Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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SAM
VOLUME II
10.43
PREFACE
This Structures Manual has been prepared by Convair and Space Systems
Division Structures Analysis Groups as a reference source of data and
procedures for use in the analysis and design of aerospace and ground
handling structures. The manual has been compiled largely from material
presented in the General Dynamics Fort Worth Structures Manual, Vol. 1.
These data have been updated and expanded to cover current materials and
construction methods.
A. L. Stratton
GENERAL DYNAMICS
PAGE 1 of 1
REVISION RECORD
ArrKUVtU _ //
CHAPTER - ISSUE
REVISION DESCRIPTION
DATE
All - 1
As noted -2
Original Issue
Deleted: Pages
14.9.3, 14.9.4,
20.0.1,
14.9.2,
14.9.5
3/88
10/89
Pages 4.8.21
4.8.22, 20.1.1
Revised: Pages 1. 1.6
Vol. 1 & 2, 1.3.4 Vol .
1 & 2, 2.1.4, 2.7.1,
4.1.3, 4.9.1, 4.9.2,
4.9.3, 6.4.7, 6.4.15,
7.1.2, 7.1.3, 7.1.4,
7.1.5, 8.11.1, 8.11.3,
10.0.1, 10.1.1, 10.2.1,
10.5.2, 10.7.1, 10.8.2,
GENERAL DYNAMICS
ConvMir Division and Spscs Systems Division
GENERAL DYNAMICS
PROPRIETARY DATA RESTRICTIONS
This document contains proprietary information of General Dynamics, including
trade secrets and/or privileged or sensitive commercial or financial
information. Distribution within General Dynamics shall be restricted to those
having an actual need for the information and no copies shall be sent outside
of General Dynamics without management approval.
VOLUME 1
TARI. ^OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
SECTION PROPERTIES
GEOMETRICAL SHAPES
CIRCLES
90° BENDS
ANGLES
BEAMS
SEAM TABLES
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
CURVED BEAMS
LATERAL STABILITY
SHEAR STRESSES
CUT-OUTS
SLOTTED BEAM
ELASTIC FOUNDATION
SECTION
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.6
SHEAR CENTER 0 _
MOMENT OF INERTIA SAMPLE CALCULATION
3.0
3.1
MATERIAL PROPERTY DEFINITIONS
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
page 1 .1 .1
VOLUME 1
JARLE OF C0 "T CKITg 7 f^ONTINUEDl
page 1 .1 .2
SECTOH
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.0
COLUMNS 5J
THEORY
CRIPPLING OF SECTIONS *
BEAM COLUMNS c 6
6.0
PLATES a 1
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.2.4
STIFFENED PLATES
8.0
GBMERAL 8 ' 2
MATERIALS 8 ' 3
EDGEWISE SHEAR 8 * 8
NORMAL LOADING 8 * 9
BEAMS a'.! 3
ATTACHMENT DETAILS 8 14
9.0
TAW GEOMETRY q* 3
VOLUME 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
UNPRESSUR1ZED 10.1
IMPERFECTIONS 10.6
POST-BUCKUNG 10.7
TORSION 11-0
ALLOWABLE STRESSES 1 1 -6
RESTRAINED TORSION 1 1 .7
SPRINGS 12-°
page 1.1.3
^TpiIHTURAL ANAL .YS1S MANUAL
- GENERAL DYNAMICS/C0NVA1R AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
VOLUME 2
T/^IF OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
REFERBsCES
SECTION
1.0
1.1
1.3
REPEATED LOADING ] ™
GEOMETRIC EFFECTS
13.3
14.0
14.1
BEAM IN A SOCKET ] 43
INTERFERENCE FIT BUSHINGS 1 4 * 4
BOLT STRENGTH \ A *
WELD JOINTS 14 * 8
WELD-ON BRACKETS
BONDED JOINTS
JOINT FLEXIBILITY
14.9
14.10
14.11
14.13
SONIC FATIGUE ]t A
FLUTTER
16.0
16.1
PLASTIC ANALYSIS ]™
BENDING STRENGTH IN PLASTIC RANGE 1 f j\
SIMPLE BENDING \ 7 _ 2
COMPLEX BENDING \ ( '*
INTERACTION \ 7 *
PLASTIC BENDING MATERIAL PROPERTIES 1
page 1.1.4
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
VOLUME 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
SECTI ON
GENERAL 19-1
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 20 -°
INTRODUCTION 20.1
DEFINITIONS 20 - 2
DISCUSSION 20.3
MECHANISMS 21.0
BEARINGS 21.1
GEARS 21.2
ACTUATORS 21 .3
GENERAL 23.1
DAMAGE TOLERANCE 23 .5
page 1 .1 .5
senm
24.0
25.0
26.0
26.1
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
STANDARD ATMOSPHERE 26 .
27.0
COMPUTERIZED METHODS
OPTIMIZATION DESIGN
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES AND CHARTS
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
SI UNITS AND PREFIXES
METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS
HARDNESS CONVERSION
page 1 . I - »
lo
Abbreviations
A. . .
Ratio of stress amplitude and Mca
k.
• * •
radius of gyration
a. . .
•
Length of panel edge: for compres-
L.
1.
B. ..
b. ..
H.
...
a.
...
Hass; half width of corrugation;
M.
n.
C...
-
CireumX erenee ; damping coefficient;
aprlng constant
p.
c cr"
P<
Pressure
e. . .
distance froei neutral axla to
extreme fiber
0..
...
v-
!t±wt fa a top
K.
• . .
% t~ peal ■ M T««a #4 A
a> ■**> Wei let feJfcW
0...
-
m iMfjp' hafldliif stiffiwtaa : dlafcrl*
Radius
■Miaaf^ a V4 ww , iilti aw a* wa
parameter
S.
...
d...
T.
...
X...
temperature
* . . .
t.
Thickness ; time
. . .
f. . .
V.
■ . •
Shear force; velocity, volume;
a...
Modulus of rigidity
s* • •
panels
H. ..
w.
...
h...
sandwich construction
eentrolds of facings
w.
Distributed load
I...
Moment of inertia
X.
of frem
J...
y.
J...
1...
z.
Section modulus
z.
page 1*2.1
Coaffloient ef tftsmal
axpanalont anxla of attack}
angle of Olaconal tanalon}
constant
(X (AJLpna)
(Bata)
6 (Dslta)
9 COmta.)
A(
P
0 (Ini)
lir (m)
An anxl* «lth raapaat to a
rafaranea Una
Constant
Folaaon's ratio
A oenatant
*Pj.ii»«> 4isplAooBoat
Subscripts
1 ...
Oanotaa faalnf of aandwlan
Miii—1 i natural
2 ...
o ...
a ...
Alloonala
p ....
r ...
Effective; rotfnson
Baarlnc
a ...
Secant
tor ..
e . . >
Coro, sunuraaalon
si ..
cr ■ •
Critical
k ...
Sanson*
s ...
Elastic limit
a .
ultimate
«
■ ...
arlnfcllnx
equation
x ...
rarallal to x axis
f ...
Paao
7 ---
s ...
rarallal to a axla
page I •'2-' 2
* n
coefficient eo#f
wsine
• COS
eotancant Mt
- bl <u
cubic foot cu rt
cuble inafl cu In
*-clb«l db
d#€P ~ decor
degree Centigrade e
decree hAnstwlt v
«•■•*«• H„
Instruction.
fl « OT ri«
foot ft
foot-pound n ^
horsepower ^
hp
hyperbolic miIm
hyper bo He aln
hyperbolic tangent
inch
Abbrcvlationa
inch-pound ln . lb
inside diameter ^
0rd,r DOW
logarithm (ccenon)' lo ,
«ln
outside diameter 0D
P*"* lb or #
absolute
■~»* sec
sec
sin
,tmnd * rt std
tan
t«"P*rature tmp
" ,1 « Bt wt
page 1-2. ^
SECTION 1.3
RS=ERENC£S:
2. CONVAIR/ASTRONAUTICS
STRUCTURES MANUAL 4.15.60
8. NACA TN 3784
9. NACA TN 3785
page 1.3. 1
page 1 .3.3
(8
STRUCTURAL ^V y ^ MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAW AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
SECTION 13.0
RAGE
page \1> «° * t
Static Loading
■ T *~ -( —
d 1 I — '
f]
f 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ttt ttt+t
CASE I
CASE II
CASE III
Pig. 10.5.1-1
section is greater than the average stress (P/a) where (a) Is the area or
the net or small portion of the section at the abrupt change of section.
The maximum stress at such changes In section usually is called a stress
concentration and the factor by which (P/a) must be multiplied to obtain
the value of the maximum stress for axially loaded members is called an
ideal, theoretical, or elastic-stresa-concentration factor and is denoted
by (k t ). Thus,
Omajc (1 )
k t "
P/a
The value (k t ) depends on the geometry of the member: that la, on the
relative values of the dimensions of the member in the neighborhood of
the stress concentration.
page (7>. 1. I
For members made of ductile metal and aubjeoted to •t&tio loada and to
eeeentlally unidirectional stress, etreaa concentrations, are usually
relatively unimportant.
Repeated Loading
K t P/a
CT- K t Mc/I
^3
Fig. 10.5.2-1
page 13.2. /
1. The number stamp should be called out on the una tressed or the low stressed
portion of the part, or raised bosses should be provided. Other types of
marking are available and should be used If possible.
Grain direction should be parallel to the load Imposed on the part whenever
possible. Low endurance limits are typical of specimens tested normal to the
grain.
Avoid sharp bends and Internal corners. Internal machined comers should not
be dimensioned as R - -XXX^^ Such a dimension is Interpreted to mean any-
thing from zero to the dimension given,
with permissible tolerances.
Better
Poor
ABA
10. Additional well placed grooves at "A"
help to relieve the stress concentra-
tions caused by "B".
as
page \z.2. 3
STRUCTURAL ANALYS IS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
°)
Better
"1
"*f — T
19. Patch weld members fall at low
stresses under repeated loads.
-\ <>
1 r
Undesirable
Preferred
page \Z.2.4
CO
1.4
1.1
IjO
w^5
I
\
\
k
ft _ .
7
s
/
1
CSAST 1
10
page
Cum- S
1
page
r
4
Cbabt ft
GEOMETRIC STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS
Cbajt 10
Chart 13
Crust 14
.1 i.O i.» to
Cmabt 15
its*
Snom.- CTR
CU1T»
Flit Platm
Circular Fillet*
Tcnako
Co ■ -r n
LO tM U) t-t 40
1!
Cuast 33
Cbajtt 34
Flat Plate*
CirtuUr FUleU
I
h
Chajit 36
Flat Platcb
Circular FillaU
Bendinc — Concentrated Load
page |V^>.)3
Flat Plates
Hyperbolic Groove on One Edge
Tension
7*
h
Chjlkt 33
91
page |3.^>. H
Flat Platu
Transverse Hole at Center
Tension
6?
*MfL a
IW-lrlt
O
(0
ClAIT 30
Flat Plate*
Trui «verM Hole At Center
Transverse Bending
Cauar 87
Flat Plates
TrtnfverM Hole Near Ed««
B«odlnf
4.0
r»
-/
M
:>
Flat Plate*
FUnfe
B«oding
Chart 43
OBOkOTMC BT1188 COWCHtTRATIOIl FACTORS
Flat Platu
Elliptical TnnnerM Hole at Center
Biaxial Streat
Chart 46
Hiresda
Tension and Bending
US. STANDARD
WHfTWORTH
RENDING OR TENSION
"PLIED
CUT
Kff
23
2M
BENDING OR TENSION
ROLLED
CUT
1.4
1A
DARDALET AERO STUD
BENDING OR TENSION
WOLLED
CUT
23
BCNOING OR TENSION
TOLLED
CUT
1-2
1.5
Chart GO
page I^.^.Zi
ROLLED
CUT
10
CUT
2*
13
Chjlkt 107
page 15.3.22
b/d
Fig. 10.5-2.9
page 13.3. Zh
f max" k t f ave
f - P
t - plate thickness
Fig. 10.5-2.10
♦ HI
r \-\ r
I
f =k f
max t ave
f =^ f
max t nom
Stress Concentration Factors
Pig. 10.5.2.11
page
page 13.3-2^
e
STRUCTURAL , ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
w/2
w/2
— 6 !■ ^
t = plate thickness
D/b
Sa(t) = P
Fig. 10.5. 2. 14
page
3.3. as
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
ii 0.4
0.2
Fatigue Test - SAE 2315 and U130 Steels
Heat-Treated
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
page 15.3.2.3
■p
>
•H
4->
-H
03
0)
CO
o
2;
1.2
1.0
.8
.6
.4
.2
0
/
^.
- / /
/ >
/ /
//
r
2 .^e
1.2
32 .36
page
1.4
04
.08
.12
16
20
Fig. 10.5.2.19
page ia>.2>.*'
1.0
r , in.
Fig. 10.5.2.21 Compression of q vs. r curves,
using exact stress distribution at an elliptical hole
and linear stress gradient
page 13.3- 33 •
10.5.0
REFERENCES
Hayes, J." E*. , SRG-26 , Fatigue -^b a 'Problem-- in- Aircraft Structure Design,
1956.
SECTION 14.0
14.1
LUG ANALYSIS
14.1.1
14.2
14.2.1
14.3
BEAM IN SOCKET
14.3.1
14.4
INTERFERENCE FIT BUSHINGS
14.4.1
14.5
14.5.1
14.6
BOLT STRENGTH
14.6.1
14.7
14.7.1
14.8
WELD JOINTS
14.8.1
14.9
WELD-ON BRACKETS
14.9.1
14.10
BONDED JOINTS
14.10.1
14.1 1
JOINT FLEXIBILITY
14.11.1
14.12
14.12.1
14.13
14.13.1
14.14
14.14.1
page >4-.0.\
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL D YNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
9. LUC ANALYSIS
* to
s Nomenclature
page i4.M
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/C0NVA1R AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
Pr
K,
K S
A
A
Arit| in*
&
f
Stress, psi
lbs /in. 2
lbs /in. 2
K*
Fatigue parameters
=
Bending moment, in. -lbs.
Load, lbs.
t.
m
Bushing wall thickness, inches
c
*
Strain, inches/inch
page H. \ .Z
Subscript*
t
L
Allowable
Axial
Bushing
B ending
Bearing
Compression
Lag
Mucimum
Net tensile
Oblique
. 2
Optiznuzn
Pin
Shear
Tang
Tensile
Transverse
Ultimate
Cross grain
Yield
Axially loaded lugs in tension must be checked for bearing strength and
for net-section strength. The bearing strength of a lug loaded in tension, as-
shown in Figure 9-1. depends largely on the interaction between bearing.
.S-£t. S hoop-tension .tree... in the part of the lug ahead of the pm.
The net-section of the lug through the pin must be checked against
failure. In addition, the lug and bushing must be checked to ensure that the
deformations at design yield load are not excessive.
The bearing stresses and loads for lug failure involving bearing,
shear-tearout, or hoop tension in the region forward of the net-section
in Figure 9-1 are determined from the equations below, with an allowable
load coefficient (K) determined from Figures 9-2 *nd 9-3. For values of
e/D less than 1. 5, lug failures are likely to involve shear-out or hoop-
tension; and for values of e/D greater than 1. 5. the bearing is likely to be
critical. Actual lug failures may involve more than one failure mode t but
page *
such interaction ^effects are accounted for la the values of K. The lug ultimata
"I
bearing stress (F br _ ) is
b„ L ■ K ~ *t«* <e/D< 1.5)
(9-ib)
(9-2*)
<9-2b)
2. 0
_ 1
1.6
3 I-*
1.2
1.0
\
/
7
—Pi
rL • J
Cat F
0.4 0.6 O.a 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
«/D
The graph in Figure 9-2 applies only to cases where D/t is 5 or less, which
covers most of the cases. If D/t is greater than 5, there is a reduction in
strength which can be approximated by the curves and e^veateiorvs.on Figure 9*3,
page \4M4
2.0
"D
(Q
(D
— • HE HOT! 1
only.
Kbry
i I I ■ I i.o
e/D
bru
K bru F tu A br
p bry ~ K bry F ty A br
A br = D t
ri|ur« 9-1. Bearing Efficiency Factor* of Lugs, Aluminum Alloys, »nd Alloy Steel with
F tu < 160 KSt
STRUCTURAL ANALYSES MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
The allowable lug ultimate bearing Load {P**, ) for lug failure in bearing,
shear-out, or hoop tension is
P fcr , /Dt should not exceed either F m or 1. 304 F fcry , where F^„ and F %rT
allowable ultimate and yield bearing stresses for the lug material
for e/D = 2. 0, as *iven in MIL-HDBK-5 or other applicable specification.
Equations (9-3a) and (9-3b) apply only if the load is uniformly dis-
tributed across the lug thickness. If the pin is too flexible and bends
excessively, the load on the lug will tend to peak up near the shear faces
and possibly cause premature failure of the lug.
K^, the n«*t-tension stress coefficient, is obtained from the graphs shown
in FiK" r e 9-4 as a function of the ultimate and yield stress and strains of
the lut material in the direction of the applied load. The ultimate strain (s,j
can bf obtained from MIL-HDBK-5.
U!
page i4. 1 - 6
page MJ-7
9-5)
The allowable design ultimate load for the lug (P^) is the
lower of the values obtained from Equations (9-3) and (9-6).
« 1- 304 F. Ti (9-8)
This assumes that the bushing extends through the full thickness
of the lug.
bri
br2
•l
and bushing (P. ). The allowable value of for the joint is the Lower
of these two values.
page U3
9-4.3 Pin Bending Strength for Double Shear Joints Under Uniform
Axial Load
P ( *1 *2 \
M —' "~ \~ + ~ + « J (9-13)
« 0.0982 k^ a 3 F ta , (9-14)
where k^ is the plastic bending coefficient for the pin. The value of k*
varies from 1. 0 for a perfectly elastic pin to 1. 7 for a perfectly plastic
pin, with a value of I. 56 for pins made from reasonably ductile materials
(more than 5% elongation).
Ind2b 2 which are le.. than t t and t 2 . re.pectively to« l» Figure 9-5.
The portion, of th. lug, and bu.hing. not included in b v and 2b 2 are con-
Tid e r ed in.ffective. The new increa.ed value of pin ultimate bending load i.
0. 1963 k, D, 3 T t
where
C *
The value of F mk on the right hand aide of Equation (9-16) and th. value, of
p % and in the expre.aion for C are baaed on the aa.umption th*t the
ftUlthicknerle. of the lug- are effective and have already been calculated.
(Equations (9-10) and 19-15)).
page [4. Ml
bl « (9-U»)
l -is 2P,
6 Si a
L, 2
» ft*x ^ 1 • 2
the previously calculated values based on the full thicknesses of the lugs.
Since any lug thicknesses greater than b x or b 2 ^ are not considered
effective, an efficient static strength design would*nave t x - b ls4m and
t2 ■ 2b 2 „,.
The allowable joint ultimate load (P, n ) for the double-shear joint
is obtained as follows:
9.4.4 Lug Tang Strength for Double Shear Joints Un der Uniform Aaaal Load
If Equation (9- 19a) has been used to determine the joint allowable
load, then we have a conation where the load in the lugs and tangs is assumed
uniformly distributed. The allowable stress in the tangs is F t , T . The lug tang
page
(9-20*)
P ' F, 't 2 t 2 2
U Equation (9- 19b) wa. u.ed to determine the joint allowable load,
the tang, of the outer lug. .hould be checked for the ""bined axial and I bend-
«,.-!• (-^-)
6M 1 (9-21)
where . the pla.tic bending coefficient for a lug tang of rectangular cro..-
.ection. 'varie. from 1.0 for * P^*^ ^ngulaVc^^n.
Ible "a!u. of r t °; u F„ r . The lug tang .trength i. the lower of the fol-
lowina value*: 1 1
Pr
2 *X ^1*1
(9-22b)
In .ingl.-.hear joint., lug and pin bending are more critical than in
double-hear joint.. The amount of bending can be .igmficantly affected by
ooU c!am P ?ng In the ca.e. con.ider.d in Figure 9-6. no holt clamoxng »
a.,umel and the bending moment in the pin i. re.i.ted by .ocket actxon m
the lugs.
page \4A. 13
Axial Loads
^ Dt 2
where k >r ^ is a plastic bearing coefficient for the lug material, and is assumed
to be the same as the plastic bending coefficient (k^ ) for a rectangular section.
page M .I-H
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
At ultimate load the nominal value of the outer Tiber tea-ile .tree,
in the Iur net-.ection is approximated by
P , 6M . (9-24)
,. 5 .3 ' Bu3 hin g Strength for Sinai. Sh ear Joint. Under Uniform Axial Load
F -- , ~* S at 2
where k», . the pla.tic bearing coefficient, i. a..umed the .am. a. the pla.tic
,. s .4 Pin Shear Strength for Single S hear Joint. Under Uniform Axial Load
The maximum value of pin .hear can occur either within th. luj |«
at th. common .hear face of th. two lug., depending upon th. value ^of M/Ft.
At the lug ultimat. load the maximum pin .hear *tr... IF, W »I »• approxi-
mated by
D. 2 Pt
F. .« « = — : »' - - ■ *> P»
D, 2 (|M +1 + 1
^Pt ,X Pt '
page 1-4- U IS
Equation (9-2ba) define* che cue where the maximum pin shear is obtained
at the common shear face of the lug a, and Equation (9-26b) define* the case
where the maximum pin shear occurs away from the shear face.
°-. 5. 5 Pin Bending Strength for Single Shear Joints Under Uniform
Axial Load
The maximum pin bending moment can occur within the lug or at
the common shear faces of the two lugs, depending on the value of M/Pt. At
the lug ultimate load the maximum pin bending stress (F k ^ ,) is approxi-
mated by
(9.27a)
10. 19M
K> 0.'
(!(*?...,)
Pt
2M
Pt
(9-27b)
{tfJL. >3/8)
Equation (9-27a) defines the cam where the maximum pin bending
moment is obtained at the common shear face of the lugs, and Equation (9-27b)
defines the case where the maximum pin bending moment occurs away from
the shear face, where the pin shear is rero.
page H. /. I &
Fernale Luga. 1
Male Lug. 2
Bushings,
1 and 2
Pin
Material
2024-T15I Plate
Al. Bron**
4! 30 St
*4000 pat
77000 pei
1-10. 000 pai
125.000 pai
■\,
40000 pai
(X-grainl
&00 00 pai
<X-vraia>
10. 5 x 10 6 o«i
I0.3x 10 6
29 x 1 0 6 t>«i
«.
0. 12
0. 06
D or D„
D « 1. 00 in.
D « 1. 00 in.
D» » 0. 75 in. .
n * i no \n
n, » 0. 75 In.
1.25 in.
1 . 50 in.
*
0.75 in.
l.UUn.
W W f
2. 50 \tu
3. 00 LA.
t
0. 50 in.
0. 75 in.
0. 50 and
0. 75 in.
0. 10 in.
D 1. 00 1
P \n 3 K 304 x 1 ' 46 x °- 75 x 4 °000 x 1. 00 x 0. 50 » 28600 lbs.
l l
D. - _L21 * 0.40:
40000
2. 50
F 64000
- 0.625:
64000
* 0. 051; therefore, k, * 0. 74
E€ « 10. 5 x 10 x 0. 12
page /7
p_ = p. = 28600 lbs.
1
V L l
F t* 77000
= ^— s 0. 125; therefore * 0. 87
E€ * 10. 3 x 10 6 x 0. 06 2
(by interpolation from Figure 9--*)
F„ = P, = 44000 lbs.
^2 '2
page
p = P. = 44000 Iba.
H "2
28600 x 44000
The final allowable load for the joint, exclusive of the lug tanga, ia
page t4-U3
1 +
1.4 V
0.331
0. 500
or
Therefore, the lug tangs are not critical and the allowable joint
load remains at 37900 pounds.
Transversely loaded lugs and bushings are checked in the same general
n:*nner as axially loaded lugs. The transversely loaded lug. however, is a
• ire redundant structure than an axially loaded lug, and it has a more com-
plicated failure mode. Figure 9-7 illustrates the different lug dimensions
are critical in determining the lug strength.
Figure 9-7. Schematic of Lugs Under Transverse Loads
o. 7, 1 Lug Strength Under Transverse Load
h . 6
(9-28)
page )4J. 20
r « K. F (9-29)
where K tTT . the tran.ver.e yield load coefficient, i. obtained from Figure 9-9.
The allowable lug tran.ver.e ultimate load (P.„^> i«
page I4./.Z/
CTRMCTURAl ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
1.6
1.4
1. I
[ . 0
!9
- t . 6
0.6
0. 4
0.2
3/ A! + l/Aj + WA 3 + l/A 4
The value, of and K,^ corresponding to A.,/ A,, are then obtained
from the graph in Figure 9-8 and the allowable bearing stre..e. are obtaxned
as before from Equation. (9-28) and (9-29)).
The allowable bearing .tre.. on the bu.hing i. the .arne a. that for
the bu.hing in an axially loaded lug and i. given by Equation (9-8). The allow-
able bu.hing ultimate load (P t „ ) is equal to (Equation (9-9)).
page 14. 1. 23
9. 10
« vl.6 , p \1.6
= 1
(9-31)
MS = -
615
- I.O
page M. 1.2-j
STRUCTURAL A N AI Y ^ IS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMiCS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
For any given value of a the allowable Load (Pq^) tor a lug can be
determined from the graph shown in Figure 9-12 by drawing a line from the
origin with a slope equal to (P^/Ptni L ). The intersection of this line with the
allowable load curve (point 1 on the graph) Indicate* the allowable value* of
P/Pu and P tr /Ptni « from which the axial and transverse components. P
and P tr . of the allowable load can be readily obtained.
The strength calculations are basically the same as those for an axially
loaded joint except that the maximum lug bearing stress at ultimate load must
page 14 J.25
l ^ _
(2) The maximum shear load on the pin is given in Table 9-2.
(3) The maximum bending moment in the pin is given by the formulae
P l b
These lugs of
iqual thickness t r
CP
CPl'
page
Pin Shear
. 35
. 50 P x
.40
. 53 Pj
.33il±il
.43
.54Pj
11
.44
. 54 Pj
.39*^1
2
m
. 50
• 50 P x
.50
X F *r Ul i F *r til 2
where F # and F % ^ are the ultimate shear and ultimate tension stresses for
the pin material, Tt^ is the plastic bending coefficient for the pin, and F WMi x
9 ± ) (9-32)
page
and F ¥f »**e allowable bearing stresses in the female and male lugs. The
value of F wul can be approximated by the lowest of the following three values:
•where F tll and F mi are the cross-grain tensile ultimate and tensile yield
stress for female lugs. F,, is the compressive yield stress of the bushings
1. 1
L.C
0.9
0.8
0. 7
PL
2 3
Pi a Material Penalty
Lug Material Density
9. 14. 1. 1 Axial Lug Design for Pin Failure in the Shearing Mode
Pin and Bushing Diameter
rv , o.798 \l — Z— C9-33>
The value of e/D that will minimise the combined lug and pin weight
is obtained from Figure (9-15)<a) for the case where lug bearing failure and
pin shear failure occur simultaneously. The lug is assumed not critical in
net tension, and the bushing is assumed not critical in bearing.
1. o
I ■ »
t 6
1.4
I . 2
I. 0
0 H
i. b
I I I I I I I
2 >
Pin Material Density
Lug Material Density
(a)
Pin Critical
in Shear
Pi « Material Density
Lug Material Density
(b>
Double-Shear Joint,
Pin Critical in
Bending
thick)
Figure 9-15. Edge Distance Ratio
page
(a » e - D/2. and w = 2e), but they can be used for reasonably .imilar lugs.
Allowable Loads
The allowable loads for the different failure modes (lug bearing
failure, lug net-tension failure, and bushing failure) are determined from
-equations (9-3). (9-6), and (9-9) in terms of the (unknown) lug thickness
The lowest of these loads is critical.
Lug Thicknesses
Pin Bending
(9-34
where k^ is the plastic bending coefficient for the pin. If the value of D,
ii*om Equation (9-34) is greater than that from Equation (9-33), the joint
must be redesigned because the pin is critical in bending.
If the allowable bushing load (Equation (9-9)) is less than the allow-
able lug load (Equation (9-3)), a reduced value of e. obtained by using the curve
f hown in Figure 9-16 for optimum e/D t will give a lighter joint in which lug
rearing failure and bushing bearing failure will occur simultaneously. The
n-evtously calculated pin diameter and lug thicknesses are unchanged.
'•14.1.2 Axial Lug Design for Pin Failure in the Bending Mode
Pin and Bushing Diameters (First Approximation )
page J4./.3o
(9-
b«artng «tr<ts*
2. 5
2.0
1.5
r/O
I. 0
0.5
u.5
21
.c
1.5
2.0
2.5
°P r bru- /D r tax
page M- 1 . 3 1
The value of e/D that will minimize the combined lug and pin weight
is obtained from Figure f9-15)(b) for the cue of symmetrical double-shear
joint* in which lug bearing failure and pin bending failure occur simultaneously.
The lug is assumed not critical in tension and the bushing is assumed not
critical in bearing.
The allowable loads for the different failure modes (lug bearing
failure, lug net-tension failure, and bushing failure} are determined from
Equations (9-3), (9-6), and (9-9). in terms of the (unknown) lug thickness.
The lowest of these loads is critical.
The first approximation to the required male and female lug thick-
nesses are determined by equating the applied load in each lug to the lowest
allowable load for the lug.
Pin Shear
If the bushing bearing strength (Equation (9-9)) i* less than the lug
bearing strength (Equation (9-3)), a reduced value of e/D, obtained from the
curve in Figure 9-16, wiU give a lighter joint. The pin diameter and lug
thicknesses are unchanged.
If the lug net-tension strength (Equation (9-6)) exceeds the lug bear-
ing strength (Equation (9-3)), the net-section width can be reduced by the ratio
of the bearing strength to the net-tension strength.
Using the same materials for the lug, bushing and pin as mentioned
in Section 9. 6, and assuming the same allowable static load of 37900 pounds,
a symmetrical double-shear joint will be designed to carry this load. A 0. 10-
inch gap is again assumed between the lugs. The bushing wail thickness is
assumed to be 1/8 inch.
1. 304 F Wf * 1. 304 x 60000 » IclOO psi; therefore F >r ulz « 78200 psi
Therefore,
page M . 1 . 33
The optimum value of e/D for both male and female lugs is 1. 24
■ Figure 9-15 (b)). Therefore a/D is 0. 74 and w/D is 2. 48 for a concentric
luc (therefore, w = 2.46 in.).
F F
2- = 0.403; — = 0.625; —2- = 0.051
F„ EC,
page H. |. ^4
page I. :S5"
D F t „ = 1, 000 % 77000
/ 55900 t. v
1 1 56600 t 1 '
w 2
/ 82500 u v
1.00 , (2.48 - 1.00) ( 995Qo t * )■ 2.23 in
Final Dimensions
D p * 0. 750 in. ; D ■ 1. 000 in.
Since w^ is larger than 2e£, the final male lug is not concentric.
5 Analysis of Lugs with Less Than 5 PCT Elongation
The procedures given through Section 9-14 for determining the static
strength of lugs apply to lugs made from materials which have ultimate
elongations, c v , of at least 5% in all directions in the plane of the lug. This
section describes procedures for calculating reductions in strength for lugs
made from materials which do not meet the elongation requirement. In
addition to using these procedures, special consideration must be given to
possible further loss in strength resulting from material defects when the
short transverse gain direction of the lug material is in the plane of the lug.
page 14. 1.
