There is no proper road. Two vehicles also can not
cross.
There is no boundary fencing . Therefore cattle goats and other animals make is
unclear.
As a suggestion, the Assam government must takes necessary action on The
O.N.G.C. . The government control it. The government constructs the road properly
and construct Rest camp for the tourists. From that govt. earn revenue.
The govt. should issue strict order to archeology dept. to maintain properly ancient
Dole and tank. The govt. should issue grant in aid to maintain fencing.
Suggestions:

The main suggestions for the development of historical tourism in Assam are
as follows:

1. Assam Government should take necessary measures to promote historical ruins

and monument as a tourist destination of Assam.

2. All the historical monuments which are located in the rural areas should be linked
by roads.

3. It is necessary to protect and preserve all the historical temples and monuments of
the Ahom dynasty.

4. Tourism Information Center should be established in the study area.

5. Tourism Department of Assam should pay due attraction for proper information
about the tourist destinations of the study area to different travel Agencies.

6. The Tourist Department and State Government should take some important steps
to promote historical ruins and monument by organizing cultural shows, adventure
spots and indoor games and competitions.

5.2 data analysis and findings

The major findings of the study are as follows:

1. The historical ruins and monuments are attracting a lot of foreign and domestic
tourist every year.

2. It is found in field survey that the present condition of Karan Ghar is not good.

3. It is found in field survey a large number of historical temples and monuments are
situated in Sivsagar district.

4. Every year thousands of devotees visited Siva Dol Temple during Sivaratri mela.
5. It is observed in field survey that there is growth of foreign tourist visitors in the
state in this decade.

6. Architectural styles of temples and place of Ahom Kingdom are attracting foreign
tourist from Thailand, France and Germany etc.

7. It is found in field survey that Sivsagar Shiva Dol is considered as the second tallest
Shiva Dol in India.

8. As an investigator personally I feel that the karang Ghar has its Bering artistic
beauty which alarcates me and the tourist.

9. Alloting funds though in utilization but not so far realistic to preserve and conserve.

10. Sanitation, hygienic and feelings of maintains by ourselves (people) and

realization of keeping its dynamism should be taken into account.

11. Parking zones of the vehicles to be made within a specific area sivce it leads to
bespattered roods and creates troubles for the masses as well as tourist.
 Chapter -6

6.1 Conclusion

Now a day tourism is becoming increasingly popular expression for awareness

with advances in transportation and information technology even more remote areas
of the earth are coming within reach of the traveler. In fact tourism is now a world’s
largest industry and e co-tourism.

Sivsagar, the seat of erstwhile Ahom royalty still retains its historical pride.
Unfortunately, the existing remains and the monuments are not adequately
preserved. The government to make the place truly worthy of being praised as a
tourist attraction must take up a comprehensive plan before it is too late. Towards
proper maintenance and preservation of the sites there should be special drives to
spread public awareness. The public should be made a stakeholder in the
preservation and maintenance of the sites. Tourism related NGO’s should also be set
up in the area that may play a pioneering role in development of tourism activities in
the area. They for instance, can take initiative for beautification around the sites. The
youth of the place can be encouraged to take up carriers in relation to tourism. Some
of them may eventually come out as successful Tourist Guide for instance. Holding of
colorful fairs to display the local cultural resources including traditional song and
dance items like Bihu, Zhumur, Satriya Dance, Borgeet, Lokageet, Bhaona ect. may
also be organized. Besides, country side with all their colorful landscapes and the
verdant tea gardens flanked by the sprawling Naga Hills may also appeal to many
tourists who are in the quest of peace and solitude. There is also need of well
produced comprehensive publicity materials like brochures and leaflets featuring
about many a hitherto unexplored and lesser known sites besides brief yet precise
description on the location, accommodation facilities, travel plan etc what is
heartening that Sivsagar, despite its present status of an industrial town is still not
overburdened with dust and rust. It has a gentle ambiance and the people are
peaceful and drawn to the simple delights of life. There is no doubt that with a
coordinated approach between the government and the public of the area and the
district Sivsagar will turn out to be a major tourist destination of the North-East
region.

6.2 Bibliography

T. A. G. Rao-------- “Elements of Hindu Iconography”, vol- 1. pt.1 & vol 2. Pt 1

P.C. Chandlmry – “Archaeological Finds in Sivsagar”.
J. N. Bannerjee ----- “Development of Hindu Iconography”.
N. K. Bhattasali------ “Iconography of Buddhist and Brahmanical Sculptures in the-
Deccan Museum. 1929.”
R. D. Choudhury ------ “ The Archeology of the Brahmaputra valley of Assam”
Leaflets……….
Edward Gait --- “A History of Assam”
S. L. Baruah -------- “ A Comprehensive History of Assam”

6.3 Plates

6.4 Glossary (conceptual framwork)

Pradakshina pada: Cicrcummambulatory part of the temple

Vimana:The temple plan from top to bottom

Gopura: The entrance part of a temple.

Sikhara: The top finial.

Maha mandapa:Main hall pilarred.

Garba graha: place of diety.