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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
There are many existing systems which can detect leakage using different gas
sensors. Developed systems have used arduino , gas sensor, and some other
components. For automatic cylinder booking there is an existing system that does
booking using GSM module. Systems developed till date has either a gas detection
module or automatic cylinder booking module. We have developed a prototype which
is having both the features that are of leakage detection and gas booking. The main
objective of this project is to monitor for LPG leakage to avoid major fire accidents
and also provides safety where security has been an important issue and sending SMS
to the user about cylinder requirement. Arduino is the microcontroller used for
developing the prototype. All other components are connected to arduino. The system
detects the leakage of the LPG using gas sensor and alerts the consumer about the gas
leakage by sending SMS. The system measure the weight of cylinder by using load
cell sensor. The proposed system uses the TextLoacal to alert the person about the gas
leakage via SMS and status of cylinder. When the system identifies that LPG
concentration in the air reaches the specified level then it alert the consumer by
sending SMS to registered mobile phone and activates buzzer. When system detects
the weight of cylinder below particular level, system sends SMS for cylinder booking.
Our system is using HC-05 Bluetooth Module for the connection of an android device
with the system.
The research is aimed at developing the security of Home against LPG gas leakage
or Fire. In your absence,if the above incident happen, the device send message
corresponding number. A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network
consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to monitor
physical or environmental conditions. A WSN system incorporates a gateway that
provides wireless connectivity back to the wired world and distributed nodes
Safety plays a major role in today‟s world and it is necessary that good safety systems
are to be ISSN:2348-2079 247 Rathanasabhapathy G et al., Inter. J. Int. Adv. & Res. In
Engg. Comp., Vol.–06(01) 2018 [24implemented in places of education and work.
This work modifies the existing safety model used in homes. The main objective of the
work is design in microcontroller detecting and alerting system. The gases like LPG
and propane were sensed and displayed each and every second in the LCD display. If
these gases exceed the normal level then an alert message (SMS) is sent to the
authorized person . The advantage of this automated detection and alerting system
over the manual method is that it offers quick response time and accurate detection of
an emergency and in turn leading faster diffusion of the critical situation.
In the year 2014, Hitendra Rawat, Ashish Kushwah, Khyati Asthana, Akanksha
Shivhare, designed a system, They provided security issues against thieves, leakage
and fire accidents. In those cases their system sends SMS to the emergency number
provided to it. In the proposed system we have designed “LPG gas monitoring and
automatic cylinder booking with alert system”. These report focus on detection of
economic fuels like petroleum, liquid petroleum gas, alcohol..etc., and alert the
surrounding people about the leakage through SMS. It also sense surrounding
temperature, so that no fire accidents occurs. The one more important feature is
automatic cylinder booking by noticing the current expenditure of LPG gas in our
daily life. These projects alert the user by sending message to mobile through SMS in
three conditions. They are
1.2.2 Scope :
When things like household appliances are connected to a network, they can work
together in cooperation to provide the ideal service as a whole, not as a collection of
independently working devices. This is useful for many of the real-world applications
and services, and one would for example apply it to build a smart residence; windows
can be closed automatically when the air conditioner is turned on, or can be opened for
oxygen when the gas oven is turned on. The idea of IoT is especially valuable for
persons with disabilities, as IoT technologies can support human activities at larger
scale like building or society, as the devices can mutually cooperate to act as a total
system. So far, much work has been done on realizing the IoT.
CHAPTER 2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and
performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies
of scale.
Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3
players, to large stationary installations like traffic light controllers, programmable
logic controllers, and large complex systems like hybrid vehicles, medical imaging,
and avionics. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very
high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large equipment
rack.
One of the very first recognizably modern embedded systems was the Apollo
Guidance Computer, developed ca. 1965 by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT
Instrumentation Laboratory. At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer
was considered the riskiest item in the Apollo project as it employed the then newly
developed monolithic integrated circuits to reduce the size and weight. An early mass-
produced embedded system was the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer for
the Minuteman missile, released in 1961. When the Minuteman II went into
production in 1966, the D-17 was replaced with a new computer that was the first
high-volume use of integrated circuits.
Since these early applications in the 1960s, embedded systems have come down in
price and there has been a dramatic rise in processing power and functionality. An
early microprocessor for example, the Intel 4004 (released in 1971), was designed
for calculators and other small systems but still required external memory and support
chips. In 1978 National Engineering Manufacturers Association released a "standard"
for programmable microcontrollers, including almost any computer-based controllers,
such as single board computers, numerical, and event-based controllers.