The analysis procedures for lugs made from materials without defects
but with less than 5% elongation are as follows:
q. 15. I Bearing Strength of Axially Loaded Lugs with Less Than 5 PCT
Elongation
(2) Determine the value of B, the ductility factor, from the graph
shown in Figure 9-17.
(4) Multiply the bearing stress and bearing load allowables given
by Equations (9-la) through (9-3b) by B/B 05 to obtain the
corrected allowables.
page 14
? - 15. 3 Strength of Lug Tangs in Axially Loaded Lugs with Less Than
5 PCT Elongation
where
(9-37)
ring
r u 2 x a 2 1 (9.38
u =
^usfa. B 2 -A 2
where . .
Substitute Equation. (9-37) and (9-38) into Equation (9-36) and solve for p;
jr- m — c 2 - D 2 nns;
'-ring C fa D
■ I — 2. — 7z m u * u,h
Ebuah. B - A.
.)
Maximum radial and tangential .tr.a.e. for a ring .ubjected to internal
pres.ure occur at the inner .urfaee of the ring (lug).
F, = -p
F, - T r
r ? « -p
F t *
2 .
B 2 * A 2
pagfe 14.1, 35
(4) Fatigue Life . The hoop tension stresses resulting from the press
fit of a bushing in a lug will reduce the stress range for oscillating
loads, thereby improving fatigue life.
The presence of hard brittle coatings in holes that contain a press fit
bushing or bearing can cause premature failure by cracking of the coating
or by high press fit stresses caused by build-up of coating. Therefore,
Hardcoat or HAE coatings should not be used in holes that will subsequently
contain a press fit bushing or bearing.
Figures 9-21 and 9-22 show the lug and the range of lug geometries
covered by the fatigue strength prediction method. Fatigue lives for lugs
having dimensional ratios falling outside the region shown should be corrobo-
rated by tests.
In this method the important fatigue parameters are kj. k^, and k3
'see Figure 9-23).
page
page W.I-fZ
page \4»
page H.]-4<?
page 14.1.4 5
Ml fcZnter Figure 9-22 to check that the lug dimensional ratioa fall
within the region covered by the method. Enter Figure 9-23
and read kj, k 2 , and kj; calculate the product kjk 2 k3.
\Z) Calculate the allowable net-tenaion etatic stress for the lug, F,^,
according to the method described in Section 9. 3. 2.
(5) Enter Figure 9-24 or 9-25 (lug fatigue curv- s for the case where
R = 0) with k 1 k 2 k 3 . For values of life, N = 10 3 , 3 x 10 3 , 10 4 ,
etc. , br any other convenient values, determine the corresponding
values of f K , the stress amplitude causing fatigue failure when R = 0.
(6) Plot the values of f, found in Step 5 along tht R = 0 line in a Goodman
diagram such as ahown in Figure 9-26 (f B = , when R = 0). The
Goodman diagram ahown in Figure 9-27 app ies to a particular
7075-T6 lug for which kjk 2 k3 ~ 1. 32 (see example problem 11,
(8) Connect the point plotted in Step 7 with each of the points plotted
in Step d by etraight lines. These are the conatant life lines for
the particular lug being analyzed. The Goodman diagram is now
complete and may be used to determine a life for any given applied
stresses, or to determine allowable atresses knowing the life and
P value.
page i4*L4L
-Si
frTRUCTURAt ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMtCS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
U 27 000 p.i and the minimum net .ection .tree. is 18.470 psi. find the fatigue
UXe.
(1) Figure 9-22 indicate that the lug may be analyxed using this method.
From Figure 9-23 ,
(4) Draw a light pencil line on Figure 9-24 from the point (f » 28,000
psi on k Ak 3 • 1. 32) to the point (f. • 35. 000. N « 1 cycle) (This
is illustrated, for clarity, on Figure 9-27).
(51 Enter Figure 9-24 and read values of f, for various aumbere of
UXe cycles, using the line k^ks - 1. 32. These numbers are a.
10*
10 3
3 x 10 3
10*
3 x 10 4
10 5
10 6
10 7
3 OK SI
24. 5
18.8
13. 5
8.88
3.70
2.34
1. 30
(6) Plot the values of f, along the R « 0 Une of the Goodman diagram.
(Refer to Figure 9-26. )
(7) Plot F^ » 70. 000 psi. as f. at the point <f„ 0) of the Goodman diagram.
(Refer to Figure 9-26. )
(8) Connect the points plotted in Step 6 with the point plotted in Step 7
by straight lines. The Goodman diagram is bow complete.
(9) Enter the Goodman diagram with values of L * 27 • 700 " 18 ' 470 =
If the known quantities are life and R value, e.g., N = 10 4 cycles and
R = 0, the allowable stresses can be obtained by using the same Goodman
diagram. Enter the completed Goodman diagram at R = 0 and N = 10 4 cycles
tnd read the amplitude and mean stresses (in this case f 4 = f, = 13, 500 psi).
Only if the lug dimensions are changed, must a new Goodman diagram
be drawn.
page 14. 1.52
LUGS
FiptlRE 8-b
FIGURE 8-o
FIGURE 8-d
Use the ANC-5 method mentionefl above for cases simulating
Figures 8-b, 8-c and 8d using X, X e and X s in the Allowable shear
strength formula (Ps = 2XtF s )
nana 1 4 I 5*^
b
d
°1
0 o
On
Ei
ty
0^0, 01
Og/O, Di
Outar notation
Shaar yiaid
Tanoantial
Tanaiiaytaid
13-M
1. Anon: Stnxturm Afm*. NASA, (Saetton B2.)
May 1960
eYi»
\ eg
_j_
H U
i»aj. Ki
page
T, -P/(2co*al
f. Compute toads at isction 3, (B) Figure 13-95.
T, - T 3 co*7
S, ■ T 5 tin 7
M, -T a r(1-cos7)
Tuat
TRANSITION PI ECS
critical section'
ASSUME 1.5 0
IN MNDINO
fif* mtm Am**tmti»n
UMEaSURSO
CENTROlD OF SECTION
page l.5"Q,
0.002
a (so* aooi a 01
aaa a 04 aot
MS •
;- 1
13-SJ
1. A*, Jo-W Mfri. M. Korttut Machint Daaian. 2B
Sapt 1M1.
• page 1*M.^~7
When bolted or riveted joints are loaded as indicated in figure 8A, the
patterns may be analyzed as indicated in the following two cases:
FIGURE 34
Case#1:
A
Where: M - the moment of external loads about the
C.G. of the rivet pattern - PX
d - distance of rivet from C.G. of the rivet
pattern
page 1
c y
reference axes
n s number of rivets in the pattern
#1 in Figure 8A
page K.2.2
or bearing
x - (2Ky)/IK
y - (XKx)/IK
The direct rivet load for this case is determined the the following
manner:
P d1 - (P K)/IK
Limitations:
The formula presented in Case #1 and #2 assume that the rivet pattern
does not deform under load and that each rivet or bolt of the pattern has
the same approximate fit.
1 Deperdin^ upon tho fit of the boaa in the socket tad the relative rigidity
* of the bean aid the socket, several cases of tearing load distribution
arise as illustrated in the figures below.
w
7
f THEORETICAL
01 STRI SUTIOM
L' ESTIMATED
DISTR1BU1 ICM
L9*PM6
ESTIMATED
'/ OlSTRjauTlOK
SHEA R
MOWENT
FIG, 1
FIG. 2
FIG. 3
page \A. 3- /
I*
The ntT.inun bearing load per inch corresponding to the load distribution
of Fie* 1 Gn4 solved for graphically in rigs. 5 end 6 tiy be used for
other conditions su;h as those shovm in Fig. 2 and Fig. Z, since undor
the latter conditions the loading peaks are rounded off, as indicated by
the dotted linr-s, due to loeel plastic def orations. Eence boaring
loads conforming with tha distribution of Fig. 1 should be usod in
practically every cass.
The maximum Eicr.ent obtained from the load distribution of Fig. 1 (see
Figs. 5 and 6 at end of me^o) tends to be conservative for the load
distribution of Figs. 2 and 3 (Ref . 1). The r-ar-imicu shear corresponding
to the load distribution of Fig. 1 tends to be conservative for the
distribution of Fig. 3 (Raf. l).
page I l. t z 2.
page /^.£-3
fS
FIGURE 5
TABLE I. Uia with Fig. 5 when L§!U <1
To Obtain
w 1
w 2
^max
M max
Compute
K 1 M
L 2 "
\J
K m M
THE VALUES OF S AND M max GIVEN BY THE CURVES AND TABLES OF FIGS. 5
AND 6 ARE INTERNAL MAXIMA. THE EXTERNAL MAXIMA ARE M AND S. IF A K
VALUE IS NOT SHOWN. THE CORRESPONDING INTERNAL MAXIMUM DOES NOT EXIST.
page
*m
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
.8
.6
0
-.2
-.4
-.6
-.8
-1.0
-1.2
»TT
: r
i.
FIGURE 6
...i::.
-.:v.r:
m
••H:i
Hi
10
9
8
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
.2
.4
8 1.0
M
SL
M
SL
<1
TO OBTAIN
w 1
w 2
a
^max
M max
COMPUTE
K jS
L
K2$
L
page /4. a. 5
Pressure between a lug and bushing assembly having negative clearance can be
determined from consideration of the radial displacements. After assembly, the
increase in inner radius of the ring (lug) plus the decrease in outer radius of
the bushing equals the difference between tne radii of the bushing and ring before
assembly. ^
6 " Ving " Pushing
& - Difference between outer radius of bushing and inner radius of the ring.
u - Radial displacement, positive away from the axis of ring or bushing.
Radial displacement at the inner surface of a ring subjected to internal pres-
Substitute equations (2) and (3) into equation (1) ar.d solve for p;
^ng
Kaximun radial ar.rt tangential stresses fcr a rinj subjected to interril
pressure occur at the inner surface of the ring (lug).
Positive si*rn indicates tension. The iraxiirjm shear stress at this point is
t r ■ -P
f - 2PB 2 '
* " B2-A2
page /
(4) Fatigue life . The hoop tension stresses resulting from the press
fit of a bushing ia a lug will reduce the *trmst range for oscillating
loads, thereby improving fatigue life.
The presence of hard brittle coatings in holes that contain a press fit
bushing or bearing can cause premature failure by cracking of the coating
or by high press fit stresses caused by build-up of coating. Therefore,
Hardcoat or HA£ coalings should not be used is holes that will subsequently
contain a press fit bushing or bearing.
page
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMlCS/CONVAtR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
10
12 3 4
C/B
page l^^.'S
c
FICTRZ 6.41 TANGENTIAL STRESSES FOR. PRESSED
HA57S BUSHINGS
page \4>AA
/*1
page I4-A5
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMtCS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
UTTRODUCTION
This Stress JSsbd presents design considerations and allowable loads for
aluminum alloy extruded and formed sheet metal angles subjected to flange
bending loads.
I. DESIGN COIBIDSRATIONS
H. METHODS 0? ATTACHMENT
page /
B. Rivets - Manufactured
Heeds Inside Angle
Preferable to "C
C* Rivets - Formed
Heads Inside
Angle
Least Preferable
IH. AUiOWA3I£S
A. Single Angles
1. Figures 1 and 2 give the ultimate allowable loads for various gases °f
2021-T3 alclad formed sheet metal and 202^1-, extruded ancles respectively.
2. Ultimate allowable loada for "VttM p"" alloy angles other than 202 1 ^-T^
extrusion and 2024-T3 alclad formed sheet metal may be derived from the
values obtained from Figures I and 2 by direct proportionality vith the
transverse yield strengths*
i.e.
(allowable)
P (fram figures) x
vhere:
1. When tvo (2) angles are used back to back and loaded symmetric ally in both
outstanding flanges, the allowables obtained from Figures 1 and 2 may be
multiplied by two and one-half (2.5).
3/
page I4.S.2
ioj
C« Loads on Connectors
When heavy angles are used as a tension Joint, the tension load on
the connector shall be calculated as follows ;
Load on Connector ■ P x
a + b
page /4.5\-3
. k Pc 3
Et 3
page 14.5.4
700
(in.)
.10O
FIGUHS 1
600
500
1 m^m^m
koo
.033
L
II I 1!
) 1
:4—
MM
;.r_~.!:
NOTES:
7,
ty T
1*0,000
m.
page 1-4.5.5
FIGUK£ 2
ULTIMATE ALLOWABLE LOAD FOR
NOTES:
^tyr
' U2,6o6
Eccentricity, c (ins«)
page 1 4.^.6
I*?
CO
CO
Dl.83.02 - STEEL BOLT STRENGTH DATA - SINGLE SHEAR, TENSION 1 BENDING MOMENT
ALLOWABLES (Lb.)
o
61
BOLT NUMBER
7
1
10
11
14
14
II
70
77
74
FULL DIAMETER
.1900
TWO
JIB
.3750
.43/5
.4000
.4474
iftO
7400
.1740
1.000
1.1740
1 240
1.1740
1.4000
ROOT DIAMETER
(Fine THREAD)
.MM
.70*
.7541
.3709
.1774
.4174
.4903
.4470
KM
.7077
.90J?
1.01(7
1 1417
1 74*7
1.391'
l»HT
174.000 HT ATTACHMENTS
EXAMPLE: AN 1 70. 71-*
407. 409; HAS 771-777
FULL DlA. *M
u*
131
1.154
3.112
311
4.1/0
%.m
114
(.710
l,7M
i.ou
it.no
11.770
I.M4
11.110
14.730
7.410
11.900
11,440
1,411
11,990
71.110
4.914
30.440
13.130
0.490
44.400
44.100
13,404
(0.900
41,900
70,171
79.100
74.(00
70.444
107,700
97.000
».no
irt.joo
111,400
159,000
137.400
191.000
1(0 HT
AIL IM.000NT ATTACHMENTS
ALL K0.Q00HT ATTACHMENTS
ALL KOHt ATTACHMENTS 01
ALL KOHT ATTACHMENTS (11
1.(94
III
7.097
1.744
I,tt0
411
V3«e
4.170
7.790
ou
1.490
S.lll
10,490
1.304
I3.I.M
11.300
14.740
7.707
17.710
u.no
10.1 40
1,711
74.190
10.900
73,110
4,411
10.700
11.990
79,140
0,471
a.oto
30.440
47.000
11.094
47,000
44.400
47.100
17.111
77.900
(0.900
M.tOO
74.799
101,300
79.100
94.400
37,444
111.400
107.100
lion
4I.M
1(5.(00
171.100
141.100
(0.»l
703.(00
159.000
1(7,901
01.7(2
744.400
191.000
110 HT
1IO.0OONT ATTACHMENTS
CKTINNAL IRENCHIMG BOLTS
(NAS (74-4441
FULL DlA. BM
1.0(1
$.300
4*1
1.010
1.710
Ml
9.U0
11.930
I.44S
14,030
14.7*0
1.441
70,010
71.710
3.441
77.110
31.110
4.770
14.440
13,110
7.IM
41.000
47.700
17.171
04.100
(4.900
I9.S47
17,700
14,000
79.370
114.000
107.400
41.747
147.900
137.400
47.701
IK, TOO
1(0.400
71.741
779.000
190.000
90.914
770.700
CO
w
o
c
Reference: 0-2
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
Pertinent fitting and eactin* factors shall al-rays be used in the analysis.
If in any application both a fitting and a casting factor are applicable,
they shall not be multiplied, but only tho lexgor shall be used.
In addition to the factors above, the analysis shall show a minimum mar£in
of safety of 0.20. This shall be demonstrated for both yield and ultimto
strength. This requiromont may bo relaxed upon the approval of tho Projoct
Structures Engineer.
Bolts highly loaded in tension should be assonblod with a washer under both
the head and nut,
page /-? .7 . l
I. Bathtub Fitting
Vail
Thickness
Bolt Hole
Radius
(Nominal)
Applied Load, P
1. Tension in w all
Effective
Bearing Area
^BU
y[ F tu
2. Bending in Wall
a. Compute the centroid and I about the eentroidal aada for one-
half of a hollow cylinder, respeetirely, byi
page / 4 . 7 • 2
e . Bo 2 -*- RqRi+ Ri 2
Mtt . Pbu-J-
c
1* Bonding
r 4 a-d t e
a* Computer ™» ^o~* CLa ^~^
Pu
f bu, ■ *1 K 2
page M- 7-3
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
bu
3nm ^bu^
- 1
M.S. tt = -rfaH l
Jam £ au«
€ Baa*
Wall Wall
Section A-A
Fig. 2
page
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMtCS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
H m **** + bt b
and if S s *w th * n »
Aj S tw(2a + b)
2. Bending in T7all
*b 2 / M
o b -g-(b + (a + tp)
Zat^-r bt b
and if t b = t, then,
„ -?(b aCa^t,,)
O ■ ■ — i- — ■ ■- - —
2a -r b
R^n a 1 for the taluoa of Rt^ and Rb^ ft s determined in par. A-l
and A-2-d aboTe. (See pq . H-i+.l, )
1. Bending
ri , b
a* Compute a »■ and -j— •
page M."7-5
* u tmx fbii*
Fig. 3
. B
Wall
Actual Fitting
yalent Fitting
page U
+ B
fr 2 )
a •
d ■ a
* s ■ rat,
e. ■ .637a
I ■ «298a3t v
Section B-D
Fig* It
X. Tension In TTall
1. Detersdne th. maximum tension stress, ftu** ^ the fitting wall
due to the ultimate fitting load, Pu, froa
t - *°
page M~7-7
1. JLesuae 6C* of the ebo-re ralues as end moment* end determine bolt
loadi (oonoentrated).
Analyte the end bolts for the oombinad loading (moment plu»
toneion) end the oenter bolt for direct tension.
To determine the bonding moment eurre, assume the oenter bolt lead
computed in (2) is uniformly dietributod e-ror the bolt hoed flat.
u« • Pbtt-4-
page H."7.3
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMiCS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
§ if
I,
U 11 I
«4
A "B "C
Second Calculation
Assuming 50* Fixity
Mount BLa^raa
rig. 5
page 14-7*2
page J4."7*>o
page 14.3- J
SECTION 14.9
WELD-ON BRACKETS
SECTION 14.10
BONDED JOINTS
page \+.\QA
If load-deflection test data is not available for the exact fa.ua.r/^LL com-
bination, two methods can be used to determine a spring rat,.
DIA
ALUM
.163
.203
.244
.325
.406
.437
.56 3
.650 1.732
.813
STEEL
3.62
4.53
5.44
7.25
9.06
10.9
12.6
14.5
15.5
18.1
TITAN
1.93
2.42 12.90
3.87
4.83
5.31
6.72
7.71
a. 27
9.6 5
OTHER
(Eol
■her/EsteeDxSRateel J
SHEET
JOINT
SPRING RATE - K x SR
page K. / /. )
1.6
i.fc
1.2
1.0
K .8
.4
.2
R4
-U.
TT
NOTE:
CURVE FOR STEEL ATTACHMENTS
IN STANDARD HOLES* CORRECT
FOR OTHER MATERIALS AND
HOLES AS FOLLOWS:
ALUMINUM - .59K
TITANIUM - .72K
CLOSE HOLES - 1.33K
COUNTER SUNK - ,67K
M M M M I 1 1 I htttt
.4
.5
t/D
.9 1.0
page 14. I J. 2
Aluminum Fastener, K X .5 9
Titanium Fastener, K x .72
Close Tolerance Hole, K x 1.33
Countersunk Hole, (C x .67
Examp 1 e :
From step 4: K
Correct K: .72 x 1. 33 X K
6. Determine SR from Table 6. 9 . Calculate spring race for each sheet "by
k - K x SR
n n
where
and
If load deflection data is not available, the limit bearing load criteria of
Reference 1 may be used to obtain an estimate of the attachment-hole flexibili
Tnese criteria result in an overestimate of the attachment-hole flexibility an
an underestimate of the maximum attachment load at load levels below yield.
al
ti tariium
page K./K"?
Reference: ASTM STP 486 and Swift, T. , AIAA San Diego. Section
1979 Education Lecture Series, 14 March 1979
S * Fastener Displacement
D = Fastener Diameter
P « Lead
E « Plate Modulus
Plate thickness
Fastener Material
5.000
0.80
3.947
0.82
1.666
0.86
K i
1.0
A . rt 1 + 1— )
— E t E t
ED 11 2 2
1 1
where E 1 - 0.5/( + )
page \A * H - 5*
Introduction
(1) Hat hod a for computing the loads in bolts and screws aubjeoted
to ocmbined preload and, applied tension loads,
la the body of this Mono, reference is usually made to bolts, but the infonr-ttica
Is equally applicable to screws*
page 'I
rn. applied ultimate tenaioa lor.d ea th. bolt, i" 01 * 1 ^ th. .ff«t. of
Reload, .toll not e*oc«d the ultimate ten.lon «tr« DE th of th, bolt.
The applied yield tension load on x=h, bolt. includes the effect, of
Where
Pb ' ? bi * *
C
I
*b E b
P b - W
Pb
Pbi
la
Ab
D
Total load in ^©lt, lba.
Preload in bolt due to tightening, lba.
Applied (external) tenaion lead, lba.
(See Fig. 1).
page H. \2-£
The relationship bett?e?n the applied load, the inititl prelocd, and the
total holt lend ia therm is Fig* 2.
P^, ■ Separation of
Hating Surfaces
Ho Preload
PlS* 2*
page
The optimum preload for repeated loading la obtained when the matins
surfaces are just on the point of separating under the applied lotdi
that it, the point Pb «• W in Fig. 2 (refs. 2 and S). Thle will ooour
when the ratio of bolt preload ?bi to applied load IT it given b/t
Pbi
W
i - i
Both lncreaeins and decreasing the preload from this value vlll ronult in
a deoreaied number of loading cycles to produon fatigu* failure, ?ba
deorease if leas for preloads above thie vUue than for preload* corres-
pondingly below this vnlue.
Value* of PfaiA for standard bolts and ior#wB in oosnon wateriala are
given in Fig* 6*
ffhere
page \**iz.4
THien the eatins «urf*oos of the fitting are not la oentr.ot, the
Initial pr'-'Ioid and the applied tenuica lead niy aid directly.
A typioal structure with a gr.p bst;/oori matins aurface« ia
llluotra-tcd ia Fig. 3, and a oc.rrcspondins holt leading is
eheva in Fig, 4» The corresponding bolt leading when tas rating
Buri'acea are in contact ie aho'.m in Fig. 2«
Applied Load W
Fig. 4
page
SA3IZ I
Bolt
Size
Root Arsa
Lbs. (2)
Sq.In. (1)
Tension Nut
Shear Rut
10-32
1/^-23
5/16-2V
.01807^
.03339^
.053666
720
1,3*^3
2,150
430
OOO
1,290
3/8-2*
7/16-20
1/2-20
.082397
.15116
3,300
4,450
6,050
1 ofin
2,670
3,630
• 9/16-1S
5/e-i3
3/4-16
.19190
.2^9
.35605
7,680
9,7^0
14,200
4,600
5,84o
8,520
7/8-1U
1-lU
1-12
•46695
.65332
.63307
19,500
26,200
25,300
11,700
15,700
15,200
1-1/8-02
l-lA-12
.82162
1.0347
32,500
41,400
19,700
24,300
page
TABLE II
WRENCH TORQUE RATIOS R FOR STEEL BOLTS
Thread
Site
Rut Turning
On Stael
Fitting 6
Hut Turning
On Aluminum
Fitting 5
Flat-Snded Bolt
Turning on
St*el Plato
Round-Ended Bolt
Turning on
Steel Plata
Dry
Imbricated
Dry
Lubricated
Dry
Lubriontad
Dry
Lubrioatad
10-32
1/4-23
5/! 6-24
.ooioae
,00246
•00509
.000767
.00167
.0035.0
•000065
.001966
•00406
.000546
.00110
.00243
.0OOG3?
.00153
•00305
.000313
•000757
,00151
.000470
.001113
,00224
.000149
.003333
,000359
5/3-24
7/16-20
l/2-20
.00823
.0127
.0203
.00533
.00306
.01174
.00375
.01039
.0164.3
.00379
.00575
.C091 5
.OOSSB
.00390
,013?6
.C0373
.00-* 29
,00555
. 00-00
.006-12
.00993
.001125
,00179
.00?.(52
E/lS-iO
s/e-ia
.0294
.0421
.0713
.0191
,02c<2
.0453
.0233
.0340
• 0579
,012-i
.0192
.0313
.0197
,027C
.0189
.00 31 7
• 01 SO
• OI-UH
.0K-82
.G?-'8
. C0374
.00505
.00836
7/8-14
1-14
1-1/6-12
.U3'3
.1742
.246
.0720
.1090
.1555
.0922
.1412
.1995
.0507
.0753
.1038
.0779
.HOC
.1681
• 0 3i_2
.C5A8
.0774
.0553
.064 5
.119?
.01338
.0201
• OP. 8 6
1-1/4-12
.333
.2175
.2010
.1522
.2375
. 1054
.1670
.0392
Rotes i 1. Torque (In. -lb.) - R z initial teuslon stress on root area (psl).
2. All bolts and nuts or tapped plates are steel* cadmium plated.
3* Values for bolt and nut combination are based on holding bolt fixed
and turning nut.
4. Values for bolt and tapped plate (set sore*) oombination are based on head
of bolt not In oontaot with tapped plate*
6. Where washers are used under the nut, the fitting material shall be taken
as the material of the washer.
QTRUCTURAl ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL D YNAMl CS/CON VAtR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
T«bW 4-2 LOADS AND STRESSES PER UNIT TORQUE FOR NUM6ERED SIZE THREADS
AI*I flmmmwtrm
****•'
llmi mmmti
ihrrmdl
ptt, t*
M.
W. /» *•
Sit*
r «.
trrew triih
Nm.
«.
**"*
Fin*
**
m*JA mi mml
9l i «hi (Mr/
o.ou
to
00013
72.MJO
74
0.071
*4
0.0022
41.900
*3
73
0.O024
11.100
a
2
o.os*
}*
0.0011
:t.:t»
33
**
0.0014
23.400
54
0 ott
41
0 0041
11.200
30
i*
0.004]
lfc.100
J1
on:
40
0.00.10
12. &00
42
41
0.0017
10. TOO
4]
0.1:5
40
0.0067
7.190
H
44
0.007;
7.190
37
0.131
!Z
0 0073
A.I 10
14
40
0.DOI7
3.620
13
0 1*4
12
0.0120
!J*0 _
10
It
0.0 12S
1-270
10
10
0.1H.
:4
0.0143
2.460
21
32
0.0173
2.100
27
i;
0.21*
O.CrcO*
1.»00
21
:*
0.022C
1.410
23
Tabic 4.3
LOADS AND STRESSES PER UNIT TORQUE FOR FRACTIONAL SIZE THREADS
M. C—'M F t**
St
H
K
%
IK
IK
IK
14
*****
ON •/
unftr trrnt.
AIM umJ
tttltom
pti, "*
kW. Jfr. •»
KWMlf
terrw virt
Ikremd*,
****** f! !
utntm* mi t
J* Ml.
lM-il> «H HUl
ut-iit mm ami
0 0:«
l.i::
:o.t
0.012*
r*
21-*
0CJ32
107
21.7
C.*i3*
S12
!*.{
17.1
0.0324
4J2
0.CJ9Q
J 77
17^
0.K7I
292
I4J
0.M.09
2*1
\43
O.OS 90
213
ISJ
0.09})
179
11.2.
C.1C9C
130
12-*
0.1217
132
11.0
0.1137
I IS
10.9
O.MS*
97.1
11.4
0.14)4
l*.l
H.7
0.1430
i:j
9.9
0.1331
*.j
10 J
<U0M
*3J
10J
C-3011
5* -3
1.73
0J4O0
4|J
9J4
0.231*
*4J
9-33
0.3320
33.1
7J4
OJ3U
Z1A
7.*4
0J723
23.3
7.U
0.41*1
20.4
*J2
0.4S03
17.*
*.7S
0J20O
l*.l
*J3
0J3I0
11*
5.7)
0.44*4
Hi
3Sf
0.4121
1M
*.09
0.4911
9.* 1
3J»
0.11 II
1.0*
JJ2
01773
7 .41
S-43
0JI1I
4.71
443
IjKSI
3.T3
4J0
1.09*9
JJ3
4.K
1.0141
5.17
4.11
1.3*03
«J4
4.40
L3f)l
1J4
3-M
ij2i:
JJ1
4,1*
1.JIQI
3.17
4J2
I. Introduction
page (4. \ 4. I
Jfotaticn
C ROW NO. I —
OLUMN t's
I -0—0— O—O- O
I I I I I I
I -o— o— o— o— o
i^o— o-o-o— o-
-6-0— o-o— o-
i i i i i
\ -o— o— o— o— o-
PITCH
UK. 1
^. ROW NO. I -H
FOR THIS SHEET-^
I
I
Chain Spaoiag
ROW
JOINT
-O-
-o-
STAGGERED
RIVETING
-O-
-i- -4-
1 i 1 •
I -o- -o-
1 I
COLUMN C
CAGE
PITCH — ■— J j
*t Staggered Sjmeins
page \4.\4.Z
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/C0NVA1R AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
II. (Continued)
Pitch - "Distance between rows (or, spacing nornal to tho Joint center-
line) .
ZR-i " Total reduction in eross-aectional area due to all the holec
in the first row.
t • Sheet thiclcnoce.
page
.II. General
B. Chain spaced Joints in which the first re* ha. number of con-
nectors than the succaeding row. do not necessarily give higher «"i-
oiencie. than thoae ucing ordinary chain .peeing. In addition, a. witri
staggered .pacing, this .pacing gi™» the poacibility of premature fail-
ure in the fir.t row of connectors.
0. When the stress varies acro.s the width of the Joint, or when the hole
pattern i. not constant, the maximum stress fcr the critical representa-
tive width should be used with the efficiency as determined below for
the critical width.
A. Obtain p |
RjC | as followsi
B • Obtain
page K I 4. 4
IV. (Continued)
C. Obtain
D U . —
D. Obt-
ain Kg f, f^T
, uad
2R,
the Joist. Ujs of a le«*-sr -.'id*:h vill rasuit in ten o:rv;~rvj t.i*>«
eff 5 eleneiff a .
* e - 2R P - -r^- [ ZR p -
.]
Th< tension *ffJciency ^ -if tho pl«.te bxsod cn gross er;% Is given by
T. torsir.* of r>f»*y
A . Tension Cnl y
Thn virgin of «f«ty under «n opplicd torsion lot* (lo».d norn.il tc th«
Joint centorlinfl) is gi-rnn by
( Continued)
B. Shear Only
- 1
- 1
where f s ■ P 8 Ag is the sheer stress on the gross area*
1* Obtain the tension stress ratio and the shear stress rati
R s from
a* ■
**„
1
2. The margin of safety of the plate at the Joint in eoabinnd
tension end shear is given by
page M-IL ^
TABLE I
Fastener
Ha ad
Style
Nominal
Shank Dia.
(Inches)
.025
.032
.ObO
.050
.063
.071
.080
.090
.100
.125
.160
.190
MS20b26
(AT.'ti26)
Rivet
1/16
3/32
1/8
5/32
3/16
1/h
.00213
.00373
.00563
.006bO
.00803
.01116
.002r50
.ooL5l
.00691
.00793
.01008
.OlbOl
.0031b
.00529
.00829
.00953
.01221
.01713
.00381
.00625
.00977
.01132
.01b67
.02082
.00b6B
.00750
.011b6
.013bO
.017;i
.02526
.00522
.00826
.012b6
.01b67
.01907
.02779
.00582
.00913
.0136b
.01610
.02079
.030b5
.006b?
