PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION
cations and anions when dissolved in water. For this
•Many of the materials encountered in daily life are
solutions. The air you breathe, sea water, alloys, and
soft drinks are examples of solutions.
SOLUTIONS
1. A solution is a homogenous mixture made up of
atoms, ions or molecules. It has two mediums namely
 Solute–the dissolved medium
 Solvent–the dissolving medium
 In the absence of water,
o Solute –is the one with smaller amount
2. Solution may also be classified based on the amount
of solute present.
a. A DILUTE solution contains a great amount of solvent
compared to the solute.
b. A CONCENTRATED solution is one that has a greater
amount of solute compared to the solvent.
THE FORMATION OF SOLUTIONS
A. IONIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER
1. When salt is dissolved in water, a liquid solution is
formed.
𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑠) → 𝑁𝑎+(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙-(𝑎𝑞)
An ionic compound like NaCl breaks up into its
component ions when dissolved in water.
2. SOLVATION – interaction between solute and solvent
molecules.
3. HYDRATION – the term for the interactions when the
solvent is water.
All IONIC compounds break up into their component
reason, all ionic compounds are dissolved in water.
B.NON IONIC COMPOUNDS AND WATER
1. POLAR compounds also ionize in water because they
break up into their component ions. Therefore, polar
compounds dissolved in water.
𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞)→𝐻(𝑎𝑞)++𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞)−
2. Ethyl alcohol (𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝑂𝐻) dissolves in water through
the formation of a hydrogen bond.
3. In the case of glucose sugar (𝐶6𝐻12𝑂6), this contains
a lot of partially positive hydrogen which can form a
hydrogen bond in water.
4. Some solutes are insoluble in water because of their
lack of ability to form a hydrogen bond or because
they do not form ions in water.
 An example, Petroleum which is made up of long
chains of carbon and hydrogen.
 Pentane (𝐶7𝐻16) – The difference of
electronegativity is only 0.4. As such, the bond is
non-polar.
Conclusion: “like dissolves like”
 Two substances with similar intermolecular forces
are likely to be soluble in each other.
 Non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar
solvents - CCl4 in C6H6
 Polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents -
C2H5OH in H2O
 Ionic compounds are soluble in ionic solvents but
more soluble in polar solvents - NaCl in H2O or NH3
(l)
SOLUBILITY
A. SOLUBILITY refers to the amount of solute that can
dissolve in a given amount of solvent at room
temperature under given conditions.
1. For example, 1.1.0 g of sugar placed in 100 g of
water @ 35°C. A small portion of sugar is added
but still it dissolves. This means that the 100 g of
water can still accommodate sugar. The
solution is called UNSATURATED solution.
2. If sugar is continuously added, there comes a
point when the sugar no longer dissolves. This
means that the 100 g of water already contains
the maximum amount of sugar it can hold. This
indicates the solution is already SATURATED.
3. If the maximum amount of sugar that can
dissolve in 100 g of water at 35°C is 70 g. then
the solubility of water is 70g/100g of water @
35°C.
4. However, if the sugar solution is heated to 55°C,
the solution can dissolve additional amount of
sugar and the solution becomes
SUPERSATURATED.
B. Solutes may be classified as soluble, slightly soluble, or 2.Solubility of Solid in Liquid
insoluble depending on the amount of solute that  The solubility of
dissolves in a given amount of solvent at room most solid solutes in
temperature. water increases as
1. Insoluble –a solution is insoluble if less than or the solution
equal to 0.1 g of solute dissolves in 100 g of solvent. temperature
2. Slightly soluble –the amount of solute that increases
dissolves in 100 g of solvent is greater than 0.1 g but  In contrast to solid
less than or equal to 10.0 g. solutes, the
3. Soluble –if the amount of solute that dissolves in solubility of gases in
100 g of solvent is greater than 10.0 g. water decreases
with increasing
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY temperature
A. Effect of Pressure  Similarly, as
1. The solubilities of solids and liquids are not carbonated beverages are allowed to warm,
appreciably affected by pressure, whereas the the solubility of CO2 decreases, and CO2(g)
solubility of a gas in any solvent is increased as the escapes from the solution.
partial pressure of the gas above the solvent  The decreased solubility of O2 in water as
increases. temperature increases is one of the effects of
2. When equilibrium is established, the rate at which gas thermal pollutionof lakes and streams.
molecules enter the solution equals the rate at  The effect is particularly serious in deep lakes
which solute molecules escape from the solution to because warm water is less dense than cold
enter the gas phase. water.
3. Thus, the solubility of a gas in a liquid solvent  Warm water therefore tends to remain on top
of cold water, at the surface. This situation
impedes the dissolving of oxygen in the deeper
layers, thus stifling the respiration of all aquatic
life needing oxygen.
 Fish may suffocate and die under these
conditions.

EXPRESSING SOLUTION CONCENTRATION

 The concentration of a solution can be expressed
either qualitatively or quantitatively.
increases in direct proportion to the partial pressure
 The terms dilute and concentrated are used to
of the gas above the solution
describe a solution qualitatively.
4. The relationship between pressure and gas solubility is
 A solution with a relatively small concentration of
expressed by Henry’s law:
solute is said to be dilute;
Sg = kPg
 One with a large concentration is said to be
𝑆𝑔 = 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑠 (𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑀), 𝑃𝑔 =
concentrated. Chemists use various ways to
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛, 𝑘 = 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑦′𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤
express concentration quantitatively, and we
𝐶𝑜n𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
examine several of these next.

B. Effect of Temperature
One of the simplest quantitative expressions of
1. Solubility of Gas in Liquid
concentration is the mass percentage of a component
 Bottlers use the effect of pressure on solubility in
in a solution, given by
producing
carbonated
beverages, which
are bottled under Because percent means “per hundred”, a solution of
a carbon dioxide hydrochloric acid that is 36 % HCl by mass contains 36 g
pressure greater of HCl for each 100 g solution.
than 1 atm.
 When the bottles
are opened to the
air, the partial
pressure of CO2
above the solution
decreases
 Hence, the solubility of CO2 decreases, and
CO2(g) escapes from the solution as bubbles