Arduino:
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a
button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on
an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a
set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino
programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based
on Processing.
Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday
objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers -
students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this
open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible amount
of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.
Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast
prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming.
As soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt
to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to
products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All
Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build them
independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is
open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users worldwide.
Why Arduino?
Thanks to its simple and accessible user experience, Arduino has been used in
thousands of different projects and applications. The Arduino software is easy-to-use
for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on Mac, Windows, and
Linux. Teachers and students use it to build low cost scientific instruments, to prove
chemistry and physics principles, or to get started with programming and robotics.
Designers and architects build interactive prototypes, musicians and artists use it for
installations and to experiment with new musical instruments. Makers, of course, use
it to build many of the projects exhibited at the Maker Faire, for example. Arduino is a
key tool to learn new things. Anyone - children, hobbyists, artists, programmers - can
start tinkering just following the step by step instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas
online with other members of the Arduino community.
There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for
physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's
Handyboard, and many others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the
messy details of microcontroller programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use
package. Arduino also simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, but it
offers some advantage for teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other
systems:
Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards are
published under a Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can
make their own version of the module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively
inexperienced users can build the breadboard version of the module in order to
understand how it works and save money.
The text of the Arduino getting started guide is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. Code samples in the guide are released into the
public
microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its products are licensed under the
GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License
(GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by
anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form or as do-it-
yourself (DIY) kits.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards
are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The
boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB)
on some models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers.
The microcontrollers can be programmed using C and C++ programming languages.
In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an
integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project.
The Arduino project started in 2005 as a program for students at the Interaction Design
Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices
and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors
and actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists
include simple robots, thermostats and motion detectors.
The Arduino project was started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII)
in Ivrea, Italy. At that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a cost
of $50, a considerable expense for many students. The project goal was to create
simple, low cost tools for creating digital projects by non-engineers. The Wiring
platform consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega168
microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library functions to easily program
the microcontroller.
The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom
Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis, but Barragán was not invited to participate.
Following the completion of the Wiring platform, lighter and less expensive versions
were distributed in the open-source community.
It was estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been
commercially produced, and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands.
In October 2016, Federico Musto, Arduino's former CEO, secured a 50% ownership of
the company. In April 2017, Wired reported that Musto had "fabricated his academic
record.... On his company's website, personal LinkedIn accounts, and even on Italian
business documents, Musto was until recently listed as holding a PhD from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In some cases, his biography also claimed an
MBA from New York University." Wired reported that neither university had any
record of Musto's attendance, and Musto later admitted in an interview with Wired that
he had never earned those degrees.
Around that same time, Massimo Banzi announced that the Arduino Foundation would
be "a new beginning for Arduino." But a year later, the Foundation still hasn't been
established, and the state of the project remains unclear.
In October 2017, Arduino announced its partnership with ARM Holdings (ARM). The
announcement said, in part, "ARM recognized independence as a core value of
Arduino ... without any lock-in with the ARM architecture.” Arduino intends to
continue to work with all technology vendors and architectures.
Features
• High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture
–131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
– 32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash progam memory
– 1K Bytes EEPROM
– 2K Bytes Internal SRAM
– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
• In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
• True Read-While-Write Operation
– Programming Lock for Software Security
• Peripheral Features
– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Six PWM Channels
– 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
• Temperature Measurement
– Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I2C compatible)
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– On-chip Analog Comparator
– Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change
• Special Microcontroller Features
– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
– Internal Calibrated Oscillator
Features
Status Description
Hardware connections
The SIM900A module has 6pins in which two pins for Vcc and Gnd and the rest are
3VR&3VT(3volt Rx & Tx) and 5VR,5VT(5volt Rx & Tx) and the connections are
made as follows:
Vcc to 5V
Gnd to Gnd
5VR digital pin 7
5VT digital pin 8
Before getting into the program part,we need to look into the AT commands which are
discussed in the following used by this module.With the help of these AT
commands,the user can send or receive messages,make a call and so on.
Uses
The usage of this transducer is not limited to electronic scales. Apart from this, it is
used in industrial scales, load-testing machines, flow-meters, etc.