.01009
.01b93
.01769
.02270
.03319
.00716
.01105
.01621
.01928
.02b6l
.03576
.00883
.013L5
.019b2
.02325
.02938
.0b?l3
.01118
.01681
.02392
.02882
.03607
,05118
.01319
.01969
.02778
.03359
.OblCO
.05889
HAS517
Screw
#10 (.190)
1/L
5/16
3/8
7/16
.00678
.01183
.01501
.01838
.02316
.01097
.oi! t eo
.0189b
.02300
.02707
.01333
.01821
.02329
.02837
.03315
.01607
.02217
.02852
.03h87
-Obl22
.01927
.02696
.03b96
.Ob296
.05096
.0210b
.02971
.03872
.0J,77b
.05676
.02286
.03261
.Ob277
.05293
.06309
.02b79
.03562
.0b705
.O58L0
.06991
.02673
.03818
.05108
.06378
.076bB
.03156
.0bb71
.06013
.07600
.09188
.0383b
.05353
.0712b
.09061
.11093
.Obblb
.06109
.06072
.10192
■12b95
Shear Type
Lockbox t
or
Hl-Lok
3/16
1/1*
5/16
3/8
.00687
.00923
.01122
.013bl
.00853
.011<lj
.OliilO
.01690
.01028
.oiho5
.0172b
.0207b
.01226
.01697
.02096
.02533
.01!i72
.020bO
.025b3
.0309b
.0162b
.022bO
.02798
.03bl9
.0179b
.02b6b
.03079
.03767
.0198b
.0271b
.03391
.Oblbl
.02173
.02963
.03703
.Ob5l6
.0?6b7
.03587
.0bb83
.05b52
.03310
.0bb60
.05575
.06763
.03879
.05209
.06511
.07886
IRp
ric a
2 3 ^zH-HFJ:
tes i
o.o a i
0.2
page I4J4*&
\l(o
SECTION 15.0
PA3E
15.1
UNEAR SYSTEMS
15.1 .1
15.2
FORCED VIBRATION
15.2.1
15.3
METHODS OF CALCULATIONS
15.3.1
15.4
SONIC FATOJE
15.4.1
15.5
FLUTTER
15.5.1
15.6
15.6.1
page -O .\
Frequency
The period of a wave is the time elapsed while the motion repeals itself.
It is simply the reciprocal of its frequency.
Amplitude
wavelength
////////
UULUJ
rrmTTT?
Fig. 10.7.1-1
The ideal vibratory system of one degree of freedom is represented in
Fig. 10.7 .1-2.
7iTf. 10.7.1-2
page i y'. 1 . 1
dt 2
^ + C§§ + kx - 0 (2)
dt 2
If C 2 /*ta 2 > k/m, the mass "a" will not oscillate but will gradually
return to its rest position. IT C 2 /4m 2 < k/m, there will result a decaying
oscillation of circular frequency.
where
U - 2 7T f (5)
n n
If C 2 /4m 2 - k/m, this is the limiting case for no oscillation, and the
system is said to be critically damped. This particular value of C is
designated C cr where
cr
log e *N
A N+1
(8)
5- |ic 8e !»L
q e Y
frrq
Pig. 10.7.1-3
(9)
Also,
2 7T^ C <
(10)
2 7T f.
(12)
Forced Vibration
becomes
d 2 x
2* + c 4§ + kx - * sin U t ...
dt 2 °
(1)
where
frequency .
-Ct
. . . (2)
{CU) Z ♦ (k-mU 2 ) 2
page (5.5.1
where
As before
U - *Vk> - (3)
Also,
0 " tan -1
k-mU
fi „ tan' 1 ^-. 2 <*>
The first term on the right hand side of equation (2) vanishes in
time owing to the fact that the term, e " Ct/2m . constantly diminishes
and is called the transient term. The second term gives the amplitude of
the forced vibration in terms of the system constants and driving force and
is called the steady state term.
x . f o — (5)
where
■ V* ■ ■ ■ ■ (6)
NOTE: The equations following are based on the simple beam theory and are
accurate only for beams having a length to depth ratio of the order of 10
or more. The effects of rotary inertia and shear deflection are neglected.
The equations for finding the deflection for different mode patterns
is as follows :
_1
2T0T
where CX is the characteristic number for the n— mode and la the root of
the equation cosO^ coshQC n - 1. The characteristic numbers for the first
three modes of this beam are: 4.73, 7.853, and 10.996.
page 15.3.1
STRUCTURAL AN A I v * fg MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
c
An^lltnd*
rruf Lie
f*ode
Ifattiml Cirnidor
Frequency
L. »1
, -.
2 I'odee
'.■ — ;■- ■ ■ ; -
— »- x
3 Nodes
2.77 w t (B)
i. Nodes
5.iX w 1 * (C)
5 Ilodes
9.00 Wi (D)
Fig. 10.7-3-1
Amplitude
Profile
Mode
Natural Circular
Frequency
2 Nodes
rr- L -Tn
3 Hod* a
4. w t (B)
4 I'odes
9w i (c)
5 r'odec
16 W t (D)
Fig. 10.7.3-2
page
Amplitude
Profile
X >
Mode
1 Nodes
2 Nodes
3 Nodes
4 Nodes
5 Nodes
Natural Circular
Frequency
6.27 U
(B)
17.6^ (C)|
34.4 1^ (D)|
56.81^ ( E ;
Pig. 10.7.3-3
Mode
Natural Circular
Frequency
2 Nodsa
k:">:;";;:»e
3 Nodes
2.77 Wj (B)
4 Nodes
5.U Wl (C )
5 Nodes
9-00 Wl (D)
Pig. 10.7.3-4
page 15,3.3
Amplitude
Profile
Mode
2 Nodes
3 Nodes
U Nodes
Natural Circular
Frequency
3.2* (B)
6.76 (C)
Fig. 10.7.3-5
Uniform Cantilever Beam With Mass at the End
(3)
Pl«. 10.7.3-6
Onlfon. Beam With S^lc SUEBgrt at Endg_and Concentrated Wass In the Center
— —
Fig. 10.7.3-7
Rectangular Plates
u.
Fig. 10.7.3-8
page ts\^.4
m
M-l, N-l
M-2, N-l
M-l, N-2
M-2, N-2
///
M-3, N-2
Pig. 10.7.3- 9
{Normal Modes of Rectangular Membrane)
NOTE : Light areas are l80° out of time phase with shaded areas
B. Clamped Edges
i steel aD V a"
(7)
U - 61.6 ifWF -
u L ^ 1 L ■
(8)
T Node
Fig. 10.7-3-rlO
The fundamental mode has a node in the middle . Higher modes are
related by series of 1, 2, 3, etc.
Same as above.
(9)
cr cr ^
For the pin-ended column U is given by for a uniform bar with simple
support at ends. For the fixed-end column U Q is given by for a uniform
page is.3.5
2. Homogeneous _ _
3. Isotropic
yy
^ - - ^
2Z
(10)
(11)
(12)
dx
dx dy
yy ^
in the x and J directions.
Is shear deformation in the xx plane.
dy^^r ■ ■
h/2
1
1
^1
^ 1
j+
J- - --
Pig. 10.7.3-11
-ez a 2 (5+ „ d 2 ^
(14)
r- 0 «.
(15)
page i5\3. ^
CTPIIPTUHAL MANUAL
GENERAL DYNA MICS/CON VAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIV,SION
Panel Size _
Large unsupported panels should be avoided whenever possible. To
accomplish this, stiff ener. and rib. can be used effectively From the
standpoint of edge stress, a square section Is much more effective than a
rectangular shaped panel. Th. sonic fatigue life of a panel 1. a direct
function of the stiffness and an inverse function of the vibrating mas. .
Therefore, any beef -up for this type of stress must increase the stiffness
without significantly increasing the mass.
The small rib. do offer stiffness but not enough to eliminate the use of
^All clips should be designed to provide continuity for all possibl, . load
M th. T^. gage of the clips should preferably be thicker than th. lightest
Tale belS ejected and weU riveted. It 1. advisable to reduce the bending
.tree. In a clip or member being Joined whenever possible.
page 1 5 . 4 . 1
/*7
atlffenera
All atiffeners ahould be dealgned using the rule of thumb that eymmetrioal
attachments will prolong aervica Ufa. Tests tend to indicate that the mini-
mum gage of an aluminum etlffener should b« .040 for lntanaa aound praaaura
1#VB la. Thicker gagaa will probably b« neceaaary for each apecial eaae. One
of the moat critical regions of a etiffened panel la the change In stlffnesa
st the end of a atiffaner. This tranaition must be as gradual as poealble
with relatively low etreaaea in the fastener.
Curved Panels
The atreaaea in curved panels are much lower than in flat plates, if the
plate width is more than a email percentage of the radius of curvature. This
results from the pressure loads being carried as membrane stresses (like
hoop tension) instead of by bending. Teata have indicated that the fatigue
life due to curving a panel may be increaaed aa much aa 3*000 per cent.
3treae Co nc entra t lo na
page
REFERENCES
Acoustics and Vibrations
page is.<?.3
SWCPSB
page iS-5- )
dB " 10 log-p
where:
Pi
dB • 20 tog -=r-
*0
where:
page /5.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMtCS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
- 180
§ 150
140
130
130
110
9
s I 3 1 § I § S I I I I 1 ,\
\\\\\\
FIGURE 20.1*2*1
n«r. 20?
page ts.&.Z
rs
in-
page
page (5.6.4
Configuration .
At&afunant
Failure
150 dB
180 tfB
1G3 48 '
167 dB
170 dB
S3 as
17 ac
-
Skin crack
aW skin doubter A
I. rite
Unbonded
doubter
&02CSK rwmta
3 min
S4 MB
3 min
7«c
-
-
i i
-»=c=±=ar
a 04 akin doubter,
pnmed rib & enete;
Me tai bonded
doubter;
25 mM
5 aae
-
-
Rib crack
p-iewdrib;
Meteibonded
douhter 4 fib;
S/32C5K rivtts
8 min
10 aae
-
Skin crack
"-IF
ii
< 50 min
1 mm
3tac
315 *es
23 mc
Skin crack
>S0mfn.
None
0.02 akkw
Mambondad
ddn laminate
doubter ft angle;
5/32 rive*
1 min
30 mc
Skir crack
T
OJSsklnv
anotaeftweti:
She! 432 bonded
• atinlamMata
doubter ft angle:
bV33rwatJ
15 mc
Skin crack
MetaJbondtaBMSSOS
Shell 422 iiBMS 3-17
page is.c-5
page (5.6-6
V4
NOTE: C*«««lor«iu«(w*t:«»^«t.»ZMforoor«eiiof
FIGURE
page 1 5 . - * 3
FIGURE 2CU.1-4
FATIGUE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR STIFFEN ER-SU?PORTED WEB ANO SKIN PANELS
i I »
' — f — i L - J — flf
Cfftiand ritit
■ 1 (mini
(i) DESIGN A
H f
at* tnwm-* y
(hi DESIGNS
Holur* / If
(SMNottr-/
t-t
(d DC51GMC
No lor*' J
l 1— !
Bowdod
(cC DESIGN 0
No*** 1 []
ttoiNotti
M.2C1
FIGURE 2Q.Z2-1
2& )
page is. / I
DIVISION
page is.<*.!Z
SECTION 16.0
PA3E
page I G • ^« I
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
cr 2
2 ( e x +H€ Z )
I'll'
< e 0 + Mej
(i)
(2)
where
* Modulus of elasticity
and
is found as follows i
(3)
—A 7
Fig. 10.9.3-8
The general equation for strain. at angle 0 with the results from a
45 rosette is as follows:
0O8
20 + sin 20 .
where
page 1 c». 1 - 1
C-y
A-x
0, -0 C
Fig. 10.9.3-9
* +
- e
2
5c - Cy
(5)
(6)
(7)
^x -
(8)
(9)
(10)
By using the equation for maximum shear and Hooke ' s law, the principal
stresses can be obtained from the following formulas.
°2 - 2
^max,
" °V 2( f A
■ <V 2 + 2 < f B
■ e c > a
f a - e c )
(13)
With the fundamental equations and the solution of the 45 rosette , expressions
for other angles may be obtained.
The use of Mohr ' b circle la very helpful in the reduction of strain gage
data. It Is a convenient graphical solution, especially If the strain Is
measured at angles of 45°.
page i l . I - 2.
oc
T
(15)
7 /2 Axis
\ € Axis
— f b — — -
f c
€.+ € 0
1 *
<C ! J
— 1
Fig. 10.9.3-10
Point "A* can then be located since triangles CBP and CAE are congruent and
AE - CF. Since f a €" b . and £ c are 45° »P*rt f the radii CA, CB, and CD
will be 90° apart. The radius, R , can be obtained as follows:
- v
CE)
(AE)'
(16)
where
CE
^a
AE --7—5 - b - '
(17)
(18)
AE
oc - 6
b.
OC + R,
Principal Strains
(19)
(20)
OC - R,
(21)
and
20 -
tan' 1 !
(22)
page 1 4. . i . 3
EXAMPLE : Assume that the three strains from a 45° rosette are
6 m - .700 at 0°, 6 b - 400 at 45°, and f c - 300 at 90° ,
expressed In micro-inches per Inch. Pind the principal strains and principal
axes of strain and compute the principal stresses if
. -1 AE 100 m o£ £0
20 - tan ^ 2o"0~ '
and
page i^.i.f
Require!
Solution
Max. Normal
Stress
^max .
H- 1 1
^3
Two-Oage
Rectangular
Delta
f i + f;
ITT
=7iT + rr/T
VT/J
T- Delta
fa* , 1
Hln. Normal
Stress
Kax. Shearing
Stress
Angle Prom
Oage 1 Axis
To Max.
Normal Stress
Axis. Q n
(e 2+ /ifi)
f lt^2+ f 3 - 1
ffl+f» 1
E
2U+/IJ
5 tan" 1
2C g - (Cx^)
| tan" 1
tf£ ( ^3>
tan" 1 a <^ 3 )
REFERENCES
page i&./jL
20^
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
SECTION 17.0
PI AfiTir, ANALYSIS
PAGE
17.4 INTERACTION 17 - 4 - 1
page 17.0.1
INTRODUCTION
The conventional team theory (tased on the assumption that a plane section
before tending remains plane after tending) gives a linear distribution of
strain and stress in the elastic range (i.e., up to the proportional limit).
In the plastic ranee, hovever, although the strain distribution is assumed
to remain linear, the stress distribution corresponds with the stress-strain
relationship for the material. An approximation of this distribution has
been obtained, which enables the prediction of the effects of the shape and
material properties on tending in the plastic range.
The methods outlined in this memo are also applicable to the calculation of
the static bending strength of notched teams (teams with stress raisers) of
ductile material provided the geometric properties are tas^d or: net area at
the notch- For instance, when holes for fasteners are press nt in either or
both tension and compression flanges of an "I" team, the methods described
are applicable provided the section properties are based cn the ne t section
through the holes.
This Stress Memo shall not be used for round tubes. Bound tubes shall be
analysed in accordarce with Section 17.1C.I
SUMMAHT
Ultimate
X Interaction - Fending (Simple cr Comdex) and Compression -
Ultimate
Shear - Ultimate
Tield
page n. ! - 1
Principal Axis
Axis of Symmetry— /
Determine the "section factor"
■E
Applied Moment
I/c
Q m is the static (first) moment, about the principal axis, of the area
between the principal axis and the extreme fiber.
I is the moment of inertia of the whole section about the principal
axis and c is the distance from the principal axis to the extreme fiber
Flanges
only
k=l
I , C , or box
k=l to 1.5
Thin
tube
k=1.333
P-ect-
sngle
Liamor.d
k=1.6?8 k=2
Figure 1
BEND IMC- STP.ESS at the extreme fiber due to any applied moment, m.
1. Determine mc/l
2. Enter the graph (plastic bending) with mc/l and obtain the maximum
stress, t m ] at the extreme fiber, for the proper ''section factor" k.
1. Obtain the stress at the extreme fiber from Section I-B above.
2. Enter the stress-strain curve with this stress and obtain the
maximum strain e^ at the extreme fiber.
page .'1.2.)
2/r
3. Repeat (1) uiinz the allowable yield stress Fty to obtain the
allowable yield moment !!y*
nu u
J m
=7 y
page H-2-2
Frincipal Axis— ^
— Applied Xo merit
A. creak the section down into the two parts on either side of the prin-
cipal axis. For each part , compute Q m , I, and I/c about the principal
I/c
In utilizing Figure 1, the k value for each part cocputed as above will
be the same as for a symmetrical section composed of the giver, part
and its reflection about the principal axis of the original section-
2. Obtain the allowable maximum strain (es) in the part havinp the
smaller c: ,
smaller r
I e s = — e u
l larger c
Enter the graph with this strain e s and obtain the corresponding
stress from the stress-strain curve. For this value of stress and
with the k value for the part with the smaller c, obtain an mc/I
value for this cart.
3» Multiply the mc/l value for each part by I/c of each part and add
the two to obtain total allowable ultimate momer.t .'- -u«
h. Repeat 1-3 using allowable yield stress F^y and vie Id strain e v
to obtain the allowable yield moment My
page n.2.3
The methods outlined below shov bow the classical formula S^/l nay be modified to
approximate the shear flov at any fiber when the material has been stressed is
bending beyond the proportional limit. The formulas are applicable when bending
is about a principal axis and the shear load Is perpendicular to this axis.
££, k, and © « —
1 y k
Static Monte nt
Q « Static Moment
Principal Axis
Enter the graph (plastic bending) with nc/l, and for the proper k and S
values, determine R.
Shear flow;
SQ
UNSYMKSTRXCAli SECTION
axis of symmetry.
2.
Break the section down Into the two parts on either aide of the principal
By the method of Section H-C, determine the strain produced in the extrer.:
fiber by the applied moment. Use the extrfime fiber on the same side of
the principal axis as the section for which the shear flov is being deter-
mined.
3.
k.
5-
6*.
7.
For this value of strain of the extreme fiber, and the k value for thi
corresponding part, determine the mc/l value from the curves.
Compute
A i ®i + V 7
Enter the graph (pis tic bending) with the oc/l value determined in 6tep
3 above, and for the k and 9 value of the corresponding part, detersiine
Shear flow,
When the shear flov Is being determined at the priiiclpal axis, compute
values Uit"-5 both parts of the section and use the larger.
page
B. Enter the stress-strain curve vith this crippling stress and determine
the strain of the critical portion e y .
2. For this value of stress and the 1c value as determined from Section
I-A, obtain the mc/l value.
U1ISYMMETRICAL SECTION
(I and c defined in Section II-A) and add the two resulting moments
to obtain the allowable moment, M, which will subject the critical
fiber to its crippling stress.
This coalition occurs vhen the resultant applied moment vector is nox.
parallel to a principal axis.
Let X and Y represent two mutually perpendicular centroidal axes.
Let X' and Y' represent the principal axes.
X 1
m « the applied moment about the X axis, the rodent being positive
x vhen it tends to put compression in the "upper" fibers.
ia » the applied moment about the Y axis, the moment being positive
' vhen it tends to put compression in tha "left" fibers.
0f ■ The angle tha X' principal axis makes with the original X
axis, the angle being positive vhen measured in a counter-
clockwise direction.
Any case of complex bending nay be resolved into two cases of simple
bending about the principal axes of the section. The principal axes are
defined as mutually perpendicular centroidal axes, about which the cements
of inertia are a maximum and minimum respectively and about vhich the product
of inertia ia zero.
page •
, 2Ixy
tan 2 0. — —
T - T
A y -x
B. Using the X' axis as a reference, determine allowable moment M*' as
described under simple bending. (Sections I anl U)
Rbx'
and
Rbyi
page n. 3.5.
tp
"total
Then ,
1 -5
R y( . i + •< (e yI - D
page
Bending
STRUCTURAL A NA1 YSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAtR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
The maximum shear stress in a beam usually occurs at the principal axis, vhere
the bending stress is zero. The maximum bending stress occurs at an extreme
fiber, vhere usually the shear stress is zero.
lliptical J
shear
Bending
Shear
To find the most critical point vould require calculation of cccbined stresses
at a series of points across the section. This procedure vould be not only
laborious but also probably incorrect (conservative) since there vould undoubt-
edly be some redistribution of stress avay frca the most critical point, although
the exact nature of this redistribution aprears to be extremely difficult to
determine*
and II-B
vhere
and R
oy
B. Obtain
flovs obtained according to Section IU. (The maximum shear stress does
not alvays occur at the principal axis.)
anrt B sy 1 " F
su
su
(3)
3 * a , 2
sy'
page H-^- 1
Allowable Load _ ^
" Applied Load "
To check a point for local interaction, obtcin true shear stress accord-
ing to Section HI ani true bending stress according to Sections I-S and
* *tu su
on the basis of a circular interaction curve:
M.S.- . 1 0 - 1
page /7.<?*2
D.
Obtain
B. Obtain
A F
tu
C. Obtain
If the section is unsynnetrical, take c for the side
,Ac
x 1 axis, take c x ,
V V - + n D
R7 1
M«Sa
or
M.S •
A,
page (7.4.3
B.
C.
E.
f.
6.
'to
*t f
and
total
'tD
'total
a - d
1 +
1
<e x , - i)
♦ •< (e y , - i)
page 4. 4
S . are the shear forces parallel to the x' and y 1 axes respectively.
Obtain
su
- f
sx
sy r
vhere P.
6X
sx'
su
and
sy*
F su
, vhere a and
A. Obtain
B.
H. S <
2tf
page
MS = -i- - 1
R
I is given by the following formula (which is based upon the "maximum dis-
tortion strain energy" criterion for yielding):
R = \f*ni 2 + Rn 2 2 - R n 2 + Rs 2
R fl is a normal stress ratio due to combining direct stress and bending stress
and is given by:
Rn = Rt + Rb or R n = Rc + Rb
Stress ratios due to direct or bending stress are positive for tension and
negative for compression; care must be taken that signs are correct . Sub-
scripts 1 and 2 indicate directions which are mutually perpendicular.
page 11.
where E^s »=d Est *re stress ratios for sinple uhsar *rd torsional shear,
fi*, and Rat ray - be coabined to gire S« only whon f ea a:*i f a t »ot in the
saae or opposite direotionaj and they must
be oriented with respect to the norsal
•treasoa at shown in the adjacent ghetoh
(for otherwise the stress condition is no
longer tiro dieenaioLal )« The sose sign
oonrentlon eust be aaed. for both Eas ard
igf
crosa-gr^* 4
;rain
sty
+ ' Fty - (F.tu - ?eu)
Severn! points
23)
page I7.4-.7
c
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
and
ALUMUUM ALLOTS
.2505t<3-00 (L) 88 8
MAGNESIUM ALLOTS
ALLOY STEEL
Condition ts£.l87 91 15
Condition N t>.l87 91 1°
TITANIUM ALLOTS
- STA t*1.0 95 26
- STA 1.0«t<a.O 95 27
- STA 2.CKt<3.0 95 28
. STA 2.0<t^3.C 95 30
- STA 3.0<t^;.0 95 31
- STA t<.250 69 3k
page n . S". /
rnuu 9«
Nifmtlui Alloy
Mem Tc«v*r*tur«
toik-iC du ror|i««
trot-ld btraatoa
t * ,t50
t < ,»5o
« -1651 ftrtiualia
t < 2,'«
AZ£)JUl6 h Auy:-v>
2
H
J)
H
C
>
■0
>>
o
rn
in
5
-<
(/>
(/>
>
z
c
CD
33
C
ID
1>
O
<A
t)
3
5
5:
z
>
-<
en
10
>
z
c
>
VHtmU ui IUU •» -y
TltMliM Allity
Rota Tcapcratur*
far tawtrl*kl fettloN
fU
O
CO
yu lv ft ror«ln|
AnnttUft 1
Ajw&led f
ST* t % 1,0 )
bta l.o < t c t.o *
&U.1MU-1V ilaU
l]T.UCr-lAl FLtU
W» l( .250 U
2:
>>
■v.
o
o
5
>>
in
t>
)>
10
DO
c
o
33
6
-<
in
>
z
c
fit
O
<D
CO
5
2
o
o
2
3
o
to
to
to
O
H
C
33
>
■<
z
c
>
>
tflttc Moment
Ficims H
B' Hti in in nre ruTric raw.e
Q - Static Moment
* on Minn
i'irant?cd Value ■
Pi
-J
in
rnuw i)
Ron Tcapcr-itur*
Q . Static NoMOt
laal Alia
• wh.r«| h * 1 /,
c>
H
C
33
>
tl
o
m
-<
en
to
o
-<
>
z
c
>
1
v>
->3
TJ
ft)
<o
CD
rn
D
Sir"
o
CO
o
rn
0)
-c
in
-<
(/>
>
c
>
1
* Btii-d on Minlfcua Guar* lit ced Vtluei
r-
C
33
Si
</>
•<
(0
6
-<
(/>
>
z
c
>
<D
*0
JO
ok")
(A
C
3}
O
to
"O
O
m
</>
-<
0)
>
z
>
-<
(/)
t/)
>
z
c
figurr 27
brndtwi in nr: kastic rawie
6A1-W TlUnlua Alloj Bar anl Forging 1.0 < t < 2.0
Solution Tr.>aUd and Aged
ftocu TV*puii»tnnj
. Stat la Haitt
Q - Static Haint
Principal Aatt
"T7c
where;
Shear flaw at Sactlon a-a, • A
5
2
JO
33
>
Z
>
r
-<
>
z
■J
0)
to
CD
BF.runc in tw rt/r.Tic ramj«-:
6ai.1iV TllantuM Alloy Hnr anl forging 2.0 < t < 3.0
Solution Treated mn\ *p,ed
Rom Tea pl> r»t uro
Q - Static Mnant
Q * Statle MwBt
rrlnclpaL Axla
H.0
120
100
Tor the • pedal caae whera lha principal uli
la an axla at ayanelry:
2( W
H
C
33
>
</)
o
m
in
-<
(/>
o
6
>
z
>
-<
10
>
z
rC
>
r™
«o
ID
-J
0*
- 3t*tlo Mnent
Q ■ Statle Hoa*&t
1_I
For the apoctal cat* vher* the ja* loci pal uli
la an uli of ajUMtryt
where;
y »
These curves provide yield and ultimate modulus of rupture values for
symmetrical sections only. For materials with significantly different tension and
compression stress-strain curves, the necessary corrections for shifting of the
neutral axis are already included. In the case of work hardened stainless steels in
longitudinal bending with all fibers in tension (as in pressurized cylinders), the
transverse Modulus of Rupture Curves are applicable.
Section 1.3
page n. 4. /
SECTION 17.6
PLASTIC BENDING
PAGE
CARBON STEEL AISI 1023-1025 17.6.4
A-286 17.6.7
PH 15-7 Mo 17.6.12
17-4 PH 17.6.13
17-7 PH 17.6.14
ALUMINUM
2014 17.6.16
2024 17.6.17
6061 17.6.20
7075 17.6.21
7079 17.6.24
A AISI ALLOY STEELS INCLUDE AISI 4130, 4140 t 4340, 8630, 8735,
8740 AND 9S40.
pagt
TITANIUM
PAGE
Ti - 8 Mn 17.6.27
Ti - 6 AL-4V 17.6.28
Ti - 4 Mn-4AL 17.6.28
MONEL
K-MONEL 17.6.29
STRUCTURES MANUAL
page n. £ .*?
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Elongation = 231
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Mloimum Banding Modului ol Huplura Curvaa for Symmetric*! Sactioiw
AISI Alloy Steal, Heat TraaUd
1
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Ultimitt
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Minimum Bandlnf laodulua of Ruptura Curvaa (or Symmetrical Sections
1075-Tft Alumlaum Alloy ExtniakMS. Thlckneaa s 0.28 la.
z.
m
l.o
~T- ■ ■ ■
F|u ■ 75.000 pal
Fly - OS. 000 pal
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E - 10.3 x 100 pi
Elonfallon - 7%
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page il.<*. Z4
J
Minimum Bor-Un. Modulu. of Huptur. Curv.. for Symm^rlc.l Mjo«
7079-T6 Aluminum Alloy Die Forging. (U>ntftudir*l> Thlckn... *6.0 U.
160
140
120
100
80
60
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1
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( 1
260
250
220
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\ SECTION 17.7
PLASTIC BENDING
STEELS
PAGE
CARBON STEEL AISI 1023 - 1025 17.7.3
A-286 17.7.9
PH 15-7 Mo 17.7.25
17-4 PH 17.7.26
17-7 PH 17 - 7 - 27
ALUMINUM
2014
2024
6061
7075
7079
17.7.32
17.7.34
17.7.40
17.7.41
17.7.46
2 1*1
page n.l.l
JfTANlUM
Ti - 8 Mn
Ti - 6 AL-4V
Ti - 4 MrMAL
K-MONEL
MONEL ALLOY
AZ61A
HK 31A-0
2K 60A
PAGE
17.7.51
17.7.52
17.7.53
17.7.54
17.7.55
17.7.56
17.7.58
17.7.60
page n.l.Z
MlBlnua PlMUe Curw
AIS Alloy m—l, NormtHs*d. lllckMat >•.!•• h.
« (InctMi/lnch)
• <lncfc»/lKk)
>
k - 2.0
It - 1.1
h - i.s
k - 1.26
k - 1.0
ma
0.002 0.004
5
2
r-
H
33
C
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H
C
3J
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m
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to
in
6
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m
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• (Incbci/lnck)
UO
110
14*
Hi
(kill
lflO
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40
'1
-1
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1
Room Tcmperitura
i::
t-
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4
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in
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240
too
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k - 1.14
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120
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MIiIhub FUiUe B*odia( Corvoo
Cpavalr MtroMtflci SpMlftl J/4 Hort AMI Ml SUlolOM Bool Moot
(or T«Mloa or Triaovoroo Comproooloo
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k - f.a
k - l.T
k - 1.1
k - 1.X1
k - 1.0
• (tnch«*/tnch>
1
FaUHoN AW Ml ■ilihi* Waak steal fcr UafliMdlaoJ CMaprMalo*
T3
h - 1.0
k - l.f
k - I.S
k - I.
k - 1.«
no
rrm r i",
iiiiiiiiiai'iPiiliii
HKaBMtSMPBBinS
2:
k-I.O
k- l.f
k -i.o
k-l.tt
k -i.o
13
11
page n.1.25
rs
Minimum Plastic Bending Curves
17*7 PH Stainless Steel
360
320
280
240
200
(ksi)
k * 2.0
k = 1.7
k = 1-5
k * 1.25
k = 1.0
160
120
« (inches/Inch)
k- 1.1*
0.02 0 M 004
« (Incbai/tnch)
0.002
0,004 o.ooe
■ (Inches /inch)
0.008
0.010
« (inches /Inch)
page n.l.j*
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
0.02
c (Inches/inch)
0.10
0.12
page n.'i.'as
01
CD
k - l.T
k - 1.1
k -I t
k - l.T
k • 1.1
k - 1.0
3
3
r-
0)
o
o
0.004 0.00t
« Hnch«a/incn|
1>
O
rn
(/>
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(/>
6
>
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>
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c
>
1
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL D YNAMICS/CON VAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
c (inches/inch)
page n.T. 39
•Ml-T*
bei
k-l.l
b-l.t
k-l.tt
!ifiii?BBBf§aEB§i
iSPBSBBHUBBBBl „
iliiiiesBBBBBflgB
BBBBBBfiaBBMBflBs
fliiBflRBBBBBgsHBtt
bbbebbgbbbsbbbbb
IBflEBBBBflBBBg"'
——————■»—«■— JBBS3BBBIBBBBB
IggieiiigiiilllilPiigigiigiil
•••I t.N
c <lBcb«a/lnch)
« (InchM/loch)
« (inches /inch)
page n.1-45
i
:>
140
k -1.0
-J
ft)
O
ID
-J
140
120
100
k • 2.0
k - 1.7
k- 1.1
k- i.»
k • l.t
0.01
0.02 0.03
« Uachu/lnch)
0.04
0.06
0.002
0.004 0.006
« (tncb«l/lnch)
0.010
page n.L**
Mai mb VtM«« 9it*H ChnM
H-4A1-4V TllHtaB AUaf
k*2.0
k = 1-7
k = 1-5
k - 1.25
k - 1.0
0.02 0.03
< (inches /inch)
page 1-J.-7.53
page n.7. sq
-v
(till)
« (Inches/Inch)
17.30.01 GENERAL
• Tha ElaaUc-PlaaUc tmrgf Theory ni davolepod tor tfaa Btroctaxoa Muul uduw know* to
«xlat la any othar
paMfcattem,
Tha ClMtle Caarcy Theory la alao lam u tha Theory of Vtrtaal Work.
page n.s.l
where the Permissible Load is the calculated load corresponding to the maximum
permissible deflection. Equation 17. 30. 12 may be used in obtaining a permissible
load level for a maximum permissible deflection by a trial and error process.
