MS2021: Mechanical Behaviour Lab

Lab#1:
“Tensile Test”

Pavan Kalyan Padigam

MS17BTECH11013
Instructor: Dr. Rajesh Korla
TA: Yasam Palguna

Date: 10-09-2019
Aim: To understand the uniaxial tensile testing and to determine to
mechanical properties of the materials and comparing the data with
different materials.

Abstract: The mechanical properties of materials were determined by

destructive method. A specimen of a standard shape (dog-bone) and
dimensions (according to ASTM standard) is subjected to an axial load and
extension data was collected. The material obeys hoke’s law till the yield stress
which is the elastic region and then deforms plastically in the plastic regions.

Equipment: Instron-718 mechanical Testing machine (Screw driven),

Digital image co-relation (DIC), ASTM E8 copper fully Annealed sample,
Vernier calliper, screw gauge.
DIC is a non-contacting optical full-filed deformation measurement
approach. It allows us to fully determine the displacement field on the
surface of a loaded structure.

Methods and Formulae:

True Stress-engineering stress relation:
σT = σ (ε + 1)
True Strain-engineering strain relation:
εT = ln(ε + 1)
Hooke’s Law for elastic region
σ=E*ε
Power equation for plastic region
σ = k * εn n – strain hardening coefficient
Procedure:
1. Using Vernier calliper and Screw gauge, measure the total length, grip
length, thickness, width of the sample (ASTM-E8) and determine the
cross-sectional area of the reduced section.
2. Install the specimen to the testing machine (Instron718) and make load
to be nearly zero. It is important that the specimens are tightly gripped
onto the specimen grips to prevent slipping which will otherwise results
in experimental errors.
3. Perform test the machine will collect data from the sample and will
plot the graph between elongation vs load.
4. Save the test results and remove sample from the grip.
5. Measure final length of the fails sample and calculate the elongation.

Results & Discussion:

Fig: Engineering strain Vs Engineering Stress

Fig: Engineering Strain Vs Engineering Stress

Fig: True Strain Vs True Stress

Property Value

Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 30306.0375 MPa

Yield strength (MPa) 172.44 MPa

Ultimate tensile strength( MPa) 276.5997 MPa

%Elongation from Test (Ductility) 34.25

%Elongation from Sample (Ductility) 32.31

Fracture Stress 230 MPa

Fracture Strain 0.3288

Strain hardening coefficient 0.21603

Toughness 84.36 MPa

Resilience 0.8495 MPa

Table: Properties of Fully Annealed Copper

Conclusion: The results of tensile tests are used in selecting materials for
engineering applications. The cross-sectional area of the gauge section is
reduced relative to that of the remainder of the specimen so that deformation
and failure will be localized in this region. We can see strain hardening effect in
the plastic region. The curvature helps to reduce the stress concentrations.
Observation on Tensile data of different materials:
There is difference between in mechanical properties values in Fully-annealed
one and as received one. This implies that previous history condition on the
material can affect properties. We know that Annealing is define as a heat
treatment that consists of heating and holding at a suitable temperature
followed by cooling at an appropriate rate.

Fig: Engineering strain Vs Engineering Stress of Cu as received and Cu

Annealed
From the graph we can clearly say that the yield stress for Cu as received is
higher than than annealed one. The plastic region for the annealed one is
higher than received one and also fracture takes place at larger value for
annealed one compared to copper one. The modulus of elasticity is nearly
same for both( 32981.8 for as received one and 30306MPa for fully annealed
one).
From the tensile test graph of Mild steel fully Annealed we can find serrations
in after yield stress. Pre history of the material like annealing can affect the
properties of the material.

Fig: Engineering stress vs strain for various materials

As we can see from the graph that Mild steel as received has the highest
UTS and is top of all other materials it means it has high strength. The
least one is Aluminum which has the lowest strength. We can also see
that Aluminum doen’t have a perfect yield point where deformation
changes from elastic to plastic deformation.
Property Value
Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 140 GPa
Yield strength (MPa) 240
Ultimate tensile strength( MPa) 287.788 MPa
%Elongation from Test (Ductility)
%Elongation from Sample (Ductility)
Fracture Stress
Fracture Strain
Strain hardening coefficient 0.1977
Toughness 56.97 MPa
Resilience
Table: Properties of Copper as received

Property Value
Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 50.8
Yield strength (MPa) 250
Ultimate tensile strength( MPa) 307.829
%Elongation from Test (Ductility) 42.2
%Elongation from Sample (Ductility)
Fracture Stress
Fracture Strain 0.425
Strain hardening coefficient 0.1977
Toughness 56.97 MPa
Resilience
Table: Properties of Mild steel(MS) annealed
Property Value
Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 20082.192
Yield strength (MPa) 135.3
Ultimate tensile strength( MPa) 150.49 MPa
%Elongation from Test (Ductility)
%Elongation from Sample (Ductility) 9.8
Fracture Stress
Fracture Strain
Strain hardening coefficient 0.2855
Toughness 11.96
Resilience
Table: Properties of Al annealed

Property Value
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 26.3
Yield strength (MPa) 134.4
Ultimate tensile strength( MPa) 168.0061
%Elongation from Test (Ductility)
%Elongation from Sample (Ductility) 6.9
Fracture Stress 102.65
Fracture Strain 4.80 %
Strain hardening coefficient 0.29976
Toughness 7.0763
Resilience 0.4061
Table: Properties of Aluminum as received
References:
http://www.galvanizeit.com/uploads/ASTM-E-8-yr-13.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnkFR5J_Ifw
https://aybu.edu.tr/muhendislik/makina/contents/files/TENSIONTEST-
YBU%20son(1).pdf