Functionality
It makes use of different operating principles namely pneumatic, strain gauge and
hydraulic load cells. These load cells are usually attached to support beam or structural
bearing of an application which endures pressures and stresses often with appropriate
adhesive or superglue.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY:
3.1 Working:
about the leakage of gas taking place at their house in their absence so that necessary
actions can be implemented immediately to prevent an accident. Proposed prototype
provides an alarm system which is mainly meant to detect an Gas leakage in the house
and commercial premises. To develop a system which continuously monitors the
leakage of LPG gas and alerts user regarding leakage to avoid major accidents. If
temperature goes above threshold then it detects fire and takes necessary actions like
opening window, turning on exhaust fan. In addition to leakage detection feature of
sending SMS to the user for the booking of cylinder is added. System continuously
measures the weight of cylinder and sends SMS if weight is below threshold. The
objective of the system is to continuously measure the weight of the cylinder and as
soon as it reaches the minimum threshold it will automatically sends an SMS alert to
the user as well as Authorized LPG agent so that they can act accordingly. Gas
Detectors have been in the market for a very long time and have been vastly used.
They have wide range of applications and can be found in industrialplants, refineries,
pharmaceutical manufacturing,paper pulp mills, aircraft and ship-building facilities,
wastewater treatment facilities, vehicles, indoor air quality testing and homes.There
are a lot of ways in which the Gas Detectors could be characterized. They are
categorized on thebasis of what type of gas they detect, what is the technology behind
the making of the sensor and sometimes even the components which are used that
affect their operation mechanism (semiconductors, oxidation, catalytic, photo
ionization, infrared, etc.). Gas Detectors are also widely characterized as fixed or
portable detectors.
Gas sensor :
MQ-2 Sensor is the back bone of this device and it senses the presence or absence of
the lpg gas[7]. This detector has a fast reaction and induces a stable and long lifetime.
It provides high sensitivity not only to LPG but also to iso-butane, H2, LPG, CH4,
CO, Alcohol, Smoke and propane. It has very low sensitivity to alcohol and smoke.
The basic height of the sensor is 23 ± 5% mm and it has a width of 20 ± 5% mm. The
detector can detect the gas concentrations anywhere from 200 p.m. to 10000 p.m. It
detects concentration of gas in air. We set threshold value 270 ppm. If Sensor reading
is greater than threshold then leakage detected otherwise leakage note detected.
Load cell sensor is device used to measure weight .It is a passive transducer or sensor
which converts applied force into electrical signals. They are also referred to as “Load
transducers”. We are using Load cell sensor for measuring weight of cylinder .Load
cell sensor continuously measure weight of cylinder if weight of cylinder is below
particular level then it will send sensor value to arduino board com 3 port from where
we fetch the data come from sensor and using TextLocal API we automatically book
gas cylinder using number store in memory and also send message to owner. For a
120Ω gauge, this is a change of only 0.12Ω. 0.12Ω is a very small change, and, for
most devices, couldn’t actually be detected, let So we are going to need another device
HX711 which is a amplifier and this amplifier able accurately measure super small
changes in resistance.
In automatic Gas booking system, L6D continuously monitors the weight of the gas in
cylinder and displays it on seven segment display. When the weight of the gas is <=10
Kg, a logic high pulse is fed to a port pin of microcontroller. As this pin goes high,
microcontroller will send a booking message to distributor of format. At the same
time, the message will be displayed on LCD as “Booking Cylinder”. When the weight
of the gas goes below 0.5 kg another logic high pulse is fed to another port of
microcontroller through a relay circuit as discussed in truth table. As this port pin goes
high, microcontroller will send a message as “Gas remaining only 0.5 Kg.
Immediately Refill your Cylinder” through a GSM module to cell numbers required
members and the message “Cylinder Empty, Please Refill” is displayed on the LCD
display.
Experimental Setup :
ATMega 16 is the base of the system. The inputs given to the ATMega 16 are the
output of gas sensor MQ-6 and load cell L6D .The output of ATMega 16 are given to
the SIMCOM 300 and LCD 16×2 display. The gas output of MQ6 is given to the INT0
pin of ATMega 16 as far as the highest priority is given to the leakage detection. The
Department of ECE, MLRITM 21
AUTOMATIC GAS BOOKING AND LEAKAGE DETECTOR SYSTEM
output of L6D is amplified and digitized by A/D converter and is given to the port pins
PA0 and PA1 of ATMega 16 as per the truth table
The Rx and Tx pins of GSM are connected to the Tx and Rx pins of ATMega 16
respectively. The output is shown by the LCD display which is operated in 4 bit mode.