17,30.04 DEFINITIONS
c - distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fibers of a cross -section.
the x-direction.
Consider the infinitesimal volume dV of Figure 17. 30. 01(a) and (b)
f . EI (17.30.02)
T> I
v
F - stress x area • 1 dA
.1 dA (17.30.03)
6 . e b dx (17.30.04)
W i
page n.& 3
b b
max
(17.30.05)
and
max
(17.30. 06)
By definition,
W - QA
(17.30.07)
W. • I F 6
(17.30.08)
or
QA « IF J
• (17.30.10)
Substituting Equations 17. 30. 03 and 17. 30. 06 Into Equation 17. 30. 10 and
J A J 0 "a**
iC
xnCi
(17.30. 11)
rs
page n.*>ft-
L mf b
1 A , f E2i dx (17.30.12)
J o °
Equation 17. 30. 12 can now be solved graphically to find A. ^bjj^ can be
determined from a plastic bending curve for the applicable material as shown
in Figure 17.30.01(c). Enter the F b (modulus of rupture) scale with Mc/I
and move horizontally across to the plastic bending curve for the specific
cross-section; this intersection locates the corresponding ^b^^x P n the
€ (strain) scale. For beams with varying cross-section, c may be a
variable.
page n.&.S*
Figure 17.30.01
"61
(b) Differential Volume. dV
c (In. /in. )
^^^^^ SJ^^ff
pagt rr.&.t
PROCEDURE :
1. Apply a virtual 'unit load, Q, at the beam center and construct the
virtual moment diagram, m.
5.0 in.-lb.
page I 7. £> . ~7
3.
4.
F b- i
6. Tabulate the reaultt of the previous step, (eee Table 17. 30. 01).
7. Con»truct i plot of n> t^v.. x and determine the are. under the
curve. Thi. are. repre..*. f m c^dx. (S^ Figure 17. 30. 02. )
pagt n.&.8
QTRIirTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMtCS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
8.
Calculate A:
m c,
max
dx
(Ref eq 17.30.12)
* 0. 250 in.
max
dx - 0. 165
by graphical
integration
)
- 0. 661 In.
page n.a.3
M.
Mc/I.
1 V"
X,
IB.
m,
in. -lb.
*■*»
in. -Ib.
ksi
1 o
0
.5
4. 8
, 4570
. 2285
1.0
400
9.6
.9140
. 9140
1.5
600
14.4
1 3710
2. 0565
2.0
800
| 19.2
1. 8280
3.6560
2.5
1000
24.0
2. 2850
5. 7125
3.0
1200
28.8
1 2.7420
8. 2260
3.5
1400
33.6
3.14
10. 9900
8
4.0
1600
38. 4
1 3*80
15.2000
4.5
1800
43.2
4.64
20. 8800
10
5.0
2000
48.0
I 5. 83
29. 1500
11
4.5
1800
43.2
4.64
20. 8800
12
4.0
1600
38.4
3.80
15.2000
13
3.5
1400
33.6
3.14
10. 9900
14
3.0
1200
28.8
2.7420
8.2260
15
2.5
1000
24.0
2.2850
5.7125
16
2.0
BOO
19.2
1. 6280
3.656
17
1.5
600
14.4
1. 3710
2.0565
18
1.0
400
9.6
.9140
.9140
19
.5
200
4.8
.4570
.2285
20
* 0
0
page n.ajo
5 10 15 20
x (inches)
page n.£>. H
r
STRUCTURAL ANAI MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIB AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
INTRODUCTION
It is readily apparent from the examination of any typioal S-H curve that
the number of load applications that can be euctainod when high loads are
applied are relatively low. Thus to insure adequate servioe life it be-
comes necessary to provide limitations on tho degree of exploitation of the
-.t^^ otatic strength of materials, in addition to the normal practioo of
good dosiLi avoiding or minimiiing stress concentrations wherever possible.
Another category of parts requiring special consideration from a fatigue
standpoint are those designod by the use of bending noduluo of rupture. From
the" standpoint of fatigue, the critical stresses are those aotlng at tho
surfaoe of the part, and by virtue of the faot that the plasticity of a
material Is exploited in determining the modulus of rupture, the true surfaoe
■tresses on ptfrta tutfjeoted to bending loads, compared to those under « ial
loading, -are relatively higher when operating at the some percentage of ul-
timate strength. This oan be verified by examining any of tho curves in
secru fl.O For example In Figure 14 for stoel at a 180 ksi level
it can' be seen that a member with k = 1.6 being loaded to half tho allowable
moment would b« subjected to a true surfaoe stress of 79% of matorial
strength compared with 50% when loaded axially in tension. The difference,
of course- is dependent on "section factor" k, being sero f or k - 1 and
varying to a maximum value at k =2. It is therefore obvious that some
limitation on the exploitation of modulus of rupture is necessary when the
spread between operating loads and design limit loads is not large.
This memo Is not applieable to the shell components of the airplane since
fatigue problomo" in sueh structure S3aT"be given more detsiled oons idoration.
page n.S.)
Parte and syatems falling into this category may roquire a formal
fatigue analysis. It ia difficult, by the use of the expedient of re-
duced static allowables, to aooount for all possible combinations of
loading configurations and life roquiremont*. However, if a formal
fatigue analysis ia not made, the following requirements shall be ad-
hered to.
2024 r tu
Stool
260 kai and higher *6° r tu
For steel with mlnlflsns speoified heat treat varying between 180
and 260 ksi, linear interpolation of the reduction factor may be
used.
Por the .election of the pin six* in connection with tap or alexia
type^nd. of part* in the category under consideration, the normal .hear
able ultimate (mc/l) atre*a shall not exceed the F^ (unreduced) of the
pin material.
page
k =
-(■h)
.63
•83
Where k oomes out less than 1 use kFtu ** ta» allowable stress.
2.
page n.3
3-73
IV. The prooedures outlined herein are to be used for the design and pre-
liminary analysis of seleoted components* For final analysis write
op, the normal analysis methods are to be used, with the resulting
higher p^gina 0 f safety shown. To preolude the possibility of these
higher margins being usod to salvage parts not conforming to drawing
requirements, it is to be lndioatod that these margins are due to
fatigue oonoiderationc and are not to be used for salvage*
r
pag« i"7. 5. <f
2-204
page f~7. 1 o - J
3 7 iT
SO
Tho conventional ferrule for sheer stre;c, f c «= -2- , hes btcii extsrded
bl
b. Froa Fig- 1 obtain the section faster, k, for the prcoor 2. ratio,
c„ Froa the equations in Tf.blo I c^lcv.lr.tc the C v?. 1 uo for tho proper
k Taluo, f^, end alitor id. Thc^ C is Ices th?r. or cqurl to rcro
all of the Eiteritl at ths cooties, is i- tho elastic rengc. Then
C is equil to ens or greater, all of th* ratcrirl at tho section
is in tho plaatio rtugo. Iateruos?if-.t; itluoi- of C represent th?
degrca of plcsticity.
d. Fatsr rig, 1 T/ith the 2. r^tio and obtain ths R valve ecrrespe'idir;
to tho C Talu*j cslcul&tad f-bovc.
page t~7- l I. /
TJhen the sheer stress is determined in the above Banner, the ultiaate
allov/able ahetr stresc for the n&terial shall bo used in calculttins
tho ocrcin of ecfety.
avo
«here:
page
0S
TABLE I
rnnmrr™* ^aticii of «g
Hater id
and
H.T.
90,000
95,000
8
125,000
150,000
180,000
fv r. IP" 3 ■ 55.
8Gr. - 46
f t xlO-
3-90
lie* - 76
146fc - 131
ft T 10-3- 14Q
170* - 150
24ST
fv r. IP" 5 - 30
5eic - 24
Ultimate
ou ' "•y*
throughout*
rs
4*
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMlCS/CONVAiR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
SECTION 18.0
PAGE
page l&.O.l
Data Source, Section 1.3 Reference 5
positive..
R - RING RADIUS, IN
E - RING MATERIAL YOUNG'S MODULUS, PSI
+M
NOMENCLATURE
£3-
4. 1 p
5. j p
V
6,
7.
(7)
p —
9.
10.
TP
11.
12. p ?
13.
<±)
M'
14.
15.
<+>
M X / "
16.
M' M'
17.
&
18.
^^^^^^^^
19.
P 0 -Pmaxcosfl
'max
?0-PmaxCOs(2i3
21. ? ^- p -axCos
22.
23.
P . — \ .P
^ ^max
24.
25. P^-P-uxC*
+b cose
+c cos 2 2)
page i 2.
■o
.20
.1 6
.1 2
.08
.04
0
.04
JOB
.1 2
.1 6
.20
33
o
H
o
tn
•g
Ok
-<
j>
>
z
c
>
20* 40» 60* BO' KX)« I20* MO* 160* 180* 200* 220* 240* 260* 260* 300* 320* 340*
41
A)
0>
00
3
15
H
C
3)
* 2& 4<r 6cy eor loor i2<r i4rr i6or leor zoor 22or 24cr 260* zoo* 3ocr 3aor 340*
in
in
-<
</>
8
o
-<
>
z
c
>
200*
240* 260 #
O
010
02
005
-005
010
s
8
D
C
O
H
C
33
rn
-<
<
if}
>
Z
c
>
r
CASE 6
20
16
.12
08
.04
0
-04
-06
12
-.16
-20
^ r 20* 40* 60* 00* 100* I20 # 140* I60 # I80* 200* 220* 240* 260 - 280P 300* 320*
340*
t
i
CP
.016 -XM
X)5
CASE 6
=■ 20* 40T 60* 80* 100* I2tf Wtf 160* lOtf 200* 22Cf 240* 260* 28(T 300* 320' 340*
O
in
O
(/>
■<
to
o
c
o
z
>
r~
-<
m
>
z
c
>
A>k a fB?
CASE T
^ * 20* 40* 60* BO* KX>* 120* 140* 160* 180* 200* 220» 240* 260* 2B0* 300* 320* 340-
0,
CASE 6
T3
ft)
O
-04
-08
2tf
4(f 6GT BCf KXf I2(f !4Cf KCf KKf 200* 22CT 240* 260" 290* 3O0T 320T 34CT
s
8
o
m
to
O
J}
c
o
H
C
3]
-<
z
c
>
CASE 9
AO
O
5
3
C3
H
3J
C
>
</>
D
o
rn
CO
in
6
-<
CO
>
z
c
20 # 40* 60" 80* 100* 120* I4<f I60 - wf 200* 220* 240' 260* 280* 300* 320* 340*
■o
01
0>
K A K ff
40 60
100* 120* MO* 160* 180*200* 220* 240* 260* 280*300* 320* 340* 360*
T3
O
ft
IG
CASE 12
20
16
12
06
04
O
-04
-OB
-.12
-I
-20h0|
-6
i
\
M»K K PR
3)
>
r
>
-<
55
CP
O
J
20* 40* 60* 80* 100* Off MO* BO* BO* 200* 220* 240* 260* 280* 300* 320* 340*
to
08
06
.04
02
0
-02
-04
-06
-08
20
16
12
06
04
0
04
08
12
16
20i
j
r
A
<
CASE 13 U
71
i
-
P = 20* 4Cf 60* BO* lOdf |2<J MO* 160* l8Cf 20(f 220* 240* 260* 28(f 300* 320* 340*
3
3
<0
O
rn
to
to
g
Co
O
>
•<
(/>
>
c
K K
A B
20
CASE 15
A.irliBf
5 m
31
C
H
C
31
-<
CO
>
c
^ * 20* AO 9 60 # 80* 100* 120* MO* 160° 180* 200* 220* 240* 260° 280* 300* 320* 340°
S
0)
— ■«
10
-1.0 —
f.
V:
7
erf
-A
V
s
\
CASE 16
M'K M M
WOT BO* MO* 160 160* 200* 220* 240* 260* 28cf 300* 320* 340*
S
I
5ko
31
H
C
3]
*<
>
z
0)
8
3
^5
MR2
CASE .16
fa 20* 40* 60' 80* 100* 120* MO - 160* 180* 200* 220* 240* 260* 260* 300* 320* 340 #
CASE 17
-o
CP
.008
20* 40* 60 - 80* 100* 120* MO* 160* 18.0* 200* 220* 240* 260° 280* 300 # 320* 340 #
0>
020
016
012
ooe
004
-004
-008
-012
-016
-020
A K A EX
<f>* 20 # 40
60 - IOO 0 I20 # I40 B 160* 180* 200' 220" 240° 260* 280* 300" 320- 340<
VP
N
10
6
.4
.2
0
-2
-.4
-6
-.8
HO
zi
7-
A
CASE 19
M*K« P,
MAX
M MAX
Q,K Q P MAX 1 '
n " k n p max r
p 'Pmax C0S *
K M-°
K„.0
s
fit 20* 40* 60» 80* KXP 120* 140* 160* 180* 200* 220* 240* 260* 280* 300* 320* 340*
CO
3)
H
C
31
>
-<
t/>
CO
(0
o
z
CASE Z9 ~
J
M
^<k. 20* 40* 60* BO" 100* I20 - 140* 160* 180* 200* 220* 240" 260* 280* 300* 320*
340*
CASE 23
04
03
OZ
01
0
-01
-.02
-.03
04
20* 40* 60 # 80* 100* 120* 140* 160* 180* 200* 220* 240* 260° 280* 300* 320° 340°
K M *Q
.20
16
12
06
04
0
-04
-08
-12
-16
-20
CASE 24
MAX cos* "'"m™
4SIN f °- K 0 P
■< pi
(fi » 20* 40* 60 - B0 # 100* I20 # 140* I60 # 180* 200 # 220* 240 # 260 # 280* 300 #
320 # 340'
o
5
31
c
o
H
3J
CO
>
z
Deflection curves for the three basic Load cases due to shear ana
norrral forces are displayed on the following pages. A shape factor
(/3) that 'is to be used with the curves for shear, deflection of various
cros s -sections is tabulated below.
Cross-Section
Shear Area
Shape Factor, (3
-F-F
Area of Web
Aq= th
= 1. 00
"X"
Entire Area
A Q = bh
Entire Area
Aq= 2r r t
w m
2. 00
radius of gyration
with respect to the
neutral axis
Entire Area
i 2a)(w-2t»
Fig. 36. L. I- I
lfo?J
page lo.i.si
B 6.1.2-1.
+V
Fig. B 6.1.2-1
page 5 5
QJptJCTURAL J ^ftlVSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAM1CS/C0NVA1R AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
3 ' «Li
n ,
"A
! v
r \\
" J)
3it
2
For all
cross sections
Fig. B 6. 1.2-2
Pa -
APPLIED OUT-OF-PLANE AXIAL LOAD. LB.
APPUED OUT-OF-PLANE TORQUE* IN.-LB.
APPLIED OUT OF -PLANE ■MOMENT. IN.-LB.
"1
page IfcuKSS
References
rs
page
I 2 h
HM"7
page 1
I . VERT. CONCENTRATED
LOAD
ic 7 5
1 l Y
v -fife
A L
V £ - Q - V A
30ab
2Lh(2K + 3)
At m u
i H
V A " V I 2
30L
8h(2K + 3)
LOAD
Q - V,
30«b
5 c x /q
M A I
V.
2Lh(K + 2)
M . Oab [ _1 (b-«)|
M A L L 2(K ■*■ 2) 2LC6K + I) J
Oab f 1 ^ (b - a) 1
2L
j. HCRIZ. C0SCSST!UTE0
LOAD U L
h I
7
v-21 h a - q - h e
Z 2h L h 2 (2K ♦ 3) J
FOR SPECIAL CASE: b - 0. a - h
I t
& Hp H- - S. ■ ?•
page
4. H0R1Z. CONCENTRATED
LOAD
! t1
C
B
II
A
■2
Ea ^*a
3Qa 2 K
Lh(6K + 1)
2fb
2h 2
[ h h
b + K (b - a)
h(K + 2)
m 2± r b(h^^ we? + h .
A 2h L h(K + 2) (6K
3aK
1) J
3aK
(6K + I) J
0. a - h
L(6K + 1)
' H E * 2
u m 2h£2L
"E 2(6K + 1)
5. VERT. UNIFORM
RUNNING LOAD
wed
— b -*| l :
— L —
u
L
where
1/
3 f x l * *t\ 3wc f
12dL-12d 2 -c 2
d * L - ± - £
2 2
24L
0, c ■ b ■ L, d ■ ^
4h(2K + 3)
nn
page i &> * 2 ■ 3
flTRUCTURAI ^iNAI Y^ 1 ^ MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
6. VERT, UNIFORM
RUNNING LOAD
r-m
d ■ L - t - x
a b
2*2
7. VERT. TRIANGULAR
RUNNING LOAD
J.
U 1 : X H
d - L - * . »
3 3
V A " ~ L(6K + 1)
V F - wc - V A
3(X, + X-)
x i + h
x, -
M.
X 1* X 2 . V X 2
? 2(K + 2) 2(6K + 1)
V A " V 7 ' T
H -
vL 2 M , „ wt 2 H
4n(K + 2) M A ^ 12(K + 2) i, Jt
« "cd
v a ' "ST
v F - T
v .^fa + lO
V A 2L V 3 /
WHERE:
3 f X 3* X 4l 3wc [ c 2 j2
2hL2K + 3 J 4Lh(2K + 3) L 18
wc IV c 2 51c 3 . c£b 2 1
- 2L Ll" + 9~ + SIOL + 6L " d -1
x 4 2L I L 18 810L 6L -1
• L
vL
8h(2K + 3)
<V5°
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
8, VERT. TRIANGULAR
RUNNING LOAD
X7I7
d - L - t - —
a 2b
3 " 3
3(X 3 + X L )
h + X 4
H -
2h(K + 2)
A 2(K + 2) 2(6K + 1)
. X 3 + h S " X 4
* 2(K + 2) 2(6K + 1)
FOR
6 L 10(6K + 1)
¥ F
H -
M A 1
*F '
■[
20<6K + 1)
wL
8h(K + 2)
2
wL'
120
120
K + 2 6K + 1
_ K + 2 6K + 1 i
9. H0RI2. UNIFORM
RUNNING LOAD
I L
D \
2L
H A - w(a - c) -H,
x i4
'T,-
- a
4h au3/ w .
8h J (2K + 3)
FOR SPECIAL CASE: c-o, b-o, a«d-h
*V- Hp
2L
H A - wh - H F
ff ' wh I . K 1
t* " 4 I 1 + 2(2K + 3) J
page 5"
^3 "c
h a
• L
Li
v(a 2 - c 2 ) M A
V " ~2L • L" - L
.WHERE:
5 12h 2 L
M,
lib 2 [
<3K + 1)
- c 2 )
]
2 LK +
2(6K + 1)
3K
2 6K + 1 J
My
a 2 - c 2 !
(3K + 1)1 - 1 - ' - X,
2(6K + 1)
3TC
2 6K
FOR SPECIAL CASE: c-o, b-o, «-d-h:
x 6 r i 3* i
2 LK+2*6K+1J
V -
vh 2 *
L(6K + 1)
H A ■ wh - H F
+ 1 + K + 2 J
A 24
30K
6K
page 4
A
. A
a,
it
ii
7 - fj- (a 2 + ac - 2c 2 )
. w(a - c) m
n k 2 F
2h (2K +3)h
WHERE
x 7 -
3(4d 5 +b 5 ) - 15h(3d*+0 +
4 iL 4.
120h A (d-b)
V -
wh;
6L
H A
7K
h - 2& i i + -
7 12 L 10(2K + 3)
r r 41
V - ^ (2a + c)(a - c)
KX
10
J ii
A 2
WHERE:
F 2h h(2K + 3)
[~-30h 2 c (a 2 -c 2 ) + 20h 2 (a 3 -c 3 )
+ 15c(a 4 -c 4 ) - 12(a 5 -c 5 )
3L
wh f 4K + 5 1
10 [2K + 3 J
page
H,
M,
v
*7
r(a 2 + ac - 2c 2 ) \
6L " L L
(K-l)
WHERE
X
>(*?> + ac - 2c 2 ) ^8 f9
8 60h 2 (d
-15
(h+b)<d 4 -b 4 ) - 12(d J -b J )
20bh(d
3- b 3)]
^ 60h 2 (d-b) L n
b 2 h-b 3 ) - d 4 (30h+15b) + 12<T + 3b 3 I
<3K +
Mi
ac - 2c z )
2 L K +
2(6K + 1)
3K i
2 6K + lj 8
(3K
Mp
+ 1) + ac - 2c 2 )] .
X s r i 3^ l
2 [* + 2 " 6K + 1 J
2(6K + 1)
3K
2 6K
FOR SPECIAL CASE: b-c-o
V-
4L(6K + 1)
A 2 O I
_ vh(3* + 4) „ wh^
H F - 40(K +2) 60
wh 2 f 27K + 7 3K + ? 1
M A - 60~ L 2(6K +1) K + 2 J
27K+7 1
2<6K+1) " K+2J
W D
h:
-4
V (2a + c)(« - c) _ «A . ^7
6L L L
where
X
11 60h 2 (d-b)
r 4 5 3 4 1
12 60h 2 (a-c) L
15(h+c)(a 4 -c 4 ) - 12(a 5 -c 5 )
- 20ch(a 3 -c 3 )
M,
[ 3K+1 J^vi2ai^cil . x
11
2(6K + 1)
3K
Mi
hi r 1 + jli
; 3K+lJ - x„
2(6K + 1)
3K
*22
2
K + 2 6K + 1 j
7 * 4L(6K + 1)
m wh(7K + 11)
"F 40(K + 2)
M_ - ZtL. r 2 IK + 6
^ 40 L 6K + 1
wh'
A 120
87K+22
_ 6K+1 Kt2 j
K + 2.
page ie>-2.3
M I,
•A
A E
I t
3(b • L/2)M
Lh(2K + 3)
7 --
CP
_ 3M
H " 2h<2X + 2)
M 1*
H -
M A'
«E '
FOR
6(ab + I K)M
L 3 (6K + 1)
30> ■ a)M
2Lh(K + 2)
. L 2L 2 (K+2)(6K+1)
■ VL - M - M A
H -
6KM
L(l + 6K)
3M
2h(K + 2)
■ DM
CP 1
tffff /777T
A 2(K + 2)(6K + 1)
page (&.£./£>
'/JTJ7
L —
i, t,
v IV
18. MOMENT ON SIDE SPAN
. 3 [ K(2ab+a 2 ) + h 2 ] ^
2h J (2K + 3)
3M
2h(2K + 3)
M A^ «E^
6bKM
L — •
■ 5
h
«/
i .
t E
M
hL(6K + 1)
-M
A 2h 2 (K+2)(6K+l)
M - VL - M - M.
E A
H . 3bM t2a(K-M.) + b I
2h 3 (K + 2)
H
6 KM
H -
L(6K + 1)
3M
2h(K + 2)
M . M(5K - 1)
A 2(K + 2)(6K + 1)
Cr 1
fTTTf /7T7T
page 1 1
CTRMftTUR Al ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
Q - v T
r -2£
D L
h *- L 2a 2 (K + 1) J
20. VERT. CONCENTRATED
LOAD
V A " Q - *D
D 1- L 1 2 a 2 J
Qcd
2£i + -
Lh 6La 2 h(K+l)
b(3K+4) - 21
M A * . 2
Qcd
6**(X+1)
Mi
+ 2(2L+b)(a-H:) + 3ac
£<a+d)(3K-*0 - 2(a+c)j
*D
Oe 2 d
2a 2 (Z + 1)
2£
H. ■ Q - Ht
^ h L L 2h 2 (K + 1) J
page /&-2. /2
4 a D
PL
. d(h+d)
2 h 2 y
H -2£
^> Lh
b +
6h-(K+l)
H A - Q - H D
l(h+d)(-b{3K+4] - 2L)
+■ 2(2L+b)(h+e) + 3ac
Qcd r
*CK + 1) L
A 6h2(K + 1)
(h+d)(3K+4) - 2(h+c)
(h + 2c + d)
6h*(K + 1)
v a - [ l - k ]
C 2L
8h
L 1 + K J
V A - v* |1
r .32*:
C 8L
H -
24Lh(K
L'-t] ■
£ b(10 + 9K) + 2L a 1
A 24<K + 1)
H V
va
c 24(K + 1)
V5
page ;2>
vh 4
2L
*C
wh f 4b , 1.
8 L L K +
3wh*
^ [ b(3K + 4) + a]
u wh'(3K + 2)
^ 24(K + 1)
M
C 24(K + 1)
M T * - bK 1
hLL K + 1 J
page ie>.2-/<7
28. APPLIED MC
AT APEX
3MENT
Xs 2
v .
2L
3M(a - bK)
2hL(K + 1)
m - m
A 2(K + 1)
M
^ 2(K + 1)
29. SINUSOIDAL
NORMAL PRES
^—^\ 1
b - c- .
SURE
1
1 b(lb/ia.)
R U
/ bS
!in e V t
V - ^
h -r*
cr 2 r i
Mg ■ — (ji-2S)cos 9 - n + 3 sin 5j
page \s
3 5.1.
30. SINUSOIDAL
NORMAL FR£SSUR£
b(ib/in.)
b - C sin 9
CsR
<-3* 2
32
cr 2 r « 3 - 10*] -
cr z r
2 J
. 31974CR
05478CR
M e - CR
[■
81974 sin 8
bR
page
B5.0.0 FRAMES
References
page i&. 2- n
Circular Rlnga
Rigid and Plexlble Rlnga
The equations in Table 4,3-2.1 can be used for both rigid frames and
flexible frames. Por a flexible frame, calculate the relative stiffness
KR 3
f ac tor ,
d -
QtR
EUT
or d •
where
RtG
1 +
Ot L.
Kt'R
where:
t' -
When a ring is assumed Infinitely rigid, the relative stlffneas factor, "d,"
Is zero. Curves of various values of "d" are plotted In Figures 4.3.2.2
through 4.3.2.31. Prom these figures, the appropriate coefficient "C" can be
determined for use with the equations In Table 4.3.2.1.
page 1
Approximation Method When " t," "R, " or n V > Doe a Not Remain Cona tant
(2) If "L " la leaa than the radlua of the shell, the effective
thickness on that side of the ring should be Increased by
the ratio R/L Q .
(3) Then "t" la the average thickness of the skins on each side
of the frame.
The ring radius, "R," and the moment of Inertia, "I," need to be constant or
slightly varying only from the loading point around through the region of
appreciable bending moment. If "R" and "I" vary slightly In this region,
use average values of "R" and "1." If "R" varies considerably, overlapping
assumptions may be applied. If "I" varies considerably, an approximate
equivalent moment of Inertia may be used as follows :
j, m length of arc
where the length of the arc and 2 (ds/I) are continued over only the region
of appreciable bending moment. For a case of varying curvature the approxi-
mate point on the actual ring for which the coefficients apply may be
lflo
degrees from the loading to any point on the assumed equivalent circle.
it
2" £TC
>
page
Summary of Assumptions
When using the foregoing equation, and tb« curves In Figures 4.3.2.2
through 4.3.2.31. it »hould be noted that the mathematical derivations were
based on the following assumptions:
7. The stein shear flow acts along the elastic axis of the
frame.
HP1HLHENCES
Wignet, J. Z.. C-bs, E. and Znsrud. A. F., H.A.C.A. 929. Analysis of Circular
Shell -Supported Frames . Washington, 19**
page \£.5»3
-J
TABLE 4.3.2.1
Radial Load
Tangential Load
Moment Load
Applied Rotation
Applied Horizontal
Displacement
Bending
If a Mihf
■ - C PR
■ • C PR
m m C M
. - C <*0 ¥
M m f At
" C m* x"
Shearing
Force
3 - C, p P p
3 " C, t P t
3 " c » 5
Axial
Force
F - C ap P p
a " C P
* qr v
T
(lb/ln.)
(lb/ln.)
a ■ c -~
(lb/ln. )
Tangential
Deflection
AT " b- -"kT r r-
AT - b " - e *tj*
Radial
Deflection
* R --"8 c A R t £
- - S 38" ^ra
Sectional
Rotation
■ represent* Internal resitting Moment
M represents external applied sioaent
0 - Degrees
Pig. 4.V2.*
£3
XI
01
d
CP
3]
H
G
>
-<
C/J
c
6
0 - Degrees
Pig. 4.3.2.5
.30
TJ
Al
O
■'I. '
1"
JUCIAL LOAD COEFFICIENTS
FOR AH APPLIED ?AN0ENTIAL LOAD \
•FTr
-.20
o
</>
o
rn
s
H
C
-<
en
Q - Degrees
Fig. 4.3-2.10
o
0>
0.5
»d - o -
d - io
d «
180
o
as
o
rn
o>
-<
CO
cn
H
C
3)
l>
r-
>
z
-<
c/i
>
z
c
>
PI
Where: plus Zip represents
clockwise rotation. fr
60 BO 100
0 - Degrees
Fig. 4.3.2.13
120
140
180
5:
o
d
o
rn
C
O
H
C
>
>
Z
>
-<
in
>
z
c
4#>
0\
Fig.
a:
>>
o
5
CO
to
H
3J
C
H
C
3J
Z
-<
>
z
0 - Degrees
Pig. 4.3.2.18
0 - Degrees
Fig. 4.3.2-22
Q - Degrees
Fig. 4.3.2.23
5 a
0 J
•1
Pig. 4.3.2.26
■o
01
CP
</»
It
180
5F-
o r-
>
51?
c
>
8000
"D
o
•
-1000
d - fcoo
E= RO TATIONAL DEPLBCTION t
= =z Where j plus
^§ represents clockwise
- : V -"^OOolji? rotation In radians
cT - 2000 .
: d - 1000
20
180
•< fin
o
t/>
i>
o
m
CO
s
CO
3)
C
H
C
33
>
>
z
•<
Eo
>
z
c
>
r
to
0 - Degrees
Fig. 4.3.2.31
REFERENCES
4.3.0
4.6.0
4.7.0
N.A.C.A. 929
N.A.C.A. TN 2661
N.A.C.A. TN 2662
page
Introduction
1. Draw the moment diagram duo to the actual loading* Denote these
moments by Mq»
5°°
Zm Draw the moiaont diagram Mq for fehe actual applied loads acting on
the statically determinate etructure. (Use same sign convention
as in Step 2.)
Soa
etc.
C. EXAMPLE:
Then obtain the formula for l 0A from Table II, Case 4(j), and
compute &oa*
'oa
EI
1 i _Ll£2. i ♦ &
s L 1 *—^
if T t 2 L* + L* J
jptL
24
page
page l£>-4.^
TABLE II - .VALUES OF £
mi
inn or Txei
T T T
Lac
Ki)
Z!
Lcc f
2 L
L
| Ctrel» - »rc length S
Lac
2
1(c)
.J
d
Lc.(o » Q
2
(J)
t L_Y _J
V L^ojR/S A fl
2 La*
I t— T,
Kd) »
f
KD L
2nd do^re*
Lac
3
.<*>
r
i.
3rd dsjrso
Ls?
4
Ka) i
.4'A dosrao
1(h)
* -J
Lao £
page i *:4.5
TABLE II 'contlnvncO
paga ia.4.£
Cue
S m or &
2(q) ?
Lac
12
Uo
20
Lao
SO
page IB. 4. 7
& „ is defined as
l'ACLE Ij (CcaUnusd)
C&B3
Jin
S ^ or S m
3E £
3(») T
3(0
Lo(a + b)
5
2nd degree
3(b)
Lc(a. ♦ b)
4
3(j)
d degree
— (3
12 (3
3(c) _J
3(k)
,3rd degree
L — *■!
Lc
20
(4 ft + b)
3(d)
^4
Lo(a. - b)
6
3(1)
i_
4th degree
30 (5 ft ♦ b)
3(f)
3(g)
page ie>.4.
TABLE II (Continued)
Case
Jin
XT
±
4(a) 1
TThen e — g
Lao
3
4(b)
Lao (L a - E* - f a )
6 ho
Trtien e ^ g
-*j©J^f — 6 f fL fglj
4(0
TOien • ^ C
6 hL
4(o)
2nd degree
^ t r- -,
4(j)
*•> J_!J
Khen e < g
Lao He 8 h~|
6 Ls L r J
4(k) I
2nd degree
Lao |7 h h»l
When e > g
3rd degree
Tfhen e ^ g
Lae
2
4(») •
s4th degroe
Laef7 h h« h s h 4
Wion e ^ g
Lao f *
— 2 hL
page* ie>.*.s
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
SECTION 19.0
THERMAL EFFECTS
page 19.0.1
11.2.0
The following three equations will give the total strains in the x,
y, and z directions.
(1)
(2)
(3)
ot S(T-T )
(5)
(6)
page
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
Data Source, Section 1 .3 Reference f
<T -
01 -
1-M
EOC(T-T rt )
E0C(T-T 0 )
(7)
(8)
Por uniaxial conditions (O^. " 0# 0* E - 0)
(9)
A. Uniform Heating
Heated Bar
Fig* 11.2.1-1
P - -AXOC(T-T 0 )
Pig. 11.2.1-2
page 1*5.2. 1
ir e/l>, oc(t-t ) , p
CT- -EOC(T-T 0 ) + ^
P - -
(i)
Two bars are attached such that the cold bar restrains the
expansion of the hot bar. The bars are a«umed to remain straight
no bending.
(1) Hot Bar
2) Cold Bar
page 1 5-2.1
d 1 - -EiOC^V'oK
where
2 (T 2 -T 0 )
(2)
<r 3
where:
Tig. 11.2.1-5
s~i3
page '^-2.5
General Equation
U x -E,
(6)
Centrold
X
+
-c
Centrold
Pig. 11.2.1-6
a. Uniform Thickness
<f x - -OCE(T-T 0 ) +
2c L
OC E(T-T 0 )dy
(7)
+ f CSC *(T-T_)y dy
2c"V-c
Note:
b. Varying Thickness
page 13.2-4
Caae 1
Restrained rectangular bar, both faces at uniform temperature.
(8)
Pig. 11.2.1-7
. EIOC(T 1 -T 0 )
is)
t
(10)
max
Caae 2
Pig. 11.2.1-8
page 19.?.. 5
This becomes a
due to temperature
*T ~~ 8t
(13)
p < e rinal>
y -A.
Fig. 11.2.1-11
0~i - E i
E. A
i"l
- K^C^-^J (15)
Where
NOTE:
page 1^.2 . C
The following equation is the general expression for flat plates with
the temperature varying through the depth only (independent of the lengthwise
directions). (Ref. 11.2.2-1.)
Fig. 11.2.2-1
OC E(T-T 0 )
2c(l-^/J
OCE(T-T Q ) dz
(1)
2c-
-25 ) OCE(T-
T 0 ) Zdx
Fig. 11.2.2-2
Z
° Sect. A-A
(Typical All Edges)
page ^*3. 1
(2)
Sect. A-A
(Typical All Edges)
Pig. 11.2.2-3
EOC
(3)
(4)
Plat -Plates (Uniform Heating)
f /(>" * ** t / ///////////
cr x -ov - -
Pig. 11.2.3-1
page 1*5-3.2
(i)
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
View A-A
(Typical All Edges)
* .Fig. 11.2.3-2
(2)
(3)
whs-re
2wt,
. < *2<V*o>
A.
(3) —
(l)
zee:
^3)
Fig. U.2.3-3
page \ 9*3,3
cr.
<r 3 - h 3
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
y i L 7 J
fy - « 3 (T 3" T o } ]
Using the following equilibrium conditions:
Opon determining " € " and " " the .tree. In the plat,
and the edge «-ber. can be obtained by sub.tltutlng back
In equations (4), (5). (6). «"»
Mote : These equation, are approximate.
U.2.A-.
page
-^15)
Pig. 11.2.4-1
<r x ■ — 2 [ V H ^
x i a^u 2 ) L y
tr, k^<£x*^*i>
y i (w?) L x
n ^ y *i B r« B -OC I| (T B -T 0 )j
where 1 refers to
the skin component
(T -T )
where :
(2)
(3)
page 19.4.2.
th
(5)
(6)
(8)
where t
"z" la the distance from the neutral plane of the box beam
to the neutral axis of the individual component,
p - External load in "x" direction (♦) if tensile
Py - External load in "y" direction
H - Externally applied moment about y-axla
H 7 - Externally applied moment about x-axls
((+) as shown in Figure 11.2.4-1.)
Procedure
*x 'y ^e_w
page
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
U.Z.S
a w ,-c
Thread
T o "
D B-
Pig. 11.2.5-1
Final temperature of the entire assembly.
Bolt diameter
a b c '
'B
page \5 >5. I
H» ft iiV^l (j)
(6)
-g * (T-T Q ) (CXhVCXbLb)
(7)
page 13.5. 2
- L »
11
If 81
—
-T 8 a
5 WD
r~
«1 |i
-4 1
g i ii
i
7 s *
4V 2
P . j 7 1
(8)
(9)
«2 ( V T o )
page I $ • 5" . 2*
P riv.t * 1
i_' — ; i
(10)
C Two Fastened Bars With Fixed Enda Subjected to a Dnlform
HfiL
^ I ^
(H)
(12)
rivet
U.S.*
Column Buckling
j^X(T-T 0 )j
2 2
c TfMT
L c.
(1)
where
T-T Q - Increase In temperature of column
C l -
C +
(2)
Fig. 11.3.1-1
P - P l + P th.r«al
P - P ± - KOCA(T-T 0 )
Is tension
Is compression
page 1 S • & • \
Beam In compression :
p. . T^EI
(3)
(5)
Beam In tension:
n . P (e.) fAssimlng tension inaufficient to!
Change
at Temperature, T.
Fig. U. 3-1-2
* " P i + P ther»al
. f± - K«A(T-T G )
Bean in compression :
Be as
in Tension at Temp., T
+ is Tension
P. Is Compression
»W P{6 f }
(7)
page
Beam In tension
max
P(e 0 +
(8)
U.S.2.
<Wcr "
K7T 2 f tf
(1)
Values of "K" can be obtained for panels with various edge conditions
from p&. £. t . 7 7C> <Rt 6. /. tZ
<Wcr -
12
(2)
(b) All edges clamped:
<V T o> cr
12(1-^) *
( t } 2
OC 3(1+ a 2 \ a
,3b 2 + 3a 2
2)
(3)
Condition 3: Buckling of simply supported rectangular plates
when the temperature varies in the "y" direction
and Is constant in the "x" direction.
page
Heated Plate
(1) Assumptions
direction
<*av
- T )
o'er
' I 3 bt< * E J
'P.
(3) Procedure:
pace
— f —
av
(T -T )
* max av'
(5b)
Uae the value of N f " which produces the small est value
of
{*») Observations :
(b) The value of "B" and " Oc " should be evaluated at the
highest panel temperature.
2.0
0
1.0
/
-1.0
+1.0
Critical Values of /3
Fig. 11.3.2-2
page \ 3 . £ » S
Thr follow 1m; oouatinnn a:i?iwr that, only 1 thrymnl load la acting
(1) CrlMru.l r.h«Mt*al strnln for clastic hucklinr, between
rl vffto :
[<X(T-T 0 )J
cr
U)
where :
t - skin thickness
(a)
Procedure :
Substitute this P
cy
1. Simply supported beams with temperatures varying through the depth onlj
Hi h Ti i
page
53^
y-c.
OC yTbdy
(1
(Tj-TJUC-C 2 )
(2)
2h
For " & at the center of the beaa (C - L/ 2 ) :
8h
(3)
The general equation for ^ c along the length "L" , can be written
c i-i E* J 1
1-n
i-te+1
(VT 0 )ydA
Ji
Note:
i r r
f
1-n
t
1
— AXj-
1-1
i-2
1-k
k+1
i-k+1
— X- — -I
,x k+r
page l5. £
— T iH |— c —
*
*
4 —
S -~L^ X
EC*yT dA
dx
(5-a)
If E and I are constant, the expression becomes:
4 - - -
(5-*)
^ 2K
(5-c)
(6)
— a*!—
■ AXg — -
i-n
1-1
X i
1 *2
' *n m
page IS-C.g
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAM1CS/C0NVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
i-n w r
EOtyT dA
(7-*)
or,
i-n r -.
<7-b)
where "y" or "y^" is measured from the centrold or the croes section
' r t/2 1
J OC Ty dy j
81
(8)
where
! . h 3 (l+X/)
t - plate thickness
then
(9)
where
page
U.S.©
where:
Equations (2) and (3) and the following discussion outlines a method
for determining the unknowns, £ Q and ^ .
The summation of forces.
page \Q
- T CTjl 7 t A A - 0 (3)
where:
3 i-1
IT the stresses in all the strips are within the proprotional limit,
then the conventional method of section 11.2.1 is used to solve for the
stresses in the various strips.
Trial values of both £ Q and \/p are substituted into equation (l) to
provide a value of atraln for each strip. The stresses " 0^" corres-
ponding to the strains " C^" are taken from stress-strain curves for the
material at the various temperatures involved.
These stresses are then substituted Into Eq. (2) and Bq. (3). If
the proper values of £ 0 and 1/p have been assumed, then Bq. (2) and
Bq. (3) *re satisfied, otherwise new values of £ Q and/or 1/p must be
tried' until the proper values are obtained.
r37
page ) 5 . G . 11
REFERENCES
11.2.0
11-2.1
11.2.2
11.2.*
11.2.5
11.3.1
11.3-3
11.*.0
11.5.0
538
SYNOPSIS
Table 1 on page 1.3-26 of Volume I of the User's Manual lists the thermal loading
capabilities of the various
elements. This table also shows which elements jjteahave material and geometric
nonlinear capabilities.
Section t .5.1 . page 1 .5-3 of Volume I of the User's Manual describes the method of
applying thermal
loads to the model.
Section 1.5.4, page 1.5-8 ot Volume I of the User's Manual describes how loads are
handled in Su-
pers le me nt analyses.
The TEMPERATURE case control card which selects thermal effects is described on page
2.3-98 of Vol-
ume I of the User's Manual.
The bulk data cards that define temperature dependent material properties begin with
MATT and are de-
scribed beginning on page 2.4-202 of Volume I of the User's Manual.
The bulk data cards that define temperatures start with the TEMP and are described
beginning on page
2.4-347 of Volume I of the User's Manual.
The Demonstration Problem Manual contains two problems that show the use of NASTRAN
for thermal-
structural analysis. The first problem is number D2434 and the second is number D2401
N.
(Unfortunately, page numbers are meaningless in this manual.) 02401 N shows how to
use thermal loads
in SUBCOM's.
The Verification Problem Manual has an example of a structure with thermal loads on
page 3.2403-1 .
Sections 2.6.4, 2.6.5, and 2.6.7 of the Handbook for Linear Analysis contain guidance
in thermal struc-
tural analysis.
page J 3. "7. /
c
5-40
SECTION 20.0
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
PAGE
20.1
INTRODUCTION
20
.1 .
20.2
DEFINITIONS
20
.2.
20.3
DISCUSSION
20
.3.
20.4
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
20
.4.
20.5
20
.5.
page 20.0.1
1.0
2,0
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
Population
Normal Population
th
zi
i-1
FT
X)
page
2o.l-
of <f :
• ■ W . 1 H (N - 1)
'A- value
•B- Talno
page 20.2.1
3.0 DISCUSSION
Statietloa and probability of far tho engineer powerful taola to orala-
ato tho Turiatione in deeita paranetera. Beoauae etatiatieal methods
are techniquee uaed to obtain, analyse, and proaent numerical data,
tholr applieatien to engineering problems ia becoming increasingly
frequent. Ueana of predicting rara occur rone ar determining awi-
butea af entire populatieoa fro* tho data af mil randomly aoloetod
sampleo aro af particular importance to Strueturea and Doaifn Knfineera.
ault in 99.8% probability levelsj however, thio la not true ainoe the
aanulo aise muat be conaidered. For example, in leado determination
when only . small random a—plo of data 1. available for
probloaa (defined later), the maximum expected lead aalanlated by uaina;
the noan pluo 3o will reault in leoa than 99.8* prebability. For the
limiting «f " iafiaito aanple also, a- <f and a -3* - value would
reault la a 99.885J4 prebability IotoI.
page 20.3.1
Table 1 ehowa probability lewela for Itf , 2d , and 3<f walnee for
aingle-tailed and two-tail od distribution problems. Single-tailed
problems generally inrolTo tatabl iahinc, to aomo confidence lewel.
a walue abo-ro (or bolow) which a nroportion (probability lewel) of
tho population would fall* Two-tailed probleaa xenerally inwolwe
establishing, to some eonfldoneo lewel, a rango within which a
proportion (probability lowal) of tho population would fall. Rofor
to Figures 2 and 3*
TABLE 1
TYPE
RAKGB
SELECTED Xj IS
IN RANGE
Single-Tailed
• OO to >.♦©•'
Ju. - <f to ♦ oO
84.13*
84.13*
Pro b lama
- OO to /U+ 2d
J*. - 2d to ♦ oO
97.73*
97.73*
- OO to ,A* 3</
99.868*
99.868*
Two-Tailed
Probleaa
<A.-a to A+d
jU* - 2d to yU* 2d
/*, - Zd to 3o*
68.26*
96.46*
99.73*
One of the neat eeanaen and baaie atatlatioal ana lye le preeedurea ia
that ef analysing a aaaiple of random data froai an entire population
to determine to aeoie eonfldoneo lewel an expected Uniting ralue (or
range ef waluea) cerreaponding to aa aoeeptable probability lewel.
page 20.3.2
flTPUCTURAl ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMiCS/CONVAtR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
botleaa; hewewor, Program No. 2104 aaalyaaa input data aa aermal, log-
normal, aquara root-normal, and reciprocal-normal and printe out the
•A - and "B" Taluaa for aach dlotributiea function. For further in-
formation on inpnt and amtimt fro. Frcgrame 1944 and 2104, aoo Rof. T.
For small aanplo sisos and/or for rapid estimates, Fiouroa 4 and 8
nay bo uaod for tho abewe typo of oaloulationa for tho normal dlatrl-
±B*f._7 .
page 20.3.3
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL D YNA MICS/CON VAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
4.1 Prablemi
Solution Proeodaro:
Eralnata tha sample aiaan X and tha aaapl a standard deviation a aa
ahovn in Paragraph 2.0, DEFINITIONS. Entar Pigure 4 for N - 10 and
raad k - 3.98 for 90$ probability. Therefore, tha "A Value" would bo
found from X - 3.08a.
Coamonta:
Figure 4 vaa uaad for tha "A Valua" bacanaa alngle-tailed tolaranoa
faetora waro applicable; l.a.« a single-tailed dlatribntion aa ahovn
in Figure 2 vaa applieabla alnoo it vaa daairad to aatabliah a valua,
at 95* confidence, vfalnh vould ba exceeded by 99$ af tha papulation.
Convair-Astronautleo Digital Computer Prograaa Noa, 1944 or 2104 should
bo uaad for problaaa of thia typo vhan large aaaplaa aro involved*
4.2 Problem;
page 20.4.1
4.2 Conntonta:
Th. oolution r.pr.oout. tho «tr«o ralno. of th. d.air.d ra»«.( I.-..
thoro i. 9B% oonfidonoo that at lout 99% of noaourod waluoa would lio
PI euro ft.
4.3 Probloon
Solution:
Diseuooion:
page 20.4.2
Occurrence
Frequenoy
of /
Occurreneo /
X - ka
page 20.4.3
= riGORI St
tu
o
ro
o
in
V
I*
,A P*pultti*a U**n
I - BftBpl* UtftB
HI
I*
r
8
o
z
to
t>
i>
o
rn
</>
0)
CO
>
>
Z
>
-<
C/>
>
z
c
>
mum* m
PROBABILITY IN PERCENT
0)
to
CD
IV)
O
>
I*
■FIGURE 7:
T a Saspla If* an
§ c
a:
O
CO
o
m
CO
•<
CO
(o
33
>
c/)
>
z
c
>
PROBABILITY IN
PKRCtNT
I
REFERENCE3
page 20.4.8
SECTION 20.5
REFERENCE
page 20.5.1
SECTION 21.0
MECHANISMS
PAGE
page 2 v.o. \
SUBJECT:
REFERENCES
1.
2.
k
Military Specification KIL-B-T^S
Military Specification MIL-B-603S
The design requirement for gearings is that static design yield load shall
For an ultimate factor of safety of 1.5 or less the ult Units load is not critical.
X. BALL BZARSIOS
A. General
Radial and thrust yield load ratings, arJ. yield nonent ratings for A!T cal_L
bearings are given in Table I, for extra vide, double rev, MU bearings xn
Tablell, and for torque tube type bfiOl bearings the ratings are giv^n in
Table HI.
Tables I, II, and III also give the radial ratings of the bearings for an
a^ra^e life of 10,000 complete cycles of 9C* ccHUtiw. TVo cases of
load application are covered, namely
Case I - Load fixed vith respect to the outer race.
Caie II - Load fixed with rtspect to the inner racs.
FIXED
0C7TE3t RACE
FIXED
ECCT RACE
CASE I
CASE II
page 2L J.I
1. Static Considerations
2. Life Considerations
Checking the AH201 KP6A bearing which ceets the static require-
aent:
Thus this bearing which neets the, static requirement is not satis-
factory from the life standpoint*
Checking the AH200 KF5 bearing vhich also has been shcr.-m to meet
the static requirement:
•a at J. -REARISGS (Contd. )
In cases where a single load level viU not suffice for estimating
servic- conditions, scce load spectrum aust be determined. From
this load spectrum it is possible to determine an equivalent load
to be used in selecting a bearing to satisfy design requirements
The equivalent load nay be obtained from the following relation:
page
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/C0NVA1R AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
When "ball bearings are subjected to any combination of radial, thrust, and
moment loads the margin of safety shall be determined fraa the following
formula:
where
Static design yield radial allovables for HAS 505 needle bearings are given in
Table IV. Static design yield radial and thrust allovables and radial load
ratings for an average life of 10,000 c ample 90° cycles for self-aligning roller
bearings are given in Table V.
For needle bearings and roller bearings not listed in Tables 17 or 7, the allow-
able loads specified by a reliable manufacturer viU be acceptable.
Roller bearings, unless of a special type, cannot transmit thrust but are capable
of transitttng accent loads. A conservative method of analysis for a roller
bearing transmitting monent is as follows.
page
XXX<
r my
~ Bore + 0«D.
Pitch Diameter » 0
Oiometer 1
Allowable bear ins stress
The following allowable yield loads shall te used for hearir^s being used ss
rollers:
page I * 5
3^
TABLE I
"AN" BALL BEARINGS
Part
Number
Radial
Thrust
Moment
10,000 Complete 90° Cycles
lbs.
lbs.
in. -lbs.
Case I
Case II
AN 200 K3L
KP3
KPl)
KP5
KP6
KP8
KP10
1560
i8eo
2680
5620
7910
11800
liilOO
700
900
1200
2500
3500
5200
6200
58
89
136
370
6hh
1170
1520
1520
1700
21il0
L900
65LO
9320
11000
1260
11)50
2030
3970
5L10
7700
9060
AN 200 KS3L
KS3
KSli
KS5
KS6
KS8
KS10
550
900
llao
2190
2980
3670
5320
100
200
300
300
hoo
500
600
Not
Applicable
550
900
1U0
2190
2980
3670
ii980
L80
770
1200
1890
2580
3290
1)360
AN 201 KF3A
KPlA
KP5A
KP6A
KPfiA
KP10A
KP12A
KP16A '
KP20A
1560
1880
2150
2500
3910
6700
8750
11900
13800
700
900
1000
1100
1700
3000
3900
5200
6100
50
89
Ilk
Hi3
277
598
9L5
1600
2170
1500
1690
162C
1920
2870
L980
5980
7070
71:00
1250
1L50
1600
1710
2550
1)360
5320
61)00
6810
AN 202 KP21B
KP23B
KP29B
KP33B
KP37B
KPL7B
KPL9B
581)0
10500
11300
12700
lUiOO
15800
21)700
27500
IjLOO
1*700
5oco
5600
6L00
7000
10900
12100
1L80
1700
1930
21)20
3150
3780
6880
8520
Ii590
1)650
1)680
L760
L820
1)680
6600
8150
li250
1)360
1)1)20
1)530
1)630
L690
6390
781)0
AN 206 DSP3
DSPli
DSP5
DSP6
DSP8
DSPIO
1L 20
1780
37L0
5100
7120
5C00
200
300
600
eoo
1000
1300
Not
Applicable
1L20
1780
37liO
L58C
63 LO
7760
1220
1600
3300
li370
5570
6860
JT6J
page
21. 1.Q
TABLE I (Coatd. )
Bart
Static Design Tield Allowables
Radial
Thrust
Mcmant
lbs.
lbs.
in- -lbs.
Cms* I
Cass II
KB 207 CFF3
DPP5
DFF6
DPrS
0FF1O
2950(1)
5370(2)
11000(1)
15760(1)
23600(2)
28400
1700
1800
uooo
5300
7800
9U00
38 "
91
56
278
590
1500
2950
3550
7360
9690
14100
15300
2830
3020
6250
8120
UdOO
13100
Iff 218 P4
P5
2T70
3260
700
900
414
551
2090
2440
1800
2090
L> Bolts of 190,000 psi tensile strength are required to develop the
TABIZ n
Bart
Sunbex
(Fafnlr)
Radial
lbs.
Thrust
lbs.
Kosent
in. -lbs.
Case I
Case U
EM4K2
3W4K
DW5
DW6
sua
1400
2770
5140
8440
15520
500
900
1600
2600
4700
129
392
882
2010
U860
1050
2070
2600
4220
7610
960
1850
2320
3T4o
6520
tabu in
Fart
Bu«b«r
(Taf&ir)
Radial
Thrust
Monent
lbs.
lbs.
in. -Lbs.
Case I
Case XX
B538DO
B539DO
B54QDD
B541DD
B5420D
B5*3DD
B544DD
B545DO
B546GD
3280
3750
4220
5000
5950
6680
7980
9220
IOI50
1500
1700
1900
2200
2700
3200
3600
4000
4400
255
329
414
567
825
1130
1470
1690
2290
1990
2050
2110
2170
2220
2260
2300
2340
2360
1820
1900
1970
2020
2X30
2180
2220
2260
2280
IPlnBS
CF213S
CE23BS
XZ25BS
XP25BS
SP333S
IP37BS
KT47B3
XP49B9
3065
9640
10500
11300
12700
lUitOO
15300
24700
27500
1600
2000
2200
2300
2600
2900
3200
5000
5500
Hot
Applicable
4260
4590
4650
4680
4760
4320
4680
6600
8150
3?60
4290
4360
4420
4530
4630
U09O
6390
7840
page 2.1.1.1
TABLE VT
Part
Radial
Part
Radial
Part
Radial
Number
lbs.
Number
lbs.
Number
lbs.
NAS 5C5-3
2700
NAS 505-12
358C0
NAS 505-1:0
lClilOO
-h
U3O0
-111
L5800
-LL
113500
-5
6100
-16
50900
-LB
123000
-6
9500
" -20
56500
-52
132500
-7
12000
-2h
66300
-56
1L5100
-8
171*00
-28
75700
-60
151*500
-9
22500
-32
85200
-6I1
16L000
-10
28300
-36
9L6O0
TABLE V
Part
Number
Static Design Yield
Allowables
Radial
lbs.
Thrust
lbs.
Fafnir
GDSRPh
GDSRP5
GDSRP6
GDSRP8
GDSRP10
GDSRP12
3025
7350
9600
12500
17700
26900
908
2200
2860
3750
5310
8070
2500
6000
8000
10100
neoo
22000
BR-li
311*0
1660
2600
BR-5
7350 .
L300
6100
BR-6
10100
5800
8500
<M
ft
BR-8
12800
6100
10900
X
CO
BR-10
18600
9300
15500
ER-12
28800
16700
25000
page 2.^- ^ S
Part No,
Radial
Part No.
(FATIIH)
Radial
lbs.
KAS 502 -
9CO
K3L2
200
1L30
K3L3
200
2700
KP3AR11-2
300
8
L3C0
K3LPi8
200
10
6L00
KPltfl6
Uoo
12
10700
KPUR16-2
500
lii
13700
D7R6-2
1000
NA3 503 -
5370
D7R6-3
2000
9370
KfiATJi
500
10
15000
D?Sa3
1000
12
21LC0
DP3AJi
1800
lb
28900
TABtSVII
Radial
KAS 552
395
470
5
630
1275
1840
8
2740
page 2WI.9
5.
(T
FIGUHE 1
CYCLES
CTPyyTUBAL AN A 1 Y^ 1 ^ MANU AL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
Introduction
The allowable yield load for a steel roller on a steel traok is given
by the equation
Wiere:
F tu " Ul tim:it3 -oasile strength of track material (psi)
W - Projected width of roller in contact rrith track (inches)
R m Radius of roller (inches)
The ultimate allo^ble is obtained from the above by multiplying by 1.5
In the cases *hero the roller is a beari^, the allowable load m*y be
obtained from p *• • v • 1 - 10
page 2\. h n
SPI IRftEARS
P t - T_ - 2J
PD PD
2
The Lewis equation for computing an allowable gear tooth load is intended to cover
gears under continuous operation and is conservative for the following reasons:
2) It assumes an arbitrary point at which the gear tooth load is applied - this point
is conservative for a tooth in full mesh.
3) The method uses low allowable stresses (approx. 1/3 of the material ultimate
stress).
Consequently gears designed by the Lewis formula and static tested have been known
to take up to approximately 28 times the calculated load before tooth failure occurs.
(Vultee Report 275 test #39).
It is evident that Lewis Equation should be modified to cover air frame gears, the
majority of which are under intermittent operation, low pitch line velocities, and
very
seldom operate at limit load.
page 21.1. 1
The Lewis Equation is modified in the following manner to make it more applicable
for air frame spur gears:
F a - K S b Y
P d
P d . Diametral pitch
Vital gears are defined as those whose (allure would immediately prevent the safe
flight
or landing of the airplane.
RFVP1 REARS
The Lewis Equation for bevel gear, F a - SoY_b x ( 1 - b_) « modified in the same
Pd L
Where
velocities.
page 2\.1.1
Vital gears are those whose failure would immediately prevent the safe flight or
landing of
the airplane.
WORM GEARS
The teeth of a worm gear are weaker than the threads on the worm and should be
checked by the Lewis equation for Spur Gears (1\.1A ) However, more teeth are
probably in contact in the worm gears than in spur gears, which makes this method
conservative for checking worm gears. Allowance may be made for this conservativeness
by distributing the load over the number of teeth in contact. The number of teeth in
contact can be found by dividing the angle of action of the gear by the pitch angle.
SUMMARY
The following precautions should be taken when using the factors ( K - 3 and K - 5)
to determine gear teeth size.
page 21.2.3
SUMMARY fCQnU
1)
2)
4) Close installation tolerances are important for proper operation and long
gaar life.
Gears under heavy continuous loads require the addition of wear and velocity factors
to
the Lewis Equation. No attempt is made here to cover the design of these gears as it
w Mi
that they represent a small percentage of air frame gears. A expert should be
consulted
for the design of this type of gear.
page It. 2. 4-
5-7
Number
of
Teem
Pull
run
uepui
1 4 1 /t
and
Cycloi"
OmI
Full
Depth
20*
Stub
Teeth
20*
Follows Stub Teeth. 20
5
7
6
8
I
9
1 0
9_
1 1
1 0
12
12
1 4
1 0
0. 1 78
n on 1
1 1
0. 1 92
0.22b
n 9PQ
1 2
0.21
0.245
noil
0.3 1 1
0.302
0.348
0.32
0.31 4
0.302
0.314
0.292
0.289
1 3
0.223
0.264
ft 11 A
0. j£ *
0.31 8
0.361
0.336
0.332
0.31 7
0.327
0.308
0.302
1 4
0.235
0.276
0.339
0.33
0.374
0.352
0.348
0.332
0.339
0.32
0.31 4
1 5
0.245
0.289
a n > O
o . j«* y
0.339
0.386
0.364
0.361
0.346
0.348
0.33
0.324
1 6
0.255
0.295
u.Jo
0.348
0.396
0.374
0.37
0.355
0.354 0.34
0.333
1 7
0.264
0.302
u.jbt)
0.358
0.485
0.383
0.38
0.364
0.366 0.349
0.342
1 8
0.27
0.308
n 177
U.J / /
0.368
0.41 1
0.39
0.39
0.374
0.374 0.358
0.349
1 9
0.277
0.314
n IOC
D. job
0.374
0.414
0.398
0.398
0.383
0.38 0.364
0.355
20
0.283
0.32
ft 1 D 1
o. j y j
n Tfi
U.JO
0.425
0.405
0.405
0.39
0.386:
0.371
0.361
21
0.289
0.326
0.399
0.431
0.411
0.41 1
0.396
0.392
0.377
0.366
22
0.292
0.33
0.404
U.J* 1
0.436
0.41 7
0.41 7
0.402
0.397
0.382
0.371
23
0.296
0.333
0.408
0.396
0.441
0.422
0.422
0.407
0.402
0.387
0.377
24
0.302
0.337
0.41 1
0.401
0.446
0.427
0.427
0.41 1
0.405
0.392
0.381
25
0.305
0.34
ft A 1 C
0.41 D
0.405
0.449
0.432
0.432
0.41 7
0.409
0.396
0.386
26
0.308
O.J**
n 4 91
0.409
0.455
0.436
0.436
0.421
0.41 3
0.401
0.389
28
ft 1 < A
U. J 3 £
0.417
0.461
0.443
0.444
0.427
0.421
0.409
0.396
J u
nun
n T^fl
U, J3Q
0.437
0.425
0.468
0.449
0.452
0.433
0.438
0.415
0.402
u . j / o
0 449
0.436
0.48
0.463
0.465
0.449
0.458
0.427
0.415
40
0.336
0.389
0.459
0.446
0.49
0.475
0.474
0.456
0.446
0.44
0.425
45
0.3.4
0.399
0.468
0.455
0.5
0.484
0.484
0.464
0.455
0.446
0.433
50
0.346
0.408
0.474
0.461
0.506
0.49
0.49
0.471
0.461
0.452
0.439
60
0.355
0.421
0.484
0.471
0.515
0.5
0.5
0.483
0.471
0.465
0.449
70
0.36
0.429
0.493
0.48
0.521
0.506
0.506
0.49
0.477
0.471
0.465
80
0«.363
0.436
0.499
0.486
0.528
0.512
0.51 2
0.496
0.483
0.477
0.461
90
0.366
0.442
0.503
0.492
0.532
0.517
0.516
0.499
0.487
0.481
0.466
100
- 0.368
0.446
0.506
0.496
0.536
0.521
0.521
0.503
0.49
0.484
0.471
150
0.375
0.468
0.518
0.509
0.546
0.534
0.531
0.515
0.503
0.496
0.464
200
0.378
0.453
0.524
0.515
0.553
0.54
0.536
0.521
0.509
0.503
0.49
Rack
0.39
0.484
0.55
0.543
0.578
0.562
0.553
0.54
0.534
0.528
0.521
* Fr
pit
an<
actional d
ch of the
j this dat
esignalioi
gear, w\
arminas tl
i for the
lereas th
ioir depth
9 denominator indicates the pitch of the cutter used in cutting the teeth
page 1L2.5
ACTUATORS
SIOC LOAQ
S \/s 2 * 0 2 «
R- * AR ?