The higher data pins D4-D7 are connected to the PB0-PB3 pins and control pins R/s,
R/W and Enable pins of LCD are connected to ATMega 16. The output of the MQ6
drives the relay circuitry which eventually switches on the alarm and exhaust fan as
soon as the gas is detected and both are reset by a manual reset switch.
CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION
common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The source code for the IDE is
released under the GNU General Public License, version 2.[56]
The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code
structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project,
which provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only
requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that
are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic
executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution.
The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a
text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader
program in the board's firmware.
4.2 Programming:
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
void setup(void)
{
mySerial.begin(115200); // Setting the baud rate of GSM Module
Serial.begin(115200); // Setting the baud rate of Serial Monitor (Arduino)
delay(100);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
void loop(void) {
fsrReading = digitalRead(fsrPin);
if (fsrReading == LOW) {
Serial.println(" NO GAS less weight detected");
digitalWrite(led, HIGH);
SendMessage();
}
if (fsrReading == HIGH) {
Serial.println(" no fuel requirement ");
digitalWrite(led, LOW);
}
delay(1000);
}
void SendMessage()
{
mySerial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); //Sets the GSM Module in Text Mode
delay(1000); // Delay of 1000 milli seconds or 1 second
mySerial.println("AT+CMGS=\"+917337046643\"\r"); // Replace x with mobile
number
delay(1000);
mySerial.println(" LOW FUEL");// The SMS text you want to send
delay(100);
mySerial.println((char)26);// ASCII code of CTRL+Z
delay(1000);
Serial.println("messagesent");
}
CHAPTER 5
RESULT ANALYSIS
The system prototype is constructed and when a Small amount of LPG is brought near
the system, the system sensor detects the leakage and sends the SMS to housemates
and activates the alarm and switches on the exhaust fan. Also system prototype
continuously monitors the LPG level of the cylinder and books the cylinder
automatically.
CHAPTER 6
Advantages:
Ease of Use. An RFID card is just as useful in your pocket or clipped to your
shirt.
Data Tracking. Because a person carries an RFID card with her, a smart-
card system records her movements.
Secure Data.
Weatherproof.
Flexibility.
Disadvantages:
While there are many benefits to including a RFID door lock system in your home,
there are also some major drawbacks to consider as well. While RFID door lock
systems are generally safe and designed to alert police or other authorities if incorrect
codes are entered too many times, it is nonetheless possible that an intruder may be
able to gain access to your home through this system by guessing or hacking the code.
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
As we shorted out the issues looked by LPG gas customers so we concoct a few
answers for meet the couple of prerequisites of them, as we made our framework is
totally robotise the procedure of refill booking without human mediation. Our
framework is additionally contemplated to enable clients to redesign their security
standards, to act in as needs be with least necessities on natural issues and generally
the essential capacity being forestalled by real calamities and shield life and property
from rumoured Accidents. The essential goal of our venture is to gauge the gas show
in the chamber when weight of the barrel is beneath the settled load, this should be
possible utilizing the weight sensors. The gas retailer gets the request for another
barrel and the house proprietor (purchaser) gets the affirmation message in regards to
the status utilizing IoT and the auxiliary target is to give any breakdown in gas
adjusting framework with a specific end goal to counteract harm or blast of LPG. In
this manner the framework created by us will some way or another assistance the LPG
Gas Consumers to have an agreeable existence.
REFERENCES
[1]. Prof. S. K. Nanda B. B. Didpaye. Automated uni_ed system for lpg using
microcontroller and gsm module a review.
[3]. Mahesh S.R Pooja R Preethi K. Mane Kumuda S. Shivalingesh B.M, Ramesh C. LPG
detection, measurement and booking system. IJRSI, 1(6), November 2014.
[4]. Shailendra Kumar Dewangan3 Praveen Singh Rathore4 Abid Khan1, Neju K.
Prince2. Gsm based automatic lpg ordering system with leakage alert. IJRET:
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 3(12), Jun-2014.
ANNEXURES (optional)
Annexure to include