NOTl: Without f ratio n f • 0; wrtf> fnction but no*
Monnd, P» F, * F 2 ♦ 0; «"Oi tneoon *nd Hoaioto
fort.P-F, ♦AF, *F 2 *AF 2 *0.
AF,-i | ^AF,
FIGURE 31.3-1
page 2\.3.\
57 A-
• As a pressure vessel
• As a column
Priour*
Nominal System Pfttturt <%)
Exampit:
Hyoraulte
(3,000 osit
HYDRAULIC
PNCUMATIC
Operating
100
100
3.000
Proof
ISO
700
4,500
Bunt
250
400
7.500
FIGURE 31.4-1
where:
P ■ burst pressure
3 / 2
where:
P ■ burst pressure
EXTENDED ACTUATOR
FIGURE 31.4.2.1-1
page 2U2>.2
fTWllfiTUBAL A NA|VS1S MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/C0NVA1R AND SPACE SYSTFU* DIVISION
. pi* .TX
X 2 and* -
Hence:
P -
cr
^ 2- .
M 0 -„P§
where:
u - coefficient of friction
„ v, ib f a 2 b*d fl d
T l -Mx l jl|3EjxJE \2 ~6<b~d)
3L/J «E l I 1 L / 6£ 1 I 1 L
y j • te j ji
E 2 l 2 (b - dl
Mx "
Mx
6E
a<x. - b*
— 6LcT
where:
■ length of cy Under
* 0 * autxaJ slop angle
SLOP DEFLECTION
FIGURE 31.4.U-1
page 2. W 2 . 3
>o" 2%
where:
1 -
M v - P6 * M
A O
where M Q is the end friction moment.
Piston rod:
MS
where:
*c +R b
- 1
P/P
cr
*b" V F b
Cylinder:
where:
MS
2 R ht 2 * R b R ht
- 1
'ht
'bu'Fby
f htu /F ty
page 2.1.2>. 4-
FIGURE 31.4.2.1-2
page Q. U 3 . 5
3-7?
5«°
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
PAG E
RESIN 22.2.1
page 22.0.1
SUBJECT i
REFERENCES t
Fiberglass Laminates
1.
3.
4.
UmtOCJCTION
This memo oontaias general information about glass fabrio laminates bonded Trtth
polyester resins and the allowables to bo used in the design.
The 1.33 factor is not required provided that design strengths are _
substantiated by strength tests of tag-end coupons, and oy obstructive
testing of imcortant parts throughout the full course of production.
Provision for' this substantiation should exist on drawings, m process
s-oecifications and Quality control testing directives, or other
documentation which sast be kept in force throughout production. ^ _
Strucrures division office approval shall be obtained prior to oaission
of the 1.33 factor so that the required substantiating tests may be
included in the pertinent part specifications.
page 12. \* 1
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
Uuoh of the Information inoludod herein was extracted from rofereno© (1) and
was modified i7horo deemod helpful for olarity and/or ease of application in
design and analysis*
• General
4. For 161 cloth, nominal thickness of 0.0093 In /ply and minimum thickness of 0.0085
in /ply are reco mm ended.
5. When the ply orientation Is not called out on the drawing, the lower of 0°. 90°.
or 45°
orientation should be used for analysis.
le. For 181 cloth, use 45° strength for tension and compression. Use 90° strength
for in- plane shear.
6. Specification values are usually higher than design. Many specifications list
minimum
average values, rather than 'A' values. Care should be exercised in deterrnlnimg
appropriate design values. Determination of allowables is the responsibility of the
Structural Analysis Group. Inadequate testing can lead to Incorrect strength
determination.
pageZ2.t.Z
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MAMUaL
GENERAL DYNAMtCS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
I • General (cent f d)
B The enginooring F^rt drxriDg shall specify th? tyyo of fabric (depending on
B - IS o?cctrical C aLl structural requirements of tho part) the grr.de of fabric
(depending on flexibility requirements of tho pert) awl the clr.sn o. fabr.c
(depending on the anxlMis operating tonporatura to which tho part r^il bo
lubjectod).
C. The noiwnclaturo used in this strosu memo is as defined in*-"-S irith the
following additions x
<p - ingle botrocn tho direction of load and tho ^arp dixootion of
fabric, except for bonding properties the angle between the direction
of bending stress and the warp direction of the laminae.
tlm 9 ait', angl. of loading la nenavr-sd fron th. baso lino to th. dlrso^o
of «arp la a countar-olooteris. dlrootion.
page 11- *
B. Bearing Properties
Tho data are presented for a rongo of D/t ratios from 1 to 4. Extrapo-
lation boyond this rango is not reoonaandod. For application boyond
the given Units, bearing strength shall bo determined by test on repre-
sentative specimens of the desired oouf iguratioa.
For a specific edge diatanoe ratio (a/b) and a given fastener diameter
to laminate thickness ratio (D/t), tho ultimate bearing stross is road
as tho ordinate of the ourvo. However, to develop this bearing stress,
a corresponding (or longer) fastener spacing to fastonor diaraotor ratio
<W/D) must be maintained to prevent tension failure at the not section.
Conversely, for a spocifio Tf/b ratio, a corresponding a/D ratio can bo
obtained from tho curve.
page 22.1-4
tho currea of Figuroa 14 thru 19. For any faotonor « pacing (T?/b) within tho
rang* of tho non-horizontal portion of eaoh curve, a oorroaponding allowable
bearing atreas, K bru , con bo obtained. The tensile atrosa on the net aection
of the laminate can then be computed aa Fbru/Ov/D-l) I and tension efficiency
oan be calculated by dividing the tensile atroaa on the not section by the
allowable tensile strength of the laminate. This data is applioable to
ainglo-row attachments only. The of foot of multiple-row attaohmonta must be
substantiated by tost.
Presented in Figuroa 20 and 21 are curves b herring the off eots of various mean
atroasea on the fatigue strength of unnotched and notohed specimens, respective-
ly, of parallel-laminated bi-directional fabrio loaded at 0 to the warp di-
rection.
Tho fatigue strength of a laminate loaded through a pin is the aamo aa that
indicated for a notched specimen loaded axially in tension aa ahown in Tiguroa
21 and 22.
S« Creep
P. Stress-Rupture
Tho "buckling stress in compression and shear for Typo I. II and III parallel-
laninated fabrics loaded parallel or perpendicular to tho warp direction, oan
page 12 . \. S
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL D YNA MICS/CON VAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVtSlON
In the event the valuo of b/a exceeds tho range of "CASE A"
ourve, procood as indicated in paragraph b« bolou.
shear buckling stross from the curve ("CASE A" or "CASE B")
that is consistent with tho coso used to obtain ifKj. For bi-
directional fabrios a oonrcon curve is used for both "CASE A
and "CASE B". The shear buckling stress obtained is for a
laminate thicknoss equal to or greator than .125.
Figure 28 tiros the eolunn allowables for Type I, II and III parallol-
laninated, bi- directional and uni-dircctional fabrics for laminate thickness
equal to or greater than .125. For laminate thioknoss less than .125, the
allowable column stress for a specified L'/C ratio oquols the applicable
value as obtained from Figure 28 multiplied by tho compressive modulus factor
obtained from Figure 13.
bi-dirootioual and uni-dir rational fabrios are givon in Figure 29 for lamin-
ate thickness equal to or greater than .125. For laminate thickness loss
than .125, the allowable crippling stress for a specifio b/t ratio equals
the applicable stress as obtained from Figure 29 multiplied by the compres-
sive strength factor oa obtained from Figure 15.
Tensile and compress ivo strengths of glass fabrio laminates operating at tem-
peratures of 250°F oro reduced on the order of 3(# and 40%, respectively.
Slace the magnitude of reduction in strength is dependent to a large extent
on the techniquo used in bonding the laminate, elevated temperature properties
shall be obtained by test.
The design allowables given in Table I are for parallel laminates in any number
of plies. The strength of a laminate, however, oan be tailored to give nearly
equal values in all directions by stacking the plies at optimum angles to the
■warp direction of the fabrio in the face ply.
page 22. \. 7
B, Flexural Strength,
i = 1
page 2 2 . \ . 8
TJ
01
o
o
K>
Fabrie
Angle of
Loading - Deg,
eu
TABLE I - DESI01 WECHlHIClL PROPERTIES FOR PARALLEL LAUI KATES OF GLASS FABRIC AHD
1UT
6.34
2040
2730
2500
46
16.3
1630
90
35.7
6.34
1620
2590
23S0
650
,16
76.0
7.44
6390
4910
4 COO
46
920
1630
90
16.1
7.44
420
1610
1360
660
19.2
1110
1300
1090
660
.16
30.0
7.28
1800
2400
2200
46
1300
1440
90
26.8
7.28
2280
2070
486
,16
60.0
4150
3000
46
1250
1290
90
355
1150
466
16.0
1060
1030
660
.16
Non-Struotural - Type T
All wept Bat Mat
15.0
4.4
16
9.0
12.0
2.6
NOTES i
' . for laminate thlokneat .125 *nd over.
4 Uni-direotlonal material «de from 143 - h a „ #DJ , lnE 0II direction of .hear
floA».
FIGURE INDEX
FIGURE SUBJECT
2 * • Uni-Direotional ■ , ■ » ■ * « ■
15 » • . • ■ » » "#$-45°
16 ■ ■ - * • ■ ■ »»O>»90°
22, 222
page 22. t. »0
gTRnrrruRAi anai ysip manual
FIGURE 3
JO UO
VMLK CP LOUIES,*
FIGURE U
TXPES i, u * m
50
to
30
20
10
sis
m
USXKD
US
30 LO 50
^1
page 21 J. 1 2
STRUCTURAL ^NA| YSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/C0NVA1R AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
figure s
a 30
=rHH
VARP DIRECTION OT
FABRIC (FACE
now OF — \ 1
Zt PLT)
Ok
BT SRIaA
i as SttWM<*
un
CRUST
nCW A3 SHOWN
LECE13)
60 70 SO 90 LOO 110
ANGLE OP LOADING . DECREES
ISO
r
page 12.1.12
ricuitf. 7
LKEKD
FIGURE 0
page 22. UK
noun 9
71C0B 10
[fgfflSg
10
UO 50 -
SEUREES
page ^ *S
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENEBAL D YNAMICS/CON VAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
X UO 50
FIO ORE 12
TiPEs i, n k in
page 2.2 . 1. 16
FIGURE 13
page 22. U7
flOORE 16
name 17
page 22.1.12)
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
KOIKE IB
page 22.4.20
II
UUb 1 !IU»iU
rrarss. in
FUUU 21
in*
■ . eras to mum
pagt 22.\.II
page i3L.l.22
LEGEMD
4 SIMPLE SUPPORT I
1 — \xx?
3CU§ il
OS
R
u
-O
S3
.56
.52
TQ t<.125»'«ULXI?LI
PaWtrJS OBTAINED Fatti
TOUETv CURVES BT APPU-
C.VTLH FACTOR FSOli THIS
=— -^b==^: g |tii:|nn|inililcmr^-,
1^.125
SITE b IS LOADED EDGE
o .2 .a J& .a 1.0 1.2 i.Ji 1.6 i.e 2.0 2.2 2.u 2.6 2.8
pagt
J J o
figure 26
XXGEND
■ BI- DIRECTIONAL FABRIC
TOU-MRECTlOMAl FABRIC
MET DIRECTION
i CASE B
*S .SO
SMI
t<«125» MULTIPLE
,K e VALUE OBTAINED FROM
LOWER CURVES HI AFPLI-
raMJE FACTOR FROM THIS
CURVE* t i i
.Oil .Ob
.10 .129
air fl"J>-— •
cr
0
o
ro
0>
CRIPPLINO STRESS
8 S £
KSI
2
3
r-
o
CO
m
<o
*<
to
i\
to'
to
O
>
z
>
i—
-<
U)
cy>
>
5.1 GENERAL
cations.
page 2.2-2.1
o
to
C°
to
K)
TABLE 5-1. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES - PARALLEL LAMINATES OF GLASS FABRIC -
An<*lf> nf
/lllLjl(J Ul
Mfiflnlncj nf
Ultimate
Laminate
Loading (cleg)
Elasticity x 10 b (PSI)
Strength (PSI)
120 FABRIC
nft
2. 5fi
O A 1
oO| wuu
35, 700
45
1. 76
17,000
181 FABRIC
0
90
2.34
2. 15
1 O AAA
Jo, (I'M)
35, 1U0
45
1.57
17,800
120 FABRIC
2. 73
30, 000
F cu
90
2.71
20, 100
181 FABRIC
0
90
2.94
2. 82
30,000
31, fiOO
120 FABRIC
0
2.50
45, 000
90
2.43
35,700
181 FABRIC
0
90
2. 50
2.35
15,000
40, 900
EDGEWISE
120 FABRIC
0&90
0. G4
9,2:i0
SHEAR
181 FABRIC
o&no
0.57
9, ISO
o
3
J*
z
%
pio
z.
H
C
3)
t/>
o
rn
</>
-<
01
to
z.
>
z
>
r-
<
l/>
>
Z
1
5-2. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES - PARALLEL LAMINATES OF GLASS
EPOXY RESIN (ROOM TEMPERATURE)
Laminate
Angle of
Loading (deg)
Modulus of
Elasticity x 10 6 (PSI)
Ultimate
StrenuUi 0*31)
120 FABRIC
90
45
2.2
2. 1
1.6
45, COO
111,700
22, 800
iqi E'AnniP
0
90
45
2.B8
2.66
2.20
45,000
12,400
2f>, COO
120 FABRIC
00
3.25
2.85
45,000
43, 000
Feu
181 FABRIC
0
90
3.28
3.14
15,000
38,200
120 FABRIC
0
90
3.20
3.10
G5,000
02, 100
Fb
181 FABRIC
0
90
3.20
3.04
«5, 000
57,000
EDGEWISE
120 FABRIC
0&90
0.580
11,800
SHEAR
181 FABRIC
06 90
0.810
11,000
(DATA FROM REFERENCE 44)
iijuiurmi
Class I
Class I
Class I and 11
Clas:3 I and II ]
1 11 UI 1 I*
Room Temp.
Room Temp.
M-imn nf T^it
Dry '
Wet (6)
300*F
Dry
Wet (6)
300* F
50!S'1'-
ULTIMATE FLEXURAL
120
G5
RR
*J o
42
*i0
45
42
20
STRENGTH
181
05
58
42
50
45
42
2(i
KSI (1)
183
65
58
42
50
45
42
20
143
117
104
70
90
80
7G
FLEXURAL MODULUS OF
120
2.9
2.4
2 2
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.0
ELASTICITY
181
2.9
2.4
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.0
183
2,9
2.4
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.0
x 10 PSI (5)
143
5.0
4,1
3.8
4.1
4.1
3.G
3.1
ULTIMATE TENSILE
120
47
45
30
40
3G
33
2G
STRENGTH
181
47
45
30
40
3G
33
20
KSI (!)
183
47
45
30
40
3G
33
2G
143
91
87
58
77
63
53
50
ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE
120
48
45
25
35
32
25
11
STRENGTH (EDGEWISE)
181
48
45
25
35
32
25
1-1
KSI (1)
183
48
45
25
35
32
25
14
143
70
6G
37
1 52
44
:»7
20
NOTES:
(1) ALL PROPERTIES LISTED ARE FOR PARALLEL LAMINATED PANELS TESTED IN THE DIRECTION
OF THE
WARP.
(2) LAMINATES MADE FROM EPOXY RESIN AND GLASS FABRIC (NOT PREIMPREGNATED).
(0) Till: WET TEST , WHERE THE MATERIAL IS SUBJECT TO TWO HOURS IN BOILING WATER,
SIMULATES
SEVERAL YEARS OF WEATHERING EXPOSURE DAMAGE TO THE SUN AND RAIN.
(FROM GD/A 0-73009 SPECIFICATION FOR EPOXY LAMINATING MATERIALS FOR USE IK GLASS
REINFORCED
PLASTIC AND SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION).
— - T * C*^"T r " —
Name of Test
I—
Test Conditions
Dry
ULTIMATE FLEXURAL
STRENGTH (FLATWISE)
(2)
KSI
120
143
1S1
133
FLEXURAL MODULUS
OF ELASTICITY
PSlt 3 ) XlO 6
ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH (EDGEV.TSE)
120
143
181
183
50
90
50
45
2.9
5.2
3.0
2.9
Wet
120
143
1S1
183
ULTIMATE TENSILE
STRENGTH
120
143
181
183
33
51
35
30
45
SI
45
40
2.5
4.3
2.5
2.5
40
77
40
43
30
44
30
27
3S
73
38.
40
50 Q a
40-
72
40
33
2.4
4.3
2.5
2.4
28
38
26-
23
30
58
30
32
TABLE 5-5. GLASS FABRIC HONEYCOMB CORE MATERIAL - PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Rosin
Nomenclature
Cell
Nomenclature
Density
Range
Lba/cu ft
75 ± 10° F
L-Dlrcclion
W-Dlrectlon
500 * 5"F
75 ± 10 s F
500 ± 5° F
75 -r- 10 r
1IRP (Heat
Hexagonal
4.0 min.
loll
1G0
105
80
55
Resistant
3/16
4.6 max.
Phenolic)
HHP (Heat
Hexagonal
5. 5 min.
inn
330
220
170
110
ResisLant
3/16
6.4 max.
Phenolic)
HKP (Heat
Hexagonal
7.6 min.
1 1 OA
1120
can
560
370
300
200
Resistant
3/16
8.8 max.
Phenolic)
HHP (Heat
Over-Expanded
4. 1 min.
170
100
66
115
75
Resistant
1/4
4.7 max.
Phenolic)
HUP (Heat
Over-Expanded
5.7 min.
695
360
210
140
225
150
Resistant
1/4
6.6 max.
Phenolic)
IIRP (Heat
Over- Expanded
6.5 min.
625
325
290
190
290
190
Resistant
1/4
8.0 max.
Phenolic)
IIRP (Heat
Over-Expanded
7.8 min.
1170
610
360
240
3G0
240
Resistant
1/4
9.0 max.
Phenolic)
TABLE 5-5. GLASS FABRIC HONEYCOMB CORE MATERIAL - PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
(Coitllnuucl)
Density
(Minimum)
Resin
Cell
Range
L-Dlreclion
W-Mructlnn
Nnnu-nclulurc
Nomenclature
Lbs/cu ft
75 * 10* F |
500 * 5" F
75 ± 10° F
nno t r>° F
75 t 10 # F 5Wi t 5* F
Hit) 1 (Ileal
lti:slsl;int
Ov^r- Expanded
3/8
3.0 mln.
3.G max
250
130
130
85
1.10 8fi
I'litno'ic)
I II 1 1 > (Meat
Over- Expanded
3/8
5.0 min.
6.0 max
675
350
230
150
230 150
PIlLHoHc)
NOTES: (1) The 500*F Bare Compressive Strength values are based on 52% of the room
temperature values,
(2) The 500* F Beam Shear Strength values are based on 6G% of the room temperature
values.
(From QD/A 0-73017 - Specification for Core Material, Glass Fubrlc, Phenolic)
!
O
O
if*
u
o
rn
c/»
-<
C/l
O
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t/i
z.
DO
C
H
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31
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in
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f°
ro
00
01
c
a
I
V. **» M»
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p o
3 El «•
7 8 «.
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CD O
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? s
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2. 8
T3 r*
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01 «
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•3 2
S *
o p
C 3
P a
o X
O >"l
O P
* in
3. J?
5 S
3"
en
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
OF 1/B-NCH CONTROL
VALUES (PERCENT)
5 S 5 8 8
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
OF 1/8-INCH CONTROL VALUES (PERCENT)
g £ i?
IB
/
/
< —
--/
/
f ;
i
i—
t —
1
/
TI NSII.R STRI NCnil
1/8- INCH CONTIIOL
VALULS (PLRU NT)
Crt pi \Q O O C
: I I
: I i
-? K x
P1 o» TJ
• -
to IO
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r-
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Figure 6-4. Fraction of Allowable Bolt Bearing Stress Permissible Vs S/D and E/D
Ratios
8
c
o
30
o
m
</>
«<
>
z
in
LO
i>
z
c
0>
1.00
APPLICATION
01
0
N>
ro
0.B0
0.60
0.40
0.20
TUMPERATURE <°F)
5
2
31
C
H
C
SJ
o>
■o
i>
o
m
CO
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O
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IC
1.
10
REFERENCES
3. Sp ecification for £:sel7 Corrosion Resistant Sheet and Plate Type 301-1/4 Hard;
GD/A 0-71013; 30 June 1061.
4. Specification for Steel. Corrosion Resistant Sheet and S trip Type 301-1/2 Hard;
GD/A 0-71012 flev. A;. 5 April 1961.
5. Specification for Steel, Corrosion Resistant, Sheet and Coil St ock. Type 301-
3/4 Hard: G D/A 0-71005 Rev. E; 26 May 1958.
6. Specification for Steel. Corrosion Resistant. Sheet and Coil Stock. Type 301
Extra Hard 200, 000 Psi Ultimate; GD/A 0-71004 Rev. D; 25 April 1953.
7. Specification for Steel, Corrosion Resistant, Sheet and Coil Type 301 Extra Hard
200, 000 Psi Ultimate; GD/A 0-71022 Rev. A; 5 April 1962.
9. CRES301 Stainless Steel Sheet. Poisso n's Ratio at -320*F and + 600* F;
GD/A 7E1264.
CRES Type 301 and C21 Stainless Steel Sheet - Poisson's R atio at Ambient
Temperature; GD/A 7E1263; 5 June 1959.
11. Specification for Nickel Base Alloy 718, Age Hardenable, Bars and Forcings,
12. Specification for Nickel Base Alloy 718, Ag e Hardenable. Sheet. Strip and
Plate; GD/A 0-71038; 16 August 1964.
pFoTiss for Welding. Metal Arc and Gas-Steels and Co rrosion and Heat Resis L
Tant Alloys; MIL-W-8611A; 24 July 1957.
The Effects of Nickel Foil on the Strength of Resistance W elds in Type 301
Stainless Steel at Room and Cvrogenic Tem peratures; GD/A AR-592-1-412;
12 April 1963.
15.
16.
17.
18.
page 11.1
20. Aerospace PLrun ur.il Metals Ha noboc l: , Volume I, Ferrous Alloy-.: Syracuse
25. Shear and Tension Strength of Tig Spot Welds in a Six- Layer Stainless Steel
Bu TkilTp that Simulates Centaur Yaw and Helium Bracket Att achment Points:
GD/C ZZL-G5-031; 21 October 1965.
26. Butt Weld and Seam Weld Yielding for 0. 026-301 Half-Hard Stainless Steel;
27. Ce ntaur Tank Corrosion Tests and X-rays; GryC-BNZ65-032; 1 August 1965.
Shelr~and Cross Tension Properties of 321/301 Stainless Steel Seam Welds,
GD/C MGR-M-549; 4 November 1965.
Seam Weld Tests on 301 (1/2 Hard) Stainless Steel (2 DoublersfrGD/C MGR-
M-174; 17 November 1964.
The Effects of Nickel Foil on the Strength of Resistance Spot W elds in Multiple
SheeTpiie-fp of Types 301 and 321 Stainless Steel at Ro om and Cryogenic
Temperatures; GD/C ZZL-64-011; Uuly 1964.
Stress Concentration Design Factors; Peterson, R. E. ; John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Specification for Dynamic Etching of Corrosion Resista nce Steel; GD/C 0-75091
16 April 1964. . n9 ~
15 May 1965.
38. Smooth & Sharp- Notch Tensile Properties of Cold-Red uced 301 and 304L
Stainless Steel Sheet at 75° F, -320' F and -423' F; NASA TN D-592, Hanson,
M. P. ; February 1961.
40. Quality Verification T.nhomarv Test Report; GD/C Data Reports: lO&l-WGo.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
page 12.1.1^
41. The Effects 01 Q-yo^ oaic Temperature on the Mechanical PropiTtU'S of High
Strength Sheet Alloys (c old worked Austonitic Stainless Steels): CD/ A ERR-AN-
003; 16 May 12 GO.
42. Physical and Mecha nical Properties of Pressure Vessel Materials for Applica-
tion in a Cyrogenic Environment; CD/ A ASD-TDR-C2-25S: March 1962.
43. selection of Material s for Cryogenic Ap pli cations in Missiles & Aerospace
Vehicles: GD7a~MRG-132-1: February I960.
45. Static and Fatigue Strength of CRESS01 (GD/A 0-71004 fc 0-71022) Stainless
Steel at Room TemDerarare and -320'F; GDA7E2373: 7 October 1S59.
46. GD/FW Report E. M. No. 24. 155- Glass Reinforced Plastic Parts - Material
Selec tion. Design Information, and Drawing Procedure; 29 September 1959.
47> hp/FW Report FMS-0013 (C). Core Material-Glass Fabric Reinforced Plastic
Honeycomb, Intermediate Temperature Resistant; 15 May 1961.
GD/FW Report E. M. No. 24. 294 - Bolt Bearing Design Allowables for FM5-
0031 Class m and VI 120 and 181 Glass Fabric Reinforced Plastic Laminate;
6 October 1959.
February 1960.
48.
49
page 21* Z. 15
Subject:
or
page 2.2. 3. /
ctp.iPTURAL Af>t*|V^ MANUAL
C£NERAL OYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS D,VIS,0N
sss: h ?^3H^«^"^»---
Test five (5) longitudinal short beam shear specimens per *STM D
H44. Minimum average acceptance value 4.5 k.i.
DISCUSSION (cont'd) •
"7
page 22.^.3
A 45
COMPRESSION
*w fksi) A 21 * 19 *
F CY 0/ 90 (ksi) A 10 9
■0,90
FCU45 (ksi
£ c 4
45
(msi) Typical
A 15 « 13
5 4
FLEXURE ^
(Rectangular Cross-Sections Only)
E F - (nisi) Typical
A 49 44
A 24 21
0,90
Ffy 45 t)tsi)
A 19 17
A 10 9
IN PLANE SHEAR
*0,90
GO, 90
Est. A 21 19
FSU45 (* sil
c
pagt 22. 3.<7
FSBS
(ksi
Est. A
4.5
WET
3.5
BEARING
page 22. ^. 5
MAY 1986
Typical Fabric Composite Stress-Strain Response At Room Temperature
Du Pont Fabric Styte 18V Of KEVLAR* 49 Reinforced Epoxy direction)
mix wi w w nw rf
•,-OJO
U U U 1*
li i—i hi ii iimiwi I
FIGURE 1
P«fl« 22-3. 4.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMtCS/CONVAlR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
MAY 1986
FIGURE 2
O02
AMERICAN CYANAM10 BP-907 EPOXY
AUTOCLAVE MOLDED
FIGURE 3
MAY 1986
FIGURE 4
page 22.3. 9
so h
FIGURE 5
page 22."5>-^
SECTION 23.0
PA3E
page 2VO.l
r
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
2.1 GENERAL » * 1
I. Paris M - 5 . S
m. Tiflany 2%. 3
Closure 2*-«3 . ^
to Through-Thickness Cracks ?V 3 • l ^
TECHNOLOGY ?\ • ^ • 1
I. Example Problem A 2£ • ^ * *
2.4.1.2 Cyclic or Sustained Loading Ar -5
I. Example Problem A ^ • 5
page 2*.0. 2
Page
I. -Example Problem A • A • 2 \
Predictions ZV 4 *
Vesael) Zi. A . 3k
Veaael) . rL.4-.A-o
I. Example Problem A 2V 4 -
Limits rS.4 .
REFERENCES 2\ . 4 . GO
page 23- 0. 2
E2 FRACTURE MECHANICS.
2.1 GENERAL.
page 2.H . \
page . &
2.2
STRESS-INTENSITY FACTORS,
a. Mode I.
b. Mode n.
c. Mode m.
page Uh • 2 . \
is shown- The complete equations are power series In r/a (crack tip radius/
crack half-length) . For practical purposes, all terms beyond the first are
negligible.
Irwin (Ref. 3) used the expressions shown in Fig. E2-2 with the Green
and Sneddon analysis (Ref. 4) to show that the expression for the stress
intensity around the crack periphery for the embedded elliptical flaw (Fig.
£2-3) is
page
»/2
/
d*
where a .is a correction factor to account for the effect on stress intensity of
th. streaa-free surface from which the ftow emanates, and y is a correction
factor to account for the effect on stress Intensity of the plastic yielding around
the flaw periphery.
r
page
page 2 3.2.5
For surface flaws that are deep with respect to plate thickness, that
is, when the crack approaches the opposite surface, Irwin's equation has been
modified by Kobayashi (Ref. 5) as follows:
page 21.2. £
I
gyntlflTUHAI AfJ^I Y^l^ MAMUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
page . &
Alloy
F tu
(ksi)
F ty
(ksi)
Ic t/
(ksi - in/ 2 )
4340 (High Strength)
260
217
52
180
158
100
275
231
61
218
203
112
18 Ju (250;
263
253
76
18 Ni (200)
206
198
100
12 Ni
190
180
226
9 Ni - 4 Cr
190
180
160
HT - 150
150
140
250
T - 1
115
100
180
2014-T6
66
60
22
2024-T4
62
47
28
221S-T87
63
51
27
6061-T6
42
36
SI
7075-T6
76
69
26
6AU4V (STA)
169
158
51
5A1-2.5 Sn
125
118
120
page 2>
DM Mk mmU
r
Pi ii i* mfmfaacki***tl*»
•Si • Sn • 0
"Si ■ ,v "
•S ■ "in ■ 0
r ' m m '
U 41
, Si - '** 7
73 S 5T
■mi in • met a m
■S-p^jl r— j
page 2l».2.iO
K -
— l.*> r-4^-j
Ur
- Om Crack -
(TUr)
■Two Crack
out)
Stm
Stmt
Sim
Stm
JJ9
126
3J9
126
0.1
1T3
I.9S
173
1.98
02
2-30
142
141
1.13
QJ
104
147
IIS
1.70
(U
146
US
1.96
Ul
oi
1.73
1.49
143
U7
06
144
1.42
1.71
U2
QJ
M7
1J2
US
1 43
1.0
1J7
IJ2
I.4S
US
u
l.lt
1.06
1.29
1.26
10
1.06
UH
L21
1.3)
3.0
0.9*
0.93
1.14
1.13
3.0
041
041
1.07
1.06
iao
0.75
0.75
1.03
1.03
0.707
a707
1.00
1.00
11
1.
■ avrrfm
X - i/b
X tiXl
0.074
0.3T
0275
0J37
0.410
04M
QJ33
QJ91
I 00
1.0.1
I. OS
1.09
1.13
1.1S
i.:s
IJ3
Cm 14
NoidMd
a/t
CSS
STRUCTURAL Y? 1 * MANUAL
THICKNESS
OF SPECIMEN
PLASTIC ZONE
E2-10, which shows the effect of plate thickness on the toughness and fracture
appearance. This figure shows that the larger thicknesses are characterized
by low values of toughness. This corresponds to a completely square (brittle,
appearing) fracture appearance.
page 23.2.14-
OJ 1 1 ■ 1
THICKNESS (in.)
FIGURE E2-10. EFFECT OF PLATE THICKNESS ON FRACTURE
TOUGHNESS AND PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF THE FRACTURE
page 22>.2.i5
c
Intensity factors Is far more complicated than was Erst supposed and consider-
able research is needed. It is very hard to determine when unstable crack
propagation occurs because the unstable condition is approached very gradually
as crack length increases.
the stress normal to the plane of the crack at failure (ksi) t a is the yield
st re n gth (kai) , and K g is the critical plane-stress stress Intensity (ksi
VIn.) .
£«'-' I
* — »
Single- Edaa Crack
Loading
Data Obtained
Uniaxial tension
CrmcklifM-Loftfi^l Wedge
Opening. « r Compact
Tens too
Uniaxial tension
(static or cyclic)
Breaking stresses,
1c
Breaking stresses, K £
daw growth rata*.
Uniaxial tension
( cyclic or static )
or rotating
flexure fatlcuo
Breaking stress**.
K,
Uniaxial tension
(static or cyclic)
T srs r
Taree- point
Breaking strasaas.
Haw sixes, apparent
Ic
Ua«e /Limitations
Simulates penetration
Qaw in tiardwnra.
K is width dupcnclcnt.
Compact
SLmulatas natural
flaws ia hardware.
Difficult to analyze.
May not proyide
ralid K values.
Only atandardiaad
test for K^. Not
applicable to most
thin and touch
mats rials.
One of the most serious structural problems that can arise in the aero-
space industry is the delayed time failure of pressure vessels caused by
sustained pressurization. In some cases, through-the-thickness cracks have
formed and the vessels leaked under sustained loading. In other cases, small
surfaces cracks or embedded flaws grew to critical sizes before growing through
the thickness of the shell. When this happens, complete catastrophic fracture
ensues. To predict such failures one must know the conditions under which
subcrltical flaw growth can occur, as well as either the actual initial flaw size
or the maximum possible initial flaw size in the vessel when it is placed into
service.
page
Kth
4 -
S *~* _
•
• FAILED
~- GROWTH. NO FAILURE
— MO GROWTH. NO FAILURE
LOG TIMS
cracking.
in relatively inert environments; hostile media can reduce the value to less
than half of .
page 2"i-3>-2.
rate and design correlations have been determined for the critically important
TH
wide scatter, abnormally short times to failure, and very marked dependence
on environmental characteristics (media and temperature) are encountered.
2.3.2. 1 Theories.
page IS. 2. 2
r
Malarial
Tama.
CD
(kal)
(kst v la.)
Fluid Eavtroamaat
0AU4V TUanimi
Ton&m - sta
O.T.
O.T.
IUT.
eut,
a-T.
IUT.
IUT.
IUT.
IUT.
•0
laa
110
loo ■
lau
too
10»
1*0
l«o
lati
I Ml
10O
loa
lao
laa
laa
44
44
■J
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
Maiaaaai
Froaa M. F.
hIu (dUUUud)
Aoroxiau i»
• - - - T t*
U.34
■1.3*
U.74
o.n
o. n
U. M
0. **
1I.M2
ii. m
o.Tl
ft. 73
u. 73
0.73
•AMY Ttamtwa
WddMU (Hoai-
AOafiteOZaaaa)
a.T.
IUT.
BUT.
n T
124
ISA
130
ISO
30
30
30
30
rnm^L r.
H«0 (DtaUUaa)
lllo (Diatillod)* Sa-C-O,
o.a>
(1.4H
)». p0
n. j-2
SAU3.3Sa <EU)
TUaaium Plate
•33V
-U2a
1W
m>
Sin
04
04
33
-«». Oil
ii. >*>
OH
saiO-TlTT Alamtaum
Platr
IUT.
•330
•423
s*
T2
30
41
44
Air
LN.
UI.
•1. *t l
""•». *y
4330Steal ■
a,T.
308
00
Wair
0.34
R.T.
S 00
Soil water
<u.3u
GTA.WaMi
in Nl (3»> Steal
l*Nl(3S«> Steal
5 NUCr-Mo Steal
R.T.
B.T.
tt.T.
IUT.
IUT.
SIM
23*
170
ITO
140
130
T3
133
ISO
>Sim
Aaii*watur Spray
Siilt*«at«r SN*"**"
iait*waur Spray
aaU-wawr Sprar
&tU*wahir iaray
hi. TO
Ml. 7"
mi. TO
70
IUT.
LOS
>««
n.J5
3210-TOal Aiamiaani
a.T.
SO
NJ3,
0.70
SOSl-TOftl Aluouaam
IUT*
03
30,3
N.0 (
0.33
a. Na bilafa lU^
page
best fit his data. Some have used curve-fitting techniques to obtain a high,
order polynominal to fit the data, others have used a statistics approach, and
still others have divided the data into regions and constructed straight lines
with different slopes in each region.
The choice between equations may be that of simplicity of equation
versus accuracy of flaw-growth prediction given from the equation over the
range of interest. For example, an equation may be very simple and give good
results over a limited range of data, but out of this range the equation may be
quite inaccurate.
Z. Paris.
Paris and Erdogan (Ref. 8) , for example, argued that the growth rate
should be a function of the stress-intensity factor K on the grounds that this
factor defines the elastic stress field around the crack tip. They found that a
large body of data could be fitted by an expression of the form
§ ' « W •
page 2. 3 . 3 . S
pago
Foreman et al. (Ref. 9) to account for the observed behavior that crack growth
min max
da_ m c (AK) n
dN ' U - R) K - AK »
c
value into the equation. It should be noted that n and c will change, depend,
ing on the type of plot used. Generally, a log-log plot of AK in pal <Tu7.
and da/dN in microinches/lnch la used.
£2-6.
c (AK)
da
dN ' (1 - R) K c - AK
da/dN In. /cycle
Temp.
■ Material
(T)
psl */Tn
2219-T87
R. T.
1.4* 10""
2.5
33, 000
200
1.5 * 10""
2.47
31,600
-320
9.0* lO" 13
2.7
36, 200
TI-6AI-4V
R.T.
7.8 x 10" 14
3.0
81* 000
2024-T3
R.T.
3.22* 10" u
3.38
7075-T6
R. T.
2.13* 10" u
3.21
517A(TI)
page 8
100 0
01
O
*
tA
IP
i
ito
10000
5
3
31
C
r>
c
3j
FIGURE E2-13. CIIACK GROWTH VERSUS STRESS-INTENSITY FACTOR RANGE FOR 2219-T87
o
O
rn
0)
(A
CO
>
<
in
CO
r
known at an initial *alue of N, such as N * 0. The problem is to determine
the crack length (or additionally the stress-intensity factor) after a given
number of cycles.
HI. Tiffany .
Wheeler (Ref. 13) suggests that more accurate crack growth predictions
can be made by introducing a retardation parameter in the crack growth
equation, which serves to delay the crack growth after a high load application.
His equation for crack length is
r th
crack length, C is the retardation parameter at i load, and is
P^ th
the change in the stress -Intensity factor at i load. The retardation param-
eter is taken in the following form:
R
R < a
y p
C ■ 1 , and a + R * a
p y P
y *
from crack tip to elastic -plastic interface (Fig. E2-15) , and m is the shaping
exponent dependent upon material and test data.
page Z3>. V \Z
OTP
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAiR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
Recent work by Elber (Refs. 14 and 15) has shown that fatigue cracks
in sheets of aluminum alloy close before all tensile load is removed. Significant
compressive stresses are transmitted across the crack at zero load. In pre-
vious work, usually the assumption has been made implicitly that a crack is
closed under compressive loads and open under tensile loads. The deter-
mination of the crack closure stress must, therefore, be a necessary step in
the stress analysis of a cracked structure.
page 2.3.3 J 3
Elber (Ref. 15) obtains an empirical relation for the crack opening
stress level and uses it as a basis for a crack propagation equation. The
analysis of qualitative experiments on variable amplitude loading shows that
the crack closure phenomenon could account for acceleration and retardation
effects in crack propagation.
CAACX
behind the moving crack front, as only elastic recovery occurs after separation
of the surfaces.
tNVtLOFC OF ALL
PLASTIC ZONES
AS , « S - S
eff max op
(S - S )
max op
u " Is TT77
v max min
For the given range of testing conditions, only the stress ratio R is
significant variable. The relation between U and R is linear and can be
expressed as
page ?S.3.lS
so the crack does not open. Therefore, the crack does not propagate until
the crack opening level changes. The behavior of the crack opening stress
level under variable amplitude loading must therefore be investigated.
It has been observed that a crack will continue to grow for some time
after a high load application followed by loads of smaller magnitude. This has
been termed delayed retardation. Such retardation of crack growth after a
single high load can be explained by examining the behavior of the large plastic
zone left by the high-load cycle ahead of the crack tip. The elastic material
surrounding this plastic zone acts like a clamp on this zone, causing the
compressive residual stresses. As long as this plastic zone is ahead of the
crack tip, this clamping action does not influence the crack opening. As the
crack propagates Into the plastic zone, the clamping action will act on the
new fracture surfaces. This clamping action, which builds up as the crack
propagates into the plastic zone, requires a larger, externally applied stress
to open the crack; hence, the crack will propagate at a decreasing rate into
this zone and may come to a standstill.
page 22>.2>.l£
STRUCTURAL A NALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMtCS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
It was shown in Section 2.2 that the stress intensity was different for
partial-thickness cracks and for through-the-thickness cracks. Also, for
through-the-thickness cracks, corrections must be made for a finite plate
within the stress intensity equation (Table £2-3, Case 13).
Ttfiany and Masters (Ref 1) hypothesized that below the sustained stress
threshold stress-intensity value (K___) , cyclic speed (or hold time at maximum
load) probably would not affect the cyclic flaw growth rate, but above
it could have a large affect. In other words, the minimum cyclic life was
limited to the number of cycles required to increase the initial stress intensity
YL, to the K__ value, and above the K^ T level, failure could occur in
Ii TH TH
Cracks.
2.3.3
page 12 .3. Yl
1. What are the critical flaw sizes (sizes which cause failure) in the
different parts of the structure at expected operational stress levels ?
2. What are the tpa**™*"" initial flaw sizes likely to exist in the
structure before service?
3. Will these initial flaws grow to critical size and cause failure
during the expected service life of the structure ?
increased the plane-strain (Kj c ) values should be used. The theory of this
has been discussed in detail (Section 2.2.2) .
£77
page 2 3 . 4- . Z
LONGITUDINAL
TRANSVERSE*
SHORT
TRANSVERSE
be determined.
The foregoing discussion makes clear the necessity for insuring the
use of comparable valid fracture toughness and subcritical flaw growth data
when they are available, or the selection of proper specimen types to obtain
the desired directional data, in comparing materials for selection. While
round-notched-bar specimens might be considered desirable because they
automatically obtain the lower toughness values in either the A or B direc-
tions or the lower in either the C or D directions, it may not always be
possible to use the specimen type because of material thickness limitations
(i.e., the required specimen diameter for valid K_ exceeds the hardware
values must
page 2.
I. Example Problem A.
Alloy
Density
(lb/in. 3 )
y«
(ksl)
a /Density
x 1000
(in-)
(ksi*/TnT)
Applied Stress
1/2 *ys
(tai)
Steel
0.284
250
880
100
125
Aluminum
0.098
85
870
30
42.5
>
Titanium
0.163
140
860
80
70
Assume that
1. The defect is a semieUiptical surface flaw with a/2c - 0.2.
page 23. A- 5
or
where the shape factor parameter can be obtained from Fig. E2-5. For this
comparison, Q» 1.26.
Depth, a
cr
(in.)
Length, 2c
(in.)
Steel
0.212
1.06
A luminum
0.165
0.83
Titanium
0.432
2.16
Conclusion .
Alloy
K_ /<r (WlnT)
ic ys
Steel
Aluminum
Titanium
0.400
0.353
0.572
page
The resulting critical fracture stresses and other pertinent information are
summarized in the following table*
page
ISO
100
2 50
ALUMINUM
TITANIUM ^\
STEEL
50
100
150 200
250 300
ULTIMATE STRENGTH (F^) Oui)
1.5
4-'
OS
■" i
TITANIUM
alum?nw^5s
s^STEEL
50 100
1.5
i TO
OS
ALU
M1NUM--£
VV y STEEL
ITANIUM
0 50 100 ISO 200 250
300
AUoy
y»
(ksi)
Design Stress
0.5 a
(ksi)
Fracture Stress
(ksi)
Safety Factor
(T/0.5<r ys
' Steel
250
125
144
1.15
Aluminum
85
42.5
43
1.01
140
70
112
1.60
From the above data It Is apparent that the titanium provided the
greatest safety factor and resistance to fracture.
Some examples of data obtained from tests are shown in Figs. E2-19
and E2-20 (Ref. 18) . The realistic and practical approach for comparing
materials is to evaluate their crack growth characteristics under a given
application condition. Let us consider the following hypothetical example.
1. Example Problem A.
.J
page ^S.A-•9
5 »
1 I 1 ill I 1 | — | — | 1
page 10
5. The m1r<™"™ sire flaw that could be detected by the NDI technique
15 0.13 In. deep by 0.72 in. long. Therefore, each material la assumed to
contain this flaw.
Solution.
Step 1. The first step is to compute the value of the initial stress
intensity, 1^, for each material for the prevailing conditions of defect size
and stress. The appropriate expression for 1^ for the stipulated defect and
component geometry is
where
a - crack* 0.15 in. - specified,
and
page 2£.<KM
and
1^ ■ 59 000 psi sTlnT
for steel, and
and
for aluminum.
The crack growth rates for the two materials at the beginning of life
can now be determined from Figs. E2-19 and E2-20 using their respective
Kj values for the imposed conditions. The results are shown in the following
table.
Alloy
(pal VIST)
Steel
Aluminum
59 000
21 500
0.035
0.030
Step 2. The growth rate data Illustrated in the form shown in Figs.
E2-21 and E2-22 (Ref. 18) provide a convenient method for evaluating the life
expectancy without becoming Intimately involved with changes in and
growth rates. Figures E2-21 and E2-22 are constructed from the same basic
test data as were used to construct Figs. E2-19 and E2-20. To utilize Figs.
E2-21 and E2-22 it is necessary to know the ratio of to K^. The previous
calculations in Step 1 showed that Kj Is 59 ksi ^HnT for steel and 21.5 ksi
N T[£7 for aluminum. Since the Kj values for each material were known
from static toughness tests, the I^/K^ ratios are readily determined:
he
59 000
144 000
34 000
for aluminum.
Thus, for this specific example where both materials contained the
same given sixe and type of defect and both were stressed to one-half their
yield strengths, the aluminum has the greatest life expectancy.
page 23.4-.l2
0.7 *
> 03
0J
03
0.1
i i n i i i n
13
03
03
0.7
03
03
&4
03
03
0.1
0
b
111 I II
3 AT < 100 CYCLES
T)79.Ti ALUMINUM, 13 in. THICK
\ ROO
j* nvtn. T.J. -
M TEMPERATURE DATA
SB ka
75" F1
4 • S 10 20 40 40 100
FIGURE E2-22.
page 2.3>,4-.14-
could have the greater life expectancy. This is demonstrated In the foUowtng
table, which shows the life expectancy of the two materials for a wide range
of initial defect sizes and for a constant applied stress of « ^J**
Initial
Defect
Depth
a i
(in-)
Initial Stress-
Intensity Factor
0. 05
0.07
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
5l
he
Cycles to Failure
N
( life Expectancy)
Steel
Aluminum
Steel
Aluminum
Steel
Aluminum
19.6
7.2
0.136
0.210
»300 x 10 3
300 x 10 3
27.5
10.1
0.191
0.297
>100 x 10 3
100 x 10 3
39.4
14.3
0.274
0.420
30 x 10 3
21 x 10 3
59.0
21.5
0.410
0.632
1.8 x 10 3
4X 10 3
78.8
28.7
0.540
0.845
0.37 x 10 3
1.5 x 10 3
98.4
35.9
0.683
>1.0
0.25 x 10 3
From the table it la seen that when the Initial defect depth is 0. 15 in.
or larger, the aluminum will have the longer life N. However, when the
initial defect depth is 0.10 in. or smaller, the steel will have the greater life
expectancy. Although the steel has the larger absolute value of fracture
toughness. K^, and therefore has the largest critical crack size for
catastrophic failure, it also has a greater crack growth rate for a given
change In K as seen from the differences in slope of the growth rate curves
shown in Figs. E2-23 and E2-24 (ReL 18) . Therefore, it is possible to have
a "crossover" situation between the life expectancies of steel and aluminum,
as noted in the table.
page ^
300
100
M
10
r >*-9-4-23 SIT
avg. critic*
FACTOR Ki
ROOM THMPE
EL.1.0«
kLSTRf
144 S
RATUR
n.
sa
E 1
>/m.
3ATA HW1
io*
io-J
FIGURE E2-23,
for the steel and aluminum would cause reductions in the cyclic lives for the
different initial defect sizes.
Known Information:
defect?
Solution.
Step 1. From Figs. E2-21 and E2-22, find the l^/K^ ratio
corresponding to the desired life of 50 000 cycles:
^c
page 2.1*^^7
hi
for aluminum.
a. *
i 1*21 ir 0-2
for steel,
page Il>.^-l2>
and
a^ ■ 0,056 in.
when the defect is 0. 056 la. deep by 0.28 in. long; for aluminum,
and
a i - 0.043 in.
Thus, It ia apparent that for the condition imposed, the steel could
tolerate a slightly larger initial defect than could the aluminum. Since the
difference In the maximum allowable Initial defect size is not great, the
ultimate choice of a material for this situation may depend more heavily on
other comparative factors, i.e., the applicability and capability of NDI
techniques, the type and size of insidious defects as related to the maximum
allowable initial defect size, availability, ease of fabrication, costs, etc.
2.4.2 Predicting Critical Flaw Sizes .
page Z"2>»4-'*^
From the equation shown In Fig. £2-6, it is apparent that critical flaw
size is equally as dependent on applied stress as on the material fracture
toughness. The following sections show approaches for calculating critical
flaw sizes for the three basic types of initial flaws (surface, embedded, or
through-the -thickness) based on the appropriate fracture toughness values
measured from valid specimen tests.
for a "thick-walled" structure (i.e. , flaw depth less than half of the material
normal to the plane of flaw, is the critical flaw depth, Q is the flaw
shape parameter (obtained from Fig. E2-5) , and (a/Q) is critical flaw
cr
size.
page
I. Example Problem A .
A. Assumptions.
material) •
B. Solution.
The yield strength and K Jc values obtained from the tested speci-
mens are as fallows:
9 * 60 ksi
and
Kj c - 37 ksi -JTnT
req
PR m (4000) (10)
2ff " (2) (48 000)
- 0.417 in.
. _o_ ( V}'
a cr * 1.21 ir \ <r / • 9
where the shape parameter Q can be found from Fig. E2-5. For this problem
Q- 1.18; then
and
For surface flaws that are deep with respect to material thickness,
the flaw magnification factor, M^, can be applied to give a more accurate
critical flaw size,
Use the same design that was shown in Example Problem A except that
the spherical diameter of the bottle is 15 in. The wall thickness required is
m PR 4000 (7.5) m .
t ■ — — » „ ; ■ 0.313 in.
page 2S.<K*2.
a
cr
Flaw magnification factors, M k> for the 2219-T87 aluminum are available
from Fig. E2-8. Since the critical flaw depth,, a , is unknown, a "trial-and-
error" iterative solution Is necessary to determine the magnification factor
corresponding to the critical flaw depth.
cr
0.184 * 0-126
2
0. 155 in.
Take an average a ■
Take an average a -
0.155 + 0.139
2
• 0.147 in.
page 23^.^
Cf$>
flaw depth of the embedded flaw, and the correction factor of 1.21 for the
effect on stress intensity of the stress-free surface (Section 2.2.1) is elimi-
nated. Thus the equation for one-half critical internal flaw size Is
Although flaw magnification effects have been studied for deep surface
flaws, apparently no similar research has been done for internal flaws with
large flaw-depth-to-material-thickness ratios. The fact that internal flaws
are hidden, making their size difficult If not impossible to accurately deter-
mine, presents a problem in the study of Internal flaw magnification effects.
The assumption might be made that the same flaw magnification factors,
M^, used for deep surface flaws might be applied to the equation for critical
embedded flaw sizes. However, there is no evidence of how conservative or
unconservative this assumption is.
On the other hand, to account for the lack of knowledge about flaw
geometry and orientation, it can be conservatively assumed that flaws are
surface (or barely subsurface) flaws and that they are long in relation to
depth (Q * 1.0).
cr
page LV^.ZV
•
2
Q
0>
m
•<
c
r>
H
C
31
-<
>
z
(A
V» ■ $(t)' - •
A . As sumptions .
0.2.
yield strength.
B. Solution.
<r « 50 ksi
page 2V<k2Q»
and
- 32 ksi *J in.
fl cr " 1.21 v \ a /
From Fig. E2-5, Q- 1-18; then
page ll-t+.Zl
1.0
2-0
f tin.)
7^3
page 2a.<hlS
The determination of the initial flaw sizes generally relies upon the
use of NDI procedures; however, the conventional proof test can be considered
to be one of the most positive Inspection procedures available. A successful
proof test actually defines the maximum possible initial flaw size that exists
in the vessel. This results from the functional relationship between stress
level and flaw size as defined by the critical stress intensity (K^) and illus-
trated In Fig. E2-6.
It has been shown (Refs. 6 and 17) that the time or cycles to failure at
a given maximum applied gross stress level depends on the magnitude of the
initial stress intensity at the flaw tip, K^, compared with the critical stress
Intensity, (that is, cycles or time to failure - f (K^/K^) 1 . Also, it is
seen that the ratio of initial flaw size to critical Gaw size is related to the
stress-intensity ratio as follows:
page 21.4-.2>o
1J>
OJ
Q-2
10 100
CYCLES
1000
1000
FLAW GROWTH
Plots of Kjj/Kjg versus log of time for most materials indicate the
existence of a threshold stress-intensity level below which sustained stress
growth does not occur. Figure E2-30 shows data for 17-7 PH steel tested in
both dry and wet environments, and Fig. E2 -31 shows surface-flawed speci-
men data for 2219-T87 aluminum tested in liquid nitrogen. In neither case
does It seem that the environment played an important role in the sustained
stress growth. In both cases the apparent threshold stress-intensity levels
are quite high*
page i-S^.Sl
1.0
^ LOAD SPECTRUM
o 0J0
0.70
10 100
NUMBER OF CYCLES TO FAILURE
1000
100
CYCLIC LO>
kO SPECTRUM**^
SCATTER BAND
/ OF DATA
h-1 (r
ru
iwii-»i
0
1 10 100 1000
page 23-4^2.
1.0
04
a*
OJS
0.1
IJ 10
TIME AT LOAD (hr J
100
1000
page ZlA ^
041
0,1
1J> to
TIM! TO FAILURE (hr )
100
1.0
COMBINED TIME
AND
CYCLE GROWTH
0J
THRESHOLD STRESS
INTENSITY LEVEL
CYCLES
C YCLIC
GROWTH
ONLY
OJ
A CYCLES
7d9
stress intensity would further increase and, if the stress were sustained
sufficiently long, it appears possible that failure could occur on the (B + 1)
cycle.
If, on the other hand, the cycles were applied with little time at
maximum cyclic stress, it appears that the total of A cycles could be
realized. It Is hypothesized that below the threshold K -value, the time at
sustained stress has little or no effect on cyclic life. Above the threshold
value there will be an interaction such that failure could occur anywhere
within the range of (B + l) to A cycles, depending on the time the maximum
stress is held during each cycle. The development of the exact time-cycle
Interaction curves above the threshold value would be a complex and expensive
task and, as appUed to most tankage structure, may not be of great importance
It appears more rational to determine the basic cyclic data and the threshold-
intensity values and then verify (through pro longed -time specimen cyclic
tests) that time at load Is not of major significance below the threshold value.
In the application of the data to fatigue-life estimation, the maximum allowable
stress intensity would be limited to the threshold value as determined for the
material in question and for the applicable service environment. If the
threshold is very low, steps should be taken to protect the material from the
environment.
1. Proof-test factor a .
page 23-4- *S
If the cycles to be applied to the vessel have short hold time at the maximum
cr i
long hold times at the maximum stress, the stress intensity could not be
allowed to exceed the sustained stress threshold value K__ and the allowable
Til
Cyclic life prediction can be made by utilizing the proof-test factor and
the relationships between K^/K^ and cycles to failure for various-values of
R (ratio of minimum to maximum stress during a cycle) for the materia L
environment combination.
page Z*.4-.3G»
CYCLES
and R ■ 0. 1.
0.7
2. 4300 loading cycles with the maximum stress as and R
KiOTE
page IV^.VT
00
IATED CYCLIC
REMAINING
'op " 20 CYCLES
0.0
•.4
0.2
J * I I I I II
J L
1_LL
200 CYCLES •
0.06 Oop
R-0.4
4300
200 CYCLES
• O.MOop
H-O.t
J I I I
11
J I
10
100
CYCLES TO FAILURE
1000
10000
(EXAMPLE PROBLEM A)
s
!
in
H
c
c
3)
O
CI
t*i
o
m
CO
-<
in
g
6
z
>
r-
■<
[/)
>
z
c
>
combination, and hence both are shown by the same plot in Fig, E2-34. The
threshold stress-intensity level for the material In the environment of room-
temperature air Is 90 percent of K^.
The maximum possible I^/K^ ratio that could exist in the vessel
after the proof test at <r Is l/a - 0,667. It can be seen from the R - 0
op
plot In Fig. E2-34 that the maximum cycles to failure are about 600 at ff Qp
if the hold times at maximum stress are small. If the analysis is based on
R ■ 0 instead of actual R, the pressure-cycle history shows that the vessel
Is critical. In the following, the assessment of the vessel is made based on
the appropriate values of R.
0.78 - 0.74, which is shown by Point C on the R - 0.4 plot. The 260 cycles
at 0.95 a and R - 0.4 change the B^/K^ ratio from Point C to Point B
on the R- 0.4 plot, where Its value Is 0.80.
x
In thin-walled vessels the flaw depth becomes deep with respect to the
wall thickness prior to reaching the critical size. Therefore, Kobayashi's
magnification factor for deep surface flaws must be considered. In
thin-walled vessels it is assumed that the flaws are long with respect to their
depth and, consequently, Q is assumed to be equal to unity in the Kobayashi
equation.
op ic in
flaw si2e, a , a , and a_, . The curve is obtained from the following
i cr Th
equation:
7/jT
page 22>.<r.<r<&
v 1
i
— WOOf\
.STRESS *
S \ ^* t
MAXIMUM
| - 0E3IGN
w \
1 \o«BAT
4_\STRES
i i
IN43
S V- WALL -
— THICKNESS
u^A
I
Ax 1
1 POSSIBLE |
a lj — i —
*7 i
Fi>wocro4,«<iaJ
FLAW SIZES
of Fig. E2 -36 (Ref. 22) . This curve is obtained from the specimens where
a /t is less than half. For an assumed maximum cyclic stress level, say
„" the given versus N curve can be converted to an a/Q versus
a/Q
page li-U-.H-i
The slope of the a/Q versus N curve gives the plot for the flaw growth rate
dC^^/dM versus K^/K^ for the stress level a v From the preceding
equation for a given K^, a/Q at the stress level <r 3 is related with a/Q
at a 1 as
(a/Q)*-.
From this equation it can be concluded that the flaw growth rate at any stress
level a 2 is related to the growth rate at <r x as follows:
7/ -7,
page li-^z
The prediction of the remaining cycle life and the structural integrity
of the thin-walled vessel Is demonstrated by an illustrative example abstracted
from Ref. 22 and is given as follows.
op
a
op
ization. Also, as shown In Fig. E2-35, for the stress level of <r t a^
The plot of the ^f^ c versus flaw growth rate for 6A L-4V titanium
at room temperature is reproduced in Fig. E2-37 for cr ■ 100 ksi. The 99-
percent confidence level flaw growth rate curve is obtained from the cyclic
data of R =■ 0. 0; it is assumed in this example that all the cycles are applied
at R * 0. 0.
Taking into account the effect of stress level on the flaw growth rates,
in- according to Fig. £2-38 to calculate the cycles to failure for the stress
level of o* . The plot of flaw depth against cycles to failure for the stress
op
but a is 0.0208 in. and a_ ■ 0.0167 in. from Fig. E2-35. Based on
cr TH
the stress level of 0. 95 <r , the flaw growth rates are integrated from
op
cycles to failure for the stress level of 0.90 <r . These plots are shown in
J op
Fig. E2-39.
At the end of the proof cycle and the beginning of the first cycle at the
op
0.0143 in. This is shown by Point D in Fig. E2-39. The 20 loading cycles
op
V.
page 23.4-,Wf-
«rreiirrr»RAL ANAI YSIS MANUAL
3 04
0.1
10
LEAST-SOUAftE CURVE
CAI • 4V TITANIUM
(BASE METAL fc WELD METAL)
I 1 I I 1 1
100
1000
A*
•A
MEAN
K
MIAN '
AN
•v«
«t*K,
«»,.,/•*
1
1
1
AM,
ANi
*1
•J
•yt
AN,
1
1
1
1
ANi *
•l
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
t
1
1
1
1
1
\
AH,
ANi ♦
AN,*
AN,
KotmM'l MM!
ft. K- UX»WW
(ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE)
of a In Fig. E2-39.
op
at A is 0.01534 in. This is smaller than a^. which Is 0. 0160 in. Hence
the vessel is considered to be safe for the flight. Also from Fig. E2-39, it
will take seven cycles at er to Increase the flaw depth from 0. 01534 in.
to 0.0160 in. Hence, the m'mimum estimated cyclic life remaining for the
vessel Is seven cycles.
2.4.3.2 Allowable Initial Flaw Size.
page 23^.^1
I. Example Problem A.
A cyclic loaded pressure vessel of aluminum alloy must meet the
following design conditions:
What is the allowable Initial flaw size which will grow to a critical
size In 40 000 cycles ?
Solution.
and
Knowing the design stress of 35 000 and the expression of the type of
defect, it is now possible to find the defect size corresponding to a of
5400 psi V in. :
page 22>-V.<$-3>
\&
OS
OJ
0.7
OA
OJ
OJ
0.1
IT
iii
t t t i i LU
The value of Q - 1.4 is taken from Fig. E2-S for a/2c - 1/4 - 0.23
Therefore, the size of an Initial flaw which will just prow to a critical
size in 40 000 cycles is 0.0088 in. deep by 0.0352 in. long.
2.4.3.3 Nondestructive Inspection Acceptance Limits.
The NDI requirements for any given structure are a function of the
allowable flaw sixes. They are limited by any economic or schedule impli-
cations associated with a proof-test failure and by the reliability of the
page 2!.«k*S
<
§2
m *
Z
Ml
S 03
13
K [e FOR LA DISH -
DCAC STEELS
# - 473 km WhT
▲ - 423 km VmT.
COPLANAR FLAWS — Ki
a/2c -0^2
03
13
13
23
SEPARATION <4/a>
page 22>.4-,5q
page
a. Service life requirement.
assurance of service life reliability, then either the proof-test factor must
made about flaw geometry and orientation to account for the Inability to detect
small flaw depths. For example, the length (L) of an indication seen in X-ray
inspection could be assumed to be the minor axis of an elliptical flaw where the
major axis Is large with respect to the minor axis ( i.e. , L ■ 2a, Q * 1. 0) .
Consequently, the critical flaw size must be larger (and the operating stress
lower) in order to meet the service life requirements. In other words, both
page 23.4.51
STRUCTURAL ANAI VSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
RELATIONSHIP
page 22>. ^.5 4-
the yield value the relationships follow some experimentally determined curve
up to the ultimate strength, c ^ If proof pressure is a times the operating
pressure, the critical flaw size is
1 ( "ic V
and
oper \ oper/
Thus the proof-test factor, at , Is a function of the maximum initial flaw size
(a/Q) l
oper 1
(a/Q) " " «*
cr
oper
H oper
where K is the initial stress intensity at the operating stress level and
temperature, and is the fracture toughness value at proof test
page ti-U-SS
P LAW'S!
page 2^<k5G
r
tte proof test successfully but probably would fall in service. The us. of
page ll.<*-.5"7
f C*M It
ICaia Ml
frool \
Opar j\
>
Flaw depth, a
Flaw dtpih. a
Flaw dtpih, a
Flaw dtpih. a
Probabla
fraciura
modi
• Proof
• Opar.
Fraciura
Fraciura
Fractura
Ltikaot
Laakaoa
Laafcagt
Laakaga
Laakaga
Folanlid
valut of
pioot tail
Can auura
prauura lift
Can anura
prauura lila
Can aiiuia
■uilaincd prauura
lila
Can atiura
•uitainad prauura
lila
HiQUMld
a - 1.25. WIU thia proof factor assure that do failure occurs during the
service life and if not, what proof factor is required?
For long hold time, max. I^/K^ - l/a - 1/1.25 - 0.80. From
Fig. E2-36 for l^/K^ - 0.80, N * 300 cycles. For ^ Tg ^ lc M °' 92 '
N ■ 100 cycles.
In 300 cycles minus 100 cycles, or 200 cycles, the stress. intensity
would have reached the estimated threshold value for sustained-stress flaw
growth. Thus the predicted minimum life would be only 200 cycles and the
proof factor of 1.25 will not assure a service life of 600 cycles.
c o
I^/Kj - 0.70 - —
and
0.70
page
REFERENCES
REFERENCES (Continued)
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Tiffany, C. F. ; Lorenz, P. M. ; and Hall. L. R. : Investigation of
Plane-Strain Flaw Growth in Thick-Walled Tanks. NASA CR-54837,
1966.
page 2.V<k£>\
REFERENCES
Damage Tolerance Material Properties for Shuttle/Centaur Vehicle and CISS Structure,
GDSS-SSC-86-019. July 1986.
Fracture Control Method for Composite Tanks with Load Sharing Liners. W. D. Blxler,
NASA CR- 134750. D180- 18850-1. Jury 1975.
"Sustained Load Crack Growth Design Data for T1-6A1-4V Titanium Alloy Tanks
containing Hydrazine". J. C. Lewis and J. T. Kenny. AIAA Paper No.. 76-769. July
1976.
35. ML-STO-1522A (USAF). Standard General Requirements for Safe Design and Operation
of Pressurized Missile and Space Systems, 28 May 1984.
37. NASA Handbook NHB1700.7A. Fracture Control Requirements for Payloads using the
Space Transportation System (STS).
page '^H ^ ^ ^
rUTFRIAL DATA
rnMPUTER PROGRAMS
page IS. SA
DAMAGE TOLERANCE
technique. ^"V
Multiple load path designs with crack arrest features can be qualified
^er Sl-A-83444 either as slow crack growth structure or as fall safe
S. Singleload path designs must be qualified as slow crack growth
structure.
paga 25-S.'L
SECTION 24.0
COMPUTERIZED METHODS
7V/
page £*kO. \
SECTION 24.1
rs
SECTION 25.0
OPTIMIZATION DESIGN
OPTIMIZATION DESIGN METHODS WILL BE INCLUDED IN THIS SECTION
WHEN AVAILABLE
page 1t>.CM
SECTION 26.0
PAGE
page 1G>.0*|
^M.a<°fei73.ia)4*n.M
^/•.(•r-aiwa.ia
°TrVOZ73.16
°C-3/9<°T-32)
°C-°K-273.16
°T-LS<°*-273.i6)+32
°?-JL.a*C*32
Quantity
Unit
Sym-
bol
Formuia
fbrce
pressure, street
energy, work, quan-
tity of baat
power, radiant flux
quantity of electric-
Uy.elecuic charge
ttoanc potential
differ-
uv« forea
ekctric cape ni i nre
•kcmci
flux
illuminance
activity (of a radio-
nuclide)
henz
Hi
doat equivalent
l/s
kg-m/s'
pascal
Pa
N/or
joule
N-ra
wan
J/t
couiomb
AS
volt
W/A
(and
F
c/v
ohm
V/A
A/V
weber
Wb
V.t
tasU
T
Wb/m J
henry
Wb/A
degree Cel-
•c
sius
Lm
cd'tr
luT™
U
becquerei
>q
1/s
v*y
uevert
Gy
J/kg
Sv
J/kg
TABLE Z Baa* SI Unto
Quanutv
Unit
Symbol
electric current
thermodynamic temperature
amount of substance
luminous intensity
metre
kilogram
second
ampere
kclvin
mote
*t
tnol
cd
page l& .U
Unit
Symbol
Gy/s
acceleration
m/s 1
angular acceleration
raaiari per kwdu mjuiicu
rad/s'
angular velocity
rad/s
area
square nicirc
m'
concentration (of amount of substance)
mol/m 1
current density
A/m*
density, mass
C/m J
V/m
energy density
J/m'
entropy
J/K
ileal inipauij
J/K
W/m'
irradiance J
cd/m
A/m
molar energy
j /mot
molar entropy
j/tmoi ■ K j
j/(moi • K)
moment of force
newton metre
KI .an
permeability (magnetic)
n/m
permittivity
r /m
power density
w / m
radiance
« / (.in
radiant intensity
l/i-lra fcM
J/lKg- K)
joule per kilogram
J/kR
specific entropy
J/(kg-K)
specific volume
mVkg
surface tension
N/m
thermal conductivity
W/(m-K)
velocity
m/s
viscosity, dynamic
pascal second
Pa -s
viscosity, kinematic
mVs
volume
cubic metre
m J
wave number
1 per metre
1/m
TABLE 4 SI Prefixes
Multiplication Factor
Prefix
Symbol
I0*
exa
E
10"
peta
10"
tera
10*
giga
1 000 000-
10*
mega
1 000-
IC
kilo
100-
10*
hecto
10-
10'
delu-
da
0.1 -
io-'
ded
d
0.01 -
io-*
centi
0.001 -
crulli
0.000 001 -
io-*
micro
M.
io-*
nano
io- 14
pico
10"*
fern to
io-«
alio
page \ .1.
TO COMVESI
mo
MULTIPLY BY
ACTftJ
ACtU
tooiphcru
atmospharas
anosphara*
Bta
Btu
Its
cantimatara
cantlmatars
cantisatara
c an tima t ar - gr ams
cantlmatars/ sac
cantimatars/ sac
cantimatars/sac
cantis»tars/ sac
cantlmatars/ sac
cantimatars/sac/ sac
entiottiTs/ sac/sac
cnciaturs/stc/itt
coulombs
coulombs/ sq/in
cubic cmclattiTS
cubic cantimatara
cubic fut
cubic faat
cubic faat
cubic incaaa
cubic inch** -
cubic inchaa
cubic matars
cubic matars
cubic matars
cubic matars
cubic nttirs
dagraas (angla)
dagraas/ sac
apoth.)
drama
drama
drama
*q. faat
*q. matars
kgs/sq. cm
pound*/ aq. Is.,
navton/sq. ma tar
foot-Lba
Joulas
kilowatt- tars
faat
inch a*
ma cars
cm-dyna*
aater-kgs
pound- faat
faat/mia
f aat/sac
kilomatars/ar
knots
ma tars /mis
milas/br .
faat/ sac/ sac
Vns/hr/sac
matars/ sac/ sac
milas/br/ sac
faradays
cu. inchas
litars
cu. matars
litars
cu. matars
litars
\itars
radian*
resolutions /min
eubie cm.
rrama
grains
ounca*
4,047
1
14
1
778
1,054
2
3
0
0
980
7
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1,550
0
0
0
7
28
16,387
0
0
33
61,023
1
264
1,000
0
0
.0
.0
.0333
.70
.013 x
.3
.8
.928 x
.281 x
.3937
.01
.7
10-3
.233 x
.1969
.03281
.036
.1943
.6
.02237
.03281
.036
01
02237
036 x
10
io-*
10-2
10-3
10"
.06102
.001
.02832
.43052
.32
.06
.01639
.01732
31
0
308
.2
0
.01743
.1667
3.6967
1.7718
27.3437
0.0623
page 2£.*2.1
to convert
OTO
MULTIPLY ST
faae
frrc of wacar
faac of wacar
f aac of vatar
faac of wacar
faac of wacar
f aac/min
f i«t/aia
f aac/min
f ut/stc
f aac/sac
f aac/sac
f aat/sac
f oo t- pounds
f oo t- pounds
f oo t- pounds
foot-pounds
f OOe«p01TTlril
foot-pounds
footpounds
f oo t* pounds /tain
foot-pounds/ sac
foot-pounds/ sac
foot-pounds/ sac
gallons
gallons
gallons
gal loss
gTMS
grans
grass
grams
grams
grams
satars
atmospharts
ia. of marcury
kgs/sq/matar
pounds/ sq. ft
cms/sac
kms/nr
milas/hr
cms/ sac
kms/hr
knots
milas/hr
Bcu
gr am-cal ori as
j aulas
kg-calorias
kg-matars
kilowatt-ars
nawtan-matars
borsapowar
Bcu/ or
borsapowar
kilowatts
cu. cms.
cu. fsac
cu. incaaa
Hears
gallons (Imp.)
pounds of wacar
grains (ardp)
grams
dynas
grains
Joulas/macar (navtons)
ouncas (aTdp)
ouncas ( troy)
poundal*
pounds /cu. ft.
pounds /cu. in.
grains /gal
pounds/1,000 gal
pounds /cu. ft.
pounds /sq. ft.
0
0
0
304
62.
0
0
0
30
3
0
3
1
3
4
1
1
3,785.
0.
231.
3.
L.
0.
8.
2.
0.
1.
0.
980.
13.
9.
0.
0.
0.
62.
0.
38.
a.
o.
2.
10- 3
10*
10"
10-3
.3048
.02930
.8826
.8
.43
.4333
.5080
.01829
.01136
.08
.097.
.3921
.6818
.286 x
.3238
.336
.24 x
.1383
.766 x
336 .
030 x
6263
818 x
336 x
0
,1337
0
,783
20095
83267
3433
228- at 10-3
06308
0
06480
7
307 x 10" 3
03527
,03215
07093
43
03613
417
345
062427
.0481
10'
10"
page 2.^.2. Z
TO CONVERT
— INTO
MULTIPLY BY
inch a*
inches
(at 4°C)
horsepower
horsepower
horsepower
horsepower
horsepower
horsepower -hrs
horsepower-hrs
inches
inches of mercury
inches of mercury
inches of marcury
inches of mercury
of mercury
of water (at 4_C5
laches of water
inch- pounds
Joules
Joules /cm
Joules /cm
kilograms
kilorrass
kilo^rams/cu. meter
kiiorrams /meter
kiloframs/sq. cm.
kiiorrams/ sq. cm.
kilogram- calories
kilorr am- calories
kilotram-caloriaa
kilorram meters
kilometers
kilometers
kilometers/hr
kilometers/hr
kilometers/hr
kilometers/hr
kilometers/hr
kilowatts
kilowatts
kilowatts
kilowatt-hrs
kip
kips/sq. in-
fects
knots
loaots
Btu/min
foot*lbs/sec
kilowatts
watts
Bra
foot- lbs
centimeters
a cao spheres
feet of water
ks;s/sq. meter
inches of mercury
newtoo-meters
kg-maters
poundals
pounds
poundals
pounds
foot-pounds
k- -me tars
foot-pounds
feet
miles
ts
knots
f eet/min
feet/ sec
teats
me tars /min
Btu /min
foot- lbs/sec
horsepower
Bra
kilonewton
mef apascals
kilometers /to
nautical miles /to
statute miles/hr
feat/sec
meters /sac
42.4m
33,000.
250.0
ft lb/sec) . 1.014
0.7457
745.7
2,547.
1.98 x 10 4
2.540
0.03342
1.133
345.3
70.73
0.4912
0.07335
5.204
0.11296
0.1020
723.3
22.43
70.93
2.205
0.06243
0.6720
0.9678
14.22
3.963
3,068.
426.9
7.233
3,281.
0.6214
27.78
54.68
0.9113
0.3396
16.67
56.92
737.6
1.341
3,413.
4.4432
6.6943
1.8532
1.0
1.131
1.639
0.5148
page
INTO
MULTIPLY 3Y
11 hICd
cu> ca.
11 C1X3
cu. faat
ix ctxa
cu. inchas
il tars
u was » vap V ~ • ^ •
negapascax
pounds/so,. In*
aavron/ sq • TTTP
ffaat
ma tars
lnc&as
na tars /tain
ess /sac
StStarS/aEXS
£ aat/ 3aC
na cars / ala
knots
ma tars/min
matars/ sac
faat/ Bin
IdX OBM t ■ T3 / hx
talCITS/ 3«G
mi 1 as /nr '
matars/ sac
mi 1 /tr4 n
oousd« f t
n 1 as V OJIU t • /
faat
Qlllta ^ nlUfc. /
ldlottatars
mi*as y umu e. ;
nil** ( ifiniti^
DU X S3 \ 3 b> t»*» /
faat
mils 3 (jUOltl)
Bill A3 V 3 UCUCl;
mi 1 MM ( w an C . )
wH 1 a* /Ht
BU 1 m9 1 OI
f tat/l«C
m<4 T a* /'hi'
knots
mi 1 *s /h.T
matars/sac
1 1 tfPAf A**
nx x i mi tiia
lnc&as
mi is
inch as
Nfvton
pounds
Nawcon
Oynss
Navton~ma tar
{sehaflouBil
Navton/sq. mm
OUSCaS
grains
ounces
gTSBLS
OlinCaS
ouncas ( troy)
pOUttdsls
• **™*
pound a. Is
pounds
pounds
grams
pounds
kilograms
pounds
navtons
pounds
ouncas
pounds
ouncas ( troy)
pounds
poundals
pounds
pounds (troy)
pounds of vatar
cu. fate
pounds of waear
gallons
pound* faat
ca* grans
pound-f aat
matar-kgs
kgs/cu. swear
1,000.0
0.03331
61. 02
1.037
143.039
1.0
3.281
39,37
1.667
0.03466
0.03238
03728
237
03728
233
196
3
2
0
7
6,080/27
1.333
1.1316
5,280
1
0
1
0
0
437,
609
,3684
,467
3634
,4470
0.03937
0.001
0.22431
1 x 10 3
8.3307
1.0
3
28.3493
0.9113
14.10
0.03108
433.3924
0.4336
4.4432
16.0
14.5333
. 32.17
1.21328
0.01602
0.1198
13,823.
0.1383
16.02
TO CONVERT
INTO
MDLTXJIT BT
tamparatura (°T) • 32
tons (Ions;)
tons (Ions;)
cons ( Ions;)
tons (matric)-
tons (ma eric)
tons (snort)
tons (short)
hntts
kgs/cu. ma tar
kg a /mt tar
gss/em
ionospheres
feat of vatar
inches of mareury
kgs/sq. ma tar
mtgapaacals
degreas
radians
da era as
quadrants
resolutions /min
r e vo luti ons / s ac
radians
dagxtas/sac
radians /sac
kilogram
pounds
sq. incfaas
sq. ma tars
sq. cms.
sq. mil as
sq. faat
sq. inches Q
absolute temperature ( C)
tamparatara (t)
tamparatura (°C)
kilograms
pounds
tons (short)
kilogram*
pounds
pounds
pounds (troy)
fitu/far
2. 7 0C X
1 04
1 ■ *KSO
170. 0
2. 307
i nit
703. 1
6.o94e x
90.0
1.571
37 .30
0 . 6366
0. 159 i
£ 1 fl 1
6.Z83
& A
6.0
A 1 A /. ^
0. 1047
14.3939
32.17
0.1330
0.09290
6.452
0.3861
10.76
1.550 x
io-3
1.0
1.8
1.0
5/9
1,016.
2,240.
1.120
1,000.
2,205.
2,000.
2,430.56
3.4192
page 2.C.2.5
Tensile
Strength
Vicxers-
Firth.
Diamond
Brineil
3000 kg .
lOxnxn SU
Bail
Hockweii |
A Scale
3 Scale
C Scale
60 kg
120 deg
Diamond
Cone
100 kg
1/16 in.
Dia Stl
Bail
150 kg
120 deg
Diamond
Cons
KSl
Hardness
Number
Hardness
Number
50
104
92
58
52
108
96
61
54
112
100
64
—
56
116
104
66
56
120
108
68
—
60
12S
113
70
62
129
117
—
72
64
135
122
74
66
139
127
—
76
MB
68
142
131
77.5
70
149
136
79
72
123
140
80.5
74
157
145
*?it
(O
162
150
83
78
167
154
SI"
84.5
80
171
158
52
85.5
82
177
162
53
87
page 2G .2*1
Tensile
Vickers-
Firta
Diamond
Brineli
Rockwell
3000 lc%
10mm Stl
A Seaie
3 Scale
C Scale
Sail
60 kg;
120 def
Diamond
Cone
100 kg
1/16 in.
Dia Stl
150 kf
Diamond
Cone
ksi
Hardness
Number
Number
83
179
155
53.5
87.5
85
186
171
54
89
87
189
1 /*
55
90
89
196
56
91
91
203
136
56.5
92.5
•~
93
207
190
57
92.-5
^™
92
211
193
57
94
97
215
197
57.5
95
99
219
201
57.5
95.5
102
227
210
59
97
™™
104 '
235
220
60
98
19
107
240
225
60.5
99
20
110
245
230
61
99. 5
*M
112
yyt
61.5
100
22
115
255
241
62
101
23
118
261
247
62.5
101.5
24
120
267
253
63
102
25
page
Vic Jeers-
r inn
diamond
Brineil
*»noo \ct
JUUU
10mm Sti
Ball
Rockweil
A Scale
3 Scale
C Scale
60 kg
120 deg
Diamond
Cone
100 kg
1/16 in.
Dia SU
Bail
150 kg
i^u ceg
Diamond
Cone
ksi
Number
Number
259
63.5
103
2d
265
64
27
123
■W ^
64.5
28
132
27Q
65
29
135
304
*2o
65.5
30
139
312
66
31
142
321
Jul
66.5
32
147
330
67
33
150
339
318
67.5
34
155
348
J*/
63
35
loo
<
337
68.5
36
IDS
367
347
69
37
376
337
69.5
38
176
386
367
70
39
181
396
377
70. S
40
188
406
387
71
41
194
417
398
71.5
42
page
Tensile
Strength
viexers-
Firta
Diamond
Rockwell
3000 kg
Item SU
A Scale
B Scale
C Scale
Ball
60 kff
120 deg
U MUmUmU
Cone
100 kg
1/16 in.
Dia Stl
BaU
150 kg
120 deg.
Diamond
Cone
ksi
Bardnese
Number
Hardness
Number
201
428
408
72
43
208
440
419
72.5
44
215
452
430
73
45
221
465
442
73.5
46
231
479
453
74
47
237
433
464
75
—
48
246
508
476
75.5
49
256
523
488
76
—
50
264
539
500
76.5
51
273
556
5X2
77
52
283
573
524
77.5
53
294
592
536
78
54
304
611
548
75. 5
55
pagt l<i.3.^
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAtR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DtVtSlON
All
fl "
r *c. «
> Hg 1
U. w
:■' -
h' '
:£
ll/MC
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(t
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1MB
it j d o r
11.4 13 0 J
ill 11. • 1
44.1 91 K
•47 7.1 r
111 S.I 1
147 J
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r.n i
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page VmA- 1
ikvtcrcnci- knm. iiuiKjic the lutincant umU: numlicrs in parent hc*> g»* the
MateriaJa
Macneaium on iDaraceium
Tefloa on Teflon
Teflon on aioal
Aluminum ob aluminum
Glace on «taai
Carboa oa (lane
Glaae oa nickel
Copi<cr oa flaae
Laminated ,
Static
SI id in*
Dry
0.71 ID
0.74 <t«>
o.ji <n
0.70 (11)
0.4] (II)
0.1 1 (1. a)
0.2X1, •>
0. IS (I. c)
0.11 f I. a*)
0.0075 (IB. pi
0.0032 (10. A)
0.04 (1. a)
0.23 (I. 6)
0. 13 (I. el
0.08 (1. d)
O.0S3 (I. *)
0. 17 (I. 6)
0. 1 1 (I. t)
0.09 (I. d)
0.00 ( 1. it
0.23 (1. 6)
0.12 (1. c>
0.10 {I. d)
0.11 (I. «)
Dry
t.'tS (M)
b.'ii '<•)'
0.4 (22)
0.04 (22)
0.04 f22>
0.2 (22)
0.3 (22)
0.33 (23)
0.1 (23)
0.33 (23)
0.0 (23)
1.10 d*t
0.51 (I)
o.'os'iui
i.05 (la)
1.0} ( 14)
0.04 (•)
0.71 (l>
O.U {<)
1. 10 (14)
0.42 (9)
0.34 (0)
0.41 (0)
0.01 (22. y)
0.12 (22. a)
0.00 (22. a)
0.42 (2)
0.57 (3)
0.33 (6)
0.33 (II)
0.34 (3)
0.23 (41
0.95 (II)
0.44 (3)
0.47 (3)
0.42 (3)
0.029 (3. a)
G .081 (3. c)
0.0B0 (5. t)
0.030 (5. j>
0.004 (5, d)
0. 105 (3. 4)
0.0*6 (5. 1)
0. 100 (3. m)
0. 12 (3. a)
0.09 (3. a)
0. 19 (3. «)
0. 14 ( 1. 4)
0.06 < I. el
0. I I (I. a*)
0. 14 (I. »>
0.045 (I, e)
0.07 II. d)
0.08 (II. A)
0. 13 (I. b>
0.04 (l.c)
0.053 (I. 4)
047 (2./)
173 a.n
145 (2. /)
i ij a.n
3(11./)
170 (3. *)
0.44 (3)
0.34 ())
0.33 (3)
0.44 (41
0.30 (4)
0.21 (7)
0.23 (7>
0.24 (7)
0.32 (7)
0.43 (7)
1.4 (3)
0.40 (J)
e n (3)
0.39 (31
0.54 (31
0.33 (3)
0.15 (9)
22 (4)
40 (9)
32 "(ft
32 (4)
49 (4)
.54 (9)
0.3) (12)
0.04 (21/1
0.04 (21 /)
0. IS (17. a)
0.12 (3. *»
0.04 (3. a)
0.114 (3. •)
/ii r h.11 T— . ASMS 1990- (S3 Clarke. Uacoln. and Starrett. Pnc. API. 1935: (3)
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plua 1
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aaid ia pereAa oiL
page 1£. G . t
r
rs
SECTION 27.0
REPORT FORMAT
page 2T.O . \
r
1.1
1.2
TITLE
ZS-7-002
Table of Contents.
References
Introduction.
PAGE
27.1.1
27.1.4
,27.1.4
.27.1.5
1 .0 General Requirements
Preliminary Stress Analysis Reports 27 1 - 5
1.3 Farms.
>»....*....■»...••....*...•
27.1.6
27.1.6
27.1.6
27.1.6
27.1.6
2.0 Report Arrangement 27.1.7
„ _ 27.1.8
3 . 0 Cover..-
27 1 8
page 27.1.1
6.0
7.0
6.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
Pag*
Reference* • *-
.. 2~M- 10
Summary • • ••••••••• «-
Introduction 27. \ - 1 1
Deacription * , ^
Physical Deacription
Section Properties • 21 - 1 . * Z
Yariablea 2*7 -
Aaaiuaptiona • • 21- 1 -
page2l< U?-
Pago
19 # 6 Margina of Safoty
page 21.
7& V
REFERENCES
HIL-A-8860
18 Hay 1960
MIL-A-8868
18 Hay 1960
INTRODUCTION
This specification covers the form, scope, com-
position and style of all stress analyses to be
submitted under terms of the applicable contracts
to demonstrate the required structural integrity.
It shall apply to both preliminary and final reports
as defined herein.
765"
page 27.14-
pags 2T.\-5
1.3 FORMS :
1.4
HEADINGS:
1.5
1.3.1
Each page of the stress analysis shall bear the following infor-
tion:
1.
Company Name
2.
Report Number
3.
Date of Preparation
4.
Name of Analyst
5.
Name of Checker
6.
Revision Dates
7.
Page Number.
Calculations
All pages, other than the title page, shall be clearly stamped at
the upper and lower edges as to the highest elassif icstion of in-
formation contained thereon. Only those pages containing classi-
fied data are to be stumped. The report cover and title page may
need be classified highor than the highest of any individual page
if ths accumulated effect of pages falls within the scope of «
highor classification*
V.
1C1
All final and preliminary stress analysis reports shall contain the following items
In the
order given, as applicable.
COVER
TITLE PAGE
FOREWORD
-TABLE OF CONTENTS
J,]<rr OF REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY
SYMBOLS
fiTfiN CONVENTION
pffySTCAL DESCRIPTION
nr^rn n N AT - inscription
CEOMETRY
SECTION PROPERTIES
LOAD ANALYSIS
STRESS ANALYSIS
A discussion of the individual subjects, their content and form, is presented in the
following
paragraphs.
page 27.1.7
4.0 COVER :
4. Report Number
6. Title of Report
Contract Number
8.
9.
10.
11.
13.
Licensing Agency
14.
The title page of a preliminary report shall contain all the items listed in
Paragraph 5. 1.
except items numbered 9, 10. 11. 12 and 13.
The title block is that portion of the title page which Is visible through the cut-
out of the
standard report cover. The title block on all reports shall contain the following
information in the order given:
1. Report Number
2. Title of Report
4. . Contract Number
5.4
This single page shall summarize what contractual requirements have been satisfied by
submittal of the report. (See example on page 27.1.31}
6.0 T A P T E QF CONTENTS
The table of contents shall list, in order of their appearance in the report, all
major and
minor divisions with their appropriate page numbers in such a manner as to form an
outline of the report. As a minimum, all items listed in paragraph 2.0. after TABLE
OF
CONTENTS, shall be included. Major divisions of the stress analysis portion of the
report shall- be listed.
page 27.1.9
7.0 REFERENCES
8.0 SUMMARY:
1. Part Number
2. Name of Part
3. Material
page 2"?.UO
9.0 SYMBOLS:
11.0 INTRODUCTION :
page 17.1,11
12.0 DESCRIPTION :
12.3 GCOMCTRY :
1. Condition Number
2. Condition Title
3. Controlling Variables
4. Description of Condition
page 17.1.13
71 k-
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
1) Condition Number
2) Condition Title
4) Magnitude of load
5) Direction of load
3) Part name
19.3 DIAGRAMS I
1. Title
19.3 REFERENCES :
19.7 CALCULATIONS :.
All steps in the arithmetical work that are necessary for clarity
shall be included. Unita of all quantities shall be shown.
page 2"?- U 15
UNORTHODOX METHODS :
SPECIAL FACTORS :
ALLOWABLE STRESSES :
The only approved sources for allowable stresses are the following
Memoranda.
NON-CRITICAL REQUIREMENTS :
page 27. 1. l£
pTBUCTURAL ^At YSIS MANUAL
GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
-2
(•) Y
LOOKING
FORWARD
TARGtT
& DOWN
FOR HANDLING
TO 3 CO*
NOTES:
3 . Ground structures
unrelated to (light
vehicle use same axis
and sir 35 the vtl'd*
in vet he! e position
f gravity lorccs are M.
page 11. u H
7
77f
page IS
(•) X
LOOKING
FORWARD
(-) V
NOTES:
1 . to teneral use neM bud rule oriented as shown.
page
46.495
00.00
146.75
229.00
408.72
412.72
412.72
570.00
WEDDING BAND
12U2
172.-45
162 JO
219.00
408.72
452 .00
522.61
TANK ASSY.
INTERSTAGE ADAPTER
page 21. UO
>0.
PAIT NAME
■o
&
9
PART NO.
MATUIAL
NT.
KSI
CftlTICAL
CONDITION
TYPE OF
LOADING
Ml.
MtfOI
INCIUOU
br Subacript M b«*ring".
C Circumfaranca*
C p Rivot factor.
D DiaMtfr
dif f arantial.
Z Sacaat modulua*
t t Taagoat modulua*
br
bru
bry
cc
CO
cp
cu
cy
cr
ee
at
page 11 A.
au
\
t
tp
ta
ty
Modulus of rigidity.
kai
nt of inertia.
P )
-7^
QTR^irTURAL MANUAL
GBNBBAL DYNAMtCS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
LIST OF STANDARD SYMBOLS (Coot)
M Allowable bending bom at*
"s
page 2^*
•
p
Applied Load*
sub-
p .
Allowable load.
P-i
Pouada par square inch*
Badlua.
8
Thicknoas.
■
T a
Subscript "ultiaate"*
Velocity*
▼
Weight.
i loading*
P P
Alpha
a
Angle of attack.
Beta
Qm flarti ah
Utl ISC llODi
6
Deflection; logarithmic decrement of viacoua damping.
Vni i 1 An
I'll mi Kriiii*
Zeta
C
Eta
•n
Theta
• •
lata
I
K
Lambda
Swee pb&ck angle .
Mu
N
Nu
Kinematic viscoaity.
XI
5
page 21. 1.19
Oaicron
Pi
Rho
Haas density; radius of gyration*
Sij
Summation.
Normal stress.
Tau
Shearing stress,
Upsilon
Phi
Psi
Onega
Angular velocity.
(Dot) (i,y,— )
(Double dot) \
(Prime)
(Double Prime)
(Bar) (x,y,~)
EXAMPLE OF "FOREWORD"
FOREWORD
This analysis satisfies the requirements to provide a stress analysis
in support of the Critical Design Review (CDR), SDRL GD-062.